773:
1067:
1367:
844:
1236:). Commercial bottled versions of the drink are the most common variant, as some companies specialise in manufacturing a more modern version of the drink (some variants are manufactured in Poland whilst others are imported from its neighbouring countries, Lithuania and Ukraine being the most popular source). However, old recipes for a traditional version of kvass exist. Some of them originate from eastern Poland; others from more central regions include adding honey for flavour. Although commercial kvass is much easier to find in Polish shops, Polish manufacturers of more natural and healthier variants of kvass have become increasingly popular both within and outside of the country's borders. A less healthy alternative of quick-to-make variants using kvass concentrate can also be purchased in shops. One colloquial Polish name for
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industry adapted by selling bottled kvass and launching aggressive marketing campaigns. This surge in sales was stimulated by the fact that kvass sold for about half the price of Coca-Cola. In just three years, kvass constituted as much as 30% of the soft drink market in Latvia, while the market share of Coca-Cola fell from 65% to 44%. The Coca-Cola
Company had losses in Latvia of about $ 1 million in 1999 and 2000. Coca-Cola responded by purchasing kvass manufacturers and producing kvass at their own soft drink plants.
1309:(parliament) adopted quality and classification requirements for kvass, defining it as "a beverage obtained by fermenting a mixture of kvass wort with a yeast of microorganism cultures to which sugar and other food sources and food additives are added or not added after the fermentation" with a maximum ABV of 1.2 percent, and differentiating it from an unfermented non-alcoholic mixture of grain product extract, water, flavourings, preservatives, and other ingredients, which is designated as a "kvass (malt) beverage".
271:
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1933:
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822:, created a growing need to supply large numbers of people with foodstuff for extended periods of time, kvass became commercialized; more than 150 kvass varieties, such as apple, pear, mint, lemon, chicory, raspberry, and cherry were recorded. As commercial kvass producers began selling it in barrels on the streets, domestic kvass-making started to decline. For example, in the year ended 30 June 1912, there were 17 factories in the
31:
772:
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May 2008. This is the first time a foreign company has made an appreciable entrance into the
Russian kvass market. Pepsi has also signed an agreement with a Russian kvass manufacturer to act as a distribution agent. The development of new technologies for storage and distribution, and heavy advertising, have contributed to this surge in popularity; three new major brands have been introduced since 2004.
1276:
1719:(ABV) of kvass varied depending on the ingredients, microbial flora, as well as temperature and length of fermentation, but nowadays it is usually not higher than 1.5%. The wide availability and consumption of kvass, including by children of all ages, together with the lacking indication of ABV for kvass on the labels and in advertisements, has been named a possible contributor to
1638:, several stores selling cuisine and beverages from Eastern Europe were established, many of which stock imported (primarily pasteurised) kvass. As a result, since then a number of different flavours of not-pasteurised kvass, fermented using sourdough starter culture, have also become available in the UK in 2023. In recent years, kvass has also become more popular in
1217:, kvass lost popularity following the aftermath of the war. It also gradually lost favour throughout the 20th century upon introducing mass-produced soft drinks and carbonated water into the Polish market. In the early 21st century, kvass experienced a renaissance in Poland due to the heightened interest in healthy diets, natural products, and traditions.
879:
kvass consumption in Russia would reach three litres in 2008. Between 2005 and 2007, cola's share of the Moscow soft drink market fell from 37% to 32%. Meanwhile, kvass's share more than doubled over the same time period, reaching 16% in 2007. In response, Coca-Cola launched its own brand of kvass in
4127:
1484:
was usually made in households once a week from a mixture of malted and unmalted rye grains. Other grains, such as oats or barley, were also sometimes used; occasionally, leftover potatoes or pieces of bread were added. Everything was mixed with water in a metal cauldron or a clay pot and kept warm
1897:
consists of vigorously shaking a bottle of kvass shortly before handing it to someone else who is going to drink it; the sudden "shooting out" of the beverage onto the person opening the bottle is a source of entertainment for the youth of Zaława and a well-known prank during regional festivities.
1301:
in 1991, the street vendors disappeared from the streets of Latvia due to new health laws that banned its sale on the street. Economic disruptions forced many kvass factories to close. The Coca-Cola
Company moved in and began quickly dominating the soft drink market. In 1998, the local soft drink
788:
or any other
Eastern European ethnicity is unknown, although some Polish sources claim that kvass was invented by Slavs. Kvass has existed in the northeastern part of Europe, where grain production is thought to have been insufficient for beer to become a daily drink. It has been known among the
1489:. In Eastern Finland, the mixture was formed into large loaves and briefly baked for the crust to turn brown. The porridge or pieces of the malt bread were mixed into a wooden cask with water and fermented for one or two days with a previous batch, a sourdough starter,
1066:
2721:, compiled in Kiev in the early twelfth century. At that time there was no Russia as we understand it today, and whether it was a Slavic people or some other eastern European ethnicity that invented kvass will probably never be known.
1136:
Kvass may have appeared in Poland as early as the 10th century, it quickly became a trendy beverage thanks to it easy and cheap method of production as well as its thirst-quenching and digestion-aiding qualities. By the time of
1893:('volcano') that is associated with the beverage. The fermentation of sugars makes kvass slightly carbonated, thus, when shaken or heated, it can cause the liquid to suddenly and rapidly rise out of an open vessel. Playing
332:
concentrate combined with various grain mixtures. It is a popular drink in Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Moldova, as well as some parts of
Finland, Sweden, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and China.
2205:
2358:
829:
In the 1890s, the first scientific studies into the production of kvass were conducted in Kiev, and in the 1960s, commercial mass production technology of kvass was further developed by chemists in Moscow.
1792:(literally 'to clamber from bread to kvass'), which means 'to live from hand to mouth' or to 'scrape by' referring to the frugal practice amongst the poor peasants of making kvass from stale leftovers of
756:
Initially, it was filled in large containers from which the kvass was sold on streets, but now, the vast majority of industrially produced kvass is filled and sold in 1–3-litre plastic bottles and has a
2306:
1677:
respectively. In addition to that, 19 different aroma volatile compounds have also been identified in naturally fermented kvass, most notably 4-penten-2-ol (10.05×10 PAU), which has a fruity odour;
2852:
1622:, offering kvass and other specialities, and by 2009, the company was already producing 5,000 tons of kvass a year, making up 90% of the local market. In 2011, it moved its kvass factory to
2626:
The predominant carbohydrates are maltose, maltotriose, glucose, and fructose, the ethanol content is 1% or less . Kvass is considered to be spoiled if ethanol accumulates to higher levels.
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1802:
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culture is added, and the solution is fermented for 12–24 hours at 12 to 30 °C (285 to 303 K; 54 to 86 °F). Only around 1% of the extract is fermented out into
306:
Kvass originates from northeastern Europe, where grain production was considered insufficient for beer to become a daily drink. The first written mention of kvass is found in
3672:
3305:
2225:
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714:
and sugar are added to the extract and fermented for 12 hours at 20 °C (293 K; 68 °F). Alternatively, rye flour is boiled, mixed with rye malt, sugar, and
1051:
2384:
2164:
2103:
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1032:
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The beverage production in Poland on an industrial scale can be traced back to the more recent interwar period, when the Polish state regained independence as the
902:
1366:
867:, substantially shrank the market share of kvass in Russia, in recent years, it has regained its original popularity, often marketed as a national soft drink or "
2280:
843:
2254:
797:
and known there since at least the 10th century, kvass has become one of the symbols of East Slavic cuisine. The first written mention of kvass is found in the
3817:
3248:
3166:
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871:" alternative to the famous Coca-Cola drink. For example, the Russian company Nikola has promoted its brand of kvass with an advertising campaign emphasizing "
3105:
2332:
2022:
1346:
make their own kvass, which they sell on the premises. Some brands of mass-produced
Lithuanian kvass are also sold on the Polish market. Strictly speaking,
1213:
company. Kvass remained particularly popular in eastern Poland. However, with the collapse of many prewar businesses and much of the Polish industry during
2302:
1170:. He then bought the mills and 24 villages of the surrounding areas from their previous landowners. Then, the taste of kvass became known among the Polish
1042:
3203:
1047:
818:
In the second half of the 19th century, with military engagement, increasing industrialization, and large-scale projects, such as the construction of the
3934:
1828:
as a thirst-quenching beverage used during periods of hard work during the harvest season, long before it became popular as a medicinal drink among the
350:
1797:
1493:
or in more recent times with commercial baker's yeast. In the early 20th century, with sugar becoming more readily available, it started replacing the
1190:, especially the inhabitants of rural areas. Up until the 19th century, recipes for local variants of kvass remained well-guarded secrets of families,
1027:
4026:
4181:
1141:'s rule, kvass was universal. It was at first commonly drunk by peasants in the eastern parts of the country, but eventually the drink spread to the
3578:
2844:
2077:
907:
3170:
3771:"Kvass: A Possible Contributor to Chronic Alcoholism in the Former Soviet Union—Alcohol Content Should Be Indicated on Labels and in Advertising"
3365:
2971:
1824:
exist. There is also an old Polish folk rhyming song. It shows the history of kvass in the country as having been drunk by generations of Polish
3992:
1485:
in the oven or by the stove for at least six hours for the mixture to darken and sweeten. Sometimes, the grain solids were filtered out through
2946:
1073:
3055:
4104:
2048:
725:
concentrate. The concentrate is warmed up and mixed with a water and sugar solution to create wort with a sugar concentration of 5–7% and
3397:
3633:
3457:
3252:
2901:
3664:
2782:
1759:
3427:
3274:
2194:
3343:
1635:
2450:
4254:
4004:
3899:
3531:
3502:
2710:
2562:
2535:
2506:
2137:
3821:
2753:
2380:
2154:
2099:
1151:, an old type of Polish kvass that is still sold as a contemporary brand. Its origins can be traced back to the 1500s, when
2414:
2654:
3610:
2473:
c 1553 Chancelour Bk. Emp. Russia in
Hakluyt Voy. (1886) III. 51 Their drinke is like our peny Ale, and is called Quass.
1735:
Apart from drinking, kvass is also used by families as the basis for many dishes. Traditional cold summertime soups of
875:." Moscow-based Business Analytica reported in 2008 that bottled kvass sales had tripled since 2005 and estimated that
4080:
2276:
4058:
3871:
3702:
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2250:
710:
is used. The dried rye bread is extracted with hot water and incubated for 12 hours at room temperature, after which
3965:
1260:
1104:
3737:
2826:
3113:
1056:. It also has a variety of kvass tasting and entertainment festivals. The largest show takes place in the city of
3025:
2328:
2018:
1913:
1907:, French soldiers are aware of kvass on entering Moscow, enjoying it but referring to it as "pig's lemonade". In
1298:
1201:. In interwar Poland, kvass was brewed and sold in mass numbers by magnates of the Polish drinks market like the
1138:
749:. Afterwards, the kvass is cooled to 6 °C (279 K; 43 °F), clarified through either filtration or
3193:
1645:
In 2017, a version of kvass from carrots or beets was developed in
California by the producer Biotic Ferments.
3135:
3855:
3401:
1587:
1116:
3958:
3931:
1174:, who used it for its supposed healing qualities. Throughout the 19th century, kvass remained popular among
4736:
4023:
346:
4171:
1537:). However, it was very likely limited only to areas where rye bread was the standard bread as opposed to
3085:
320:
bread or rye flour and malt soaked in hot water, fermented for about 12 hours with the help of sugar and
3570:
2073:
1604:) and eventually became one of the region's signature drinks. It is usually consumed cold together with
4842:
4832:
3162:
2813:
2498:
1429:
In
Finland, a fermented drink made from a mixture of rye flour and rye malt was ubiquitous in parts of
1338:
and is widely available in bottles and drafts. The first written records of kvass and kvass recipes in
1157:
72:
2963:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4247:
3989:
3228:. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Towarzystwa Akcyjnego Odlewni Czcionek i Drukarni S. Orgelbranda Synów. 1901.
1312:
In 2014, Latvian kvass producers won seven medals at the
Russian Beverage exposition in Moscow, with
4822:
1490:
1450:
529:
1653:
Naturally fermented kvass contains 5.9%±0.02 carbohydrates, of which 5.7%±0.02 are sugars (mostly
1324:
ranked second in the Most Loved Latvian Beverage Brand Top, and first in the subsequent 2020 top.
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4852:
4847:
4827:
4817:
4015:
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2831:
1269:
1198:
823:
819:
285:
4044:
3891:
2875:
2807:
2696:
2195:"Nutritional value, vitamins, sugars and aroma volatiles in naturally fermented and dry kvass"
1692:
Traditional kvass made from rye wholemeal bread has been found to have, on average, twice the
4050:
3927:
3488:
1918:
3847:
2552:
4677:
4381:
4240:
3523:
3198:
2702:
2128:
Amaresan, Natarajan; Ayyadurai, Sankaranarayanan; Dhanasekaran, Dharumadurai, eds. (2020).
1206:
734:
3724:
Gambuś, Halina; Mickowska, Barbara; Barton, Henryk J.; Augustyn, Grażyna (February 2015).
3244:
2662:
8:
4299:
4267:
3919:
3903:
3746:
3725:
3494:
3310:
2909:
2717:
Nobody knows who invented kvass, or when. The first written mention of it is in Nestor's
2527:
1724:
868:
625:
401:
2775:
4073:
3143:
2940:
2617:
1967:
1720:
1674:
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926:
804:
594:
487:
437:
313:
223:
126:
102:
3981:
2845:"Россия. Квас "Никола" стал маркой № 1 в продажах кваса по результатам летнего сезона"
316:'s baptism in 988. In the traditional method, kvass is made from a mash obtained from
4551:
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4294:
4054:
4000:
3895:
3867:
3848:
3794:
3751:
3527:
3498:
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W wieku XX kwas został zapomniany, wyparty przez wody gazowane i inne słodkie napoje.
3017:
2881:
2706:
2609:
2558:
2531:
2502:
2217:
2133:
1716:
1609:
799:
545:
475:
308:
114:
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3333:
2621:
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Dlusskaya, Elena; Jänsch, André; Schwab, Clarissa; Gänzle, Michael G. (1 May 2008).
274:
4751:
4731:
4561:
4476:
3784:
3741:
2601:
2436:
2209:
1475:) and is available in many work canteens, gas stations, and lower-end restaurants.
1288:
1077:
1023:
872:
764:
Kvass is usually 0.5–1.0% alcohol by weight, but may sometimes be as high as 2.0%.
730:
715:
660:
567:
556:
499:
463:
419:
325:
118:
93:
4386:
303:, cereal-based, low-alcoholic beverage of cloudy appearance and sweet-sour taste.
4556:
4349:
4084:
4030:
3996:
3969:
3938:
3813:
3089:
2745:
2446:
1908:
1815:
1808:
1780:
1736:
1709:
1686:
1430:
1358:
juice, or berries—but it is made mainly from black bread, or barley or rye malt.
1232:
1221:
1220:
Kvass can be found in some supermarkets and grocery stores, where it is known in
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
977:
960:
361:
122:
110:
729:
to stabilize it. After that, the wort is pumped into a fermentation tank, where
4741:
4471:
4361:
4077:
3334:"In Latvia, Forces of Globalism Ferment Market for Traditional Soft-Drink Brew"
2406:
2303:"Павел Сюткин: Квас без прикрас – правда и мифы о традиционном русском напитке"
2213:
2206:
Faculty of Food Technology, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies
1410:
1125:
815:. Kvass-making remained a daily household activity well into the 19th century.
794:
777:
750:
742:
726:
356:('to become sour'). In English it was first mentioned in a text around 1553 as
130:
106:
76:
2993:
Dekowski, J.P. (1968). "Z badań nad pożywieniem ludu łowickiego (1880-1939)".
2605:
1947:
4796:
4761:
4719:
4411:
4406:
4366:
4339:
4309:
4152:
3755:
3600:
3458:"Iļģuciema kvass won 1st place in the Most Loved Latvian Beverage Brand top!"
3366:"Quality and Classification Requirements for Kvass and Kvass (Malt) Beverage"
3021:
2613:
2221:
2193:
Līdums, Ivo; Kārkliņa, Daina; Ķirse, Asnate; Šabovics, Mārtiņš (April 2017).
2159:
1903:
1693:
1414:
1175:
1090:
785:
270:
68:
4776:
4224:
3789:
3770:
2589:
1932:
1825:
4581:
3950:
3798:
1375:
1371:
1214:
1010:
360:. Nowadays, the name of the drink is almost the same in most languages: in
249:
84:
3962:
3694:
1401:) or industrially produced malt concentrate started to be used. Nowadays,
4781:
4714:
4684:
4672:
4655:
4650:
4611:
4521:
4418:
4304:
4157:
3850:
Wild Fermentation: The Flavor, Nutrition, and Craft of Live-Culture Foods
3843:
3634:"The Genuine Kvass: Benefits, Varieties and Comparison With Other Drinks"
3275:"What and How Latvians Used to Eat. Acorn Coffee, Beer, Sugar and Sweets"
1938:
1807:" (квасной патриотизм) dating back to an 1823 letter by the Russian poet
1705:
1697:
1418:
790:
746:
711:
321:
190:
4219:
3428:"Iļģuciema kvass won the 2nd place in The Latvia's Most Loved Drink top"
855:
Although the massive flood of western soft drinks after the fall of the
718:
and then fermented for 12 hours at 20 °C (293 K; 68 °F).
4689:
4667:
4640:
4606:
4511:
4501:
4453:
4443:
4433:
4376:
4324:
4319:
4263:
1997:
1811:
who defined it as "unqualified praise of everything that is your own".
1670:
1538:
1440:
1395:
left to ferment in a closed container, but later, special kvass bread (
876:
784:
The exact origins of kvass are unclear, and whether it was invented by
758:
3009:
2877:
World Atlas of Beer: THE ESSENTIAL NEW GUIDE TO THE BEERS OF THE WORLD
2576:
A similar, low alcohol (0.5–1.0%) drink, kvass… may be a 'fossil beer'
2355:"Kwas chlebowy i jego znaczenie dla zdrowia. Przepis na kwas chlebowy"
1252:
and its surroundings, kvass was traditionally produced on every farm.
702:
In the traditional method, either dried rye bread or a combination of
4645:
4618:
4601:
4588:
4571:
4543:
4423:
4329:
4314:
4289:
4232:
3490:
Changes in the Use of Wild Food Plants in Estonia 18th – 21st Century
3370:
1982:
1957:
1793:
1768:
1486:
1339:
1265:
860:
703:
300:
209:
152:
148:
4506:
3805:
1884:
1665:), as well as 0.71±0.09, 1.28±0.12, and 18.14±0.48 mg/100 g of
1249:
1109:
4756:
4726:
4662:
4633:
4623:
4401:
4391:
3461:
3431:
3147:
1972:
1829:
1744:
1740:
1666:
1654:
1605:
1577:
1569:
1355:
1313:
1171:
1142:
848:
328:
at room temperature. In industrial methods, kvass is produced from
80:
1550:
1163:
30:
4746:
4516:
4396:
4284:
4176:
4160:. Book 10, chapter 29, Pennsylvania State University translation.
3859:
3605:
1992:
1987:
1701:
1682:
1678:
1662:
1658:
1623:
1494:
1351:
1343:
1129:
943:
738:
694:
541:
201:
4103:. Jordan Center for the Advanced Study of Russia. Archived from
3726:"Health benefits of kvass manufactured from rye wholemeal bread"
2698:
Historical Brewing Techniques: The Lost Art of Farmhouse Brewing
1541:, which was more common in Western Sweden and did not go stale.
4576:
4566:
4496:
4491:
4448:
4354:
4334:
4207:
3924:
Handbuch der deutschen Mythologie mit Einschluss der nordischen
2251:"Vladimir the Great: From Pagan Philanderer to Christian Saint"
1962:
1776:
1748:
1639:
1619:
1595:
1561:
1306:
1202:
1015:
281:
4101:"Kvas Patriotism in Russia: Cultural Problems, Cultural Myths"
3082:
2045:"Kvas Patriotism in Russia: Cultural Problems, Cultural Myths"
1917:, diluted kvass is the focus of one of Motl's older brother's
1275:
4694:
4526:
4463:
4438:
4428:
3723:
2127:
1977:
1121:
864:
174:
170:
166:
156:
98:
4481:
4371:
2587:
2192:
1952:
1392:
1280:
1057:
856:
812:
808:
722:
707:
329:
255:
242:
229:
3601:"Chinese Thirst for Kvass Draws Wahaha into Russian Niche"
2828:
Russia's patriotic kvass drinkers say no to cola-nisation.
2305:(in Russian). Российский Союз Потребителей (Росконтроль).
4276:
3955:
Bidrag till belysning af slaviska lånord i nordiska språk
3520:
Viking Age Brew: The Craft of Brewing Sahti Farmhouse Ale
2590:"Microbial and chemical analysis of a kvass fermentation"
2557:. RSC paperbacks. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 8.
2123:
2121:
1626:, increasing its sales to 20,000 tons in the first year.
317:
236:
3730:
Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences
2074:"A brief history of Kvass, Russia's 'bread in a bottle'"
1634:
Following the influx of immigrants in the UK due to the
412:
3818:
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland
3249:
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland
3167:
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland
2968:
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland
2750:
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland
447:
2495:
Alcohol and its Role in the Evolution of Human Society
2118:
1505:
is made from dark rye malt, sugar, and baker's yeast.
1248:('rural orangeade'). In some Polish villages, such as
2407:"Palaeolexicon – The Proto-Indo-European word *kwat-"
1513:
Kvass was also made in Sweden, where it was known as
721:
The simplest industrial method produces kvass from a
517:
430:
4078:"We Used to Bake Blini..." ("Бывало пекли блины...")
3398:"Latvian kvass takes awards at Moscow beverage expo"
3112:. Zdrowo Zmiksowani. 22 October 2020. Archived from
3106:"Kwas chlebowy z Ukrainy – dlaczego warto go kupić?"
1928:
1689:(1.03×10 PAU), which has an odour of fruit and fat.
1409:generally is industrially produced with the use of
1342:appeared in the 16th century. Many restaurants in
1268:by Dessin de d'Henriet depicting kvass vendors in
2655:"Kwas chlebowy. Zapomniany skarb polskiej kuchni"
2544:
1576:In the mid-19th century, kvass was introduced in
826:, producing a total of 437,255 gallons of kvass.
4794:
3910:, 1865–1869; reprinted 2014, p. 260; in Russian)
3665:"Here's What to Drink if You're Going to Serbia"
1608:. In 1900, Russian merchant Ivan Churin founded
1333:
753:, and adjusted for sugar content, if necessary.
629:
619:
405:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2522:Gobbetti, Marco; Gänzle, Michael, eds. (2013).
2253:. Dance's Historical Miscellany. 8 April 2014.
1685:fruits used as an ingredient in rye bread; and
1022:Belarus has several breweries producing kvass:
793:since the 10th century. Likely invented in the
597:
492:
441:
3517:
2521:
1453:), while nowadays the drink is often known as
1403:
1396:
1382:
1350:can be made from anything fermentable—such as
549:
480:
4248:
2820:
1818:, several traditional sayings that reference
1787:
1613:
1581:
1543:
1515:
1499:
1479:
1454:
1444:
1434:
1292:
982:
965:
948:
931:
914:
664:
653:
571:
560:
534:
511:
504:
468:
423:
44:kvas, quass, quasse, quas, quash, kuass, kwas
16:Fermented cereal-based non-alcoholic beverage
3886:Александр Николаевич Афанасьев (1865–1869).
3769:Jargin, Sergei V. (September–October 2009).
3486:
3306:"Soviet Brew Is Back, This Time, in Bottles"
3083:Gerima dystrybutor kwasu chlebowego w Polsce
2873:
2726:
2155:"White kvass: An old drink with a new taste"
1888:
1819:
1796:. Another kvass-related term in Russian is "
1243:
1237:
1225:
1146:
1095:
395:
389:
366:
3196:[Their kvass conquers the market].
1522:
1460:
671:
636:
603:
578:
373:
4255:
4241:
2945:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2152:
2132:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 287–292.
2068:
2066:
1712:content than industrially produced kvass.
1648:
1433:and was heated in the oven. It was called
811:and food was given out to the citizens of
4125:
3788:
3745:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3191:
3098:
3092:Gerima – distributor of kvass in Poland.
3078:
3076:
2930:
2331:(in Polish). WP Kuchnia. 8 January 2016.
2021:(in Polish). WP Kuchnia. 8 January 2016.
807:'s baptism in 988, when kvass along with
698:Home fermentation of kvass in glass jars.
4542:
4042:
3908:The Poetic Outlook of Slavs about Nature
3663:Bills, John William (12 November 2017).
2992:
2958:
2956:
2357:(in Polish). Medonet. 19 December 2022.
2153:Tarasevich, Grigory (5 September 2013).
1873:and the peasant is ready for the fields.
1758:
1560:
1365:
1320:kvass winning two gold medals. In 2019,
1274:
1259:
1115:
1103:
1089:
1009:
842:
771:
693:
4020:Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
3888:Поэтические воззрения славян на природу
3192:Jeziorska, Jolanta (8 September 2009).
3007:
2694:
2681:
2652:
2631:
2550:
2492:
2477:
2381:"История кваса и его полезные свойства"
2179:
2100:"История кваса и его полезные свойства"
2063:
1865:A healthy drink has long been renowned:
35:A mug of mint kvass and its ingredients
4795:
4262:
4098:
3768:
3613:from the original on 29 September 2021
3518:Laitinen, Mika; Mosher, Randy (2019).
3487:Sõukand, Renata; Kalle, Raivo (2016).
3468:from the original on 24 September 2021
3232:
3226:S. Orgelbranda Encyklopedja Powszechna
3138:[Sapieżyński Kodeński kvass].
3073:
3008:Delorme, Andrzej (1–15 October 1999).
2329:"Co warto wiedzieć o kwasie chlebowym"
2019:"Co warto wiedzieć o kwasie chlebowym"
1754:
1636:2004 enlargement of the European Union
4236:
4169:
3811:
3662:
3644:from the original on 10 December 2023
3408:from the original on 21 December 2021
3378:from the original on 29 December 2021
3331:
3303:
3163:"Kwas chlebowy na miodzie z Grębkowa"
3160:
3028:from the original on 9 September 2012
2953:
2874:Webb, Tim; Beaumont, Stephen (2016).
2788:from the original on 19 November 2023
2743:
2594:European Food Research and Technology
2387:from the original on 30 November 2023
2361:from the original on 30 November 2023
2309:from the original on 30 November 2023
2257:from the original on 30 November 2023
2106:from the original on 30 November 2023
2080:from the original on 30 November 2023
1887:, there is a customary game known as
1387:. Initially, it was made from either
1231:
4128:"Kwas chlebowy sapieżyński kodeński"
4046:Russian-English Dictionary of Idioms
3842:
3747:10.15414/jmbfs.2015.4.special3.34-39
3631:
3581:from the original on 18 October 2021
3568:
3346:from the original on 4 December 2020
3332:Smith, Benjamin (7 September 2002).
3136:"Kwas chlebowy sapieżyński kodeński"
2974:from the original on 9 February 2022
2964:"Kwas chlebowy sapieżyński kodeński"
2855:from the original on 23 October 2014
2669:from the original on 8 December 2021
2471:Kvass in Oxford English Dictionary.
2417:from the original on 16 January 2018
2335:from the original on 22 October 2023
2283:from the original on 5 December 2023
2025:from the original on 22 October 2023
1848:Od dawien dawna słynie napój zdrowy:
1834:
1708:to the bread), and three times less
1439:(which can also be used to refer to
4126:Śliwińska, Jolanta (29 June 2017).
3890:. Директ-медиа (2014) том. 1, стр.
3824:from the original on 6 January 2022
3812:Mucha, Sławomir (10 October 2018).
3304:Lyons, J. Michael (31 March 2002).
3206:from the original on 2 January 2023
3161:Mucha, Sławomir (25 January 2019).
2894:
2867:
2834:. BUSINESS; General. 12 July 2008.
2756:from the original on 6 January 2022
2524:Handbook on Sourdough Biotechnology
2453:from the original on 2 January 2023
2231:from the original on 4 January 2022
2047:. NYU Jordan Center. Archived from
155:and rye malt, as well as water and
13:
4184:from the original on 3 August 2020
3999:. University of California Press.
3705:from the original on 15 March 2023
3255:from the original on 19 March 2022
2653:Snopkow, Paweł (23 October 2021).
1869:a chunk of bread below the armpit,
1568:served in a restaurant in Ürümqi,
1148:kwas chlebowy sapieżyński kodeński
14:
4869:
4200:
4170:Vered, Ronit (15 November 2012).
4033:. 4th edition, Leiden (in German)
3438:from the original on 19 June 2021
3285:from the original on 27 July 2021
3194:"Ich kwas chlebowy podbija rynek"
2167:from the original on 20 July 2021
2076:. Russia Beyond. 23 August 2021.
1700:activity (due to the addition of
4775:
4218:
4206:
4099:Latour, Abby (29 October 2018).
3738:Slovak University of Agriculture
3675:from the original on 12 May 2019
3173:from the original on 26 May 2022
3058:from the original on 17 May 2022
2809:Daily Consular and Trade Reports
1931:
1783:, is possibly related to kvass.
1332:In Lithuania, kvass is known as
1065:
803:, describing the celebration of
312:, describing the celebration of
280:
269:
52:Fermented low-alcoholic beverage
29:
4163:
4145:
4119:
4092:
4067:
4036:
4009:
3975:
3944:
3913:
3880:
3836:
3762:
3717:
3687:
3656:
3625:
3593:
3569:Yike, Wang (22 February 2018).
3562:
3540:
3511:
3480:
3450:
3420:
3390:
3358:
3325:
3297:
3267:
3218:
3185:
3154:
3128:
3040:
3016:(14(140)/99). Zielone Brygady.
3001:
2986:
2924:
2837:
2800:
2768:
2744:Mucha, Sławomir (3 June 2018).
2581:
2515:
2465:
2429:
2399:
2373:
2347:
2321:
2295:
2279:. Christian History Institute.
1786:There is a Russian expression,
1681:(2.28×10 PAU) originating from
1299:dissolution of the Soviet Union
884:Market shares for Russia (2014)
163:Ingredients generally used
4690:Steam beer / California Common
2277:"Vladimir Adopts Christianity"
2269:
2243:
2146:
2092:
2037:
2011:
1600:
1591:
1381:In Estonia, kvass is known as
1120:Polish kvass served alongside
336:
1:
4223:The dictionary definition of
3402:Public Broadcasting of Latvia
2695:Garshol, Lars Marius (2020).
2554:A History of Beer and Brewing
2493:Hornsey, Ian Spencer (2012).
2383:(in Russian). Сергиев Канон.
2102:(in Russian). Сергиев Канон.
2004:
833:
689:
4737:Beer and breweries by region
3986:Gods of the Ancient Northmen
3548:"Xinjiang native beer-kvass"
3010:"Alternatywa dla Coca Coli?"
2933:Młyn na Stawkach. Nad Czarną
2880:. Hachette UK. p. 148.
1914:Motl, Peysi the Cantor's Son
1832:. The song goes as follows:
1789:Перебиваться с хлеба на квас
1629:
1327:
776:A kvass vendor (kvasnik) in
7:
3550:. INFNews. 22 December 2021
3048:"Historia kwasu chlebowego"
2812:. Vol. 1. Washington:
2776:"The Early History of Kiev"
1924:
1580:, where it became known as
1108:Kvass tap at a festival in
518:
448:
431:
413:
388:, to differentiate it from
184:Beetroot kvass, white kvass
10:
4874:
3961:, vol. 19 (1903), p.
3959:Arkiv för nordisk filologi
3930:or 2nd edition (1864), p.
2814:Government Printing Office
2499:Royal Society of Chemistry
2214:10.22616/foodbalt.2017.027
1424:
1361:
1305:On 30 September 2010, the
1005:
767:
443:квас/хлібний квас/сирівець
394:, 'acid', originally from
73:Central and Eastern Europe
4770:
4707:
4597:
4535:
4462:
4275:
4043:Lubensky, Sophia (2013).
3926:, 1st edition (1855), p.
3862:: Chelsea Green. p.
2606:10.1007/s00217-007-0719-4
1883:In the Polish village of
1840:
1837:
1788:
1614:
1508:
1279:A kvass street vendor in
1255:
1145:. One example of this is
1085:
983:
966:
949:
932:
915:
847:A kvass street vendor in
838:
512:
505:
442:
424:
406:
265:
248:
235:
222:
207:
188:
180:
162:
144:
136:
91:
64:
56:
48:
40:
28:
3245:"Kwas chlebowy z Załawy"
2781:. Princeton University.
1852:pajda chleba za pazuchę,
1846:
1769:Chuvash State Art Museum
1556:
1549:was still being made in
1291:, kvass was also called
618:, similar to Lithuanian
140:Cold or room temperature
4029:30 October 2023 at the
3995:30 October 2023 at the
3951:Jooseppi Julius Mikkola
3571:"Beverages of Xinjiang"
3339:The Wall Street Journal
3088:16 October 2013 at the
2130:Fermented Food Products
1838:Original Polish lyrics
1765:Street vending of kvass
1649:Nutritional composition
1166:on land granted by the
598:
4083:4 January 2010 at the
3776:Alcohol and Alcoholism
2931:Wieczorek, K. (2006).
2832:The New Zealand Herald
2551:Hornsey, I.S. (2003).
1919:get-rich-quick schemes
1889:
1863:
1820:
1772:
1751:, are based on kvass.
1730:
1582:
1573:
1544:
1516:
1500:
1480:
1455:
1445:
1435:
1404:
1397:
1383:
1378:
1334:
1293:
1284:
1272:
1244:
1238:
1226:
1199:Second Polish Republic
1147:
1133:
1113:
1101:
1096:
1019:
852:
824:Governorate of Livonia
820:Trans-Siberian Railway
781:
699:
665:
654:
630:
620:
572:
561:
550:
535:
493:
481:
469:
396:
390:
367:
4051:Yale University Press
3937:28 April 2022 at the
3790:10.1093/alcalc/agp055
3736:(3 (special issue)).
2851:. 18 September 2014.
1856:i chłop gotów w pole.
1762:
1564:
1553:farms up until 1935.
1369:
1278:
1263:
1233:[kvasxlɛbɔvɨ]
1139:Władysław II Jagiełło
1119:
1107:
1094:Varieties of natural
1093:
1013:
846:
775:
697:
651:, similar to Latvian
4382:Kentucky common beer
4215:at Wikimedia Commons
4049:(Revised ed.).
3968:16 June 2023 at the
3856:White River Junction
3524:Chicago Review Press
3404:. 1 September 2014.
2816:. 1913. p. 114.
2705:. pp. 254–257.
2703:Brewers Publications
2530:. pp. 272–274.
2501:. pp. 296–300.
2442:Webster's Dictionary
1875:Into a hot drought.
1841:English translation
1497:process, and modern
1389:brewer's spent grain
1207:Haberbusch i Schiele
1162:founded the town of
780:in the 18th century.
735:lactic acid bacteria
4300:Australian pale ale
3920:Karl Joseph Simrock
3904:Alexander Afanasyev
3526:. pp. 98–104.
3495:Springer Publishing
3464:. 21 October 2020.
3311:The Washington Post
3150:on 16 October 2013.
3110:zdrowozmiksowani.pl
2995:Seria Etnograficzna
2902:"Drinks in Belarus"
2659:gazetaolsztynska.pl
2528:Springer Publishing
1871:a goatskin of kvass
1763:Vassiliy Kalistov,
1755:Cultural references
1725:former Soviet Union
1194:, and monasteries.
347:Proto-Indo-European
345:is ultimately from
137:Serving temperature
69:Northeastern Europe
25:
4172:"A Touch of Kvass"
4074:Svyatoslav Loginov
3434:. 9 October 2019.
3144:Lublin Voivodeship
1858:W gorącą posuchę.
1779:, a wise being in
1773:
1721:chronic alcoholism
1696:content, 60% more
1610:Harbin Churin Food
1574:
1413:, the addition of
1379:
1285:
1273:
1134:
1114:
1102:
1020:
873:anti-cola-nisation
853:
805:Vladimir the Great
782:
700:
314:Vladimir the Great
200:Circa 30–100
21:
4843:Belarusian drinks
4833:Lithuanian drinks
4790:
4789:
4703:
4702:
4552:American wild ale
4487:Dortmunder Export
4295:American pale ale
4211:Media related to
4005:978-0-520-03507-2
3900:978-5-4458-9827-6
3632:Puzorjov, Anton.
3609:. 15 April 2013.
3533:978-1-641-60047-7
3504:978-3-319-33949-8
3281:. 11 March 2021.
3251:. 10 April 2020.
3116:on 12 August 2022
2719:Primary Chronicle
2712:978-1-938-46955-8
2663:Gazeta Olsztyńska
2564:978-0-85404-630-0
2537:978-1-4614-5424-3
2508:978-1-84973-161-4
2411:palaeolexicon.com
2139:978-0-367-22422-6
1881:
1880:
1717:alcohol by volume
1417:, and artificial
1178:who lived in the
1018:, Belarus (2019).
1014:Kvass trailer in
1003:
1002:
800:Primary Chronicle
309:Primary Chronicle
294:
293:
261:
260:
210:Nutritional value
41:Alternative names
4865:
4813:Ukrainian drinks
4808:Rye-based drinks
4803:Fermented drinks
4780:
4779:
4752:Low-alcohol beer
4732:Barrel-aged beer
4562:Flanders red ale
4540:
4539:
4477:Australian lager
4257:
4250:
4243:
4234:
4233:
4222:
4210:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4167:
4161:
4149:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4132:Smakuj Lubelskie
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4040:
4034:
4013:
4007:
3979:
3973:
3948:
3942:
3917:
3911:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3853:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3792:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3749:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3691:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3484:
3478:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3241:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3146:. Archived from
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3080:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3063:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2912:on 3 August 2020
2908:. Archived from
2898:
2892:
2891:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2841:
2835:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2787:
2780:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2741:
2724:
2723:
2692:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2650:
2629:
2628:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2490:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2230:
2199:
2190:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2125:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2015:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1892:
1835:
1823:
1806:
1798:kvass patriotism
1791:
1790:
1617:
1616:
1602:
1593:
1585:
1547:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1503:
1483:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1438:
1407:
1400:
1386:
1374:used during the
1337:
1318:Porter Tanheiser
1296:
1247:
1245:wiejska oranżada
1241:
1235:
1229:
1192:religious orders
1188:Austrian Galicia
1161:
1150:
1099:
1078:Alivaria Brewery
1069:
1055:
1040:
1028:Babrujski Brovar
1024:Alivaria Brewery
986:
985:
969:
968:
952:
951:
935:
934:
918:
917:
911:
888:
887:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
668:
657:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
633:
623:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
601:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
575:
564:
553:
538:
527:
515:
514:
508:
507:
496:
484:
472:
461:
445:
444:
434:
427:
426:
416:
409:
408:
399:
393:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
370:
286:Media: Kvass
284:
273:
220:
219:
215:
196:
145:Main ingredients
33:
26:
24:
20:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4823:Estonian drinks
4793:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4782:Beer portal
4774:
4766:
4699:
4593:
4557:Berliner Weisse
4531:
4458:
4271:
4261:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4187:
4185:
4168:
4164:
4150:
4146:
4136:
4134:
4124:
4120:
4110:
4108:
4107:on 2 March 2022
4097:
4093:
4087:
4085:Wayback Machine
4072:
4068:
4061:
4053:. p. 695.
4041:
4037:
4031:Wayback Machine
4014:
4010:
3997:Wayback Machine
3982:Georges Dumézil
3980:
3976:
3970:Wayback Machine
3949:
3945:
3941:. Bonn, Marcus.
3939:Wayback Machine
3918:
3914:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3841:
3837:
3827:
3825:
3814:"Kwas chlebowy"
3810:
3806:
3767:
3763:
3722:
3718:
3708:
3706:
3699:Biotic Ferments
3693:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3645:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3582:
3575:Youlin Magazine
3567:
3563:
3553:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3469:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3439:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3409:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3379:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3330:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3256:
3243:
3242:
3233:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3207:
3199:Dziennik Łódzki
3190:
3186:
3176:
3174:
3159:
3155:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3090:Wayback Machine
3081:
3074:
3061:
3059:
3052:kwaschlebowy.eu
3046:
3045:
3041:
3031:
3029:
3006:
3002:
2991:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2970:. 2 July 2018.
2962:
2961:
2954:
2938:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2872:
2868:
2858:
2856:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2825:
2821:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2746:"Kwas chlebowy"
2742:
2727:
2713:
2693:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2651:
2632:
2586:
2582:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2491:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2447:Merriam-Webster
2435:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2197:
2191:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2126:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2051:on 2 March 2022
2043:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1937:
1930:
1927:
1909:Sholem Aleichem
1877:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1816:Polish language
1809:Pyotr Vyazemsky
1800:
1781:Norse mythology
1757:
1737:Russian cuisine
1733:
1687:ethyl octanoate
1651:
1632:
1559:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1511:
1478:Traditionally,
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1451:Eastern Finnish
1431:Eastern Finland
1427:
1364:
1330:
1322:Iļģuciema kvass
1264:A 19th century
1258:
1184:Imperial Russia
1180:Congress Poland
1155:
1088:
1081:
1070:
1045:
1030:
1008:
978:Coca-Cola, Inc.
961:Carlsberg Group
905:
851:, Russia, 2013.
841:
836:
770:
692:
683:
680:
677:
674:
648:
645:
642:
639:
615:
612:
609:
606:
590:
587:
584:
581:
530:Eastern Finnish
385:
382:
379:
376:
339:
290:
275:Cookbook: Kvass
216:
213:
212:
197:
194:
193:
65:Region or state
36:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4871:
4861:
4860:
4858:Soviet cuisine
4855:
4853:Serbian drinks
4850:
4848:Russian drinks
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4828:Latvian drinks
4825:
4820:
4818:Chinese drinks
4815:
4810:
4805:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4742:Beer sommelier
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4680:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4472:American lager
4468:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4362:India pale ale
4359:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4345:Bière de Garde
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4281:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4260:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4237:
4231:
4230:
4216:
4202:
4201:External links
4199:
4196:
4195:
4162:
4144:
4118:
4091:
4066:
4059:
4035:
4008:
3974:
3943:
3912:
3879:
3872:
3835:
3804:
3761:
3716:
3686:
3655:
3624:
3592:
3561:
3539:
3532:
3510:
3503:
3497:. p. 98.
3479:
3449:
3419:
3389:
3357:
3324:
3296:
3266:
3231:
3217:
3184:
3153:
3127:
3097:
3072:
3054:. Eko-Natura.
3039:
3014:Pismo Ekologów
3000:
2985:
2952:
2923:
2893:
2886:
2866:
2836:
2819:
2799:
2767:
2725:
2711:
2680:
2630:
2600:(1): 261–266.
2580:
2563:
2543:
2536:
2514:
2507:
2476:
2464:
2428:
2398:
2372:
2346:
2320:
2294:
2268:
2242:
2178:
2145:
2138:
2117:
2091:
2062:
2036:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1926:
1923:
1879:
1878:
1861:
1850:kwas chlebowy,
1843:
1842:
1839:
1756:
1753:
1732:
1729:
1715:Historically,
1710:reducing sugar
1650:
1647:
1631:
1628:
1558:
1555:
1510:
1507:
1426:
1423:
1411:pasteurization
1363:
1360:
1329:
1326:
1257:
1254:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1080:(Minsk, 2022).
1076:, produced by
1071:
1064:
1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
995:
991:
990:
987:
984:Кружка и бочка
980:
974:
973:
970:
963:
957:
956:
953:
946:
940:
939:
936:
929:
923:
922:
919:
912:
899:
898:
895:
892:
840:
837:
835:
832:
778:Russian Empire
769:
766:
761:of 4–6 weeks.
751:centrifugation
743:carbon dioxide
691:
688:
338:
335:
292:
291:
289:
288:
277:
266:
263:
262:
259:
258:
252:
246:
245:
241:<0.10
239:
233:
232:
228:<0.15
226:
217:
208:
205:
204:
198:
189:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
164:
160:
159:
146:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
131:Uyghur cuisine
96:
89:
88:
77:North Caucasus
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4870:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4838:Polish drinks
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4763:
4762:Seasonal beer
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4412:Baltic porter
4410:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4367:Irish red ale
4365:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4340:Farmhouse ale
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4265:
4258:
4253:
4251:
4246:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4235:
4229:at Wiktionary
4228:
4227:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4153:War and Peace
4148:
4133:
4129:
4122:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4086:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4062:
4060:9780300162271
4056:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4039:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3978:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3916:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3875:
3873:1-931498-23-7
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3851:
3845:
3839:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3765:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3690:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3596:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3565:
3549:
3543:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3506:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3483:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3345:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3328:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3300:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3227:
3221:
3205:
3202:(in Polish).
3201:
3200:
3195:
3188:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3149:
3145:
3142:(in Polish).
3141:
3137:
3131:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3069:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3004:
2996:
2989:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2942:
2934:
2927:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2889:
2887:9781784722524
2883:
2879:
2878:
2870:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2784:
2777:
2771:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2566:
2560:
2556:
2555:
2547:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2474:
2468:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2160:Russia Beyond
2156:
2149:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2122:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2010:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1904:War and Peace
1901:In Tolstoy's
1899:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1876:
1862:
1859:
1845:
1844:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1821:kwas chlebowy
1817:
1812:
1810:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:dietary fibre
1690:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1540:
1520:
1518:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1491:spontaneously
1488:
1482:
1476:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1415:preservatives
1412:
1408:
1406:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1246:
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4225:
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4175:
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4135:. Retrieved
4131:
4121:
4109:. Retrieved
4105:the original
4094:
4088:(in Russian)
4069:
4045:
4038:
4019:
4016:Jan de Vries
4011:
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3977:
3954:
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3844:Katz, Sandor
3838:
3826:. Retrieved
3807:
3780:
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3764:
3733:
3729:
3719:
3707:. Retrieved
3698:
3695:"Why Kvass?"
3689:
3677:. Retrieved
3669:Culture Trip
3668:
3658:
3646:. Retrieved
3637:
3627:
3617:17 September
3615:. Retrieved
3604:
3595:
3585:17 September
3583:. Retrieved
3574:
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3278:
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3197:
3187:
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3156:
3148:the original
3140:lubelskie.pl
3139:
3130:
3118:. Retrieved
3114:the original
3109:
3100:
3067:
3060:. Retrieved
3051:
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3013:
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2994:
2988:
2976:. Retrieved
2935:. Lubiaszów.
2932:
2926:
2914:. Retrieved
2910:the original
2905:
2896:
2876:
2869:
2857:. Retrieved
2848:
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2201:
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2158:
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2129:
2108:. Retrieved
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2053:. Retrieved
2049:the original
2039:
2027:. Retrieved
2013:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1882:
1867:bread kvass,
1864:
1854:bukłak kwasu
1847:
1813:
1785:
1775:The name of
1774:
1764:
1734:
1714:
1691:
1652:
1644:
1633:
1599:
1575:
1565:
1542:
1514:
1512:
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1477:
1428:
1402:
1380:
1376:Estonian SSR
1372:kvass barrel
1347:
1331:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1304:
1297:. After the
1286:
1219:
1215:World War II
1210:
1196:
1135:
1021:
967:Хлебный край
883:
882:
854:
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701:
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454:khlibny kvas
453:
449:
429:
411:
400:, 'sour');
365:
357:
352:
342:
340:
307:
305:
296:
295:
250:Carbohydrate
85:Heilongjiang
18:
4715:Abbey beers
4685:Spruce beer
4673:Smoked beer
4651:Millet beer
4612:Banana beer
4522:Schwarzbier
4419:Pumpkin ale
4305:Barley wine
4264:Beer styles
4158:Leo Tolstoy
4137:22 December
3648:10 December
3638:Quas Drinks
3554:22 December
3412:19 December
3279:Latvia Eats
3094:(in Polish)
3032:21 February
2997:(12). Łódź.
2849:Пивное дело
2792:28 November
2391:28 November
2365:28 November
2339:28 November
2313:28 November
2287:28 November
2261:28 November
2110:28 November
2084:28 November
2055:28 November
2029:28 November
1948:Borș (bran)
1939:Beer portal
1801: [
1706:citric acid
1698:antioxidant
1532:bread drink
1419:carbonation
1168:Polish king
1156: [
1153:Jan Sapieha
1074:white kvass
1072:Belarusian
1046: [
1031: [
950:Русский дар
906: [
795:Kievan Rus'
791:Early Slavs
747:lactic acid
727:pasteurized
712:bread yeast
681:bread drink
510:; Chinese:
383:bread kvass
337:Terminology
322:bread yeast
191:Food energy
92:Associated
4797:Categories
4668:Small beer
4641:Light beer
4607:Fruit beer
4512:Pale lager
4502:Kellerbier
4454:Wheat beer
4444:Strong ale
4434:Scotch ale
4377:Grodziskie
4325:Copper ale
4320:Burton ale
3783:(5): 529.
2906:belarus.by
2859:17 October
2421:17 October
2005:References
1998:Ginger Ale
1739:, such as
1671:riboflavin
1545:Bröddricka
1539:crispbread
1517:bröddricka
1470:home kalja
1441:small beer
933:Очаковский
894:Brand name
877:per capita
859:, such as
834:By country
759:shelf life
690:Production
666:bröddricka
626:Lithuanian
402:Belarusian
254:5.90
181:Variations
169:, fruits,
127:Lithuanian
103:Belarusian
4678:Rauchbier
4646:Malt beer
4619:Hard soda
4602:Corn beer
4589:Oud bruin
4572:Framboise
4544:Sour beer
4424:Quadrupel
4330:Cream ale
4315:Brown ale
4290:Amber ale
4111:4 January
3756:1338-5178
3740:: 34–39.
3371:likumi.lv
3022:1231-2126
2941:cite book
2614:1438-2385
2235:4 January
2222:2501-0190
2208:: 61–65.
1983:Rejuvelac
1958:Brottrunk
1794:rye bread
1630:Elsewhere
1615:秋林 Qiulin
1487:lautering
1456:kotikalja
1398:kaljaleib
1370:A street
1340:Lithuania
1328:Lithuania
1266:engraving
1211:Karpiński
1203:Varsovian
1052:be-tarask
1037:be-tarask
869:patriotic
861:Coca-Cola
704:rye flour
595:Latgalian
506:квас/kvas
488:Hungarian
438:Ukrainian
341:The word
301:fermented
153:rye flour
149:Rye bread
115:Ukrainian
83:, China;
4757:Real ale
4727:Adjuncts
4720:Trappist
4708:See also
4663:Rye beer
4634:Podpiwek
4624:Ice beer
4402:Pale ale
4392:Mild ale
4350:Grisette
4182:Archived
4081:Archived
4027:Archived
4018:(2000).
3993:Archived
3984:(1974).
3966:Archived
3935:Archived
3846:(2003).
3822:Archived
3799:19734161
3709:15 March
3703:Archived
3673:Archived
3642:Archived
3611:Archived
3579:Archived
3466:Archived
3462:Ilgezeem
3436:Archived
3432:Ilgezeem
3406:Archived
3376:Archived
3344:Archived
3283:Archived
3253:Archived
3204:Archived
3171:Archived
3086:Archived
3056:Archived
3026:Archived
2972:Archived
2853:Archived
2783:Archived
2754:Archived
2667:Archived
2622:84724879
2570:21 March
2451:Archived
2415:Archived
2385:Archived
2359:Archived
2333:Archived
2307:Archived
2281:Archived
2255:Archived
2226:Archived
2202:Foodbalt
2165:Archived
2104:Archived
2078:Archived
2023:Archived
1973:Podpiwek
1925:See also
1830:szlachta
1771:, Russia
1767:(1862),
1745:botvinya
1741:okroshka
1667:thiamine
1655:fructose
1606:barbecue
1578:Xinjiang
1570:Xinjiang
1356:beetroot
1314:Ilgezeem
1270:Livonia.
1205:brewery
1172:szlachta
1143:szlachta
1043:Krinitsa
927:Ochakovo
849:Belgorod
706:and rye
646:beverage
613:beverage
588:beverage
546:Estonian
544:include
542:cognates
476:Romanian
458:syrivets
119:Estonian
113:, and
81:Xinjiang
60:Beverage
4747:Brewery
4517:Pilsner
4397:Old ale
4285:Altbier
4188:14 July
4177:Haaretz
3828:30 July
3606:Goldsea
3472:30 July
3442:30 July
3382:30 July
3350:14 July
3317:14 July
3289:30 July
3210:10 June
2978:30 July
2916:14 July
2457:10 June
2437:"kvass"
2171:30 July
1993:Tepache
1988:Rivella
1826:reapers
1814:In the
1723:in the
1702:caramel
1683:caraway
1679:carvone
1663:maltose
1659:glucose
1624:Tianjin
1588:Chinese
1526:
1495:malting
1464:
1425:Finland
1362:Estonia
1352:caraway
1344:Vilnius
1294:dzersis
1289:Latvian
1283:(1977).
1209:or the
1186:and in
1130:korovai
1006:Belarus
944:PepsiCo
897:Share
891:Company
768:History
739:ethanol
675:
661:Swedish
659:), and
640:
607:
582:
573:dzersis
568:Latvian
557:Finnish
513:格瓦斯/克瓦斯
500:Serbian
464:Latvian
420:Russian
377:
353:kwh₂et-
224:Protein
167:Berries
123:Latvian
111:Russian
94:cuisine
87:, China
4577:Gueuze
4567:Lambic
4507:Märzen
4497:Helles
4492:Dunkel
4449:Tripel
4407:Porter
4387:Kölsch
4355:Saison
4335:Dubbel
4310:Bitter
4057:
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3898:
3870:
3797:
3754:
3679:6 July
3530:
3501:
3259:26 May
3177:26 May
3120:26 May
3062:26 May
3020:
2884:
2760:26 May
2709:
2673:26 May
2620:
2612:
2561:
2534:
2505:
2220:
2136:
1963:Chicha
1895:wulkan
1890:wulkan
1885:Zaława
1777:Kvasir
1749:tyurya
1747:, and
1675:niacin
1673:, and
1661:, and
1640:Serbia
1620:Harbin
1601:géwǎsī
1598::
1596:pinyin
1590::
1509:Sweden
1307:Saeima
1256:Latvia
1250:Zaława
1222:Polish
1126:kolach
1110:Poznań
1086:Poland
1041:, and
1016:Grodno
916:Никола
839:Russia
745:, and
540:. Non-
524:kèwǎsī
520:géwǎsī
397:kwaśny
362:Polish
279:
107:Polish
99:Slavic
57:Course
4695:Tella
4629:Kvass
4582:Kriek
4527:Zoigl
4464:Lager
4439:Stout
4429:Sahti
4226:kvass
4213:Kvass
4022:, p.
3988:, p.
2786:(PDF)
2779:(PDF)
2618:S2CID
2229:(PDF)
2198:(PDF)
1978:Pruno
1968:Malta
1805:]
1618:) in
1583:kavas
1566:Kavas
1557:China
1551:Öland
1501:kalja
1481:kalja
1446:vaasa
1443:) or
1436:kalja
1354:tea,
1176:Poles
1164:Kodeń
1160:]
1122:kefir
1054:]
1039:]
999:22.9
994:Other
955:11.6
938:18.9
910:]
865:Pepsi
655:dzira
599:dzyra
562:kalja
536:vaasa
494:kvasz
470:kvass
358:quass
349:base
343:kvass
299:is a
297:Kvass
175:honey
171:herbs
157:yeast
23:Kvass
4656:Pito
4482:Bock
4372:Gose
4268:list
4190:2020
4139:2019
4113:2022
4055:ISBN
4001:ISBN
3896:ISBN
3868:ISBN
3830:2021
3795:PMID
3752:ISSN
3711:2023
3681:2019
3650:2023
3619:2021
3587:2021
3556:2021
3528:ISBN
3499:ISBN
3474:2021
3444:2021
3414:2021
3384:2021
3352:2020
3319:2020
3291:2021
3261:2022
3212:2023
3179:2022
3122:2022
3064:2022
3034:2014
3018:ISSN
2980:2021
2947:link
2918:2020
2882:ISBN
2861:2014
2794:2023
2762:2022
2707:ISBN
2675:2022
2610:ISSN
2572:2022
2559:ISBN
2532:ISBN
2503:ISBN
2459:2023
2423:2018
2393:2023
2367:2023
2341:2023
2315:2023
2289:2023
2263:2023
2237:2022
2218:ISSN
2173:2021
2134:ISBN
2112:2023
2086:2023
2057:2023
2031:2023
1953:Boza
1704:and
1523:lit.
1461:lit.
1449:(in
1405:kali
1393:wort
1384:kali
1348:gira
1335:gira
1281:Rīga
1128:and
1058:Lida
989:2.1
972:5.5
903:Deka
863:and
857:USSR
813:Kiev
809:mead
733:and
723:wort
708:malt
672:lit.
637:lit.
631:gira
621:gira
604:lit.
579:lit.
551:kali
482:cvas
450:kvas
432:kvas
425:квас
414:kvas
407:квас
391:kwas
374:lit.
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202:kcal
129:and
117:),
49:Type
4277:Ale
4024:336
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3932:244
3928:272
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3785:doi
3742:doi
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2598:227
2210:doi
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