20:
1947:
2876:
the BA bits) row data buffers, where they can be read by a Read command. Unlike DRAM, the bank address bits are not part of the memory address; any address can be transferred to any row data buffer. A row data buffer may be from 32 to 4096 bytes long, depending on the type of memory. Rows larger than 32 bytes ignore some of the low-order address bits in the
Activate command. Rows smaller than 4096 bytes ignore some of the high-order address bits in the Read command.
3971:
proposed an LPDDR4 variant that it called LPDDR4X. LPDDR4X is identical to LPDDR4 except additional power is saved by reducing the I/O voltage (Vddq) from 1.1 V to 0.6 V. On 9 January 2017, SK Hynix announced 8 and 16 GB LPDDR4X packages. JEDEC published the LPDDR4X standard on 8 March
3925:
One DMI (data mask/invert) signal is associated with each 8 data lines, and can be used to minimize the number of bits driven high during data transfers. When high, the other 8 bits are complemented by both transmitter and receiver. If a byte contains five or more 1 bits, the DMI signal can be driven
3038:
Since the clock frequency is higher and the minimum burst length longer than earlier standards, control signals can be more highly multiplexed without the command/address bus becoming a bottleneck. LPDDR4 multiplexes the control and address lines onto a 6-bit single data rate CA bus. Commands require
2971:
On 14 March 2012, JEDEC hosted a conference to explore how future mobile device requirements will drive upcoming standards like LPDDR4. On 30 December 2013, Samsung announced that it had developed the first 20 nm-class 8 gigabit (1 GB) LPDDR4 capable of transmitting data at 3,200 MT/s,
5394:
the read or write command. In fact, it is something of a misnomer, in that it does not select a column at all. Instead, its primary function is to prepare the DRAM to synchronize with the imminent start of the high-speed WCK clock. The WS_FS, WS_RD and WS_WR bits select various timings, with the _RD
5386:
Compared to earlier standards, the nomenclature for column addresses has changed. Both LPDDR4 and LPDDR5 allow up to 10 bits of column address, but the names are different. LPDDR4's C0–C9 are renamed B0–B3 and C0–C5. As with LPDDR4, writes must start at a multiple-of-16 address with B0–B3 zero, but
2892:
published the JESD209-3 Low Power Memory Device
Standard. In comparison to LPDDR2, LPDDR3 offers a higher data rate, greater bandwidth and power efficiency, and higher memory density. LPDDR3 achieves a data rate of 1600 MT/s and utilizes key new technologies: write-leveling and command/address
2875:
Non-volatile memory devices do not use the refresh commands, and reassign the precharge command to transfer address bits A20 and up. The low-order bits (A19 and down) are transferred by a following
Activate command. This transfers the selected row from the memory array to one of 4 or 8 (selected by
1913:
Most significantly, the supply voltage is reduced from 2.5 to 1.8 V. Additional savings come from temperature-compensated refresh (DRAM requires refresh less often at low temperatures), partial array self refresh, and a "deep power down" mode which sacrifices all memory contents. Additionally,
4065:
The doubling of the transfer rate, and the quarter-speed master clock, results in a master clock which is half the frequency of a similar LPDDR4 clock. The command (CA) bus is widened to 7 bits, and commands are transferred at double data rate, so commands end up being sent at the same rate as
5398:
CAS also specifies the "write X" option. If the WRX bit is set, writes do not transfer data, but rather fill the burst with all-zeros or all-ones, under the control of the WXS (write-X select) bit. This takes the same amount of time, but saves energy.
3039:
2 clock cycles, and operations encoding an address (e.g., activate row, read or write column) require two commands. For example, to request a read from an idle chip requires four commands taking 8 clock cycles: Activate-1, Activate-2, Read, CAS-2.
3972:
2017. Aside from the lower voltage, additional improvements include a single-channel die option for smaller applications, new MCP, PoP and IoT packages, and additional definition and timing improvements for the highest 4266 MT/s speed grade.
1548:, with various differences that make the technology more appropriate for mobile applications. LPDDR technology standards are developed independently of DDR standards, with LPDDR4X and even LPDDR5 for example being implemented prior to
3956:" on adjacent rows. A special sequence of three activate/precharge sequences specifies the row which was activated more often than a device-specified threshold (200,000 to 700,000 per refresh cycle). Internally, the device refreshes
2839:
LPDDR2 also has an active-low chip select (when high, everything is a NOP) and clock enable CKE signal, which operate like SDRAM. Also like SDRAM, the command sent on the cycle that CKE is first dropped selects the power-down state:
2879:
Non-volatile memory does not support the Write command to row data buffers. Rather, a series of control registers in a special address region support Read and Write commands, which can be used to erase and program the memory array.
5402:
In addition to the usual bursts of 16, there are commands for performing double-length bursts of 32. Reads (but not writes) may specify a starting position within the 32-word aligned burst using the C0 and B3 bits.
3028:
to 64 K) of 16384-bit (2048-byte) rows. Extension to 24 and 32 gigabits is planned, but it is not yet decided if this will be done by increasing the number of rows, their width, or the number of banks.
4031:
A new clocking architecture, where commands use a quarter-speed master clock (CK), while data is transferred using full-speed Write Clock (WCK) & Read Strobe (RDQS) signals which are enabled only when
5395:
and _WR options optimized for an immediately following read or write command, while the _FS option starts the clock immediately, and may be followed by multiple reads or writes, accessing multiple banks.
3936:
Data bus inversion can be separately enabled for reads and writes. For masked writes (which have a separate command code), the operation of the DMI signal depends on whether write inversion is enabled.
5711:
5473:
On 16 July 2024 Samsung has completed validation of the industry's fastest LPDDR5X DRAM, capable of operating at speeds up to 10.7Gbps, for use in MediaTek's upcoming flagship
Dimensity 9400 SoC.
2943:
20 nm-class LPDDR3 modules capable of transmitting data at up to 2,133 MT/s, more than double the performance of the older LPDDR2 which is only capable of 800 MT/s. Various
5652:
5429:
node, with modules with up to 32 dies (64 GB) in a single package. According to the company, the new modules would use 20% less power than LPDDR5. According to Andrei
Frumusanu of
2927:
in 2011 (12.8 GB/s of bandwidth). To achieve this bandwidth, the controller must implement dual-channel memory. For example, this is the case for the Exynos 5 Dual and the 5 Octa.
6356:
5390:
As with LPDDR4, to read some data requires 4 commands: two activate commands to select a row, then a CAS and a read command to select a column. Unlike LPDDR4, the CAS command comes
1883:
In contrast with standard SDRAM, used in stationary devices and laptops and usually connected over a 64-bit wide memory bus, LPDDR also permits 16- or 32-bit wide channels.
5425:
On 9 November 2021, Samsung announced that the company has developed the industry's first LPDDR5X DRAM. Samsung's implementation involves 16-gigabit (2 GB) dies, on a
5746:
5466:
announced LPDDR5X-10700 with 25% higher bandwidth, 30% higher capacity and 25% improved power efficiency than previous LPDDR5X generations. This is achieved through a new
3006:
per package. Each channel is 16 data bits wide, has its own control/address pins, and allows access to 8 banks of DRAM. Thus, the package may be connected in three ways:
2861:
The mode registers have been greatly expanded compared to conventional SDRAM, with an 8-bit address space, and the ability to read them back. Although smaller than a
5730:
612:
5708:
2986:
Doubling of the interface speed, and numerous consequent electrical changes, including changing the I/O standard to low-voltage swing-terminated logic (LVSTL)
6160:
4059:
3912:
Read commands must begin on a column address which is a multiple of 4; there is no provision for communicating a non-zero C0 or C1 address bit to the memory.
3933:
on each transfer to at most 4, minimises crosstalk. This may be used by the memory controller during writes, but is not supported by the memory devices.)
6309:
5795:
3035:
Data is accessed in bursts of either 16 or 32 transfers (256 or 512 bits, 32 or 64 bytes, 8 or 16 cycles DDR). Bursts must begin on 64-bit boundaries.
3908:
The CAS-2 command is used as the second half of all commands that perform a transfer across the data bus, and provides low-order column address bits:
2893:
training, optional on-die termination (ODT), and low-I/O capacitance. LPDDR3 supports both package-on-package (PoP) and discrete packaging types.
5649:
5624:
5449:
announced "Low Power Double Data Rate 5 Turbo" (LPDDR5T) chips with a bandwidth of 9.6 Gbps. It operates in the ultra-low voltage range of
5684:
2857:
If the command is a burst terminate (CA0–2 = HHL), the chip enters the deep power-down state. (A full reset sequence is required when leaving.)
6243:
3032:
Larger packages providing double width (four channels) and up to four dies per pair of channels (8 dies total per package) are also defined.
1889:
As with standard SDRAM, most generations double the internal fetch size and external transfer speed. (DDR4 and LPDDR5 being the exceptions.)
6678:
3918:
Mode register read and some multi-purpose commands must also be followed by a CAS-2 command, however all the column bits must be zero (low).
6353:
3024:
of memory, half to each channel. Thus, each bank is one sixteenth the device size. This is organized into the appropriate number (16
6280:
6683:
5411:
On 28 July 2021, JEDEC published the JESD209-5B, Standard for Low Power Double Data Rate 5/5X (LPDDR5/5X) with the following changes:
5526:
5470:
that allows the chips to be more efficient while also being small enough to fit capacities of up to 32 GB in a single package.
1886:
The "E" and "X" versions mark enhanced versions of the specifications. They formalize overclocking the memory array by usually 33%.
6442:
6434:
1526:
607:
6059:
5886:
5807:
627:
2872:, and S4 devices smaller than 1 Gbit have only four banks. They ignore the BA2 signal, and do not support per-bank refresh.
1958:
published JESD209-2, which defined a more dramatically revised low-power DDR interface. It is not compatible with either DDR1 or
2923:
and 4. LPDDR3 went mainstream in 2013, running at 800 MHz DDR (1600 MT/s), offering bandwidth comparable to PC3-12800
5958:
4038:
Elimination of the Clock Enable (CKE) pin; instead low-power mode is entered by a command over the CA bus, and lasts until the
2972:
thus providing 50 percent higher performance than the fastest LPDDR3 and consuming around 40 percent less energy at 1.1 volts.
1501:
6029:
3941:
If DBI on writes is disabled, a high level on DMI indicates that the corresponding data byte is to be ignored and not written
3010:
Data lines and control connected in parallel to a 16-bit data bus, and only chip selects connected independently per channel.
1042:
5820:
2836:
Column address bit C0 is never transferred, and is assumed to be zero. Burst transfers thus always begin at even addresses.
6348:
5550:
2896:
The command encoding is identical to LPDDR2, using a 10-bit double data rate CA bus. However, the standard only specifies 8
5759:
5442:
On 19 November 2021, Micron announced that
Mediatek has validated its LPDDR5X DRAM for Mediatek's Dimensity 9000 5G SoC.
6085:
5978:
5845:
5727:
3922:
The burst length can be configured to be 16, 32, or dynamically selectable by the BL bit of read and write operations.
1251:
203:
248:
3948:
level on DMI, combined with a data byte with 5 or more bits set, indicates a data byte to be ignored and not written.
990:
933:
253:
3915:
Write commands must begin on a column address which is a multiple of 16; C2 and C3 must be zero for a write command.
4261:
3002:
The standard defines SDRAM packages containing two independent 16-bit access channels, each connected to up to two
101:
6257:
1316:
976:
920:
19:
6185:
3926:
high, along with three or fewer data lines. As signal lines are terminated low, this reduces power consumption.
6395:
1002:
671:
483:
79:
5582:
1946:
1351:
6544:
6404:
6215:
3046:. The first cycle of a command is identified by chip select being high; it is low during the second cycle.
702:
597:
498:
5999:
4047:
2948:
659:
4055:
1991:
Timing parameters are specified for LPDDR-200 to LPDDR-1066 (clock frequencies of 100 to 533 MHz).
1922:
are two of the main providers of this technology, which is used in tablet and phone devices such as the
6161:"JEDEC Publishes New and Updated Standards for Low Power Memory Devices Used in 5G and AI Applications"
3990:
announced it had working prototype LPDDR5 chips in July 2018. LPDDR5 introduces the following changes:
3957:
1494:
1291:
1190:
1062:
692:
681:
790:
5387:
reads may request a burst be transferred in a different order by specifying a non-zero value for B3.
2935:
An "enhanced" version of the specification called LPDDR3E increases the data rate to 2133 MT/s.
553:
488:
383:
5457:. It has been incorporated into the LPDDR5X standard as LPDDR5X-9600 making "LPDDR5T" a brand name.
3003:
1363:
1346:
835:
121:
6133:
3013:
To two halves of a 32-bit wide data bus, and the control lines in parallel, including chip select.
2956:
1988:
Low-power states are similar to basic LPDDR, with some additional partial array refresh options.
1358:
1175:
898:
303:
138:
116:
96:
49:
6673:
6338:
5598:
3997:
2862:
1931:
1231:
448:
318:
258:
6086:"Samsung Announces First LPDDR5 DRAM Chip, Targets 6.4Gbps Data Rates & 30% Reduced Power"
5904:
5671:
580:
6496:
1927:
1487:
734:
652:
438:
243:
223:
213:
69:
34:
6657:
6368:
2998:
Self-refresh is enabled by dedicated commands, rather than being controlled by the CKE line
2960:
2947:
from various manufacturers also natively support 800 MHz LPDDR3 RAM. Such include the
1430:
1298:
1077:
1037:
960:
573:
478:
368:
263:
126:
106:
89:
84:
6688:
6310:"Samsung Develops Industry's Fastest 10.7Gbps LPDDR5X DRAM, Optimized for AI Applications"
2854:
If the command is a refresh command (CA0–2 = LLH), the chip enters the self-refresh state.
1529:
that consumes less power than other random access memory designs and is thus targeted for
8:
5463:
3968:
2936:
1915:
1336:
1027:
965:
950:
817:
769:
622:
433:
131:
5874:
3952:
LPDDR4 also includes a mechanism for "targeted row refresh" to avoid corruption due to "
6528:
6388:
1436:
1401:
1047:
473:
458:
403:
398:
388:
363:
288:
6373:
1994:
Working at 1.2 V, LPDDR2 multiplexes the control and address lines onto a 10-bit
5783:
5555:
2916:
1919:
1113:
1108:
1032:
997:
851:
829:
728:
687:
590:
428:
153:
5796:
Now
Producing Four Gigabit LPDDR3 Mobile DRAM, Using 20nm-class* Process Technology
5747:
Samsung LPDDR3 High-Performance Memory
Enables Amazing Mobile Devices in 2013, 2014
5436:
1999:
1995:
1935:
1775:
1534:
1530:
1448:
1442:
1368:
1331:
1321:
1286:
1098:
1052:
1020:
795:
778:
463:
423:
183:
168:
64:
54:
5931:
5709:
Want a quick and dirty overview of the new JEDEC LPDDR3 spec? EETimes serves it up
6480:
6360:
5734:
5715:
5656:
3929:(An alternative usage, where DMI is used to limit the number of data lines which
1341:
1168:
1155:
846:
841:
697:
564:
543:
518:
378:
298:
228:
198:
173:
59:
30:
6343:
5561:
6711:
2944:
1460:
1378:
1221:
878:
740:
676:
548:
533:
513:
508:
453:
418:
373:
323:
313:
308:
293:
188:
178:
111:
4023:
Data-Copy and Write-X (all one or all zero) commands to decrease data transfer
6705:
6634:
6549:
6381:
5853:
5685:"JEDEC Announces Publication of LPDDR3 Standard for Low Power Memory Devices"
5625:"JEDEC Announces Publication of LPDDR2 Standard for Low Power Memory Devices"
5467:
5426:
4051:
3984:
published the JESD209-5, Standard for Low Power Double Data Rate 5 (LPDDR5).
2920:
1914:
chips are smaller, using less board space than their non-mobile equivalents.
1466:
1093:
1088:
1057:
812:
722:
538:
528:
523:
503:
338:
328:
208:
193:
2002:, except for the reassignment of the precharge and burst terminate opcodes:
1730:
1413:
1407:
1373:
1241:
1196:
1180:
1072:
868:
863:
823:
785:
468:
443:
343:
278:
233:
218:
5459:
MediaTek
Dimensity 9300 and Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 supports LPDDR5T.
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6105:
4039:
1472:
1424:
858:
393:
333:
238:
5421:
Reliability improvements via the new
Adaptive Refresh Management feature
1541:. Older variants are also known as Mobile DDR, and abbreviated as mDDR.
6564:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
3953:
1981:
1959:
1923:
1553:
1549:
1538:
1067:
893:
647:
413:
408:
283:
148:
74:
5365:
WRX = Write X; do not transfer data, but fill with all-zero or all-one
2865:
EEPROM, enough information is included to eliminate the need for one.
6624:
6447:
6220:
6090:
5431:
3960:
adjacent rows rather than the one specified in the activate command.
2904:
1907:
1545:
1454:
1419:
1256:
1185:
1083:
954:
945:
642:
585:
353:
273:
5439:
and other products was expected for the 2023 generation of devices.
2995:
Change from one 32-bit wide bus to two independent 16-bit wide buses
6619:
6424:
6419:
5446:
2952:
2912:
2908:
1383:
1326:
1261:
1216:
1201:
971:
940:
913:
888:
746:
632:
358:
268:
163:
158:
6652:
6516:
6190:
4035:
One set of full-speed clocks per byte (vs. per 16 bits in LPDDR4)
3987:
3025:
3021:
2989:
Doubling of the internal prefetch size, and minimum transfer size
2979:
published the JESD209-4 LPDDR4 Low Power Memory Device Standard.
2940:
2869:
1281:
1271:
1266:
1226:
1128:
1123:
1103:
908:
883:
873:
664:
2900:-prefetch DRAM, and does not include the flash memory commands.
6606:
6491:
6007:
2992:
Change from a 10-bit DDR command/address bus to a 6-bit SDR bus
2924:
1276:
1236:
1118:
1007:
805:
348:
6614:
6559:
6554:
6521:
6506:
6486:
6110:
6060:"JEDEC Updates Standard for Low Power Memory Devices: LPDDR5"
5887:'JEDEC Releases LPDDR4 Standard for Low Power Memory Devices'
5454:
3981:
2976:
2889:
1955:
1211:
1148:
1143:
1138:
800:
757:
751:
637:
602:
5821:"JEDEC to Focus on Mobile Technology in Upcoming Conference"
1910:, with several changes to reduce overall power consumption.
6647:
6642:
6511:
6501:
4014:
3994:
Data transfer rate is increased to 6400 Mbit/s per pin
1902:
The original low-power DDR (sometimes retroactively called
1206:
493:
143:
5846:"Samsung Develops Industry's First 8Gb LPDDR4 Mobile DRAM"
5650:
JEDEC publishes LPDDR3 standard for low-power memory chips
4013:
The number of banks is increased to 16, divided into four
5606:, JEDEC Solid State Technology Association, February 2010
1246:
1133:
903:
5921:
Username and password "cypherpunks" will allow download.
6403:
6258:"SK hynix Develops World's Fastest Mobile DRAM LPDDR5T"
5912:, JEDEC Solid State Technology Association, August 2014
6030:"JEDEC Updates Standards for Low Power Memory Devices"
5906:
JEDEC Standard: Low Power Double Data Rate 4 (LPDDR4)
5875:
http://www.softnology.biz/pdf/JESD79-4_DDR4_SDRAM.pdf
5600:
JEDEC Standard: Low Power Double Data Rate 2 (LPDDR2)
5418:
Signal integrity improvements with tx/rx equalization
5979:"SK Hynix Announces 8 GB LPDDR4X-4266 DRAM Packages"
5852:(Official Blog). Samsung Electronics. Archived from
2903:
Products using LPDDR3 include the 2013 MacBook Air,
5583:
Anandtech Samsung Galaxy Tab - The AnandTech Review
1906:), released in 2006 is a slightly modified form of
5808:Snapdragon 800 Series and 600 Processors Unveiled
5672:JESD209-3 LPDDR3 Low Power Memory Device Standard
6703:
6186:"Samsung Develops Industry's First LPDDR5X DRAM"
5368:WXSA, WXSB = Write X select, value to be written
1950:Samsung K4P4G154EC-FGC1 4 Gbit LPDDR2 chip
6244:"Micron and MediaTek First to Validate LPDDR5X"
5527:"When is LPDDR3 not LPDDR3? When it's DDR3L..."
4054:(M1 Pro, M1 Max, M1 Ultra, M2 and A16 Bionic),
6281:"Jedec Memory for Automotive LPDDRx & UFS"
2704:
2676:
2370:
2269:
2224:
2191:
1565:Properties of the different LPDDR generations
6389:
4831:
4602:
4553:
4350:
4347:
4211:
4168:
3811:
3623:
3600:
3490:
3403:
3316:
3271:
3226:
3137:
2756:
2463:
2393:
2257:
1495:
6216:"Samsung Announces First LPDDR5X at 8.5Gbps"
1644:
6369:LOW POWER DOUBLE DATA RATE 3 SDRAM (LPDDR3)
5889:, JEDEC Solid State Technology Association.
5784:Samsung reveals eight-core mobile processor
2844:If the chip is active, it freezes in place.
6396:
6382:
6114:(in Chinese and English), 19 December 2022
5674:, JEDEC Solid State Technology Association
3020:Each die provides 4, 6, 8, 12, or 16
2682:Refresh one bank (round-robin addressing)
1502:
1488:
6213:
6054:
6052:
6050:
5960:"Memory Need" Gives Birth To "New Memory"
5899:
5897:
5895:
3016:To two independent 16-bit wide data buses
5667:
5665:
5593:
5591:
1945:
1552:and offering far higher data rates than
1527:synchronous dynamic random-access memory
18:
6153:
6132:Chang, Alex (Yeongkee) (October 2019),
5482:Speed extension up to 14400 Mbit/s
6704:
6047:
5892:
5415:Speed extension up to 8533 Mbit/s
3859:
3677:
6377:
6214:Frumusanu, Andrei (9 November 2021).
6131:
6083:
5662:
5588:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5009:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4828:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4767:
4026:Dynamic frequency and voltage scaling
3856:
3853:
3850:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3243:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3198:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2266:
2263:
2260:
1043:Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus
5966:. Qualcomm 3G LTE Summit. Hong Kong.
5956:
5521:
5519:
5293:
3042:The chip select line (CS) is active-
2851:low or CA0–2 = HHH), the chip idles.
1998:CA bus. The commands are similar to
1544:Modern LPDDR SDRAM is distinct from
5334:AB = All banks (ignore BG & BA)
4062:memory controllers support LPDDR5.
2710:Mode register read (MA0–7=address)
2654:Refresh all banks (LPDDR2-Sx only)
23:Mobile DDR: Samsung K4X2G323PD-8GD8
13:
5976:
5355:= Operation, or mode register data
204:Data validation and reconciliation
14:
6723:
6332:
6000:"SK하이닉스 세계 최대 용량의 초저전력 모바일 D램 출시"
5957:Reza, Ashiq (16 September 2016).
5659:, Solid State Technology magazine
5516:
3783:
3732:
3532:
3462:
3445:
3375:
3358:
3288:
2762:Mode register write (OP0–7=data)
254:Distributed file system for cloud
6278:
6106:"LPDDR5/5X 协议解读（三）WCK operation"
3814:
3626:
3493:
1595:
1586:
1577:
102:Areal density (computer storage)
6302:
6272:
6250:
6236:
6207:
6178:
6125:
6098:
6077:
6022:
5992:
5970:
5950:
5924:
5880:
5868:
5838:
5813:
5801:
5789:
5777:
5752:
5740:
5721:
5702:
4000:clocks are used (3200 MHz, DDR)
3944:If DBI on writes is enabled, a
2868:S2 devices smaller than 4
2006:LPDDR2/LPDDR3 command encoding
1977:prefetch memory (like DDR2), or
921:Programmable metallization cell
5677:
5643:
5617:
5576:
5543:
5496:
2955:as well as some SoCs from the
1962:, but can accommodate either:
1892:
484:Persistence (computer science)
1:
6134:"Commands & New Features"
5509:
4007:doubled again, but remains 16
2982:Significant changes include:
2516:Activate (R0–14=Row address)
1954:In 2009, the standards group
1352:Electronic quantum holography
6405:Dynamic random-access memory
6084:Smith, Ryan (16 July 2018).
5932:"Row hammer refresh command"
5728:Inside the Samsung Galaxy S4
3779:Mode register read (+CAS-2)
3678:Mode register write-1 and -2
3498:
3411:
3324:
2939:introduced the first 4
1970:prefetch memory (like DDR1),
1559:
703:Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)
499:Non-RAID drive architectures
7:
6006:(in Korean). Archived from
5348:= Mode register address bit
4020:Power-saving improvements:
1897:
1716:64 Mbit – 8 Gbit
10:
6728:
5877:JESD79 DDR4 SDRAM Standard
5406:
5286:
5233:
5180:
5127:
5074:
5021:
4968:
4901:
4846:
4788:
4727:
4666:
4605:
4556:
4513:
4454:
4395:
4307:
4259:
4214:
4171:
4082:
4077:
3963:
3778:
3595:
3544:
3457:
3406:
3370:
3319:
3283:
3239:Precharge (AB: all banks)
3238:
3193:
3140:
3062:
3057:
2930:
2446:Write (AP=auto-precharge)
2275:Preactive (LPDDR2-N only)
2024:
2015:
2013:
1733:bus clock frequency (MHz)
1515:Low-Power Double Data Rate
1292:Holographic Versatile Disc
1191:Compact Disc Digital Audio
1063:Magnetic-tape data storage
682:Content-addressable memory
6666:
6633:
6605:
6537:
6433:
6412:
5502:Equivalently, Mbit/s·pin.
5476:
4390:
4302:
4254:
4084:
4079:
4074:
3975:
3064:
3059:
3054:
2966:
2919:(GT-I9500) and Microsoft
2883:
2847:If the command is a NOP (
2585:Activate (LPDDR2-N only)
2376:Read (AP=auto-precharge)
2010:
1941:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
489:Persistent data structure
384:Digital rights management
5530:Committed to Memory blog
5489:
5331:= Bank group address bit
4070:LPDDR5 command encoding
3458:Masked write-1 (+CAS-2)
3284:Refresh (AB: all banks)
3050:LPDDR4 command encoding
1980:LPDDR2-N: Non-volatile (
1813:Supply voltages (volts)
1364:DNA digital data storage
1347:Holographic data storage
836:Solid-state hybrid drive
122:Network-attached storage
6359:21 October 2014 at the
5374:DSE = Deep sleep enable
1614:Maximum data bit width
1359:5D optical data storage
1176:3D optical data storage
899:Universal Flash Storage
304:Replication (computing)
249:Distributed file system
139:Single-instance storage
117:Direct-attached storage
97:Continuous availability
5718:, Denali Memory Report
4969:Column address select
4728:Mode register write 1
4514:Mode register write 2
4455:Multi-purpose command
3680:MA: address, OP: data
3194:Multi-purpose command
3060:Second cycle (CS low)
3055:First cycle (CS high)
2863:serial presence detect
1951:
1932:Samsung Galaxy Tab 7.0
1232:Nintendo optical discs
449:Storage virtualization
319:Information repository
259:Distributed data store
24:
5749:- Bright Side of News
5362:= WCK synchronization
4042:signal next goes high
3980:On 19 February 2019,
3969:Samsung Semiconductor
2000:those of normal SDRAM
1949:
735:Mellon optical memory
723:Williams–Kilburn tube
439:Locality of reference
244:Clustered file system
70:Memory access pattern
22:
6246:. Micron Technology.
5317:= Column address bit
5310:= Column address bit
4396:Read DQ Calibration
4046:AMD Van Gogh, Intel
2197:Precharge all banks
1839:Command/address bus
1774:Data transfer rate,
1431:Magnetic-core memory
1078:Digital Data Storage
1038:Quadruplex videotape
479:In-memory processing
369:Information transfer
264:Distributed database
127:Storage area network
107:Block (data storage)
5655:20 May 2012 at the
5464:Samsung Electronics
5445:On 25 January 2023
5337:AP = Auto-precharge
5303:= Burst address bit
4667:Mode register read
4606:Self-refresh entry
4071:
3320:Self-refresh entry
3051:
2975:On 25 August 2014,
2937:Samsung Electronics
2230:Precharge one bank
2007:
1566:
1028:Phonograph cylinder
966:Electrochemical RAM
818:Solid-state storage
434:Memory segmentation
132:Block-level storage
6529:Hybrid Memory Cube
6010:on 13 January 2019
5733:2013-04-29 at the
5714:2013-07-28 at the
5585:, 23 December 2010
5324:= Bank address bit
4557:Self-refresh exit
4080:↘ Falling clock ↘
4069:
3860:Activate-1 and -2
3407:Self-refresh exit
3049:
2005:
1952:
1645:Memory array clock
1564:
1437:Plated-wire memory
1402:Paper data storage
1048:Magnetic recording
474:In-memory database
459:Memory-mapped file
404:Volume boot record
399:Master boot record
389:Volume (computing)
364:Data communication
289:Data deduplication
25:
6697:
6696:
6260:. 24 January 2023
6195:. 9 November 2021
5856:on 1 October 2014
5556:Texas Instruments
5462:On 17 April 2024
5383:
5382:
5291:
5290:
4215:Power-down entry
4075:↗ Rising clock ↗
4056:Huawei Kirin 9000
4017:-like bank groups
3906:
3905:
3371:Write-1 (+CAS-2)
2951:600 and 800 from
2917:Samsung Galaxy S4
2834:
2833:
2134:
2123:
2112:
2066:
2055:
2044:
1881:
1880:
1711:Memory densities
1521:), also known as
1512:
1511:
1109:8 mm video format
1033:Phonograph record
852:Flash Core Module
830:Solid-state drive
729:Delay-line memory
688:Computational RAM
591:Scratchpad memory
429:Disk partitioning
154:Unstructured data
80:Secondary storage
16:Computer hardware
6719:
6689:Transistor count
6398:
6391:
6384:
6375:
6374:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6314:Samsung Newsroom
6306:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6295:
6285:
6276:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6265:
6254:
6248:
6247:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6157:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6138:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6056:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6026:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6015:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5954:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5928:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5911:
5901:
5890:
5884:
5878:
5872:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5850:Samsung Tomorrow
5842:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5817:
5811:
5805:
5799:
5793:
5787:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5760:"Samsung Exynos"
5756:
5750:
5744:
5738:
5725:
5719:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5681:
5675:
5669:
5660:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5605:
5595:
5586:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5560:. Archived from
5547:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5523:
5503:
5500:
5452:
5451:1.01–1.12 V
5294:
4951:
4944:
4072:
4068:
3545:Read-1 (+CAS-2)
3052:
3048:
2850:
2348:Burst terminate
2132:
2128:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2106:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2049:
2042:
2038:
2008:
2004:
1996:double data rate
1936:Motorola Droid X
1753:
1747:
1646:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1567:
1563:
1535:laptop computers
1533:devices such as
1531:mobile computing
1504:
1497:
1490:
1449:Thin-film memory
1443:Core rope memory
1369:Universal memory
1332:Millipede memory
1322:Racetrack memory
1287:Ultra HD Blu-ray
1099:Linear Tape-Open
1053:Magnetic storage
1021:Analog recording
464:Software entropy
424:Disk aggregation
184:Data degradation
169:Data compression
65:Memory hierarchy
55:Memory coherence
27:
26:
6727:
6726:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6716:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6693:
6662:
6629:
6601:
6533:
6481:Fast Cycle DRAM
6429:
6408:
6402:
6361:Wayback Machine
6335:
6330:
6329:
6319:
6317:
6316:. 17 April 2024
6308:
6307:
6303:
6293:
6291:
6283:
6277:
6273:
6263:
6261:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6227:
6225:
6212:
6208:
6198:
6196:
6184:
6183:
6179:
6169:
6167:
6159:
6158:
6154:
6145:
6143:
6141:LPDDR5 Workshop
6136:
6130:
6126:
6117:
6115:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6082:
6078:
6068:
6066:
6058:
6057:
6048:
6038:
6036:
6028:
6027:
6023:
6013:
6011:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5983:
5981:
5977:Shilov, Anton.
5975:
5971:
5963:
5955:
5951:
5941:
5939:
5938:. US20140059287
5930:
5929:
5925:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5893:
5885:
5881:
5873:
5869:
5859:
5857:
5844:
5843:
5839:
5829:
5827:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5806:
5802:
5794:
5790:
5782:
5778:
5768:
5766:
5758:
5757:
5753:
5745:
5741:
5735:Wayback Machine
5726:
5722:
5716:Wayback Machine
5707:
5703:
5693:
5691:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5670:
5663:
5657:Wayback Machine
5648:
5644:
5634:
5632:
5623:
5622:
5618:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5589:
5581:
5577:
5567:
5565:
5564:on 5 March 2012
5549:
5548:
5544:
5534:
5532:
5525:
5524:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5479:
5458:
5450:
5409:
5384:
5371:PD = Power down
4949:
4945:
4942:
4918:
4913:
4908:
3978:
3966:
3679:
2969:
2933:
2925:notebook memory
2886:
2848:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2130:
2127:
2119:
2116:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2062:
2059:
2051:
2048:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
1944:
1900:
1895:
1834:0.5, 1.05, 1.8
1831:0.5, 1.05, 1.8
1751:
1745:
1725:4–32 Gbit
1722:4–32 Gbit
1719:1–32 Gbit
1562:
1525:, is a type of
1508:
1479:
1478:
1397:
1389:
1388:
1342:Patterned media
1312:
1304:
1303:
1171:
1161:
1160:
1156:Hard disk drive
1023:
1013:
1012:
993:
982:
981:
936:
926:
925:
847:IBM FlashSystem
842:USB flash drive
781:
764:
763:
718:
710:
709:
698:Dual-ported RAM
576:
559:
558:
519:Cloud computing
379:Copy protection
299:Data redundancy
229:Shared resource
199:Data validation
174:Data corruption
149:Structured data
60:Cache coherence
45:
31:Computer memory
17:
12:
11:
5:
6725:
6715:
6714:
6695:
6694:
6692:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6679:SDRAM timeline
6676:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6639:
6637:
6635:Memory modules
6631:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6611:
6609:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6541:
6539:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6478:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6445:
6439:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6427:
6422:
6416:
6414:
6410:
6409:
6401:
6400:
6393:
6386:
6378:
6372:
6371:
6364:
6363:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6334:
6333:External links
6331:
6328:
6327:
6301:
6271:
6249:
6235:
6206:
6177:
6152:
6124:
6097:
6076:
6046:
6021:
5991:
5969:
5949:
5923:
5891:
5879:
5867:
5837:
5812:
5800:
5798:, Businesswire
5788:
5776:
5751:
5739:
5720:
5701:
5676:
5661:
5642:
5631:. 2 April 2009
5616:
5587:
5575:
5542:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5478:
5475:
5423:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5408:
5405:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5375:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5240:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4947:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4060:Snapdragon 888
4044:
4043:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4018:
4011:
4001:
3995:
3977:
3974:
3965:
3962:
3950:
3949:
3942:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3018:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2968:
2965:
2932:
2929:
2885:
2882:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2845:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2124:
2113:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2056:
2045:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:Falling clock
2025:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1943:
1940:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1828:0.6, 1.1, 1.8
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1682:Prefetch size
1679:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1561:
1558:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1461:Twistor memory
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1379:Quantum memory
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1311:In development
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1222:Super Video CD
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1183:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
994:
988:
987:
984:
983:
980:
979:
974:
969:
963:
958:
948:
943:
937:
932:
931:
928:
927:
924:
923:
918:
917:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
879:MultiMediaCard
876:
871:
866:
856:
855:
854:
849:
844:
839:
833:
827:
815:
810:
809:
808:
803:
793:
788:
782:
777:
776:
773:
772:
766:
765:
762:
761:
755:
749:
744:
741:Selectron tube
738:
732:
726:
719:
716:
715:
712:
711:
708:
707:
706:
705:
695:
690:
685:
679:
674:
669:
668:
667:
657:
656:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
595:
594:
593:
588:
581:Hardware cache
577:
572:
571:
568:
567:
561:
560:
557:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
534:Edge computing
531:
526:
521:
516:
514:Grid computing
511:
509:Bank switching
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
454:Virtual memory
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
419:Disk mirroring
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
374:Temporary file
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
324:Knowledge base
321:
316:
314:Storage record
311:
309:Memory refresh
306:
301:
296:
294:Data structure
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
189:Data integrity
186:
181:
179:Data cleansing
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
135:
134:
129:
119:
114:
112:Object storage
109:
104:
99:
94:
93:
92:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
46:
43:
42:
39:
38:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6724:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6700:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6674:DRAM timeline
6672:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6608:
6604:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6530:
6527:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6482:
6479:
6476:
6473:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6411:
6406:
6399:
6394:
6392:
6387:
6385:
6380:
6379:
6376:
6370:
6367:JEDEC pages:
6366:
6365:
6362:
6358:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6315:
6311:
6305:
6289:
6282:
6279:Hung, Vuong.
6275:
6259:
6253:
6245:
6239:
6224:
6222:
6217:
6210:
6194:
6192:
6187:
6181:
6166:
6162:
6156:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6101:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6080:
6065:
6061:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6035:
6031:
6025:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5995:
5980:
5973:
5962:
5961:
5953:
5937:
5933:
5927:
5908:
5907:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5888:
5883:
5876:
5871:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5841:
5826:
5822:
5816:
5809:
5804:
5797:
5792:
5785:
5780:
5765:
5761:
5755:
5748:
5743:
5736:
5732:
5729:
5724:
5717:
5713:
5710:
5705:
5690:
5686:
5680:
5673:
5668:
5666:
5658:
5654:
5651:
5646:
5630:
5629:Press release
5626:
5620:
5602:
5601:
5594:
5592:
5584:
5579:
5563:
5559:
5557:
5552:
5546:
5531:
5528:
5522:
5520:
5515:
5499:
5495:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5468:12 nm process
5465:
5460:
5456:
5448:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:, LPDDR5X in
5434:
5433:
5428:
5427:14 nm process
5420:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5388:
5379:
5373:
5370:
5367:
5364:
5361:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5059:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5022:Masked Write
5006:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4948:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4905:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4393:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4305:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4257:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4172:No operation
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4073:
4067:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4052:Apple silicon
4049:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3973:
3970:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3141:No operation
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3005:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2921:Surface Pro 3
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2899:
2894:
2891:
2888:In May 2012,
2881:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2856:
2853:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:No operation
2173:
2172:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2125:
2114:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2057:
2046:
2035:
2034:
2019:Rising clock
2009:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1928:original iPad
1925:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1855:
1854:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1467:Bubble memory
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1094:Cassette tape
1092:
1090:
1089:Videocassette
1087:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1058:Magnetic tape
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
992:
986:
985:
978:
975:
973:
970:
967:
964:
962:
959:
956:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
935:
930:
929:
922:
919:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
861:
860:
857:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
821:
819:
816:
814:
813:ROM cartridge
811:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
780:
775:
774:
771:
768:
767:
759:
756:
753:
750:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
720:
714:
713:
704:
701:
700:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
666:
663:
662:
661:
658:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
599:
596:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
582:
579:
578:
575:
570:
569:
566:
563:
562:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
539:Dew computing
537:
535:
532:
530:
529:Fog computing
527:
525:
524:Cloud storage
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
504:Memory paging
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
339:File deletion
337:
335:
332:
330:
329:Computer file
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
209:Data recovery
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
194:Data security
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
91:
90:floating-gate
88:
87:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
56:
53:
51:
48:
47:
41:
40:
36:
32:
29:
28:
21:
6699:
6477:(Mobile DDR)
6474:
6413:Asynchronous
6318:. Retrieved
6313:
6304:
6292:. Retrieved
6287:
6274:
6262:. Retrieved
6252:
6238:
6226:. Retrieved
6219:
6209:
6197:. Retrieved
6189:
6180:
6168:. Retrieved
6164:
6155:
6144:, retrieved
6140:
6127:
6116:, retrieved
6109:
6100:
6089:
6079:
6067:. Retrieved
6063:
6037:. Retrieved
6033:
6024:
6012:. Retrieved
6008:the original
6003:
5994:
5982:. Retrieved
5972:
5959:
5952:
5940:. Retrieved
5935:
5926:
5914:, retrieved
5905:
5882:
5870:
5858:. Retrieved
5854:the original
5849:
5840:
5828:. Retrieved
5824:
5815:
5803:
5791:
5779:
5767:. Retrieved
5763:
5754:
5742:
5723:
5704:
5692:. Retrieved
5688:
5679:
5645:
5633:. Retrieved
5628:
5619:
5608:, retrieved
5599:
5578:
5566:. Retrieved
5562:the original
5554:
5545:
5533:. Retrieved
5529:
5498:
5472:
5461:
5444:
5441:
5430:
5424:
5410:
5401:
5397:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5377:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5328:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5049:
5044:
5039:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4064:
4045:
4008:
4004:
4003:Prefetch is
3998:Differential
3986:
3979:
3967:
3951:
3945:
3935:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3907:
3882:
3877:
3837:
3832:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3019:
3001:
2981:
2974:
2970:
2934:
2902:
2897:
2895:
2887:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2838:
2835:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2593:
2588:
2524:
2519:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2187:
2182:
2177:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1974:
1973:LPDDR2-S4: 4
1967:
1966:LPDDR2-S2: 2
1953:
1912:
1903:
1901:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1851:7 bits, DDR
1845:10 bits, DDR
1842:19 bits, SDR
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1543:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1414:Punched tape
1408:Punched card
1374:Time crystal
1242:Hyper CD-ROM
1181:Optical disc
1073:Tape library
1008:FeFET memory
989:Early-stage
869:CompactFlash
864:Memory Stick
824:Flash memory
786:Diode matrix
770:Non-volatile
617:
554:Kryder's law
544:Amdahl's law
469:Software rot
444:Logical disk
344:File copying
279:Data storage
234:File sharing
219:Data cluster
35:data storage
6435:Synchronous
6290:. p. 4
6069:19 February
5916:25 December
5764:samsung.com
5737:, Chipworks
5635:28 November
5610:30 December
5287:Activate 1
5234:Activate 2
4308:Write FIFO
4040:chip select
1893:Generations
1848:6 bits, SDR
1539:smartphones
1523:LPDDR SDRAM
1473:Floppy disk
1425:Drum memory
859:Memory card
826:is used in:
760:(2002–2010)
725:(1946–1947)
549:Moore's law
394:Boot sector
334:Object file
239:File system
50:Memory cell
6228:9 November
6199:9 November
6146:4 November
6118:4 November
5810:, Qualcomm
5786:on EEtimes
5510:References
4847:Precharge
4085:Operation
4048:Tiger Lake
3958:physically
3954:row hammer
3065:Operation
2949:Snapdragon
2011:Operation
1982:NAND flash
1960:DDR2 SDRAM
1924:iPhone 3GS
1554:DDR4 SDRAM
1550:DDR5 SDRAM
1396:Historical
1068:Tape drive
894:SmartMedia
717:Historical
414:Disk image
409:Disk array
284:Data store
85:MOS memory
75:Memory map
6684:Bandwidth
6625:XDR2 DRAM
6448:DDR SDRAM
6288:jedec.org
6221:Anandtech
6165:jedec.org
6091:AnandTech
6064:jedec.org
5825:jedec.org
5689:jedec.org
5432:AnandTech
4902:Write 32
4351:Reserved
4032:necessary
3815:Reserved
3627:Reserved
3494:Reserved
2961:Allwinner
2905:iPhone 5S
1984:) memory.
1908:DDR SDRAM
1825:1.1, 1.8
1560:Bus width
1546:DDR SDRAM
1455:Disk pack
1420:Plugboard
1257:DVD-Video
1186:LaserDisc
1084:Videotape
955:3D XPoint
946:Memristor
586:CPU cache
354:Core dump
274:Data bank
224:Directory
6706:Category
6620:XDR DRAM
6538:Graphics
6425:EDO DRAM
6420:FPM DRAM
6357:Archived
6320:18 April
6294:18 April
5942:10 March
5860:10 March
5830:10 March
5769:10 March
5731:Archived
5712:Archived
5694:10 March
5653:Archived
5568:10 March
5447:SK Hynix
5181:Read 32
4789:Refresh
4066:LPDDR4.
3022:gigabits
2963:series.
2953:Qualcomm
2913:Nexus 10
2909:iPhone 6
2465:reserved
2395:reserved
1898:LPDDR(1)
1822:1.2, 1.8
1819:1.2, 1.8
1384:UltraRAM
1262:DVD card
1217:Video CD
1202:CD Video
972:Nano-RAM
941:Memistor
914:XQD card
889:SIM card
747:Dekatron
633:XDR DRAM
628:EDO DRAM
565:Volatile
359:Hex dump
269:Database
164:Metadata
159:Big data
6653:UniDIMM
6517:HBM-PIM
6483:(FCRAM)
6344:Samsung
6264:12 June
6191:Samsung
6170:28 July
6039:28 July
6014:28 July
6004:Skhynix
5984:28 July
5936:Patents
5551:"LPDDR"
5535:16 July
5453:set by
5407:LPDDR5X
3988:Samsung
3964:LPDDR4X
2941:gigabit
2931:LPDDR3E
2169:
2101:
1916:Samsung
1778:(MT/s)
1469:(~1970)
1463:(~1968)
1445:(1960s)
1282:Blu-ray
1272:MiniDVD
1267:DVD-RAM
1227:Mini CD
1169:Optical
1129:U-matic
1124:MicroMV
1104:Betamax
968:(ECRAM)
909:MicroP2
884:SD card
874:PC Card
665:1T-SRAM
623:QDRSRAM
214:Storage
44:General
6607:Rambus
6492:RLDRAM
6407:(DRAM)
6349:Elpida
6339:Micron
5477:LPDDR6
5392:before
5378:
5075:Write
3976:LPDDR5
3931:toggle
3596:CAS-2
2967:LPDDR4
2957:Exynos
2884:LPDDR3
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
1942:LPDDR2
1920:Micron
1904:LPDDR1
1647:(MHz)
1570:LPDDR
1475:(1971)
1457:(1962)
1451:(1962)
1439:(1957)
1433:(1949)
1427:(1932)
1416:(1725)
1410:(1725)
1404:(1725)
1277:HD DVD
1237:CD-ROM
1193:(CDDA)
1119:MiniDV
838:(SSHD)
820:(SSS)
806:EEPROM
754:(2009)
743:(1952)
737:(1951)
731:(1947)
349:Backup
6712:SDRAM
6667:Lists
6615:RDRAM
6595:GDDR7
6590:GDDR6
6585:GDDR5
6580:GDDR4
6575:GDDR3
6570:GDDR2
6560:SGRAM
6555:MDRAM
6522:HBM3E
6507:HBM2E
6487:eDRAM
6475:LPDDR
6443:SDRAM
6354:Nanya
6284:(PDF)
6137:(PDF)
6111:Zhihu
6034:JEDEC
5964:(PDF)
5910:(PDF)
5604:(PDF)
5490:Notes
5485:CAMM2
5455:JEDEC
5128:Read
4392:— L —
4304:— L —
4260:Read
4256:— L —
3982:JEDEC
2977:JEDEC
2890:JEDEC
1956:JEDEC
1877:2021
1871:2017
1865:2012
1862:2009
1859:2006
1856:Year
1808:8533
1769:4267
1519:LPDDR
1337:ECRAM
1317:CBRAM
1252:DVD+R
1212:CD-RW
1149:D-VHS
1144:VHS-C
1139:S-VHS
1080:(DDS)
1003:ReRAM
998:FeRAM
991:NVRAM
977:CBRAM
934:NVRAM
832:(SSD)
801:EPROM
758:Z-RAM
752:T-RAM
684:(CAM)
672:ReRAM
638:RDRAM
618:LPDDR
613:SGRAM
608:SDRAM
603:eDRAM
37:types
6658:CAMM
6648:DIMM
6643:SIMM
6565:GDDR
6550:WRAM
6545:VRAM
6512:HBM3
6502:HBM2
6468:DDR5
6463:DDR4
6458:DDR3
6453:DDR2
6322:2024
6296:2024
6266:2023
6230:2021
6223:.com
6201:2021
6193:.com
6172:2021
6148:2023
6120:2023
6071:2019
6041:2017
6016:2017
5986:2017
5944:2015
5918:2014
5862:2015
5832:2015
5771:2015
5696:2015
5637:2021
5612:2010
5570:2015
5558:wiki
5537:2021
5437:SoCs
5284:BA0
5178:BA0
5125:BA0
5072:BA0
5019:BA0
4966:DC0
4950:WXSA
4943:WXSB
4899:BA0
4844:BA0
4786:BA0
4725:MA0
4664:MA0
4511:OP0
4452:OP0
4262:FIFO
4129:CA0
4108:CA0
4058:and
4015:DDR4
3728:OP0
3103:CA0
3085:CA0
3044:high
3004:dies
2959:and
2945:SoCs
2870:Gbit
2830:OP7
2800:MA5
2748:MA5
2649:A14
2619:BA2
2580:R14
2550:BA2
2511:C11
2481:BA2
2441:C11
2411:BA2
2343:A29
2313:BA2
2267:BA2
1934:and
1918:and
1874:2019
1868:2014
1805:6400
1802:4267
1799:3200
1796:2133
1793:1600
1790:1067
1766:3200
1763:2133
1760:1600
1757:1067
1677:533
1537:and
1327:NRAM
1299:WORM
1207:CD-R
961:MRAM
796:PROM
791:MROM
693:VRAM
677:QRAM
660:SRAM
648:GDDR
598:DRAM
494:RAID
144:Data
33:and
6497:HBM
5358:WS_
5281:BA1
5278:BG0
5275:BG1
5272:R11
5269:R12
5266:R13
5248:R14
5245:R15
5242:R16
5239:R17
5231:R0
5186:R10
5175:BA1
5172:BG0
5169:BG1
5122:BA1
5119:BG0
5116:BG1
5069:BA1
5066:BG0
5063:BG1
5016:BA1
5013:BG0
5010:BG1
4963:DC1
4960:DC2
4957:DC3
4954:WRX
4946:/B3
4917:WS_
4912:WS_
4907:WS_
4896:BA1
4893:BG0
4890:BG1
4841:BA1
4838:BG0
4835:BG1
4783:BA1
4780:BG0
4777:RFM
4774:SB0
4771:SB1
4722:MA1
4719:MA2
4716:MA3
4713:MA4
4710:MA5
4707:MA6
4661:MA1
4658:MA2
4655:MA3
4652:MA4
4649:MA5
4646:MA6
4600:DSE
4508:OP1
4505:OP2
4502:OP3
4499:OP4
4496:OP5
4493:OP6
4460:OP7
4449:OP1
4446:OP2
4443:OP3
4440:OP4
4437:OP5
4434:OP6
4401:OP7
4126:CA1
4123:CA2
4120:CA3
4117:CA4
4114:CA5
4111:CA6
4105:CA1
4102:CA2
4099:CA3
4096:CA4
4093:CA5
4090:CA6
4005:not
3946:low
3902:R0
3857:BA0
3854:BA1
3851:BA2
3848:R16
3845:R10
3842:R11
3829:R12
3826:R13
3823:R14
3820:R15
3776:MA0
3773:MA1
3770:MA2
3767:MA3
3764:MA4
3761:MA5
3725:OP1
3722:OP2
3719:OP3
3716:OP4
3713:OP5
3685:OP6
3675:MA0
3672:MA1
3669:MA2
3666:MA3
3663:MA4
3660:MA5
3632:OP7
3542:BA0
3539:BA1
3536:BA2
3455:BA0
3452:BA1
3449:BA2
3368:BA0
3365:BA1
3362:BA2
3281:BA0
3278:BA1
3275:BA2
3236:BA0
3233:BA1
3230:BA2
3188:OP1
3185:OP2
3182:OP3
3179:OP4
3100:CA1
3097:CA2
3094:CA3
3091:CA4
3088:CA5
3082:CA1
3079:CA2
3076:CA3
3073:CA4
3070:CA5
2827:OP6
2824:OP5
2821:OP4
2818:OP3
2815:OP2
2812:OP1
2809:OP0
2806:MA7
2803:MA6
2797:MA4
2794:MA3
2791:MA2
2788:MA1
2785:MA0
2754:MA7
2751:MA6
2745:MA4
2742:MA3
2739:MA2
2736:MA1
2733:MA0
2646:A13
2643:A12
2640:A11
2637:A10
2616:BA1
2613:BA0
2610:A19
2607:A18
2604:A17
2601:A16
2598:A15
2577:R13
2547:BA1
2544:BA0
2541:R12
2538:R11
2535:R10
2508:C10
2478:BA1
2475:BA0
2438:C10
2408:BA1
2405:BA0
2340:A28
2337:A27
2334:A26
2331:A25
2328:A24
2325:A23
2322:A22
2319:A21
2316:A20
2310:BA1
2307:BA0
2304:A32
2301:A31
2298:A30
2264:BA1
2261:BA0
2167:CA9
2162:CA8
2157:CA7
2152:CA6
2147:CA5
2142:CA4
2137:CA3
2126:CA2
2120:CAS
2115:CA1
2109:RAS
2104:CA0
2099:CA9
2094:CA8
2089:CA7
2084:CA6
2079:CA5
2074:CA4
2069:CA3
2058:CA2
2052:CAS
2047:CA1
2041:RAS
2036:CA0
1816:1.8
1787:800
1784:533
1781:400
1776:DDR
1754:800
1748:533
1742:400
1739:266
1736:200
1731:I/O
1674:400
1671:266
1668:200
1665:266
1662:200
1659:266
1656:200
1653:266
1650:200
1639:32
1636:32
1633:64
1630:64
1625:32
1609:5X
1603:4X
1247:DVD
1134:VHS
951:PCM
904:SxS
779:ROM
653:HBM
643:DDR
574:RAM
6708::
6312:.
6286:.
6218:.
6188:.
6163:.
6139:,
6108:,
6088:.
6062:.
6049:^
6032:.
6002:.
5934:.
5894:^
5848:.
5823:.
5762:.
5687:.
5664:^
5627:.
5590:^
5553:.
5518:^
5360:xx
5351:OP
5344:MA
5327:BG
5320:BA
5228:R1
5225:R2
5222:R3
5219:R4
5216:R5
5213:R6
5195:R7
5192:R8
5189:R9
5166:C1
5163:C2
5160:AP
5142:C0
5139:C3
5136:C4
5133:C5
5113:C1
5110:C2
5107:AP
5089:C0
5086:C3
5083:C4
5080:C5
5060:C1
5057:C2
5054:AP
5036:C0
5033:C3
5030:C4
5027:C5
5007:C1
5004:C2
5001:AP
4983:C0
4980:C3
4977:C4
4974:C5
4919:WR
4914:RD
4909:FS
4887:C1
4884:C2
4881:AP
4858:C3
4855:C4
4852:C5
4829:AB
4768:AB
4597:PD
4348:—
4212:—
4169:—
4050:,
3899:R1
3896:R2
3893:R3
3890:R4
3887:R5
3874:R6
3871:R7
3868:R8
3865:R9
3593:C2
3590:C3
3587:C4
3584:C5
3581:C6
3578:C7
3550:C8
3530:C9
3527:AP
3499:BL
3443:C9
3440:AP
3356:C9
3353:AP
3325:BL
3244:AB
3199:AB
2915:,
2911:,
2907:,
2849:CS
2757:—
2705:—
2677:—
2634:A9
2631:A8
2628:A7
2625:A6
2622:A5
2574:R7
2571:R6
2568:R5
2565:R4
2562:R3
2559:R2
2556:R1
2553:R0
2532:R9
2529:R8
2505:C9
2502:C8
2499:C7
2496:C6
2493:C5
2490:C4
2487:C3
2484:AP
2472:C2
2469:C1
2435:C9
2432:C8
2429:C7
2426:C6
2423:C5
2420:C4
2417:C3
2414:AP
2402:C2
2399:C1
2371:—
2270:—
2225:—
2192:—
2131:WE
2063:WE
1938:.
1930:,
1926:,
1703:16
1556:.
1197:CD
1114:DV
6397:e
6390:t
6383:v
6324:.
6298:.
6268:.
6232:.
6203:.
6174:.
6094:.
6073:.
6043:.
6018:.
5988:.
5946:.
5864:.
5834:.
5773:.
5698:.
5639:.
5572:.
5539:.
5353:n
5346:n
5329:n
5322:n
5315:n
5313:R
5308:n
5306:C
5301:n
5299:B
5262:H
5257:H
5252:H
5209:H
5204:H
5199:L
5156:H
5151:L
5146:H
5103:H
5098:L
5093:L
5050:L
5045:H
5040:H
4997:L
4992:H
4987:L
4938:L
4933:L
4928:H
4923:H
4877:L
4872:L
4867:H
4862:L
4832:—
4825:L
4820:L
4815:L
4810:H
4805:H
4800:H
4795:H
4764:L
4759:L
4754:L
4749:H
4744:H
4739:H
4734:L
4703:L
4698:L
4693:L
4688:H
4683:H
4678:L
4673:H
4642:L
4637:L
4632:L
4627:H
4622:H
4617:L
4612:L
4603:—
4593:L
4588:L
4583:L
4578:H
4573:L
4568:H
4563:H
4554:—
4550:L
4545:L
4540:L
4535:H
4530:L
4525:H
4520:L
4489:L
4484:L
4479:L
4474:H
4469:L
4464:L
4430:L
4425:L
4420:L
4415:L
4410:H
4405:H
4387:L
4382:L
4377:L
4372:L
4367:H
4362:L
4357:H
4344:L
4339:L
4334:L
4329:L
4324:H
4319:L
4314:L
4299:L
4294:L
4289:L
4284:L
4279:L
4274:H
4269:H
4251:L
4246:L
4241:L
4236:L
4231:L
4226:H
4221:L
4208:L
4203:L
4198:L
4193:L
4188:L
4183:L
4178:H
4165:L
4160:L
4155:L
4150:L
4145:L
4140:L
4135:L
4009:n
3883:H
3878:H
3838:H
3833:L
3812:—
3808:L
3803:H
3798:H
3793:H
3788:H
3784:—
3757:L
3752:H
3747:H
3742:H
3737:L
3733:—
3709:L
3704:H
3699:H
3694:L
3689:H
3656:L
3651:H
3646:H
3641:L
3636:L
3624:—
3620:L
3615:H
3610:L
3605:H
3601:—
3574:L
3569:H
3564:L
3559:L
3554:H
3533:—
3523:L
3518:H
3513:L
3508:L
3503:L
3491:—
3487:L
3482:L
3477:H
3472:H
3467:H
3463:—
3446:—
3436:L
3431:L
3426:H
3421:H
3416:L
3412:0
3404:—
3400:L
3395:L
3390:H
3385:L
3380:H
3376:—
3359:—
3349:L
3344:L
3339:H
3334:L
3329:L
3317:—
3313:L
3308:L
3303:L
3298:H
3293:H
3289:—
3272:—
3268:L
3263:L
3258:L
3253:H
3248:L
3227:—
3223:L
3218:L
3213:L
3208:L
3203:H
3191:1
3176:0
3172:L
3167:L
3162:L
3157:L
3152:L
3147:H
3138:—
3134:L
3129:L
3124:L
3119:L
3114:L
3109:L
3026:K
2898:n
2781:L
2776:L
2771:L
2766:L
2729:H
2724:L
2719:L
2714:L
2701:L
2696:H
2691:L
2686:L
2673:H
2668:H
2663:L
2658:L
2594:H
2589:L
2525:H
2520:L
2460:L
2455:L
2450:H
2390:H
2385:L
2380:H
2367:L
2362:L
2357:H
2352:H
2294:H
2289:L
2284:H
2279:H
2258:—
2254:L
2249:H
2244:L
2239:H
2234:H
2221:H
2216:H
2211:L
2206:H
2201:H
2188:H
2183:H
2178:H
2133:)
2129:(
2122:)
2118:(
2111:)
2107:(
2065:)
2061:(
2054:)
2050:(
2043:)
2039:(
2030:↘
2026:↘
2021:↗
2017:↗
1975:n
1968:n
1752:0
1746:0
1705:n
1699:n
1697:8
1693:n
1691:4
1687:n
1685:2
1606:5
1600:4
1596:E
1594:3
1591:3
1587:E
1585:2
1582:2
1578:E
1576:1
1573:1
1517:(
1503:e
1496:t
1489:v
957:)
953:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
