Kwame Nkrumah - Knowledge

3983: 3516: 4420: 3682: 2819:, ran the CPP in his absence; the imprisoned leader was able to influence events through smuggled notes written on toilet paper. The British prepared for an election for the Gold Coast under their new constitution, and Nkrumah insisted that the CPP contest all seats. The situation had become calmer once Nkrumah was arrested, and the CPP and the British worked together to prepare electoral rolls. Nkrumah stood, from prison, for a directly elected Accra seat. Gbedemah worked to set up a nationwide campaign organization, using vans with loudspeakers to blare the party's message. The UGCC failed to set up a nationwide structure, and proved unable to take advantage of the fact that many of its opponents were in prison. 4745:. Nkrumah looked to these men to craft a general solution to the ills of Africa. To follow in these intellectual footsteps Nkrumah had intended to continue his education in London, but found himself involved in direct activism. Then, motivated by advice from Du Bois, Nkrumah decided to focus on creating peace in Africa. He became a passionate advocate of the "African Personality", embodied in the slogan "Africa for the Africans", earlier popularised by Edward Wilmont Blyden, and he viewed political independence as a prerequisite for economic independence. Nkrumah's dedications to pan-Africanism in action attracted these intellectuals to his Ghanaian projects. Many Americans, such as Du Bois and 2526: 3594:: "We were engaged in a kind of war, a war against poverty and disease, against ignorance, against tribalism and disunity. We needed to secure the conditions which could allow us to pursue our policy of reconstruction and development." To this end, in 1958, his government passed "An Act to prohibit organizations using or engaging in racial or religious propaganda to the detriment of any other racial or religious community, or securing the election of persons on account of their racial or religious affiliations, or for other purposes in connection therewith." Nkrumah attempted to saturate the country in national flags, and declared a widely disobeyed ban on tribal flags. 2725:, which was not a party organ but was owned by Nkrumah and others. He also founded the Committee on Youth Organization (CYO) as a youth wing for the UGCC. It soon broke away and adopted the motto "Self-Government Now". The CYO united students, ex-servicemen, and market women. Nkrumah recounted in his autobiography that he knew that a break with the UGCC was inevitable, and wanted the masses behind him when the conflict occurred. Nkrumah's appeals for "Free-Dom" appealed to the great numbers of underemployed youths who had come from the farms and villages to the towns. "Old hymn tunes were adapted to new songs of liberation which welcomed traveling 2954: 4243:, from the British War Office. This force had formerly been deployed to quell internal dissent, and occasionally to fight in wars: most recently, in World War II, against the Japanese in India and Burma. The most senior officers in this force were British, and, although training of African officers began in 1947, only 28 of 212 officers in December 1956 were indigenous Africans. The British officers still received British salaries, which vastly exceeded those allotted to their Ghanaian counterparts. Concerned about a possible military coup, Nkrumah delayed the placement of African officers in top leadership roles. 2826:, the first general election to be held under universal franchise in colonial Africa, the CPP was elected in a landslide. The CPP secured 34 of the 38 seats contested on a party basis, with Nkrumah elected for his Accra constituency. The UGCC won three seats, and one was taken by an independent. Arden-Clarke saw that the only alternative to Nkrumah's freedom was the end of the constitutional experiment. Nkrumah was released from prison on 12 February, receiving a rapturous reception from his followers. The following day, Arden-Clarke sent for him and asked him to form a government. 49: 16684: 4778:

and petroleum". Nkrumah says that the reason Africa is not thriving right now is because the European powers have been taking all the wealth for themselves. If Africa could be independent of European rule, he said, then it could truly flourish and contribute positively to the world. In the ending words of this speech Nkrumah calls his people to action by saying "This is our chance. We must act now. Tomorrow may be too late and the opportunity will have passed, and with it the hope of free Africa's survival". This rallied the nation in a nationalistic movement.

2696:, but still capable of yielding a crop, were being destroyed by the colonial authorities. There were about 63,000 World War II veterans in the Gold Coast, many of whom had trouble obtaining employment and felt the colonial government was doing nothing to address their grievances. Nkrumah and Danquah addressed a meeting of the Ex-Service men's Union in Accra on 20 February 1948, which was made in advance of a planned march to present a petition to the governor. When the march took place on 28 February, three veterans were killed by police gunfire, prompting the 1623: 4887: 4629: 3970: 4097: 2855:, was expanded. An urgent programme to build and expand schools, from primary to teacher and trade training, was begun. From 1951 to 1956, the number of pupils being educated at the colony's schools rose from 200,000 to 500,000. Nevertheless, the number of graduates being produced was insufficient to the burgeoning civil service's needs, and in 1953, Nkrumah announced that though Africans would be given preference, the country would be relying on expatriate European civil servants for several years. 4609: 3640:. The Convention People's Party had a strained relationship with the chiefs when it came to power, and this relationship became more hostile as the CPP incited political opposition chiefs and criticized the institution as undemocratic. Acts passed in 1958 and 1959 gave the government more power to dis-stool chiefs directly, and proclaimed government of stool land – and revenues. These policies alienated the chiefs and led them to looking favorably on the overthrow of Nkrumah and his Party. 1535: 4377: 3103: 3579: 3418: 485: 3933:, the introduction of a National Pledge, the beginning of a National Flag salute in schools, and the creation of a National Training program to inculcate virtue and the spirit of service among Ghanaian youth. Nkrumah outlined his views on the role of Ghanaian television to Parliament on 15 October 1963 saying, "Ghana's television will not cater for cheap entertainment or commercialism; its paramount objective will be education in its broadest and purest sense." 1559: 11373:, p. 93. "Within a week, 1,193 Ghanaian soldiers were in Léopoldvile and 192 more were waiting for transport in Accra with 156 trucks and 160 tons of stores. In terms of its resources, Ghana made one of the heaviest manpower contributions to the Congo. By the end of August 1960, she had 2,394 army officers and men in the country. The Ghana contingent remained for three of the four years of the UN operations, contributing a total of more than 39,000-man-months." 3461: 16661: 16651: 2912:

their differences, but the NLM refused to participate in any committee with a CPP majority. The traditional leaders were also incensed by a new bill that had just been enacted, which allowed minor chiefs to appeal to the government in Accra, bypassing traditional chiefly authority. The British were unwilling to leave unresolved the fundamental question as to how an independent Gold Coast should be governed, and in June 1956, the Colonial Secretary,

918: 2549:, declined to rate Nkrumah as a "first-class philosopher", saying, "I liked him and enjoyed talking to him but he did not seem to me to have an analytical mind. He wanted answers too quickly. I think part of the trouble may have been that he wasn't concentrating very hard on his thesis. It was a way of marking time until the opportunity came for him to return to Ghana." Finally, Nkrumah enrolled in, but did not complete, a study in law at 910: 4657: 16672: 3567: 2772: 2968: 990: 3484:, who believed members of other tribes were getting preferential treatment in government promotion, and this led to riots there in August. Nkrumah's response was to repress local movements by the Avoidance of Discrimination Act (6 December 1957), which banned regional or tribal-based political parties. Another strike at tribalism fell in Ashanti, where Nkrumah and the CPP got most local chiefs who were not party supporters 14538: 14745: 1547: 4875: 2859:

accusations of corruption, and of nepotism, as officials, following African custom, attempted to benefit their extended families and their tribes. The recommendations following the 1948 riots had included elected local government rather than the existing system dominated by the chiefs. This was uncontroversial until it became clear that it would be implemented by the CPP. That party's majority in the

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education the regime itself provided. When this happens, more and more repression and propaganda are needed to maintain political stability. In spite of considerable efforts, Nkrumah was unable to build a sufficiently ruthless police system. The cause of his downfall was not, therefore, the mismanagement of the economy—which was considerable—but rather the success of much of the development effort.

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As Nkrumah told Parliament: "Employers, both public and private, will be expected to make a far greater contribution to labour training through individual factory and farm schools, industry-wide training schemes, day release, payment for attendance at short courses and evening classes." This training would be indirectly subsidized with tax credits and import allocations.

2903:. Their demands were for a federal, rather than a unitary government for an independent Gold Coast, and for an upper house of parliament where chiefs and other traditional leaders could act as a counter to the CPP majority in the assembly. They drew considerable support in the Northern Territory and among the chiefs in Ashanti, who petitioned the British queen, 2843:

Key to meeting the challenges was convincing the British that the CPP's programmes were not only practical, but inevitable, and Nkrumah and Arden-Clarke worked closely together. The governor instructed the civil service to give the fledgling government full support, and the three British members of the cabinet took care not to vote against the elected majority.

4345:, Ghana dispatched more than a thousand of its own troops to join a United Nations force. The use of British officers in this context was politically unacceptable, and this event occasioned a hasty transfer of officer positions to Ghanaians. The Congo war was long and difficult. On 19 January 1961 the Third Infantry Battalion mutinied. On 28 April 1961, 43 men 3855:. Some women were promoted to the CPP Central Committee. Women attended more universities, took up more professions including medicine and law, and went on professional trips to Israel, the Soviet Union, and the Eastern Bloc. Women also entered the army and air force. Most women remained in agriculture and trade; some received assistance from the 2760:(CPP), with the word "convention" chosen, according to Nkrumah, "to carry the masses with us". There were attempts to heal the breach with the UGCC; at one July meeting, it was agreed to reinstate Nkrumah as secretary and disband the CPP. But Nkrumah's supporters would not have it, and persuaded him to refuse the offer and remain at their head. 2847:

from years of cocoa profit held in London, and Nkrumah was able to spend freely. Modern trunk roads were built along the coast and within the interior. The rail system was modernized and expanded. Modern water and sewer systems were installed in most towns, where housing schemes were begun. Construction began on a new harbour at

2611:. Nkrumah became the secretary of WANS. In addition to seeking to organize Africans to gain their nations' freedom, Nkrumah sought to succour the many West African seamen who had been stranded, destitute, in London at the end of the war, and established a Coloured Workers Association to empower and succour them. The 2719:. This among other activities, led UGCC committee members to accuse him of acting in the party's name without authority. Fearing he would harm them more outside the party than within, they agreed to make him honorary treasurer. Nkrumah's popularity, already large, was increased with his founding of the 5188:

Members swore an oath of secrecy, pledging to "irrevocably obey" orders from the group, to "help a member brother of THE CIRCLE in all things and in all difficulties", to avoid the use of violence, to fast on the twenty-first day of the month, and finally, to "accept the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah".

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We know that the traditional African society was founded on principles of egalitarianism. In its actual workings, however, it had various shortcomings. Its humanist impulse, nevertheless, is something that continues to urge us towards our all-African socialist reconstruction. We postulate each man to

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turned critic, wrote that agents at the CIA's Accra station "maintained intimate contact with the plotters as a coup was hatched". Afterward, "inside CIA headquarters the Accra station was given full, if unofficial credit for the eventual coup. ...None of this was adequately reflected in the agency's

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Nkrumah faced several challenges as he assumed office. He had never served in government, and needed to learn that art. The Gold Coast was composed of four regions, several former colonies amalgamated into one. Nkrumah sought to unite them under one nationality, and bring the country to independence.

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after she was dismissed and sent home for getting too close to Nkrumah. Powell returned to Ghana in January 1955 to be Nkrumah's private secretary, a position she held for ten years. Powell was very close to him and during their time together she largely wrote Nkrumah's (auto)biography, although this

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watched Nkrumah and the WANS, focusing on their links with Communism. Nkrumah and Padmore established a group called The Circle to lead the way to West African independence and unity; the group aimed to create a Union of African Socialist Republics. A document from The Circle, setting forth that goal

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Nkrumah completed a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and sociology in 1939. Lincoln then appointed him an assistant lecturer in philosophy. He began to receive invitations to be a guest preacher in Presbyterian churches in Philadelphia and New York. In 1939, Nkrumah enrolled at Lincoln's seminary

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Grandmother Nyaneba, then well into her 90s, waited patiently for her son. Mother stood by her side. Grandmother was determined to remain alive to witness Nkrumah's triumphant return to Ghana. Only after her hand was placed on his coffin did the old woman at last accept that he was dead. Grandmother

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for his development. The implications of this for sociopolitical practice have to be worked out scientifically, and the necessary social and economic policies pursued with resolution. Any meaningful humanism must begin from egalitarianism and must lead to objectively chosen policies for safeguarding

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agreed to build the dam for Nkrumah, but restricted what could be produced using the power generated. Nkrumah borrowed money to build the dam, and placed Ghana in debt. To finance the debt, he raised taxes on the cocoa farmers in the south. This accentuated regional differences and jealousy. The dam

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Nkrumah's time in office began successfully: forestry, fishing, and cattle-breeding expanded, production of cocoa (Ghana's main export) doubled, and modest deposits of bauxite and gold were exploited more effectively. The construction of a dam on the River Volta (launched in 1961) provided water for

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The Statutory Corporations Act, passed in November 1959 and revised in 1961 and 1964, created the legal framework for public corporations, which included state enterprises. This law placed the country's major corporations under the direction of government ministers. The State Enterprises Secretariat

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In 1952, the Artisan Trading Scheme, arranged with the Colonial Office and UK Ministry of Labour, provided for a few experts in every field to travel to Britain for technical education. Kumasi Technical Institute was founded in 1956. In September 1960, it added the Technical Teacher Training Centre.

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We in Ghana, are committed to the building of an industrialised socialist society. We cannot afford to sit still and be mere passive onlookers. We must ourselves take part in the pursuit of scientific and technological research as a means of providing the basis for our socialist society,

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In 1951, the CPP created the Accelerated Development Plan for Education. This plan set up a six-year primary course, to be attended as close to universally as possible, with a range of possibilities to follow. All children were to learn arithmetic, as well as gain "a sound foundation for citizenship

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In 1961, Nkrumah delivered a speech called "I Speak Of Freedom". During this speech he talked about how "Africa could become one of the greatest forces for good in the world". He mentions how Africa is a land of "vast riches" with mineral resources from that "range from gold and diamonds to uranium

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Nkrumah, in spite of his eccentricities, was largely defeated by his own success: the by-product of the considerable economic development achieved by Ghana was to stimulate and educate the masses and the new elite; their attitude to Nkrumah's regime became more and more critical in the light of the

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In 1964, Nkrumah brought forth the Seven Year Development Plan for National Reconstruction and Development, which identified education as a key source of development and called for the expansion of secondary technical schools. Secondary education would also include "in-service training programmes".

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Act, allowing for incarceration for up to five years without charge or trial, with only Nkrumah empowered to release prisoners early. According to Nkrumah's biographer, David Birmingham, "no single measure did more to bring down Nkrumah's reputation than his adoption of internment without trial for

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The opposition was not satisfied with the plan for independence, and demanded that power be devolved to the regions. Discussions took place through late 1956 and into 1957. Although Nkrumah did not compromise on his insistence on a unitary state, the nation was divided into five regions, with power

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had compiled large amounts of intelligence on Nkrumah through several sources, including tapping phones and mail interception under the code name of SWIFT. Beginning in October 1952, Nkrumah sought opinions from councils and from political parties on reform, and consulted widely across the country,

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degree from Lincoln in 1942, the top student in the course. He earned from Penn the following year a Master of Arts degree in philosophy and a Master of Science in education. While at Penn, Nkrumah worked with the linguist William Everett Welmers, providing the spoken material that formed the basis

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In 1954 the world price of cocoa rose from £150 to £450 per ton. Rather than allowing cocoa farmers to keep the windfall, Nkrumah appropriated the increased revenue via central government levies, then invested the capital into various national development projects. This policy alienated one of the

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These evenings were a vital part of Kwame Nkrumah's American education. He was going to a university – the university of the Harlem Streets. This was no ordinary time and these street speakers were no ordinary men ...The streets of Harlem were open forums, presided over master speakers like

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an African common market, a common currency area and the development of communications of all kinds to allow the free flow of goods and services. International capital can be attracted to such viable economic areas, but it would not be attracted to a divided and balkanized Africa, with each small

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Prices continued to fluctuate. In 1960 one ton of cocoa sold for £250 in London. By August 1965 this price had dropped to £91, one fifth of its value ten years before. The quick price decline caused the government's reliance on the reserves and forced farmers to take a portion of their earning in

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in eastern Ghana. The Volta River Project was the centrepiece of Nkrumah's economic programme. On 20 February 1958, he told the National Assembly: "It is my strong belief that the Volta River Project provides the quickest and most certain method of leading us towards economic independence." Ghana

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was the Governor-General, and Nkrumah remained Prime Minister. On 6 March 1960, Nkrumah announced plans for a new constitution that would make Ghana a republic, headed by a president with broad executive and legislative powers. The draft included a provision to surrender Ghanaian sovereignty to a

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Prior to the CPP taking office, British officials had prepared a ten-year plan for development. With demands for infrastructure improvements coming in from all over the colony, Nkrumah approved it in general, but halved the time to five years. The colony was in good financial shape, with reserves

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Just as in the days of the Egyptians, so today God had ordained that certain among the African race should journey westwards to equip themselves with knowledge and experience for the day when they would be called upon to return to their motherland and to use the learning they had acquired to help

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His old teacher Aggrey had died in 1929 in the US, and in 1942, Nkrumah led traditional prayers for Aggrey at the graveside. This led to a break between him and Lincoln, though after he rose to prominence in the Gold Coast, he returned in 1951 to accept an honorary degree. Nevertheless, Nkrumah's

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It is most important that our people should not only be instructed in science but that they should take part in it, apply it themselves in their own ways. For science is not just a subject to be learned out of a book or from a teacher. It is a way of life, a way of tackling any

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In 1962, three younger members of the CPP were brought up on charges of taking part in a plot to blow up Nkrumah's car in a motorcade. The sole evidence against the alleged plotters was that they rode in cars well behind Nkrumah's car. When the defendants were acquitted, Nkrumah sacked the chief

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into what form of government the Gold Coast should have. This was refused by her government, who in 1955 stated that such a commission should only be used if the people of the Gold Coast proved incapable of deciding their own affairs. Amid political violence, the two sides attempted to reconcile

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as its symbol – a familiar icon for local ethnic groups, and a symbol of leadership, alertness, and masculinity. Party symbols and colours (red, white, and green) appeared on clothing, flags, vehicles and houses. CPP operatives drove red-white-and-green vans across the country, playing music and

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We salute you, Kwame Nkrumah, not only because you are Prime Minister of Ghana, although this is cause enough. We salute you because you are a true and living representation of our hopes and ideals, of the determination we have to be accepted fully as equal beings, of the pride we have held and

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Nkrumah sought to exploit the Cold War rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union in order to gain maximum concessions from both sides in their geopolitical attempts to outmanoeuvre one another in West Africa and elsewhere. This was exemplified by the Volta River Dam Project and its

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on a new constitution, seen as a final step before independence. Published in June 1953, the constitutional proposals were accepted both by the assembly and by the British, and came into force in April of the following year. The new document provided for an assembly of 104 members, all directly

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As per the 1965 Instrument of Incorporation of the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation, the Minister of Information and Broadcasting had "powers of direction" over the media, and the President had the power "at any time, if he is satisfied that it is in the national interest to do so, take over the

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The British convened a selected commission of middle-class Africans, including all of the Big Six except Nkrumah, to draft a new constitution that would give the Gold Coast more self-government. Nkrumah saw, even before the commission reported, that its recommendations would fall short of full

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Nkrumah's title was Leader of Government Business in a cabinet chaired by Arden-Clarke. Quick progress was made, and in 1952, the governor withdrew from the cabinet, leaving Nkrumah as his prime minister, with the portfolios that had been reserved for expatriates going to Africans. There were

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Another source of irritation was the regional assemblies, which had been organized on an interim basis pending further constitutional discussions. The opposition, which was strong in Ashanti and the north, proposed significant powers for the assemblies; the CPP wanted them to be more or less

3914:: "It is part of our revolutionary credo that within the competitive system of capitalism, the press cannot function in accordance with a strict regard for the sacredness of facts, and that the press, therefore, should not remain in private hands." Starting in 1960, he invoked the right of 2184:

where he pursued his goldsmith business until his death. Kwame Nkrumah was raised by his mother and his extended family, who lived together traditionally and had more distant relatives often visiting. He lived a carefree childhood, spent in the village, in the bush, and on the nearby sea.

4853:(season 2, episode 8 "Dear Mrs Kennedy"). The show's portrayal of the historical significance of the Queen's visit to Ghana and dance with Nkrumah has been described as exaggerated in one source interviewing Nat Nuno-Amarteifio, later mayor of Accra, who was a teenage student at the time. 2363:. He soon won a scholarship that provided for his tuition at Lincoln University. He remained short of funds through his time in the US. To make ends meet, he did menial jobs on roles such as a wholesaler of fish and poultries, cleaner, dishwasher and others. On Sundays, he visited black 3668:

of both nation and party. The amendment passed with 99.91 percent of the vote, an implausibly high total that led observers to condemn the vote as "obviously rigged". Ghana had effectively been a one-party state since independence. The amendment transformed Nkrumah's presidency into a

7576:"VIII. "And although these men were rare and wonderful, they were nevertheless but men, and the opportunities which they had were far less favorable than the present; nor were their undertakings more just or more easy than this; neither was God more a friend of them than of you."", 2676:

on 29 December 1947 where he worked as a general secretary. Nkrumah quickly submitted plans for branches of the UGCC to be established colony-wide, and for strikes if necessary to gain political ends. This activist stance divided the party's governing committee, which was led by

2645:. Nkrumah hesitated but realized that the UGCC was controlled by conservative interests and noted that the new post could open huge political opportunities for him and accepted. After being questioned by British officials about his communist affiliations, Nkrumah boarded the MV 12338:"How, when he had besieged Chambly, another castle of the same Matthew, a sudden storm forced his host to flee, so that if Louis himself had not bravely fought back, the host would have nearly been destroyed; and how Matthew himself gave satisfaction to him with humility", 2269:. Aggrey, Fraser, and others at Achimota thought that there should be close co-operation between the races in governing the Gold Coast, but Nkrumah, echoing Garvey, soon came to believe that only when the black race governed itself could there be harmony between the races. 4023:

irrigation and hydro-electric power, which produced enough electricity for the towns and for a new aluminum plant. Government funds were also provided for village projects in which local people built schools and roads, while free health care and education were introduced.

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Kwame Nkrumah Memorial Park & Museum, Accra has been there to keep memory of him. Also, University of Science and Technology was changed to Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology to recognise his support building a strong education system in the country.

3653:. At this second trial, all three men were convicted and sentenced to death, though these sentences were subsequently commuted to life imprisonment. Shortly afterward, the constitution was amended to give the president the power to summarily remove judges at all levels. 2440:

Nkrumah was an activist student, organizing a group of expatriate African students in Pennsylvania and building it into the African Students Association of America and Canada, becoming its president. Some members felt that the group should aspire for each colony to

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We need also to reach out to the mass of the people who have not had the opportunities of formal education. We must use every means of mass communication – the press, the radio, television and films – to carry science to the whole population – to the people.

2196:, preferring the name "Kwame". According to Ebenezer Obiri Addo in his study of the future president, the name "Nkrumah", a name traditionally given to a ninth child, indicates that Kwame probably held that place in the house of his father, who had several wives. 4741:, and his relationships with them. Much of his understanding and relationship to these men was created during his years in America as a student. Some would argue that his greatest inspiration was Marcus Garvey, although he also had a meaningful relationship with 3883:

To the true African journalist, his newspaper is a collective organiser, a collective instrument of mobilisation and a collective educator—a weapon, first and foremost, to overthrow colonialism and imperialism and to assist total African independence and unity.

3804:, seeing the movement as the "quest for regional integration of the whole of the African continent". The period of Nkrumah's active political involvement has been described as the "golden age of high pan-African ambitions"; the continent had experienced 4495:, defended Stockwell's account, citing "first hand intelligence sources". He claimed that "many CIA operatives in Africa considered the agency's role in the overthrow of Dr. Nkrumah to have been pivotal." These claims have never been verified. 3604:

gained prominence as an opposition leader in the debate over this Act, taking a more classically liberal position and criticizing the ban on tribal politics as repressive. Soon after, he left the country. Nkrumah was also a very flamboyant leader.

10269:"Core collection of two important indigenous vegetables; Gboma eggplant (Solanum macrocarpon L.) and Jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius L.) in Africa: An important step for exploitation of existing germplasm and development of improved cultivars" 5606: 4207::"In the confident expectation of an early surrender of sovereignty to a union of African states and territories, the people now confer on Parliament the power to provide for the surrender of the whole or any part of the sovereignty of Ghana." 3636:). These chiefs had maintained authority during colonial rule through collaboration with the British authorities; in fact, they were sometimes favored over the local intelligentsia, who made trouble for the British with organizations like the 4980:

The essence of neo-colonialism is that the State which is subject to it is, in theory, independent and has all the outward trappings of international sovereignty. In reality its economic system and thus its political policy is directed from

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Kwarteng, Albert Owusu; Amoah, Richard Adu; Nyadanu, Daniel; Nyam, Clement Kwarteng; Ziyaaba, Jonah Zubil; Abogoom, Jennifer; Aziz, Aisha; Anokye, Kenneth Darko; Dufie, Mary; Boakye, Mercy Osei; Danso, Emmanuella Opoku (20 September 2018).

3929:(GBC). Many television broadcasts featured Nkrumah, commenting for example on the problematic "insolence and laziness of boys and girls". Before celebrations of May Day, 1963, Nkrumah went on television to announce the expansion of Ghana's 5539: 4702:

was the system that would best accommodate the changes that capitalism had brought, while still respecting African values. He specifically addresses these issues and his politics in a 1967 essay entitled "African Socialism Revisited":

6867: 3016:, telling his new country's citizens that "we have a duty to prove to the world that Africans can conduct their own affairs with efficiency and tolerance and through the exercise of democracy. We must set an example to all Africa." 2711:, increasing the rift between Nkrumah and the others, who blamed him for the riots and their detention. After the colonial government learned that there were plots to storm the prison, the six were separated, with Nkrumah sent to 11916: 2878:, who indicated that Britain would look favorably on further advancement, so long as the chiefs and other stakeholders had the opportunity to express their views. Initially skeptical of Nkrumah's socialist policies, Britain's 4112:

Nkrumah actively promoted a policy of Pan-Africanism from the beginning of his presidency. This entailed the creation of a series of new international organizations, which held their inaugural meetings in Accra. These were:

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on 5 March 1957; the Arts Council of Ghana, a wing of the Ministry of Education and Culture, in 1958; the Research Library on African Affairs in June 1961; and the Ghana Film Corporation in 1964. In 1962, Nkrumah opened the

2641:(UGCC). The UGCC sought self-government as quickly as possible. Since the leading members were all successful professionals, they needed to pay someone to run the party, and their choice fell on Nkrumah at the suggestion of 2988:. As the first of Britain's African colonies to gain majority-rule independence, the celebrations in Accra were the focus of world attention; over 100 reporters and photographers covered the events. United States President 3512:

advisory. In 1959, Nkrumah used his majority in the parliament to push through the Constitutional Amendment Act, which abolished the assemblies and allowed the parliament to amend the constitution with a simple majority.

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rallying public support for the party and especially for Nkrumah. These efforts were wildly successful, especially because previous political efforts in the Gold Coast had focused exclusively on the urban intelligentsia.

2700:, which spread throughout the country. According to Nkrumah's biographer, David Birmingham, "West Africa's erstwhile "model colony" witnessed a riot and business premises were looted. The African Revolution had begun." 2436:], a champion of Harlem labour, held a night rally and demanded more jobs for blacks in their own community ...This is part of the drama on the Harlem streets as the student Kwame Nkrumah walked and watched. 12952: 2221:

Although his mother, whose name was Elizabeth Nyanibah (1876/77–1979), later stated his year of birth as 1912, Nkrumah wrote that he was born on 21 September 1909. His mother hailed from Nsuaem and belonged to the

14117: 2568:, democratic within a socialist system, synthesizing traditional aspects with modern thinking, and for this to be achieved by non-violent means if possible. Among those who attended the congress was the venerable 8276: 2564:. They agreed to pursue a federal United States of Africa, with interlocking regional organizations, governing through separate states of limited sovereignty. They planned to pursue a new African culture without 4805:

bank worker and former teacher, on the evening of her arrival in Ghana: New Year's Eve, 1957–1958. Fathia's mother refused to bless their marriage, after another one of her children left with a foreign husband.

4679:, a statutory holiday in Ghana to celebrate the legacy of Kwame Nkrumah. In April 2019, President Akufo-Addo approved the Public Holidays (Amendment) Act 2019 which changed 21 September from Founders' Day to 3004:

represented Queen Elizabeth II. Offers of assistance poured in from across the world. Even without them, the country seemed prosperous, with cocoa prices high and the potential of new resource development.

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of African leaders, which sought to achieve pan-African unity and harmony through deep political, economic, and military integration of the continent in the early 1960s prior to the establishment of the

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His father, Opanyin Kofi Nwiana Ngolomah, came from Nkroful situated in Nzema East currently called Ellembele, belonging to the Asona clan of the Akan Tribe. Sources indicated that Ngolomah stayed at

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After the Ten Year Development Plan, Nkrumah brought forth the Second Development Plan in 1959. This plan called for the development of manufacturing: 600 factories producing 100 varieties of product.

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speak while a student at Achimota; the two men met and Azikiwe's influence increased Nkrumah's interest in black nationalism. The young teacher decided to further his education. Azikiwe had attended

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with difficulty and involved himself in the community. He spent many evenings listening to and arguing with street orators, and according to Clarke, Kwame Nkrumah in his years in America stated;

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A Seven-Year Plan introduced in 1964 focused on further industrialization, emphasizing domestic substitutes for common imports, modernization of the building materials industry, machine making,

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to generate domestic news and disseminate it abroad. In ten years time the GNA had 8045 km of domestic telegraph line, and maintained stations in Lagos, Nairobi, London and New York City.

2230:

and petty trader when she married his father. Eight days after his birth, his father named him as Francis Nwia-Kofi after a relative but later his parents named him as Francis Kwame Ngolomah.

3812:, and historians have noted that "the narrative of rebirth and solidarity had gained momentum within the pan-Africanist movement". Reflecting his African heritage, Nkrumah frequently eschewed 2916:

announced that there would be another general election in the Gold Coast, and if a "reasonable majority" took the CPP's position, Britain would set a date for independence. The results of the

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colonies, there was considerable discontent. Postwar inflation had caused public anger at high prices, leading to a boycott of small businesses run by Arabs which began in January 1948. Local

16497: 6863: 3515: 4620:, being described by the BBC as a "Hero of Independence", and an "International symbol of freedom as the leader of the first black African country to shake off the chains of colonial rule." 4388:

In 1961, Nkrumah went on tour through Eastern Europe, proclaiming solidarity with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China. Nkrumah's clothing changed to the Chinese-supplied

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Kolavalli, Shashi, and Marcella Vigneri. COCOA IN GHANA: SHAPING THE SUCCESS OF AN ECONOMY – World Bank. World Bank, World Bank/AFRICAEXT/Resources/258643-1271798012256/ghana_cocoa.pdf.

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Under Nkrumah's leadership, Ghana adopted some social democratic policies and practices. Nkrumah created a welfare system, started various community programs, and established schools.

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Nkrumah's re-titling as prime minister had not given him additional power, and he sought constitutional reform that would lead to independence. In 1952, he consulted with the visiting

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some time before he began his studies there. On Friday, 1 March 1935, he sent the school a letter noting that his application had been pending for more than a year. When he arrived in

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and ruled as a military government for three years. Nkrumah did not learn of the coup until he arrived in China. After the coup, Nkrumah stayed in Beijing for four days, and Premier

9643: 6144: 4142: 3948:. Using four 100-kilowatt transmitters and two 250-kilowatt transmitters, the GBC External Service broadcast 110 hours of Pan-Africanist programming to Africa and Europe each week. 2756:

Beginning in April 1949, there was considerable pressure on Nkrumah from his supporters to leave the UGCC and form his own party. On 12 June 1949, he announced the formation of the

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files on Nkrumah, kept from January to May 1945, identify him as a possible communist. Nkrumah was determined to go to London, wanting to continue his education there now that the

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Grimm, Kevin E., Symbol of Modernity: Ghana, African Americans, and the Eisenhower Administration. A dissertation: the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University. 27 May 2020

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As the fifth of March turned to the sixth, Nkrumah stood before tens of thousands of supporters and proclaimed, "Ghana will be free forever." He spoke at the first session of the

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the preservation of security." Nkrumah intended to bypass the British-trained judiciary, which he saw as opposing his plans when they subjected them to constitutional scrutiny.

4817:(born 1960) and Sekou (born 1964). Gamal is a newspaper journalist, while Samia and Sekou are politicians. Nkrumah also has another son, Francis, a paediatrician (born 1935). 14122: 2517:

in London, wrote: "This young man is coming to you. He is not very bright, but nevertheless do what you can for him because he's determined to throw Europeans out of Africa."

2069:, and organizing with other diasporic pan-Africanists, Nkrumah returned to the Gold Coast to begin his political career as an advocate of national independence. He formed the 5902: 12948: 12597: 11073: 6694: 4937: 2273: 1382: 12793: 4419: 13751: 12627: 4920: 3747:

problem which one can only master by using it for oneself. We must have science clubs in which our people can develop their own talents for discovery and invention.

5924: 5922: 5920: 2740:, a town in the Central region, between Nkrumah and the members of UGCC where Nkrumah was said to have rejected a proposal for the promotion of fundamental human rights. 16839: 14179: 16899: 10660: 5917: 1341: 16749: 3994:

The Gold Coast had been among the wealthiest and most socially advanced areas in Africa, with schools, railways, hospitals, social security, and an advanced economy.

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Porcupine emblem, symbolising Asante motto, "If you greet us with peace, we will greet you with peace. But if you greet us with war, then we will greet you with war."

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Gerits, Frank. "'When the Bull Elephants Fight': Kwame Nkrumah, Non-Alignment, and Pan-Africanism as an Interventionist Ideology in the Global Cold War (1957–66)."

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nurtured in our African origin, of the freedom of which we know we are capable, of the freedom in which we believe, of the dignity imperative to our stature as men.

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in 1963. He aspired to create a united military force, the African High Command, which Ghana would substantially lead, and committed to this vision in Article 2 of

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Radio programmes, designed in part to reach non-reading members of the public, were a major focus of the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation. In 1961, the GBC formed an

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flag and replacing the lion with a black star. Red symbolizes bloodshed; green stands for beauty, agriculture, and abundance; yellow represents mineral wealth; and

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for the first time. Seen as a major step towards self-government, the new arrangement prompted the colony's first true political party, founded in August 1947, the

16470: 12740: 11689: 10736: 6766: 3765:" at the institute. Nkrumah remarked that "trainees should be made to realize the party's ideology is religion, and should be practiced faithfully and fervently." 3734:

in 1962. The plan also stated that religious schools would no longer receive funding, and that some existing missionary schools would be taken over by government.

3611:

in 1972 wrote: "During his high‐flying days as the leader of Ghana in the 1950s and early 1960s, Kwame Nkrumah was a flamboyant spellbinder. At home, he created a

14194: 2715:; all six were freed in April 1948. Many students and teachers had demonstrated for their release and had been suspended; Nkrumah, using his own funds, began the 12241: 9113: 14155: 12112: 10612: 6205: 4019:

After visiting the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and China in 1961, Nkrumah apparently became still more convinced of the need for state control of the economy.

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created to train Ghanaian civil servants as well as promote Pan-Africanism. In 1964, all students entering college in Ghana were required to attend a two-week "

14137: 12134: 3752:— Kwame Nkrumah "Speech delivered by Osagyefo the President at the Laying of the Foundation Stone of Ghana's Atomic Reactor at Kwabenya on 25th November, 1964" 7376: 5674: 9896:"Haines, Joseph Thomas William, (born 29 Jan. 1928), Assistant Editor, The Daily Mirror, 1984–90; Group Political Editor, Mirror Group Newspapers, 1984–90", 8341: 6864:"US Speaker Nancy Pelosi & members of Congressional Black Caucus lays wreath at Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum and Memorial Park – Friends of the African Union" 5433: 5317: 2014: 14070: 12532: 11271:"Butler, Captain John Fitshardinge Paul, ((20 Dec. 1888 – 4 Sept. 1916), KRRC; attached Pioneer Company, Gold Coast Regiment, West African Frontier Force", 16485: 15490: 12771: 9942: 9080: 8979: 8113: 7786: 7646: 5843: 5254: 3037:. With more than 600 reporters in attendance, Ghanaian independence became one of the most internationally reported news events in modern African history. 2192:, he was known as Francis Nwia Kofi Nkrumah, Kofi being the name given to males born on Fridays. He later changed his name to Kwame Nkrumah in 1945 in the 9738: 7506: 2284:. In Axim, he started to get involved in politics and founded the Nzema Literary Society. In 1933, he was appointed a teacher at the Catholic seminary at 13808: 10072: 3937:

control and management of the affairs or any part of the functions of the Corporation," hiring, firing, reorganizing, and making other commands at will.

3628:

During his tenure as Prime Minister and then first President, Nkrumah succeeded in reducing the political importance of the local chieftaincy (e.g., the

2920:

were almost identical to those from four years before, and on 3 August the assembly voted for independence under the name Nkrumah had proposed in April,

1294: 1284: 8706: 4749:, moved to Ghana to join him in his efforts. Du Bois and Ture are buried there today. His press officer for six years was the Grenadian anticolonialist 4279:

aircraft from the Soviet Union. Preparation began in April 1959 with assistance from India and Israel. Nkrumah also established a gliding school led by

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to take a leading role in managing the economy. With this reversal, accentuated by the expulsion of immigrants and a new willingness to negotiate with

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Following the coup, Ghana realigned itself internationally, cutting its close ties to Guinea and the Eastern Bloc, accepting a new friendship with the

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Nkrumah's image was widely disseminated, for example, on postage stamps and on money, in the style of monarchs – providing fodder for accusations of a

2426:], founder of the Garvey oriented African Pioneer Movement was on the scene, also bringing a nightly message to his street followers. Occasionally 12862: 12061: 9623: 16859: 16829: 16739: 14500: 10641: 8775: 3253: 2073:, which achieved rapid success through its unprecedented appeal to the common voter. He became Prime Minister in 1952 and retained the position when 1909: 11681: 5772: 3836:

A campaign against nudity in the northern part of the country received special attention from Nkrumah, who reportedly deployed Propaganda Secretary

15499: 14460: 11167:"'When the Bull Elephants Fight': Kwame Nkrumah, Non-Alignment, and Pan-Africanism as an Interventionist Ideology in the Global Cold War (1957–66)" 6234: 3520: 112: 11702:, which cites "authoritative officials outside the CIA" as claiming that allegations of CIA involvement in Nkrumah's ouster, plots to assassinate 6634: 6006: 3717:

rose again from 1960 to 1965. Many of the new outside workers came not from the United Kingdom but from the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia,

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for 'Redeemer'). Abroad, he met with the world's leaders as the first man to lead an African colony to independence after World War II."

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improve the lot of their brethren. ...I had not realised at the time that I would contribute so much towards the fulfillment of this prophecy.

2449:

strategy. Nkrumah played a major role in the Pan-African conference held in New York in 1944, which urged the United States, at the end of the

865: 5869: 4168:, a political alliance between Ghana, Guinea, and Mali. Immediately, they formed a women's group called Women of the Union of African States. 10482:

Ly, Cheng K (1980). "The role of the Akosombo Dam on the Volta river in causing coastal erosion in central and eastern Ghana (West Africa)".

6103: 14043: 12570: 8580: 16824: 8730:"'I believed that Russians were our friends, that they were brave people who fight huge numbers of Germans'. Interview with R. Inglehart". 4832:

Nkrumah, during his time in the United States, is noted to have served as a mentor to the author's grandfather for several months upon the

2305: 1895: 1422: 1387: 1264: 14108: 8017: 6140: 4217:, a status given to many former French colonies and considered by Nigeria. Instead, Nkrumah advocated, in a speech given on 7 April 1960, 3844:, which advanced the Party's agenda on nutrition, raising children, and wearing clothing. The League also led a demonstration against the 16415: 13995: 9855: 9640: 8833:

Kaplan, Frederick I.; Adamovich, Anthony; Winner, Thomas G. (1958). "Opposition to Sovietization in Belorussian literature (1917–1957)".

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passed legislation in late 1951 that shifted power from the chiefs to the chairs of the councils, though there was some local rioting as

2030:(21 September 1909 – 27 April 1972) was a Ghanaian politician, political theorist, and revolutionary. He served as Prime Minister of the 12710: 10372:"Figure 1.1. Jobs were destroyed in manufacturing and created in education, social and health care services and public administration". 9345: 6256: 5628: 2207:

Ngolomah was respected for his wise counsel by those who sought his advice on traditional issues and domestic affairs. He died in 1927.

16914: 16904: 16864: 16729: 14956: 11606: 10398: 6822: 5946: 2804:

to begin on 8 January 1950. The strike quickly led to violence, and Nkrumah and other CPP leaders were arrested on 22 January, and the

2703:

The colonial government assumed that the UGCC was responsible for the unrest, and arrested six leaders, including Nkrumah and Danquah.

2556:

Nkrumah spent his time on political organizations. He and Padmore were among the principal organizers, and co-treasurers, of the Fifth

2111:

After multiple failed attempts on his life, coupled with increasingly difficult local economic conditions, Nkrumah's government became

1589: 14062:Žák, Tomáš František (2016). "Applying the Weapon of Theory: Comparing the Philosophy of Julius Kambarage Nyerere and Kwame Nkrumah". 12686: 12083:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume XXVI, Indonesia; Malaysia-Singapore; Philippines – Office of the Historian" 16455: 14895: 7135: 6309: 2007: 1437: 1417: 1392: 9875: 4565:, of an unknown but apparently incurable sickness. Since the coup, he had been living in the Guinean capital of Conakry, lying low. 16884: 16874: 15873: 15483: 9918:"Lambert, Richard Stanton, (1894–27 Nov. 1981), Supervisor of Educational Broadcasts, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1943–60", 5932:

Kwame Nkrumah's Politico-cultural Thought and Policies: An African-centered Paradigm for the Second Phase of the African Revolution

5894: 5737:"Country capabilities and the strategic state: How national political institutions affect multinational corporations' strategies". 4552: 3718: 3686: 3637: 3503:(GA). Nkrumah was convinced there had been an assassination plot against him, and his response was to have the parliament pass the 3390: 2996:, to represent the U.S. at the event. The Soviet delegation urged Nkrumah to visit Moscow as soon as possible. Political scientist 12593: 11067: 6677: 4934: 3773:

In 1961, the CPP passed the Apprentice Act, which created a general Apprenticeship Board along with committees for each industry.

12801: 12465: 11449: 11035:"Appendix Ii . The Republican Constitution of Ghana. Government Proposals for a Republican Constitution . Selected Legislation", 10822:"Conference in Athens: A Speech at a Conference in Athens attended by Representatives from all Greek Parties December 26, 1944", 4204: 3681: 3657: 3547: 3278: 3236: 2116: 2078: 1234: 14100: 13748: 12619: 11992: 7105: 4917: 4694:

had malignant effects that were going to stay with Africa for a long time. Although he was clear on distancing himself from the

4537: 3848:. Cudjoe was eventually demoted with the consolidation of national women's groups, and marginalized within the Party structure. 2808:

was banned. Nkrumah was sentenced to a total of three years in prison, and he was incarcerated with common criminals in Accra's

2233:

He progressed through the ten-year elementary programme in eight years. In 1925, he was a student-teacher in the school and was

16774: 14817: 8199: 4181: 3694: 2860: 1336: 16491: 14176: 8380:

Vogel, Gretchen (19 April 2018). "A new dengue vaccine should only be used in people who were previously infected, WHO says".

16369: 15360: 14734: 14493: 13792: 13676: 13652: 13631: 13612: 13590: 13515: 13496: 12924: 12443: 12355: 12306: 12274: 12181: 11941:

Kihato, Caroline (August 2007). "Governing the city? South Africa's struggle to deal with urban immigrants after apartheid".

11863: 11793: 11513: 11426: 11150: 11052: 11004: 10894: 10839: 10776: 10573: 10542: 10202: 10057: 9990: 9818: 9694: 9027: 8941: 8893: 8806: 8691: 8510: 8464: 8326: 8262: 7864: 7694: 7593: 7276: 6845: 6570: 6538: 6465: 6080:"Annan, Kofi Atta, (born 1938), President, Kofi Annan Foundation, since 2007; Secretary-General, United Nations, 1997–2006", 6053: 5940: 5713: 5399: 5370: 5302: 5237: 5131: 4330:

in Dartmouth. The Ghanaian military budget rose each year, from $ 9.35 million (US dollars) in 1958 to $ 47 million in 1965.

3001: 954: 10657: 7282: 5813: 5021: 16814: 16450: 15224: 14905: 14428: 14318: 3395: 3290: 2917: 2900: 2889: 2823: 2000: 15468: 12657: 11137:, Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 3–18, 6719: 16799: 16794: 16789: 16784: 16769: 16759: 15476: 14214: 14202: 14091: 10726: 4903: 4781:

In his honour, an annual event called "Journey to Nkroful" was set up to celebrate his birthday. Mausoleum and Museum at

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Nkrumah had only a short honeymoon before there was unrest among his country's people. The government deployed troops to

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The turtle and the peacock : collaboration for prosocial change: the entertainment-education strategy on television

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Nyanibah survived her son, watching over him throughout his life. For a time after his death, she guarded his tomb. See

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Amílcar Cabral and the Liberation of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde: International, Transnational, and Global Dimensions

9407:

Franker, Karen; James, Dennis (2016). "The Course Development Plan: Macro-Level Decisions and Micro-Level Processes".

16854: 16819: 16809: 16804: 16480: 15057: 15017: 14364: 14152: 14033: 13953: 13917: 13899: 13846: 13723: 13459: 13426: 13393: 13360: 13327: 13294: 13261: 13193: 13063: 13030: 12108: 11830: 11760: 11483: 10621: 10423: 10250: 10235:

From Failed Communism to Underdeveloped Capitalism: Transformation of Eastern Europe, the Post-Soviet Union and China

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Mills, James H. (29 November 2012), "'The British Compromise': Devolved Power and the Domestic Consumer, 1971–1997",

8364: 7753: 6167: 5118: 5105: 5092: 5079: 5066: 5053: 5040: 5006: 4967: 4954: 4574: 4264: 4236: 2612: 2604: 2352: 2301: 1970: 1254: 415: 14131: 9134:

Axworthy, Lloyd (1 March 2013). "The Political Actors: President, Prime Minister, and Minister of Foreign Affairs".

3499:

In 1958, an opposition MP was arrested on charges of trying to obtain arms abroad for a planned infiltration of the

16724: 15503: 14486: 13738: 11224: 11171: 10171:

S. Asamoah Darko, "The Development and Patterns of Manufacturing Industries in Ghana, 1951–1965", in Arhin (1992),

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the Positive Action and Security in Africa conference, in April 1960, discussing Algeria, South Africa, and French

3300: 3188: 3183: 3178: 3030: 2201: 2115:

in the 1960s, as he repressed political opposition and conducted elections that were not free and fair. In 1964, a

1881: 1449: 9157:

Geschiere, Peter (1993). "Chiefs and colonial rule in Cameroon: inventing chieftaincy, French and British Style".

7196:

Matera, Marc (2010). "Colonial Subjects: Black Intellectuals and the Development of Colonial Studies in Britain".

5427: 3315: 16560: 15441: 15287: 15012: 14830: 14509: 13938: 4258: 3922: 2506: 2096:. It funded national industrial and energy projects, developed a strong national education system and promoted a 1715: 827: 11133:

Seck, Diery (2016), "Impact of Common Currency Membership on West African Countries' Enhanced Economic Growth",

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Cipriani, Ralph J. (1 December 2014). SNL Five-Year Facilities & Infrastructure Plan FY2015-2019 (Report).

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Ghana's economy. He reasoned that if Ghana escaped the colonial trade system by reducing dependence on foreign

3926: 3428: 2525: 2442: 1965: 1582: 9713:

Manuh, Takiwah, "Women and their Organisations during the Convention Peoples' Party Period", in Arhin (1992),

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Joseph R. A. Ayee, "Public Sector Manpower Development During the Nkrumah Period 1951–1966", in Arhin (1992),

16909: 16631: 16460: 16389: 15775: 4754: 4562: 4327: 4177: 4105: 2051: 1950: 1873: 1695: 1087: 636: 339: 12058: 10316:

Miles, P. W. (1 November 1951). "Experiment in Which Fifty Presbyopes Were Provided with Trifocal Glasses".

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the All-African Trade Union Federation, meeting in November 1959, to coordinate the African labour movement;

2620:

was found on Nkrumah upon his arrest in Accra in 1948, and was used against him by the British authorities.

2545:, with the intent to write a philosophy dissertation on "Knowledge and Logical Positivism". His supervisor, 16919: 16894: 16849: 16844: 16445: 16430: 15866: 15385: 15302: 14847: 14337: 14239: 12854: 11453: 9617: 8575: 4477: 4154: 3830: 3165: 3155: 3065: 2757: 2638: 2482: 2309: 2131:, forming ideological institutes and adopting the title of 'Osagyefo Dr.' Nkrumah was deposed in 1966 in a 2070: 1988: 1606: 1092: 358: 352: 10638: 7083:

George P. Hagan, "Nkrumah's Leadership Style—An Assessment from a Cultural Perspective", in Arhin (1992),

16764: 16575: 16109: 15209: 15174: 15007: 14880: 14870: 13801: 12383:

Sheehan, Michael (1990). "Organisation of African Unity 25 years on: essays in honour of Kwame Nkrumah".

11090:

Pardo, Sharon (20 June 2013). "The Year that Israel Considered Joining the European Economic Community".

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World Bank Group Assistance to Low-Income Fragile and Conflict-Affected States: An Independent Evaulation

10120:

Nimoh, Fred; Richmond Anaman, R; Asiamah, MT; Yeboah, B; Agyekum, I; Kpe, PDK; Kouao, DK (22 July 2020).

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and received them in 1967. It also procured four Soviet patrol boats. Naval officers were trained at the

4214: 4146: 3213: 3143: 2665: 2161: 2136: 2031: 1867: 842: 764: 694: 314: 227: 103: 10679:"Development and supply strategy of cocoa commodity effect to cocoa farmers revenue in Boalemo District" 6230: 4314:, a British yacht constructed during World War II. In 1961, the Navy ordered two 600-ton corvettes, the 4210:

He was also a proponent of the United Nations, but critical of the Great Powers' ability to control it.

2560:

in Manchester (15–19 October 1945). The Congress elaborated a strategy for supplanting colonialism with

2481:

Nkrumah read books about politics and divinity, and tutored students in philosophy. In 1943 Nkrumah met

16879: 16744: 16384: 15609: 15297: 15277: 15077: 14951: 14810: 11846:

Dutfield, Graham (27 November 2017), "If we have never been modern, they have never been traditional",

11220:"Beyond Continents, Colours, and the Cold War: Yugoslavia, Algeria, and the Struggle for Non-Alignment" 6642: 6014: 3941: 3915: 2893: 2534: 2376: 2359:

in October 1935, he traveled to Pennsylvania, where he enrolled despite lacking the funds for the full

2258: 601: 429: 2139:, under whose supervision the country's economy was privatized. Nkrumah lived the rest of his life in 16440: 16405: 15238: 15002: 14982: 14946: 14779: 14727: 14374: 14167: 13970: 8309:

Ferrell, Thomas H. (24 February 2015), "What If There Were a Unitary Rather Than a Federal System?",

6893: 6499: 4124:, with representatives from 62 nationalist organizations from across the continent, in December 1958; 2693: 2542: 1887: 1575: 947: 12823: 12082: 11219: 11166: 7396: 4038:

Nkrumah's advocacy of industrial development, with help of longtime friend and Minister of Finance,

3824:, a symbol of his identity as a representative of the entire country. He oversaw the opening of the 3060:, includes eagles, a lion, a St. George's Cross, and a Black Star, with copious gold and gold trim. 1009: 16596: 16345: 16250: 16174: 16014: 15395: 15390: 15332: 15194: 15104: 14890: 14616: 14347: 9491:

First seven year economic and social development plan, 1355–1361 (Mar. 76-Mar. 83) (Report). 1976.

9234:

Kayaoglu, Barin (12 April 2017). "Turkey's last Ergenekon trial ends as all defendants acquitted".

5865: 4785:, Western Region have been named after him that showcase some of the artifacts he used when alive. 4680: 4676: 4646: 3825: 3809: 3400: 3208: 3170: 3013: 2608: 2347:

in his article on Nkrumah's American sojourn, "the influence of the ten years that he spent in the

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Alternation: Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of the Arts and Humanities in Southern Africa

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Architecture in global socialism: Eastern Europe, West Africa, and the Middle East in the Cold War

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judge of the state security court, then got the CPP-dominated parliament to pass a law allowing a

16654: 16626: 16621: 16611: 16465: 16425: 16054: 16000: 15859: 15790: 15709: 15679: 15405: 15272: 15129: 15022: 14996: 14987: 14289: 14266: 12980: 8570: 4650: 4635: 4590: 4578: 4522: 4310:, seaward defence boats with 40-millimetre guns. The Navy's flagship, and training ship, was the 4284: 4165: 3555: 3539: 3410: 2937: 2928:

devolved from Accra, and the chiefs having a role in their governments. On 21 February 1957, the

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along with some who later took leading roles in leading their nations to independence, including

2502: 2397: 2039: 1945: 1614: 1444: 1304: 1102: 1097: 1067: 895: 153: 13733:. Westview Special Studies on Africa. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, Inc. (Frederick A. Praeger), 3476:

to quell unrest following a disputed plebiscite on membership in the new country. A serious bus

2529:

60 Burghley Road, Kentish Town, London, where Nkrumah lived when in London between 1945 and 1947

16709: 16435: 16159: 16074: 15923: 15840: 15549: 15189: 14855: 11822: 11807:

Hersh, Seymour (9 May 1978), "CIA Said to Have Aided Plotters Who Overthrew Nkrumah in Ghana",

8009: 5144: 4708:

be an end in himself, not merely a means; and we accept the necessity of guaranteeing each man

4346: 3590:", a source of loyalties held more deeply than those to the nation-state. Thus, as he wrote in 3405: 3246: 2929: 2716: 2276:

at Achimota in 1930, Nkrumah was given a teaching post at the Roman Catholic primary school in

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Almost a Third of All Convicted State Felons Were Sentenced for Drug Trafficking or Possession

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elected, with an all-African cabinet responsible for the internal governing of the colony. In

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area, in the southwest of the Gold Coast, close to the frontier with the French colony of the

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Ackerman, Frank (2000). "If we had a theory of political ecology, what would it look like?".

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Grischow, Jeff D. (2011). "Kwame Nkrumah, Disability, and Rehabilitation in Ghana, 1957—66".

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The congress sought to establish ongoing African activism in Britain in conjunction with the

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used assistance from the United States, Israel and the World Bank in constructing the dam.

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Kwame was his mother's only child. She sent him to the elementary school run by a Catholic

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Dr Kwame Nkrumah's Midnight Speech on the day of Ghana's independence – 6 March 1957.

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