31:
1958:
2887:
the BA bits) row data buffers, where they can be read by a Read command. Unlike DRAM, the bank address bits are not part of the memory address; any address can be transferred to any row data buffer. A row data buffer may be from 32 to 4096 bytes long, depending on the type of memory. Rows larger than 32 bytes ignore some of the low-order address bits in the
Activate command. Rows smaller than 4096 bytes ignore some of the high-order address bits in the Read command.
3982:
proposed an LPDDR4 variant that it called LPDDR4X. LPDDR4X is identical to LPDDR4 except additional power is saved by reducing the I/O voltage (Vddq) from 1.1 V to 0.6 V. On 9 January 2017, SK Hynix announced 8 and 16 GB LPDDR4X packages. JEDEC published the LPDDR4X standard on 8 March
3936:
One DMI (data mask/invert) signal is associated with each 8 data lines, and can be used to minimize the number of bits driven high during data transfers. When high, the other 8 bits are complemented by both transmitter and receiver. If a byte contains five or more 1 bits, the DMI signal can be driven
3049:
Since the clock frequency is higher and the minimum burst length longer than earlier standards, control signals can be more highly multiplexed without the command/address bus becoming a bottleneck. LPDDR4 multiplexes the control and address lines onto a 6-bit single data rate CA bus. Commands require
2982:
On 14 March 2012, JEDEC hosted a conference to explore how future mobile device requirements will drive upcoming standards like LPDDR4. On 30 December 2013, Samsung announced that it had developed the first 20 nm-class 8 gigabit (1 GB) LPDDR4 capable of transmitting data at 3,200 MT/s,
5405:
the read or write command. In fact, it is something of a misnomer, in that it does not select a column at all. Instead, its primary function is to prepare the DRAM to synchronize with the imminent start of the high-speed WCK clock. The WS_FS, WS_RD and WS_WR bits select various timings, with the _RD
5397:
Compared to earlier standards, the nomenclature for column addresses has changed. Both LPDDR4 and LPDDR5 allow up to 10 bits of column address, but the names are different. LPDDR4's C0–C9 are renamed B0–B3 and C0–C5. As with LPDDR4, writes must start at a multiple-of-16 address with B0–B3 zero, but
2903:
published the JESD209-3 Low Power Memory Device
Standard. In comparison to LPDDR2, LPDDR3 offers a higher data rate, greater bandwidth and power efficiency, and higher memory density. LPDDR3 achieves a data rate of 1600 MT/s and utilizes key new technologies: write-leveling and command/address
2886:
Non-volatile memory devices do not use the refresh commands, and reassign the precharge command to transfer address bits A20 and up. The low-order bits (A19 and down) are transferred by a following
Activate command. This transfers the selected row from the memory array to one of 4 or 8 (selected by
1924:
Most significantly, the supply voltage is reduced from 2.5 to 1.8 V. Additional savings come from temperature-compensated refresh (DRAM requires refresh less often at low temperatures), partial array self refresh, and a "deep power down" mode which sacrifices all memory contents. Additionally,
4076:
The doubling of the transfer rate, and the quarter-speed master clock, results in a master clock which is half the frequency of a similar LPDDR4 clock. The command (CA) bus is widened to 7 bits, and commands are transferred at double data rate, so commands end up being sent at the same rate as
5409:
CAS also specifies the "write X" option. If the WRX bit is set, writes do not transfer data, but rather fill the burst with all-zeros or all-ones, under the control of the WXS (write-X select) bit. This takes the same amount of time, but saves energy.
3050:
2 clock cycles, and operations encoding an address (e.g., activate row, read or write column) require two commands. For example, to request a read from an idle chip requires four commands taking 8 clock cycles: Activate-1, Activate-2, Read, CAS-2.
3983:
2017. Aside from the lower voltage, additional improvements include a single-channel die option for smaller applications, new MCP, PoP and IoT packages, and additional definition and timing improvements for the highest 4266 MT/s speed grade.
1559:, with various differences that make the technology more appropriate for mobile applications. LPDDR technology standards are developed independently of DDR standards, with LPDDR4X and even LPDDR5 for example being implemented prior to
3967:" on adjacent rows. A special sequence of three activate/precharge sequences specifies the row which was activated more often than a device-specified threshold (200,000 to 700,000 per refresh cycle). Internally, the device refreshes
2850:
LPDDR2 also has an active-low chip select (when high, everything is a NOP) and clock enable CKE signal, which operate like SDRAM. Also like SDRAM, the command sent on the cycle that CKE is first dropped selects the power-down state:
2890:
Non-volatile memory does not support the Write command to row data buffers. Rather, a series of control registers in a special address region support Read and Write commands, which can be used to erase and program the memory array.
5413:
In addition to the usual bursts of 16, there are commands for performing double-length bursts of 32. Reads (but not writes) may specify a starting position within the 32-word aligned burst using the C0 and B3 bits.
3039:
to 64 K) of 16384-bit (2048-byte) rows. Extension to 24 and 32 gigabits is planned, but it is not yet decided if this will be done by increasing the number of rows, their width, or the number of banks.
4042:
A new clocking architecture, where commands use a quarter-speed master clock (CK), while data is transferred using full-speed Write Clock (WCK) & Read Strobe (RDQS) signals which are enabled only when
5406:
and _WR options optimized for an immediately following read or write command, while the _FS option starts the clock immediately, and may be followed by multiple reads or writes, accessing multiple banks.
3947:
Data bus inversion can be separately enabled for reads and writes. For masked writes (which have a separate command code), the operation of the DMI signal depends on whether write inversion is enabled.
5722:
5484:
On 16 July 2024 Samsung has completed validation of the industry's fastest LPDDR5X DRAM, capable of operating at speeds up to 10.7Gbps, for use in MediaTek's upcoming flagship
Dimensity 9400 SoC.
2954:
20 nm-class LPDDR3 modules capable of transmitting data at up to 2,133 MT/s, more than double the performance of the older LPDDR2 which is only capable of 800 MT/s. Various
5663:
5440:
node, with modules with up to 32 dies (64 GB) in a single package. According to the company, the new modules would use 20% less power than LPDDR5. According to Andrei
Frumusanu of
2938:
in 2011 (12.8 GB/s of bandwidth). To achieve this bandwidth, the controller must implement dual-channel memory. For example, this is the case for the Exynos 5 Dual and the 5 Octa.
6367:
5401:
As with LPDDR4, to read some data requires 4 commands: two activate commands to select a row, then a CAS and a read command to select a column. Unlike LPDDR4, the CAS command comes
1894:
In contrast with standard SDRAM, used in stationary devices and laptops and usually connected over a 64-bit wide memory bus, LPDDR also permits 16- or 32-bit wide channels.
5436:
On 9 November 2021, Samsung announced that the company has developed the industry's first LPDDR5X DRAM. Samsung's implementation involves 16-gigabit (2 GB) dies, on a
5757:
5477:
announced LPDDR5X-10700 with 25% higher bandwidth, 30% higher capacity and 25% improved power efficiency than previous LPDDR5X generations. This is achieved through a new
3017:
per package. Each channel is 16 data bits wide, has its own control/address pins, and allows access to 8 banks of DRAM. Thus, the package may be connected in three ways:
2872:
The mode registers have been greatly expanded compared to conventional SDRAM, with an 8-bit address space, and the ability to read them back. Although smaller than a
5741:
623:
5719:
2997:
Doubling of the interface speed, and numerous consequent electrical changes, including changing the I/O standard to low-voltage swing-terminated logic (LVSTL)
6171:
4070:
3923:
Read commands must begin on a column address which is a multiple of 4; there is no provision for communicating a non-zero C0 or C1 address bit to the memory.
3944:
on each transfer to at most 4, minimises crosstalk. This may be used by the memory controller during writes, but is not supported by the memory devices.)
6320:
5806:
3046:
Data is accessed in bursts of either 16 or 32 transfers (256 or 512 bits, 32 or 64 bytes, 8 or 16 cycles DDR). Bursts must begin on 64-bit boundaries.
3919:
The CAS-2 command is used as the second half of all commands that perform a transfer across the data bus, and provides low-order column address bits:
2904:
training, optional on-die termination (ODT), and low-I/O capacitance. LPDDR3 supports both package-on-package (PoP) and discrete packaging types.
5660:
5635:
5460:
announced "Low Power Double Data Rate 5 Turbo" (LPDDR5T) chips with a bandwidth of 9.6 Gbps. It operates in the ultra-low voltage range of
5695:
2868:
If the command is a burst terminate (CA0–2 = HHL), the chip enters the deep power-down state. (A full reset sequence is required when leaving.)
6254:
3043:
Larger packages providing double width (four channels) and up to four dies per pair of channels (8 dies total per package) are also defined.
1900:
As with standard SDRAM, most generations double the internal fetch size and external transfer speed. (DDR4 and LPDDR5 being the exceptions.)
6689:
3929:
Mode register read and some multi-purpose commands must also be followed by a CAS-2 command, however all the column bits must be zero (low).
6364:
3035:
of memory, half to each channel. Thus, each bank is one sixteenth the device size. This is organized into the appropriate number (16
6291:
6694:
5422:
On 28 July 2021, JEDEC published the JESD209-5B, Standard for Low Power Double Data Rate 5/5X (LPDDR5/5X) with the following changes:
5537:
5481:
that allows the chips to be more efficient while also being small enough to fit capacities of up to 32 GB in a single package.
1897:
The "E" and "X" versions mark enhanced versions of the specifications. They formalize overclocking the memory array by usually 33%.
6453:
6445:
1537:
618:
6070:
5897:
5818:
638:
2883:, and S4 devices smaller than 1 Gbit have only four banks. They ignore the BA2 signal, and do not support per-bank refresh.
1969:
published JESD209-2, which defined a more dramatically revised low-power DDR interface. It is not compatible with either DDR1 or
2934:
and 4. LPDDR3 went mainstream in 2013, running at 800 MHz DDR (1600 MT/s), offering bandwidth comparable to PC3-12800
5969:
4049:
Elimination of the Clock Enable (CKE) pin; instead low-power mode is entered by a command over the CA bus, and lasts until the
2983:
thus providing 50 percent higher performance than the fastest LPDDR3 and consuming around 40 percent less energy at 1.1 volts.
1512:
6040:
3952:
If DBI on writes is disabled, a high level on DMI indicates that the corresponding data byte is to be ignored and not written
3021:
Data lines and control connected in parallel to a 16-bit data bus, and only chip selects connected independently per channel.
1053:
5831:
2847:
Column address bit C0 is never transferred, and is assumed to be zero. Burst transfers thus always begin at even addresses.
6359:
5561:
2907:
The command encoding is identical to LPDDR2, using a 10-bit double data rate CA bus. However, the standard only specifies 8
5770:
5453:
On 19 November 2021, Micron announced that
Mediatek has validated its LPDDR5X DRAM for Mediatek's Dimensity 9000 5G SoC.
6096:
5989:
5856:
5738:
3933:
The burst length can be configured to be 16, 32, or dynamically selectable by the BL bit of read and write operations.
1262:
214:
259:
3959:
level on DMI, combined with a data byte with 5 or more bits set, indicates a data byte to be ignored and not written.
1001:
944:
264:
3926:
Write commands must begin on a column address which is a multiple of 16; C2 and C3 must be zero for a write command.
4272:
3013:
The standard defines SDRAM packages containing two independent 16-bit access channels, each connected to up to two
112:
6268:
1327:
987:
931:
30:
6196:
3937:
high, along with three or fewer data lines. As signal lines are terminated low, this reduces power consumption.
6406:
1013:
682:
494:
90:
5593:
1957:
1362:
6555:
6415:
6226:
3057:. The first cycle of a command is identified by chip select being high; it is low during the second cycle.
713:
608:
509:
6010:
4058:
2959:
670:
4066:
2002:
Timing parameters are specified for LPDDR-200 to LPDDR-1066 (clock frequencies of 100 to 533 MHz).
1933:
are two of the main providers of this technology, which is used in tablet and phone devices such as the
6172:"JEDEC Publishes New and Updated Standards for Low Power Memory Devices Used in 5G and AI Applications"
4001:
announced it had working prototype LPDDR5 chips in July 2018. LPDDR5 introduces the following changes:
3968:
1505:
1302:
1201:
1073:
703:
692:
801:
5398:
reads may request a burst be transferred in a different order by specifying a non-zero value for B3.
2946:
An "enhanced" version of the specification called LPDDR3E increases the data rate to 2133 MT/s.
564:
499:
394:
5468:. It has been incorporated into the LPDDR5X standard as LPDDR5X-9600 making "LPDDR5T" a brand name.
3014:
1374:
1357:
846:
132:
6144:
3024:
To two halves of a 32-bit wide data bus, and the control lines in parallel, including chip select.
2967:
1999:
Low-power states are similar to basic LPDDR, with some additional partial array refresh options.
1369:
1186:
909:
314:
149:
127:
107:
60:
17:
6684:
6349:
5609:
4008:
2873:
1942:
1242:
459:
329:
269:
6097:"Samsung Announces First LPDDR5 DRAM Chip, Targets 6.4Gbps Data Rates & 30% Reduced Power"
5915:
5682:
591:
6507:
1938:
1498:
745:
663:
449:
254:
234:
224:
80:
45:
6668:
6379:
3009:
Self-refresh is enabled by dedicated commands, rather than being controlled by the CKE line
2971:
2958:
from various manufacturers also natively support 800 MHz LPDDR3 RAM. Such include the
1441:
1309:
1088:
1048:
971:
584:
489:
379:
274:
137:
117:
100:
95:
6699:
6321:"Samsung Develops Industry's Fastest 10.7Gbps LPDDR5X DRAM, Optimized for AI Applications"
2865:
If the command is a refresh command (CA0–2 = LLH), the chip enters the self-refresh state.
1540:
that consumes less power than other random access memory designs and is thus targeted for
8:
5474:
3979:
2947:
1926:
1347:
1038:
976:
961:
828:
780:
633:
444:
142:
5885:
3963:
LPDDR4 also includes a mechanism for "targeted row refresh" to avoid corruption due to "
6539:
6399:
1447:
1412:
1058:
484:
469:
414:
409:
399:
374:
299:
6384:
2005:
Working at 1.2 V, LPDDR2 multiplexes the control and address lines onto a 10-bit
5794:
5566:
2927:
1930:
1124:
1119:
1043:
1008:
862:
840:
739:
698:
601:
439:
164:
5807:
Now
Producing Four Gigabit LPDDR3 Mobile DRAM, Using 20nm-class* Process Technology
5758:
Samsung LPDDR3 High-Performance Memory
Enables Amazing Mobile Devices in 2013, 2014
5447:
2010:
2006:
1946:
1786:
1545:
1541:
1459:
1453:
1379:
1342:
1332:
1297:
1109:
1063:
1031:
806:
789:
474:
434:
194:
179:
75:
65:
5942:
5720:
Want a quick and dirty overview of the new JEDEC LPDDR3 spec? EETimes serves it up
6491:
6371:
5745:
5726:
5667:
3940:(An alternative usage, where DMI is used to limit the number of data lines which
1352:
1179:
1166:
857:
852:
708:
575:
554:
529:
389:
309:
239:
209:
184:
70:
41:
6354:
5572:
6722:
2955:
1471:
1389:
1232:
889:
751:
687:
559:
544:
524:
519:
464:
429:
384:
334:
324:
319:
304:
199:
189:
122:
4034:
Data-Copy and Write-X (all one or all zero) commands to decrease data transfer
6716:
6645:
6560:
6392:
5864:
5696:"JEDEC Announces Publication of LPDDR3 Standard for Low Power Memory Devices"
5636:"JEDEC Announces Publication of LPDDR2 Standard for Low Power Memory Devices"
5478:
5437:
4062:
3995:
published the JESD209-5, Standard for Low Power Double Data Rate 5 (LPDDR5).
2931:
1925:
chips are smaller, using less board space than their non-mobile equivalents.
1477:
1104:
1099:
1068:
823:
733:
549:
539:
534:
514:
349:
339:
219:
204:
2013:, except for the reassignment of the precharge and burst terminate opcodes:
1741:
1424:
1418:
1384:
1252:
1207:
1191:
1083:
879:
874:
834:
796:
479:
454:
354:
289:
244:
229:
5470:
MediaTek
Dimensity 9300 and Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 supports LPDDR5T.
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6116:
4050:
1483:
1435:
869:
404:
344:
249:
5432:
Reliability improvements via the new
Adaptive Refresh Management feature
1552:. Older variants are also known as Mobile DDR, and abbreviated as mDDR.
6575:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
3964:
1992:
1970:
1934:
1564:
1560:
1549:
1078:
904:
658:
424:
419:
294:
159:
85:
5376:
WRX = Write X; do not transfer data, but fill with all-zero or all-one
2876:
EEPROM, enough information is included to eliminate the need for one.
6635:
6458:
6231:
6101:
5442:
3971:
adjacent rows rather than the one specified in the activate command.
2915:
1918:
1556:
1465:
1430:
1267:
1196:
1094:
965:
956:
653:
596:
364:
284:
5450:
and other products was expected for the 2023 generation of devices.
3006:
Change from one 32-bit wide bus to two independent 16-bit wide buses
6630:
6435:
6430:
5457:
2963:
2923:
2919:
1394:
1337:
1272:
1227:
1212:
982:
951:
924:
899:
757:
643:
369:
279:
174:
169:
6663:
6527:
6201:
4046:
One set of full-speed clocks per byte (vs. per 16 bits in LPDDR4)
3998:
3036:
3032:
3000:
Doubling of the internal prefetch size, and minimum transfer size
2990:
published the JESD209-4 LPDDR4 Low Power Memory Device Standard.
2951:
2880:
1292:
1282:
1277:
1237:
1139:
1134:
1114:
919:
894:
884:
675:
2911:-prefetch DRAM, and does not include the flash memory commands.
6617:
6502:
6018:
3003:
Change from a 10-bit DDR command/address bus to a 6-bit SDR bus
2935:
1287:
1247:
1129:
1018:
816:
359:
6625:
6570:
6565:
6532:
6517:
6497:
6121:
6071:"JEDEC Updates Standard for Low Power Memory Devices: LPDDR5"
5898:'JEDEC Releases LPDDR4 Standard for Low Power Memory Devices'
5465:
3992:
2987:
2900:
1966:
1222:
1159:
1154:
1149:
811:
768:
762:
648:
613:
5832:"JEDEC to Focus on Mobile Technology in Upcoming Conference"
1921:, with several changes to reduce overall power consumption.
6658:
6653:
6522:
6512:
4025:
4005:
Data transfer rate is increased to 6400 Mbit/s per pin
1913:
The original low-power DDR (sometimes retroactively called
1217:
504:
154:
5857:"Samsung Develops Industry's First 8Gb LPDDR4 Mobile DRAM"
5661:
JEDEC publishes LPDDR3 standard for low-power memory chips
4024:
The number of banks is increased to 16, divided into four
5617:, JEDEC Solid State Technology Association, February 2010
1257:
1144:
914:
5932:
Username and password "cypherpunks" will allow download.
6414:
6269:"SK hynix Develops World's Fastest Mobile DRAM LPDDR5T"
5923:, JEDEC Solid State Technology Association, August 2014
6041:"JEDEC Updates Standards for Low Power Memory Devices"
5917:
JEDEC Standard: Low Power Double Data Rate 4 (LPDDR4)
5886:
http://www.softnology.biz/pdf/JESD79-4_DDR4_SDRAM.pdf
5611:
JEDEC Standard: Low Power Double Data Rate 2 (LPDDR2)
5429:
Signal integrity improvements with tx/rx equalization
5990:"SK Hynix Announces 8 GB LPDDR4X-4266 DRAM Packages"
5863:(Official Blog). Samsung Electronics. Archived from
2914:
Products using LPDDR3 include the 2013 MacBook Air,
5594:
Anandtech Samsung Galaxy Tab - The AnandTech Review
1917:), released in 2006 is a slightly modified form of
5819:Snapdragon 800 Series and 600 Processors Unveiled
5683:JESD209-3 LPDDR3 Low Power Memory Device Standard
6714:
6197:"Samsung Develops Industry's First LPDDR5X DRAM"
5379:WXSA, WXSB = Write X select, value to be written
1961:Samsung K4P4G154EC-FGC1 4 Gbit LPDDR2 chip
6255:"Micron and MediaTek First to Validate LPDDR5X"
5538:"When is LPDDR3 not LPDDR3? When it's DDR3L..."
4065:(M1 Pro, M1 Max, M1 Ultra, M2 and A16 Bionic),
6292:"Jedec Memory for Automotive LPDDRx & UFS"
2715:
2687:
2381:
2280:
2235:
2202:
1576:Properties of the different LPDDR generations
6400:
4842:
4613:
4564:
4361:
4358:
4222:
4179:
3822:
3634:
3611:
3501:
3414:
3327:
3282:
3237:
3148:
2767:
2474:
2404:
2268:
1506:
6227:"Samsung Announces First LPDDR5X at 8.5Gbps"
1655:
6380:LOW POWER DOUBLE DATA RATE 3 SDRAM (LPDDR3)
5900:, JEDEC Solid State Technology Association.
5795:Samsung reveals eight-core mobile processor
2855:If the chip is active, it freezes in place.
6407:
6393:
6125:(in Chinese and English), 19 December 2022
5685:, JEDEC Solid State Technology Association
3031:Each die provides 4, 6, 8, 12, or 16
2693:Refresh one bank (round-robin addressing)
1513:
1499:
6224:
6065:
6063:
6061:
5971:"Memory Need" Gives Birth To "New Memory"
5910:
5908:
5906:
3027:To two independent 16-bit wide data buses
5678:
5676:
5604:
5602:
1956:
1563:and offering far higher data rates than
1538:synchronous dynamic random-access memory
29:
6164:
6143:Chang, Alex (Yeongkee) (October 2019),
5493:Speed extension up to 14400 Mbit/s
14:
6715:
6058:
5903:
5426:Speed extension up to 8533 Mbit/s
3870:
3688:
6388:
6225:Frumusanu, Andrei (9 November 2021).
6142:
6094:
5673:
5599:
5294:
5291:
5288:
5285:
5188:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5020:
4909:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4839:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4778:
4037:Dynamic frequency and voltage scaling
3867:
3864:
3861:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3254:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3209:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2277:
2274:
2271:
1054:Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus
5977:. Qualcomm 3G LTE Summit. Hong Kong.
5967:
5532:
5530:
5304:
3053:The chip select line (CS) is active-
2862:low or CA0–2 = HHH), the chip idles.
2009:CA bus. The commands are similar to
1555:Modern LPDDR SDRAM is distinct from
5345:AB = All banks (ignore BG & BA)
4073:memory controllers support LPDDR5.
2721:Mode register read (MA0–7=address)
2665:Refresh all banks (LPDDR2-Sx only)
34:Mobile DDR: Samsung K4X2G323PD-8GD8
24:
5987:
5366:= Operation, or mode register data
215:Data validation and reconciliation
25:
6734:
6343:
6011:"SK하이닉스 세계 최대 용량의 초저전력 모바일 D램 출시"
5968:Reza, Ashiq (16 September 2016).
5670:, Solid State Technology magazine
5527:
3794:
3743:
3543:
3473:
3456:
3386:
3369:
3299:
2773:Mode register write (OP0–7=data)
265:Distributed file system for cloud
6289:
6117:"LPDDR5/5X 协议解读（三）WCK operation"
3825:
3637:
3504:
1606:
1597:
1588:
113:Areal density (computer storage)
6313:
6283:
6261:
6247:
6218:
6189:
6136:
6109:
6088:
6033:
6003:
5981:
5961:
5935:
5891:
5879:
5849:
5824:
5812:
5800:
5788:
5763:
5751:
5732:
5713:
4011:clocks are used (3200 MHz, DDR)
3955:If DBI on writes is enabled, a
2879:S2 devices smaller than 4
2017:LPDDR2/LPDDR3 command encoding
1988:prefetch memory (like DDR2), or
932:Programmable metallization cell
5688:
5654:
5628:
5587:
5554:
5507:
2966:as well as some SoCs from the
1973:, but can accommodate either:
1903:
495:Persistence (computer science)
13:
1:
6145:"Commands & New Features"
5520:
4018:doubled again, but remains 16
2993:Significant changes include:
2527:Activate (R0–14=Row address)
1965:In 2009, the standards group
1363:Electronic quantum holography
6416:Dynamic random-access memory
6095:Smith, Ryan (16 July 2018).
5943:"Row hammer refresh command"
5739:Inside the Samsung Galaxy S4
3790:Mode register read (+CAS-2)
3689:Mode register write-1 and -2
3509:
3422:
3335:
2950:introduced the first 4
1981:prefetch memory (like DDR1),
1570:
714:Video RAM (dual-ported DRAM)
510:Non-RAID drive architectures
7:
6017:(in Korean). Archived from
5359:= Mode register address bit
4031:Power-saving improvements:
1908:
1727:64 Mbit – 8 Gbit
10:
6739:
5888:JESD79 DDR4 SDRAM Standard
5417:
5297:
5244:
5191:
5138:
5085:
5032:
4979:
4912:
4857:
4799:
4738:
4677:
4616:
4567:
4524:
4465:
4406:
4318:
4270:
4225:
4182:
4093:
4088:
3974:
3789:
3606:
3555:
3468:
3417:
3381:
3330:
3294:
3250:Precharge (AB: all banks)
3249:
3204:
3151:
3073:
3068:
2941:
2457:Write (AP=auto-precharge)
2286:Preactive (LPDDR2-N only)
2035:
2026:
2024:
1744:bus clock frequency (MHz)
1526:Low-Power Double Data Rate
1303:Holographic Versatile Disc
1202:Compact Disc Digital Audio
1074:Magnetic-tape data storage
693:Content-addressable memory
6677:
6644:
6616:
6548:
6444:
6423:
5513:Equivalently, Mbit/s·pin.
5487:
4401:
4313:
4265:
4095:
4090:
4085:
3986:
3075:
3070:
3065:
2977:
2930:(GT-I9500) and Microsoft
2894:
2858:If the command is a NOP (
2596:Activate (LPDDR2-N only)
2387:Read (AP=auto-precharge)
2021:
1952:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
500:Persistent data structure
395:Digital rights management
5541:Committed to Memory blog
5500:
5342:= Bank group address bit
4081:LPDDR5 command encoding
3469:Masked write-1 (+CAS-2)
3295:Refresh (AB: all banks)
3061:LPDDR4 command encoding
1991:LPDDR2-N: Non-volatile (
1824:Supply voltages (volts)
1375:DNA digital data storage
1358:Holographic data storage
847:Solid-state hybrid drive
133:Network-attached storage
6370:21 October 2014 at the
5385:DSE = Deep sleep enable
1625:Maximum data bit width
1370:5D optical data storage
1187:3D optical data storage
910:Universal Flash Storage
315:Replication (computing)
260:Distributed file system
150:Single-instance storage
128:Direct-attached storage
108:Continuous availability
5729:, Denali Memory Report
4980:Column address select
4739:Mode register write 1
4525:Mode register write 2
4466:Multi-purpose command
3691:MA: address, OP: data
3205:Multi-purpose command
3071:Second cycle (CS low)
3066:First cycle (CS high)
2874:serial presence detect
1962:
1943:Samsung Galaxy Tab 7.0
1243:Nintendo optical discs
460:Storage virtualization
330:Information repository
270:Distributed data store
35:
5760:- Bright Side of News
5373:= WCK synchronization
4053:signal next goes high
3991:On 19 February 2019,
3980:Samsung Semiconductor
2011:those of normal SDRAM
1960:
746:Mellon optical memory
734:Williams–Kilburn tube
450:Locality of reference
255:Clustered file system
81:Memory access pattern
33:
6257:. Micron Technology.
5328:= Column address bit
5321:= Column address bit
4407:Read DQ Calibration
4057:AMD Van Gogh, Intel
2208:Precharge all banks
1850:Command/address bus
1785:Data transfer rate,
1442:Magnetic-core memory
1089:Digital Data Storage
1049:Quadruplex videotape
490:In-memory processing
380:Information transfer
275:Distributed database
138:Storage area network
118:Block (data storage)
5666:20 May 2012 at the
5475:Samsung Electronics
5456:On 25 January 2023
5348:AP = Auto-precharge
5314:= Burst address bit
4678:Mode register read
4617:Self-refresh entry
4082:
3331:Self-refresh entry
3062:
2986:On 25 August 2014,
2948:Samsung Electronics
2241:Precharge one bank
2018:
1577:
1039:Phonograph cylinder
977:Electrochemical RAM
829:Solid-state storage
445:Memory segmentation
143:Block-level storage
6540:Hybrid Memory Cube
6021:on 13 January 2019
5744:2013-04-29 at the
5725:2013-07-28 at the
5596:, 23 December 2010
5335:= Bank address bit
4568:Self-refresh exit
4091:↘ Falling clock ↘
4080:
3871:Activate-1 and -2
3418:Self-refresh exit
3060:
2016:
1963:
1656:Memory array clock
1575:
1448:Plated-wire memory
1413:Paper data storage
1059:Magnetic recording
485:In-memory database
470:Memory-mapped file
415:Volume boot record
410:Master boot record
400:Volume (computing)
375:Data communication
300:Data deduplication
36:
6708:
6707:
6271:. 24 January 2023
6206:. 9 November 2021
5867:on 1 October 2014
5567:Texas Instruments
5473:On 17 April 2024
5394:
5393:
5302:
5301:
4226:Power-down entry
4086:↗ Rising clock ↗
4067:Huawei Kirin 9000
4028:-like bank groups
3917:
3916:
3382:Write-1 (+CAS-2)
2962:600 and 800 from
2928:Samsung Galaxy S4
2845:
2844:
2145:
2134:
2123:
2077:
2066:
2055:
1892:
1891:
1722:Memory densities
1532:), also known as
1523:
1522:
1120:8 mm video format
1044:Phonograph record
863:Flash Core Module
841:Solid-state drive
740:Delay-line memory
699:Computational RAM
602:Scratchpad memory
440:Disk partitioning
165:Unstructured data
91:Secondary storage
27:Computer hardware
16:(Redirected from
6730:
6700:Transistor count
6409:
6402:
6395:
6386:
6385:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6325:Samsung Newsroom
6317:
6311:
6310:
6308:
6306:
6296:
6287:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6276:
6265:
6259:
6258:
6251:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6240:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6168:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6149:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6092:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6067:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5965:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5939:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5922:
5912:
5901:
5895:
5889:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5861:Samsung Tomorrow
5853:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5828:
5822:
5816:
5810:
5804:
5798:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5771:"Samsung Exynos"
5767:
5761:
5755:
5749:
5736:
5730:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5692:
5686:
5680:
5671:
5658:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5616:
5606:
5597:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5571:. Archived from
5558:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5534:
5514:
5511:
5463:
5462:1.01–1.12 V
5305:
4962:
4955:
4083:
4079:
3556:Read-1 (+CAS-2)
3063:
3059:
2861:
2359:Burst terminate
2143:
2139:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2117:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2049:
2019:
2015:
2007:double data rate
1947:Motorola Droid X
1764:
1758:
1657:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1578:
1574:
1546:laptop computers
1544:devices such as
1542:mobile computing
1515:
1508:
1501:
1460:Thin-film memory
1454:Core rope memory
1380:Universal memory
1343:Millipede memory
1333:Racetrack memory
1298:Ultra HD Blu-ray
1110:Linear Tape-Open
1064:Magnetic storage
1032:Analog recording
475:Software entropy
435:Disk aggregation
195:Data degradation
180:Data compression
76:Memory hierarchy
66:Memory coherence
38:
37:
21:
6738:
6737:
6733:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6728:
6727:
6713:
6712:
6709:
6704:
6673:
6640:
6612:
6544:
6492:Fast Cycle DRAM
6440:
6419:
6413:
6372:Wayback Machine
6346:
6341:
6340:
6330:
6328:
6327:. 17 April 2024
6319:
6318:
6314:
6304:
6302:
6294:
6288:
6284:
6274:
6272:
6267:
6266:
6262:
6253:
6252:
6248:
6238:
6236:
6223:
6219:
6209:
6207:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6180:
6178:
6170:
6169:
6165:
6156:
6154:
6152:LPDDR5 Workshop
6147:
6141:
6137:
6128:
6126:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6093:
6089:
6079:
6077:
6069:
6068:
6059:
6049:
6047:
6039:
6038:
6034:
6024:
6022:
6009:
6008:
6004:
5994:
5992:
5988:Shilov, Anton.
5986:
5982:
5974:
5966:
5962:
5952:
5950:
5949:. US20140059287
5941:
5940:
5936:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5913:
5904:
5896:
5892:
5884:
5880:
5870:
5868:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5840:
5838:
5830:
5829:
5825:
5817:
5813:
5805:
5801:
5793:
5789:
5779:
5777:
5769:
5768:
5764:
5756:
5752:
5746:Wayback Machine
5737:
5733:
5727:Wayback Machine
5718:
5714:
5704:
5702:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5681:
5674:
5668:Wayback Machine
5659:
5655:
5645:
5643:
5634:
5633:
5629:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5608:
5607:
5600:
5592:
5588:
5578:
5576:
5575:on 5 March 2012
5560:
5559:
5555:
5545:
5543:
5536:
5535:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5517:
5512:
5508:
5503:
5490:
5469:
5461:
5420:
5395:
5382:PD = Power down
4960:
4956:
4953:
4929:
4924:
4919:
3989:
3977:
3690:
2980:
2944:
2936:notebook memory
2897:
2859:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2141:
2138:
2130:
2127:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2073:
2070:
2062:
2059:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2029:
1955:
1911:
1906:
1845:0.5, 1.05, 1.8
1842:0.5, 1.05, 1.8
1762:
1756:
1736:4–32 Gbit
1733:4–32 Gbit
1730:1–32 Gbit
1573:
1536:, is a type of
1519:
1490:
1489:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1353:Patterned media
1323:
1315:
1314:
1182:
1172:
1171:
1167:Hard disk drive
1034:
1024:
1023:
1004:
993:
992:
947:
937:
936:
858:IBM FlashSystem
853:USB flash drive
792:
775:
774:
729:
721:
720:
709:Dual-ported RAM
587:
570:
569:
530:Cloud computing
390:Copy protection
310:Data redundancy
240:Shared resource
210:Data validation
185:Data corruption
160:Structured data
71:Cache coherence
56:
42:Computer memory
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6736:
6726:
6725:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6690:SDRAM timeline
6687:
6681:
6679:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6650:
6648:
6646:Memory modules
6642:
6641:
6639:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6622:
6620:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6542:
6537:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6456:
6450:
6448:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6433:
6427:
6425:
6421:
6420:
6412:
6411:
6404:
6397:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6375:
6374:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6345:
6344:External links
6342:
6339:
6338:
6312:
6282:
6260:
6246:
6217:
6188:
6163:
6135:
6108:
6087:
6057:
6032:
6002:
5980:
5960:
5934:
5902:
5890:
5878:
5848:
5823:
5811:
5809:, Businesswire
5799:
5787:
5762:
5750:
5731:
5712:
5687:
5672:
5653:
5642:. 2 April 2009
5627:
5598:
5586:
5553:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5489:
5486:
5434:
5433:
5430:
5427:
5419:
5416:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5336:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5194:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5098:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4963:
4958:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4850:
4847:
4844:
4841:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4795:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4468:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4071:Snapdragon 888
4055:
4054:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4029:
4022:
4012:
4006:
3988:
3985:
3976:
3973:
3961:
3960:
3953:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3872:
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2039:Falling clock
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1997:
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1390:Quantum memory
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1322:In development
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1233:Super Video CD
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890:MultiMediaCard
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752:Selectron tube
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592:Hardware cache
588:
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568:
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545:Edge computing
542:
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525:Grid computing
522:
520:Bank switching
517:
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497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
465:Virtual memory
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
430:Disk mirroring
427:
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417:
412:
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402:
397:
392:
387:
385:Temporary file
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
335:Knowledge base
332:
327:
325:Storage record
322:
320:Memory refresh
317:
312:
307:
305:Data structure
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
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200:Data integrity
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190:Data cleansing
187:
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157:
152:
147:
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140:
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123:Object storage
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6685:DRAM timeline
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6378:JEDEC pages:
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6290:Hung, Vuong.
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5640:Press release
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5479:12 nm process
5476:
5471:
5467:
5459:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:, LPDDR5X in
5445:
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5439:
5438:14 nm process
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5033:Masked Write
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4183:No operation
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4063:Apple silicon
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3996:
3994:
3984:
3981:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3421:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3152:No operation
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:Surface Pro 3
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2899:In May 2012,
2892:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2867:
2864:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:No operation
2184:
2183:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2136:
2125:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2068:
2057:
2046:
2045:
2030:Rising clock
2020:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:original iPad
1936:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1866:
1865:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:Bubble memory
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:Cassette tape
1103:
1101:
1100:Videocassette
1098:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1069:Magnetic tape
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
997:
996:
989:
986:
984:
981:
978:
975:
973:
970:
967:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
946:
941:
940:
933:
930:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
871:
868:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
832:
830:
827:
825:
824:ROM cartridge
822:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
791:
786:
785:
782:
779:
778:
770:
767:
764:
761:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
731:
725:
724:
715:
712:
711:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
677:
674:
673:
672:
669:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
610:
607:
603:
600:
598:
595:
594:
593:
590:
589:
586:
581:
580:
577:
574:
573:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
550:Dew computing
548:
546:
543:
541:
540:Fog computing
538:
536:
535:Cloud storage
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
515:Memory paging
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
350:File deletion
348:
346:
343:
341:
340:Computer file
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
220:Data recovery
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
205:Data security
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
102:
101:floating-gate
99:
98:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
52:
51:
47:
43:
40:
39:
32:
19:
6710:
6488:(Mobile DDR)
6485:
6424:Asynchronous
6329:. Retrieved
6324:
6315:
6303:. Retrieved
6298:
6285:
6273:. Retrieved
6263:
6249:
6237:. Retrieved
6230:
6220:
6208:. Retrieved
6200:
6191:
6179:. Retrieved
6175:
6166:
6155:, retrieved
6151:
6138:
6127:, retrieved
6120:
6111:
6100:
6090:
6078:. Retrieved
6074:
6048:. Retrieved
6044:
6035:
6023:. Retrieved
6019:the original
6014:
6005:
5993:. Retrieved
5983:
5970:
5963:
5951:. Retrieved
5946:
5937:
5925:, retrieved
5916:
5893:
5881:
5869:. Retrieved
5865:the original
5860:
5851:
5839:. Retrieved
5835:
5826:
5814:
5802:
5790:
5778:. Retrieved
5774:
5765:
5753:
5734:
5715:
5703:. Retrieved
5699:
5690:
5656:
5644:. Retrieved
5639:
5630:
5619:, retrieved
5610:
5589:
5577:. Retrieved
5573:the original
5565:
5556:
5544:. Retrieved
5540:
5509:
5483:
5472:
5455:
5452:
5441:
5435:
5421:
5412:
5408:
5402:
5400:
5396:
5388:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5311:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4075:
4056:
4019:
4015:
4014:Prefetch is
4009:Differential
3997:
3990:
3978:
3962:
3956:
3946:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3918:
3893:
3888:
3848:
3843:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3030:
3012:
2992:
2985:
2981:
2945:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2898:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2871:
2849:
2846:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2604:
2599:
2535:
2530:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1985:
1984:LPDDR2-S4: 4
1978:
1977:LPDDR2-S2: 2
1964:
1923:
1914:
1912:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1862:7 bits, DDR
1856:10 bits, DDR
1853:19 bits, SDR
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1554:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1425:Punched tape
1419:Punched card
1385:Time crystal
1253:Hyper CD-ROM
1192:Optical disc
1084:Tape library
1019:FeFET memory
1000:Early-stage
880:CompactFlash
875:Memory Stick
835:Flash memory
797:Diode matrix
781:Non-volatile
628:
565:Kryder's law
555:Amdahl's law
480:Software rot
455:Logical disk
355:File copying
290:Data storage
245:File sharing
230:Data cluster
46:data storage
6446:Synchronous
6301:. p. 4
6080:19 February
5927:25 December
5775:samsung.com
5748:, Chipworks
5646:28 November
5621:30 December
5298:Activate 1
5245:Activate 2
4319:Write FIFO
4051:chip select
1904:Generations
1859:6 bits, SDR
1550:smartphones
1534:LPDDR SDRAM
1484:Floppy disk
1436:Drum memory
870:Memory card
837:is used in:
771:(2002–2010)
736:(1946–1947)
560:Moore's law
405:Boot sector
345:Object file
250:File system
61:Memory cell
6239:9 November
6210:9 November
6157:4 November
6129:4 November
5821:, Qualcomm
5797:on EEtimes
5521:References
4858:Precharge
4096:Operation
4059:Tiger Lake
3969:physically
3965:row hammer
3076:Operation
2960:Snapdragon
2022:Operation
1993:NAND flash
1971:DDR2 SDRAM
1935:iPhone 3GS
1565:DDR4 SDRAM
1561:DDR5 SDRAM
1407:Historical
1079:Tape drive
905:SmartMedia
728:Historical
425:Disk image
420:Disk array
295:Data store
96:MOS memory
86:Memory map
6695:Bandwidth
6636:XDR2 DRAM
6459:DDR SDRAM
6299:jedec.org
6232:Anandtech
6176:jedec.org
6102:AnandTech
6075:jedec.org
5836:jedec.org
5700:jedec.org
5443:AnandTech
4913:Write 32
4362:Reserved
4043:necessary
3826:Reserved
3638:Reserved
3505:Reserved
2972:Allwinner
2916:iPhone 5S
1995:) memory.
1919:DDR SDRAM
1836:1.1, 1.8
1571:Bus width
1557:DDR SDRAM
1466:Disk pack
1431:Plugboard
1268:DVD-Video
1197:LaserDisc
1095:Videotape
966:3D XPoint
957:Memristor
597:CPU cache
365:Core dump
285:Data bank
235:Directory
6717:Category
6631:XDR DRAM
6549:Graphics
6436:EDO DRAM
6431:FPM DRAM
6368:Archived
6331:18 April
6305:18 April
5953:10 March
5871:10 March
5841:10 March
5780:10 March
5742:Archived
5723:Archived
5705:10 March
5664:Archived
5579:10 March
5458:SK Hynix
5192:Read 32
4800:Refresh
4077:LPDDR4.
3033:gigabits
2974:series.
2964:Qualcomm
2924:Nexus 10
2920:iPhone 6
2476:reserved
2406:reserved
1909:LPDDR(1)
1833:1.2, 1.8
1830:1.2, 1.8
1395:UltraRAM
1273:DVD card
1228:Video CD
1213:CD Video
983:Nano-RAM
952:Memistor
925:XQD card
900:SIM card
758:Dekatron
644:XDR DRAM
639:EDO DRAM
576:Volatile
370:Hex dump
280:Database
175:Metadata
170:Big data
6664:UniDIMM
6528:HBM-PIM
6494:(FCRAM)
6355:Samsung
6275:12 June
6202:Samsung
6181:28 July
6050:28 July
6025:28 July
6015:Skhynix
5995:28 July
5947:Patents
5562:"LPDDR"
5546:16 July
5464:set by
5418:LPDDR5X
3999:Samsung
3975:LPDDR4X
2952:gigabit
2942:LPDDR3E
2180:
2112:
1927:Samsung
1789:(MT/s)
1480:(~1970)
1474:(~1968)
1456:(1960s)
1293:Blu-ray
1283:MiniDVD
1278:DVD-RAM
1238:Mini CD
1180:Optical
1140:U-matic
1135:MicroMV
1115:Betamax
979:(ECRAM)
920:MicroP2
895:SD card
885:PC Card
676:1T-SRAM
634:QDRSRAM
225:Storage
55:General
18:LPDDR5X
6618:Rambus
6503:RLDRAM
6418:(DRAM)
6360:Elpida
6350:Micron
5488:LPDDR6
5403:before
5389:
5086:Write
3987:LPDDR5
3942:toggle
3607:CAS-2
2978:LPDDR4
2968:Exynos
2895:LPDDR3
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
1953:LPDDR2
1931:Micron
1915:LPDDR1
1658:(MHz)
1581:LPDDR
1486:(1971)
1468:(1962)
1462:(1962)
1450:(1957)
1444:(1949)
1438:(1932)
1427:(1725)
1421:(1725)
1415:(1725)
1288:HD DVD
1248:CD-ROM
1204:(CDDA)
1130:MiniDV
849:(SSHD)
831:(SSS)
817:EEPROM
765:(2009)
754:(1952)
748:(1951)
742:(1947)
360:Backup
6723:SDRAM
6678:Lists
6626:RDRAM
6606:GDDR7
6601:GDDR6
6596:GDDR5
6591:GDDR4
6586:GDDR3
6581:GDDR2
6571:SGRAM
6566:MDRAM
6533:HBM3E
6518:HBM2E
6498:eDRAM
6486:LPDDR
6454:SDRAM
6365:Nanya
6295:(PDF)
6148:(PDF)
6122:Zhihu
6045:JEDEC
5975:(PDF)
5921:(PDF)
5615:(PDF)
5501:Notes
5496:CAMM2
5466:JEDEC
5139:Read
4403:— L —
4315:— L —
4271:Read
4267:— L —
3993:JEDEC
2988:JEDEC
2901:JEDEC
1967:JEDEC
1888:2021
1882:2017
1876:2012
1873:2009
1870:2006
1867:Year
1819:8533
1780:4267
1530:LPDDR
1348:ECRAM
1328:CBRAM
1263:DVD+R
1223:CD-RW
1160:D-VHS
1155:VHS-C
1150:S-VHS
1091:(DDS)
1014:ReRAM
1009:FeRAM
1002:NVRAM
988:CBRAM
945:NVRAM
843:(SSD)
812:EPROM
769:Z-RAM
763:T-RAM
695:(CAM)
683:ReRAM
649:RDRAM
629:LPDDR
624:SGRAM
619:SDRAM
614:eDRAM
48:types
6669:CAMM
6659:DIMM
6654:SIMM
6576:GDDR
6561:WRAM
6556:VRAM
6523:HBM3
6513:HBM2
6479:DDR5
6474:DDR4
6469:DDR3
6464:DDR2
6333:2024
6307:2024
6277:2023
6241:2021
6234:.com
6212:2021
6204:.com
6183:2021
6159:2023
6131:2023
6082:2019
6052:2017
6027:2017
5997:2017
5955:2015
5929:2014
5873:2015
5843:2015
5782:2015
5707:2015
5648:2021
5623:2010
5581:2015
5569:wiki
5548:2021
5448:SoCs
5295:BA0
5189:BA0
5136:BA0
5083:BA0
5030:BA0
4977:DC0
4961:WXSA
4954:WXSB
4910:BA0
4855:BA0
4797:BA0
4736:MA0
4675:MA0
4522:OP0
4463:OP0
4273:FIFO
4140:CA0
4119:CA0
4069:and
4026:DDR4
3739:OP0
3114:CA0
3096:CA0
3055:high
3015:dies
2970:and
2956:SoCs
2881:Gbit
2841:OP7
2811:MA5
2759:MA5
2660:A14
2630:BA2
2591:R14
2561:BA2
2522:C11
2492:BA2
2452:C11
2422:BA2
2354:A29
2324:BA2
2278:BA2
1945:and
1929:and
1885:2019
1879:2014
1816:6400
1813:4267
1810:3200
1807:2133
1804:1600
1801:1067
1777:3200
1774:2133
1771:1600
1768:1067
1688:533
1548:and
1338:NRAM
1310:WORM
1218:CD-R
972:MRAM
807:PROM
802:MROM
704:VRAM
688:QRAM
671:SRAM
659:GDDR
609:DRAM
505:RAID
155:Data
44:and
6508:HBM
5369:WS_
5292:BA1
5289:BG0
5286:BG1
5283:R11
5280:R12
5277:R13
5259:R14
5256:R15
5253:R16
5250:R17
5242:R0
5197:R10
5186:BA1
5183:BG0
5180:BG1
5133:BA1
5130:BG0
5127:BG1
5080:BA1
5077:BG0
5074:BG1
5027:BA1
5024:BG0
5021:BG1
4974:DC1
4971:DC2
4968:DC3
4965:WRX
4957:/B3
4928:WS_
4923:WS_
4918:WS_
4907:BA1
4904:BG0
4901:BG1
4852:BA1
4849:BG0
4846:BG1
4794:BA1
4791:BG0
4788:RFM
4785:SB0
4782:SB1
4733:MA1
4730:MA2
4727:MA3
4724:MA4
4721:MA5
4718:MA6
4672:MA1
4669:MA2
4666:MA3
4663:MA4
4660:MA5
4657:MA6
4611:DSE
4519:OP1
4516:OP2
4513:OP3
4510:OP4
4507:OP5
4504:OP6
4471:OP7
4460:OP1
4457:OP2
4454:OP3
4451:OP4
4448:OP5
4445:OP6
4412:OP7
4137:CA1
4134:CA2
4131:CA3
4128:CA4
4125:CA5
4122:CA6
4116:CA1
4113:CA2
4110:CA3
4107:CA4
4104:CA5
4101:CA6
4016:not
3957:low
3913:R0
3868:BA0
3865:BA1
3862:BA2
3859:R16
3856:R10
3853:R11
3840:R12
3837:R13
3834:R14
3831:R15
3787:MA0
3784:MA1
3781:MA2
3778:MA3
3775:MA4
3772:MA5
3736:OP1
3733:OP2
3730:OP3
3727:OP4
3724:OP5
3696:OP6
3686:MA0
3683:MA1
3680:MA2
3677:MA3
3674:MA4
3671:MA5
3643:OP7
3553:BA0
3550:BA1
3547:BA2
3466:BA0
3463:BA1
3460:BA2
3379:BA0
3376:BA1
3373:BA2
3292:BA0
3289:BA1
3286:BA2
3247:BA0
3244:BA1
3241:BA2
3199:OP1
3196:OP2
3193:OP3
3190:OP4
3111:CA1
3108:CA2
3105:CA3
3102:CA4
3099:CA5
3093:CA1
3090:CA2
3087:CA3
3084:CA4
3081:CA5
2838:OP6
2835:OP5
2832:OP4
2829:OP3
2826:OP2
2823:OP1
2820:OP0
2817:MA7
2814:MA6
2808:MA4
2805:MA3
2802:MA2
2799:MA1
2796:MA0
2765:MA7
2762:MA6
2756:MA4
2753:MA3
2750:MA2
2747:MA1
2744:MA0
2657:A13
2654:A12
2651:A11
2648:A10
2627:BA1
2624:BA0
2621:A19
2618:A18
2615:A17
2612:A16
2609:A15
2588:R13
2558:BA1
2555:BA0
2552:R12
2549:R11
2546:R10
2519:C10
2489:BA1
2486:BA0
2449:C10
2419:BA1
2416:BA0
2351:A28
2348:A27
2345:A26
2342:A25
2339:A24
2336:A23
2333:A22
2330:A21
2327:A20
2321:BA1
2318:BA0
2315:A32
2312:A31
2309:A30
2275:BA1
2272:BA0
2178:CA9
2173:CA8
2168:CA7
2163:CA6
2158:CA5
2153:CA4
2148:CA3
2137:CA2
2131:CAS
2126:CA1
2120:RAS
2115:CA0
2110:CA9
2105:CA8
2100:CA7
2095:CA6
2090:CA5
2085:CA4
2080:CA3
2069:CA2
2063:CAS
2058:CA1
2052:RAS
2047:CA0
1827:1.8
1798:800
1795:533
1792:400
1787:DDR
1765:800
1759:533
1753:400
1750:266
1747:200
1742:I/O
1685:400
1682:266
1679:200
1676:266
1673:200
1670:266
1667:200
1664:266
1661:200
1650:32
1647:32
1644:64
1641:64
1636:32
1620:5X
1614:4X
1258:DVD
1145:VHS
962:PCM
915:SxS
790:ROM
664:HBM
654:DDR
585:RAM
6719::
6323:.
6297:.
6229:.
6199:.
6174:.
6150:,
6119:,
6099:.
6073:.
6060:^
6043:.
6013:.
5945:.
5905:^
5859:.
5834:.
5773:.
5698:.
5675:^
5638:.
5601:^
5564:.
5529:^
5371:xx
5362:OP
5355:MA
5338:BG
5331:BA
5239:R1
5236:R2
5233:R3
5230:R4
5227:R5
5224:R6
5206:R7
5203:R8
5200:R9
5177:C1
5174:C2
5171:AP
5153:C0
5150:C3
5147:C4
5144:C5
5124:C1
5121:C2
5118:AP
5100:C0
5097:C3
5094:C4
5091:C5
5071:C1
5068:C2
5065:AP
5047:C0
5044:C3
5041:C4
5038:C5
5018:C1
5015:C2
5012:AP
4994:C0
4991:C3
4988:C4
4985:C5
4930:WR
4925:RD
4920:FS
4898:C1
4895:C2
4892:AP
4869:C3
4866:C4
4863:C5
4840:AB
4779:AB
4608:PD
4359:—
4223:—
4180:—
4061:,
3910:R1
3907:R2
3904:R3
3901:R4
3898:R5
3885:R6
3882:R7
3879:R8
3876:R9
3604:C2
3601:C3
3598:C4
3595:C5
3592:C6
3589:C7
3561:C8
3541:C9
3538:AP
3510:BL
3454:C9
3451:AP
3367:C9
3364:AP
3336:BL
3255:AB
3210:AB
2926:,
2922:,
2918:,
2860:CS
2768:—
2716:—
2688:—
2645:A9
2642:A8
2639:A7
2636:A6
2633:A5
2585:R7
2582:R6
2579:R5
2576:R4
2573:R3
2570:R2
2567:R1
2564:R0
2543:R9
2540:R8
2516:C9
2513:C8
2510:C7
2507:C6
2504:C5
2501:C4
2498:C3
2495:AP
2483:C2
2480:C1
2446:C9
2443:C8
2440:C7
2437:C6
2434:C5
2431:C4
2428:C3
2425:AP
2413:C2
2410:C1
2382:—
2281:—
2236:—
2203:—
2142:WE
2074:WE
1949:.
1941:,
1937:,
1714:16
1567:.
1208:CD
1125:DV
6408:e
6401:t
6394:v
6335:.
6309:.
6279:.
6243:.
6214:.
6185:.
6105:.
6084:.
6054:.
6029:.
5999:.
5957:.
5875:.
5845:.
5784:.
5709:.
5650:.
5583:.
5550:.
5364:n
5357:n
5340:n
5333:n
5326:n
5324:R
5319:n
5317:C
5312:n
5310:B
5273:H
5268:H
5263:H
5220:H
5215:H
5210:L
5167:H
5162:L
5157:H
5114:H
5109:L
5104:L
5061:L
5056:H
5051:H
5008:L
5003:H
4998:L
4949:L
4944:L
4939:H
4934:H
4888:L
4883:L
4878:H
4873:L
4843:—
4836:L
4831:L
4826:L
4821:H
4816:H
4811:H
4806:H
4775:L
4770:L
4765:L
4760:H
4755:H
4750:H
4745:L
4714:L
4709:L
4704:L
4699:H
4694:H
4689:L
4684:H
4653:L
4648:L
4643:L
4638:H
4633:H
4628:L
4623:L
4614:—
4604:L
4599:L
4594:L
4589:H
4584:L
4579:H
4574:H
4565:—
4561:L
4556:L
4551:L
4546:H
4541:L
4536:H
4531:L
4500:L
4495:L
4490:L
4485:H
4480:L
4475:L
4441:L
4436:L
4431:L
4426:L
4421:H
4416:H
4398:L
4393:L
4388:L
4383:L
4378:H
4373:L
4368:H
4355:L
4350:L
4345:L
4340:L
4335:H
4330:L
4325:L
4310:L
4305:L
4300:L
4295:L
4290:L
4285:H
4280:H
4262:L
4257:L
4252:L
4247:L
4242:L
4237:H
4232:L
4219:L
4214:L
4209:L
4204:L
4199:L
4194:L
4189:H
4176:L
4171:L
4166:L
4161:L
4156:L
4151:L
4146:L
4020:n
3894:H
3889:H
3849:H
3844:L
3823:—
3819:L
3814:H
3809:H
3804:H
3799:H
3795:—
3768:L
3763:H
3758:H
3753:H
3748:L
3744:—
3720:L
3715:H
3710:H
3705:L
3700:H
3667:L
3662:H
3657:H
3652:L
3647:L
3635:—
3631:L
3626:H
3621:L
3616:H
3612:—
3585:L
3580:H
3575:L
3570:L
3565:H
3544:—
3534:L
3529:H
3524:L
3519:L
3514:L
3502:—
3498:L
3493:L
3488:H
3483:H
3478:H
3474:—
3457:—
3447:L
3442:L
3437:H
3432:H
3427:L
3423:0
3415:—
3411:L
3406:L
3401:H
3396:L
3391:H
3387:—
3370:—
3360:L
3355:L
3350:H
3345:L
3340:L
3328:—
3324:L
3319:L
3314:L
3309:H
3304:H
3300:—
3283:—
3279:L
3274:L
3269:L
3264:H
3259:L
3238:—
3234:L
3229:L
3224:L
3219:L
3214:H
3202:1
3187:0
3183:L
3178:L
3173:L
3168:L
3163:L
3158:H
3149:—
3145:L
3140:L
3135:L
3130:L
3125:L
3120:L
3037:K
2909:n
2792:L
2787:L
2782:L
2777:L
2740:H
2735:L
2730:L
2725:L
2712:L
2707:H
2702:L
2697:L
2684:H
2679:H
2674:L
2669:L
2605:H
2600:L
2536:H
2531:L
2471:L
2466:L
2461:H
2401:H
2396:L
2391:H
2378:L
2373:L
2368:H
2363:H
2305:H
2300:L
2295:H
2290:H
2269:—
2265:L
2260:H
2255:L
2250:H
2245:H
2232:H
2227:H
2222:L
2217:H
2212:H
2199:H
2194:H
2189:H
2144:)
2140:(
2133:)
2129:(
2122:)
2118:(
2076:)
2072:(
2065:)
2061:(
2054:)
2050:(
2041:↘
2037:↘
2032:↗
2028:↗
1986:n
1979:n
1763:0
1757:0
1716:n
1710:n
1708:8
1704:n
1702:4
1698:n
1696:2
1617:5
1611:4
1607:E
1605:3
1602:3
1598:E
1596:2
1593:2
1589:E
1587:1
1584:1
1528:(
1514:e
1507:t
1500:v
968:)
964:(
20:)
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