La Trinitaria (Dominican Republic)

861:

adopted. The emissary, upon his arrival in La Vega, explained to Pedro de Mena the difficulties existing in Santiago, and the need to have the support of the independence forces that had already been formed in the other towns mentioned. They quickly execute their action plan. Messengers are sent from La Vega to Macorís, while Mena moves to Moca. On the night of March 5, Macorís' troops join those of Moca and advance along the roads of Tamboril and Don Pedro, commanded by General Tito Salcedo and the Delegate of Mena. On the other hand, the troops organized in La Vega, commanded by Colonel Toribio Ramírez and Commander José Durán de Jarabacoa, marched quickly and left for Santiago along the Puñal road. (These troops, who arrived near Santiago, were mainly made up of Dominicans who had been part of the national guard companies who, in turn, came from the military detachments established in the aforementioned towns. These troops are joined by men from the ranches near Santiago, commanded by Bartolo Mejía, R. Céspedes,

538:

in the prejudices coming from the colonial past that assigned a status of superiority to whites and a corresponding status of inferiority to blacks. Duarte sopposed these criteria and instilled in his disciples the principle of “race unity.” This meant the recognition that the Dominican nation had been structured through the mixture of diverse ethnic contributions, fundamentally that of Africans and Europeans, to give rise to a particular conglomerate of mulatto majority. This reality was elevated to the category of principle that should guide the association of all the people in a nation of equals, where there were no privileges for reasons of caste or color. The importance assigned to the issue had more than justified reasons, since the main obstacle facing the completion of the formation of the nation lay in the colonial criteria that established inequality between the ethnic-racial components. The concern is observed in one of the poems written by Duarte:

475:

independence constitutes the cardinal law of the nation and the State, and that therefore it is inviolable, regardless of the circumstances. Duarte was opposed to the conservatives, who lacked faith in the ability of Dominicans to make an independent state viable. When events precipitated from the beginning of 1843, almost all conservatives, belonging to the older generations of the upper urban strata, who until then had collaborated with the Haitian rulers, came to the conclusion that the ideal formula to free themselves from the Haitian yoke It was the protectorate of France. For this reason they were disparagingly described as “Frenchified.” In addition to seeing it as impossible to confront Haitian military superiority, they considered that the presence of a foreign power was essential to promote economic progress, since the country was too poor. The most renowned of the Frenchified,

403:

protection of the Holy Trinity. Our motto: God, Country and Freedom. My friends, we are here to ratify the purpose that we had conceived of conspiring and making the people rise up against the Haitian power, in order to establish ourselves as a free and independent State with the name of the Dominican Republic. The white cross that will carry our flag will tell the world that the Dominican people, upon entering the life of freedom, proclaim the union of all races through the bonds of civilization and Christianity... The situation in which we will place ourselves will be very serious, and all the more so since once we are already on this path, going back will be impossible. Now, at this moment there is still time to evade commitment. Therefore, if anyone wanted to separate...

806: 517:

law, both for rulers and the governed. The significance of the centrality that the father of the country assigned to the legality of the state order was that it prevented any hint of dictatorship, the source of which is the violation of the law. Duarte aspired to the construction of a comprehensive democratic order, where the powers of powers and people were delimited, so that there was no impairment of the rights inherent to the dignity of the person. The north of the political system should be respect for freedoms, starting with beliefs. In the draft Constitution, the Catholic religion is enshrined as the “predominant religion in the State,” but without prejudice to “freedom of conscience and tolerance of religions”.

869:

of the seriousness of the situation raised by the emissary of the Delegate of Mena, Morisset immediately gathered the main parents of the community in the Municipality and decided to entrust them with determining the side he should take. Those gathered there decided that the situation should be resolved peacefully, which motivated Morisset to choose to hand over the square to the troops that had already been deployed near the town. Once this decision was made, he also ordered that his troops, which had been sent by him for his defense, located both on the Gurabo road, commanded by Ángel Reyes, and those located in Nibaje, under the command of Mallol, would withdraw to the

853:

fifth of national guards. Therefore, it was necessary for a special strategy to be formulated to inflict a solid repulsion. On March 4, at nightfall, when the Trinitarios of Santiago, called by Dr. Alejandro Llenas “The Separatists Club,” met at the house of Román Franco Bidó, a messenger sent from La Vega by Pedro arrived. de Mena, informing them of their arrival in La Vega and informing them that this town had already spoken out for the cause of Independence. Mena asked them for a meeting in order to prepare Santiago's pronouncement. The main Trinitarios gathered that night included, in addition to Román, his brother Luis Franco Bidó, Domingo Daniel Pichardo,

380: 27: 703:

eastern part of the island. The efforts carried out by Duarte were known by the Haitian liberals, who were not willing to give up the eastern part of the island, so they also began to maneuver with the help of other Dominican sectors in order to prevent the materialization of the ideals of the Trinitarios. During that time a series of movements arose but not with independence intentions. Of these, the strongest after that of the Trinitario, was the one made up of mature men who had collaborated with the Haitians in various administrative positions and who sought to obtain help from

2167: 479:, justified his position in favor of the protectorate or the annexation of the country with the principle of cosmopolitanism, that is, that the country was obliged to integrate into the currents of civilization and progress in force in the world. For Duarte, the ideas of the conservatives were nothing more than the expression of an anti-national vocation, and he used the neologism of “orcopolitans”, that is, citizens of hell, to describe the “cosmopolitans” (citizens of the world). Many years later he wrote to his friend Félix María Delmonte his thoughts on the matter: 242: 756:

Haitians raided Trinitarios in which they arrested Pedro Pablo Bonilla, Juan Nepomuceno Ravelo, Luis Betances, Silvano Pujols, Manuel José Machado, Norberto Linares, Gabriel José Luna, and Narciso Sanchez, (father of Francisco del Rosario Sánchez), who were immediately sent to Port-au-Prince. Over the next few weeks, Duarte spent from one place to another hiding from the Haitian army in the small citadel that was Santo Domingo because all the houses were guarded and many of Duarte's "traitors," eager to collect a reward, laid in wait for Duarte's whereabouts.

310: 904: 525:, who had conceived the theory of separation of the three powers as a formula to avoid despotism. In addition to the executive, legislative and judicial powers, the draft Constitution introduced municipal power. That is to say, the municipality began to have a dignity similar to that of the other powers, enjoying full autonomy, a relevant issue since it ensured the exercise of citizen rights. With this centrality of the municipality, Duarte was designing a democracy that guaranteed the participatory exercise of citizen rights and duties. 1080: 716: 180: 413:

establish a free, sovereign and independent republic from all foreign domination, which will be called the Dominican Republic; which will have a tricolor pavilion in red and blue quarters crossed by a white cross. Meanwhile, we Trinitarians will be recognized with the sacramental words God, Country and Liberty. This is what I promise before God and the world. If I do this, may God protect me, and if not, take it into account; and my fellow members will punish me for perjury and treason if I sell them.

655:("The Old Jail", which today houses the Museo de la Catedral). (Enrique Patín Veloz said that Manuel Guerrero, a fervent supporter of Duarte, converted the old prison building into a theater for performances).These performances would help ease tension within the people of the Dominican Republic and it was within these performances that group would push revolutionary agendas. For example, Pérez called for a revolution during one performance and the whole crowd cheered and gave a standing ovation. 1136: 1150: 448:

Alfau. In addition to these nine, the immediate accession of several more is noted, who can also be considered founders of the revolutionary organization: Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, Matías Ramón Mella, Vicente Celestino Duarte, Félix María Delmonte, Juan Nepomuceno Tejera, Tomás de la Concha , Jacinto de la Concha, José A. Bonilla, Pedro Carrasco, Epifanio Billini, Joaquín Lluberes, Pedro Pablo Bonilla, Pedro Antonio Bobea, Juan Evangelista Jiménez, Remigio del Castillo and others.

912:

him and exclaimed: “Hail, Father of the Country!” The crowd followed him with a thunderous clamor to the Plaza de Armas, where he was proclaimed General in Chief of the Armies of the Republic. Upon arriving at the Government Palace, Duarte unsheathed his sword and offered it to the Junta, so that it would be the one to decide the further fate of his activities. The Board promoted him to Brigadier General and he complied with this wish in a clear example of respect for the rule of law.

1164: 521:

just laws, the personal, civil and individual freedom, as well as the property and other legitimate rights of all individuals. that compose it.” In another section of the draft Constitution he established: “No power of the earth is unlimited, nor is that of the law.” The democratic conception of the political order was expressed in a complete manner in its proposal that the Dominican State be divided into four powers, and not three as was classical based on the doctrine of

301:

through art – members of the group would create intricate theater acts that they would perform anywhere from people’s homes in front of a dozen onlookers to the stage of La Carcel Vieja – where hundreds would look on. The performances were created to build communities and establish unity among Dominicans. Woven within the plays would be revolutionary political messaging that would push the agendas of the Trinitarios. These works led to the exile of Duarte in 1843.

1094: 877:

Delegate Pedro de Mena who would later have him taken to Santo Domingo. At four in the afternoon on March 6, 1844, “the crossed flag waved for the first time” over Santiago, without a single shot having been fired. The next night, Macorís troops left Santiago, accompanying the Delegate of Mena, with the purpose of achieving the declaration of Puerto Plata for the cause of Independence.With this, Alejandro Llenas affirmed:

1122: 849:

this cause. Mena leaves promptly on March 1st to fulfill his mission in Cotuí, and then in La Vega. The few garrisons that existed there were mostly made up of national guards already committed to the Independence plans, which is why he managed to ensure that the Trinitarios obtained the unanimous support of said populations. Macorís and then Moca, also adhere, without great difficulties, due to the same conditions.

1108: 683:

the Haitian anti-boyeristas Adolfo Nouel, and Artidor Gontieux, they headed that same afternoon to the fortress of the city with the purpose of taking it by force. The revolutionaries were detained in the Cathedral Square by Haitian troops, a brief exchange of words between two groups and then a shootout that resulted in two deaths and five injuries. The Trinitarios had to abandon the plaza and take refuge in

36: 664: 679:. The La Reforma government represented the various sectors that opposed the Boyer regime in recent times but had to respect a large part of the political and military machinery. Upon learning this, Trinitarios send emissaries to Haiti to achieve the combination for the coup. The second emissary, Matías Ramón Mella, managed to make contact and obtain Dominican participation in the revolt. 452:

Duarte had blue, which meant glory, Pérez had yellow, a symbol of politics, Pina had red to mean patriotic passion, and Sánchez had green, for hope. Each one had to look for two more who only knew him, so that in case of betrayal only two would be in danger and not all of the conspirators. In addition, they had an alphabet and touch code to communicate.

391:, Calle del Arquillo, (which was later called Santo Tomás and is currently Calle Arzobispo Nouel), number 255 in front of the Nuestra Señora del Carmen Church. This was the modest house of Doña Josefa Pérez de La Paz (Chepita) and her son, the Juan Isidro Pérez. That day and time was chosen because there would be a crowded procession, and 627:, a more visible organization than La Trinitaria, which spread its separatist ideas by staging theatrical events. La Filantrópica, a society of apparent cultural nature, operated under the motto “Peace, union and friendship.” They held public meetings at Pedro Alejandro Pina's home, as literary evenings. Duarte saw how 632:

the Haitian authorities felt alarmed about one of these works, when “Haiti like Rome” was shouted; However, they decided not to repress the activity because they considered it harmless and that it should even be imitated by young Haitians. The Trinitarios also managed to shake the public by presenting works such as

512:

France has its French monarchy, if even the Haitians have constituted the Haitian Republic, why should the Dominicans be subject, now to France, now to Spain, now to the Haitians themselves, without thinking? in becoming like the others? No, a thousand times! No more domination! Long live the Dominican Republic!”

911:

Duarte arrived in the country on March 15, 1844 from Saint Thomas, where he had contracted malaria. Duarte set foot off the schooner Leonor, a clamor arose of “hosannas” in the crowd that cheered him, and while the cannon of the Fortress fired the ordinance salvo, Archbishop Portes e Infante embraced

682:

The fall of Boyer was known in the eastern part of the Island on the afternoon of March 24, 1843 and immediately the different sectors began to mobilize, each one attending to their respective class interests. However, the young people of Trinitaria did not waste time, and under Duarte, as well as by

563:

The importance he attached to military tasks is evident in the fact that he joined the National Guard, a Haitian military body composed of civilians, and was gradually rising through the ranks, with the hidden intention of acquiring the training that it understood it should possess to dedicate itself

430:

Serra, Ruiz and Ravelo validate their own attendance at that solemn meeting, as do those of Duarte, Pedro Alejandrino Pina and Juan Isidro Pérez. Ravelo's list is incomplete, as he noted that there had been 12 attendees, of whom he only remembered the names of seven. When Emiliano Tejera interrogated

402:

We are convinced that there is no possible merger between Dominicans and Haitians. We are and will be two different peoples. Our destiny is to be independent, absolutely independent. Our society will be called La Trinitaria because it will be made up of groups of three and we will place it under the

357:

and Europe in 1833. After eleven years of domination, the idea of freedom was planted in Duarte by the captain of the ship that took him to the United States, who questioned him about how he felt to be a "slave." At the age of 20, Duarte began the work of independence by sowing ideas of freedom among

876:

At that moment, the unprecedented and extraordinary spectacle occurred when both groups, hostile and armed, met in the same place in a formal but peaceful manner. In this situation, General Morisset personally proceeded to lower the Haitian flag and “retired as a prisoner of war,” receiving him from

868:

At dawn on the 6th, an emissary sent by Delegate Pedro de Mena arrived in Santiago, and had communicated with General Morisset, commander of the plaza, informing him of the action initiated with the aim of achieving Santiago's pronouncement, taking advantage of the declaration of Independence. Aware

860:

Ezequiel Guerrero, another general who was in Moca, returned early in the morning of March 5 and informed his companions that that town had already spoken out. The group commissions the José Desiderio Valverde to immediately move to La Vega, and coordinate there the strategy that they recommended be

848:

When the Provisional Government was installed on February 28, 1844, one of its first provisions consisted of appointing one of the Trinitarios, Pedro de Mena, as its Delegate to the people of Cibao, with the aim of informing them about the declaration of Independence, and achieving their adhesion to

759:

Word spread in the City that the Haitian tyrant offered 3,000 pesos and the colonel's epaulette for Duarte's head. Sánchez, who was also in hiding, fell ill with pneumonia because upon learning of the persecution against Duarte he traveled to look for him in the Capital, and to escape those who were

702:

However, the alliance between the Trinitarios and Haitian liberals could not be permanent. Duarte, aware of this, proceeded to take advantage of the situation that was presented to them to make contacts with other young people from the interior of the country in order to achieve independence for the

532:

it must always and before all, be its own and never and never be imposed by foreign forces, whether direct, indirect, proximate or remotely; It is and must always be popular in terms of its origin, elective in terms of the way it is organized, representative in terms of the system, republican in its

844:

and was arrested by Haitian authorities, who transferred him as a prisoner to Port-au-Prince, in 1843). These circumstances can be related some aspects of the process of the pronouncements in favor of the cause of Independence, carried out with complete success in the towns of Cibao, which revealed

821:

At dawn on February 28, the flag that María Concepción Bona and her cousin María De Jesús Pina had embroidered was raised for the first time. On the 29th, at 6 in the morning, the Haitian authorities formally handed over their powers, assets, archives, military equipment and properties. Hundreds of

584:

Precisely, this knowledge occurs after the skirmish that Duarte starred in when in the Plaza de Armas, on January 27. He put himself at the head of attacking forces, without achieving his objective, making a tactical retreat to San Cristóbal, where he acquired new troops, which he unites to his own

576:

Duarte's entry into military life was as a corporal in 1834 for his training in the Haitian National Guard. It is worth referring here to a reflection that the writer Washington de Peña makes on this matter when he suggests: "As it is, he is a corporal of the National Guard, who at the same time is

537:

But he did not limit himself to conceiving his proposal from the mere angle of the political system, but rather connected it with social democracy. From its beginnings, his circle was viewed as a conglomerate of whites who opposed the domination of black Haitians. In fact, many of them participated

520:

Although it established that sovereignty resided in the nation (the gathering of all Dominicans), it had to be maintained in accordance with a democratic order. Article 20 of the draft Constitution reads: “The Nation is obliged to preserve and protect, through its Delegates and in favor of wise and

516:

A second aspect of Duarte's conceptions was his attachment to legality, since he sought to establish a regime based on the norms of institutions, and not on the accidental conveniences of individuals. His draft Constitution contains several sections dedicated to ratifying the obligation to obey the

506:

His attitude was contrary to other Creole sectors that advocated returning to Spain, France, Great Britain, and the United States. During the aforementioned conversation, Duarte highlighted how pertinent it was to create an independent republic, not only free from the Haitians, but from all foreign

852:

The situation in Santiago, however, was very different from that of other towns. The larger Haitian military force was concentrated there in Cibao, commanded by General Morisset. Its garrison consisted of a company of grenadiers, one of artillery, another of gendarmerie, a fourth of police and the

631:

used theatre to raise public sentiment and keep spirits high and as a result, wanted to bring it to the Dominican Republic. The first was “Free Rome” a tragedy in five acts by Antonio Saviñón, and he appeared at a private house with the permission required by the Haitian authorities. At some point

511:

the Dominicans who on so many occasions have gloriously shed their blood, have they done so only to seal the affront that in reward for their sacrifices their dominators grant them the grace of kissing their hands? No more humiliation! No more shame! If the Spanish have their Spanish monarchy, and

501:

I admire the Haitian people from the moment when, going through the pages of their history, I find them desperately fighting against excessively superior powers, and I see how they defeat them and how they emerge from the sad condition of slaves to become a free and independent nation. I recognize

447:

there were several categories of members. Tejera, with the endorsement of other scholars on the subject, concluded that those attending the morning meeting were: Duarte, Juan Isidro Pérez, Pedro A. Pina, Jacinto de la Concha, Félix M. Ruiz, José M. Serra, Benito González, Juan N. Ravelo and Felipe

881:

Dominican authorities were organized: General Felipe Vásquez, who was previously governor of La Vega, was in charge of the governorship of Santiago. General Imbert was attached to him. Colonel José Gómez and General Francisco Salcedo were sent with forces to Los Hatos (of the Northwest), with the

727:

The Trinitarios were victims of serious persecution. One of the main centers of conspiracy was the Duarte family home itself. Despite the abuses she received from the dominators, Duarte's sister, Rosa, contributed to the independence work along with a group of friends, who dedicated themselves to

550:

Anyone who contradicts in any way the fundamental principles of our political association places himself ipso facto and outside the Law, for the Law would recognize no more nobility than virtue, nor more vileness than vice, nor more aristocracy than that of talent, the aristocracy of blood being

451:

Each founding member had a pseudonym and an assigned color to protect their identity. Duarte was named president and general of the secret organization, with the power to grant degrees. His close followers received the rank of colonel, and were recognized by a pseudonym and a color. For example,

886:

In these observations, the rapid and well-coordinated movement of patriots, described in this story, was practically duplicated with equal success. This contributed significantly when, twenty-four days later, when there was a new concentration of Dominican forces coming from all over Cibao, the

592:

His vision as a military strategist was demonstrated when he decided to agree to an alliance with the Haitian reformists to overthrow the Boyer's iron dictatorship, since that would allow him to strengthen his positions and weaken the enemy, forcing the division to deepen and then face a weaker

407:

At that moment those present interrupted him and confirmed his decision to fight for the proclamation of the Dominican Republic. It was then that Duarte took out of his pocket a document that everyone had to sign with his blood; but before that solemn act, those present took the following oath,

300:

Acting in three-person cells and communicating through a complex system of passwords and codes, La Trinitaria focused on a three-pronged message of democracy, representative government, and independence for the Dominican Republic. While they focused on radical ideals, they funneled those ideals

572:

political-military organization because its members were convinced that the task they faced was against seasoned troops who had just defeated a much more prepared French enemy. In turn, Duarte appoints nine colonels, thus becoming this entity the driving force behind all independence activity.

412:

In the name of the Most Holy, Augustinian and Indivisible Trinity of Omnipotent God, I swear and promise, by my honor and my conscience, in the hands of our president Juan Pablo Duarte, to cooperate with my person, life and property to the definitive separation of the Haitian government and to

755:

With the fall of the Boyer dictatorship in Haiti, Charles Riviere-Hérard emerged, who moved with his troops to the Capital where he arrived on July 12, 1843. Upon arrival, he stationed his troops in front of the residence of the Duarte family, but Duarte was warned and hidden. On July 14, the

834:

However, the same does not happen with the accounts of the events that occurred during the month of March 1844, in the rest of the incipient nation. Seemingly, the support for the cause of independence was casual and spontaneous, when in reality it is appropriate to specify and highlight the

474:

Various documents report on his conception of the ideal order that the nation should achieve. The main source is the draft Constitution that he prepared between the months of April and June 1844, which was left unfinished due to the events that took place. First, it points out that absolute

365:

began to circulate through the city, with messages against the Haitian Government, established in the eastern part of the island in 1822 and directed by the leader Jean Pierre Boyer. The pasquín soon generated interest in the Capital and throughout the country. In response, Boyer circulated

496:

Duarte was essentially an anti-colonial fighter, a precursor of Dominican anti-imperialism. Like most citizens he understood the merger had failed. Despite this truism, he affirmed, since the beginning to José María Serra, that he was an admirer of the Haitians, clearly establishing:

707:, in exchange for economic and political privileges. The leaders of this movement were the wealthy owner from Azua, Buenaventura Báez, and the bureaucrat Manuel Joaquín Delmonte. The group led by Duarte was the only one that did not consider separation, but rather pure independence. 461: 326:. The name La Trinitaria alludes to the recruitment method, in which each one had the mission of recruiting three additional members, and these in turn did not reveal the identity of the others. The method used was imported by Duarte, who had spent the previous decade in Europe. 813:

At 10 pm on February 27, the conspirators met at the Puerta de la Misericordia and because there was a smaller group than expected, some began to doubt. But a man, Matías Ramón Mella, fired his blunderbuss into the air, encouraging everyone present. From there they went to the

346:, the Haitians invaded the eastern side of Hispaniola, outlawed slavery, and unified the island once again. However, conditions under Haitian rule were no better than they had been under the Spanish, and a growing part of the population became dissatisfied with the situation. 771:

on August 2, 1843 and from there traveled to Caracas, Venezuela. While there, he dedicated himself to raising funds for the independence cause, holding meetings of Dominicans and Venezuelans at his uncle José Prudencio Díez's house to raise funds. The then president, General

425:

The cross is not the sign of suffering; It is the symbol of redemption. The Trinitaria is formed under its aegis, and each of its nine partners is obliged to reconstitute it, as long as one exists, until we fulfill the vow we make to redeem the homeland from the power of the

915:

After the ceremony at the Palace, Duarte hurriedly left for his house to see his beloved mother and his brothers and sisters, the people and the army accompanied him and that was the happiest day for General Juan Pablo Duarte, the army and for the Dominican people.

370:

a publication aimed at controlling the rebellion. Although it was anonymous, the pamphlet was written by José María Serra, who confided his secret to Duarte. Immediately, both joined in the task until one day Duarte encouraged him to deploy more forceful actions.

839:

the extensive and successful work carried out by Matías Ramón Mella, achieving the integration of large sectors of the population of this region into the independence movement. (In fact, it was during this action when after the fall of Boyer, he was denounced in

600:

A large number of facts and demonstrations of Duarte's strategic military expertise can be recounted. Another example of the founder's military courage - which journalist José Rafael Sosa relates - was when he returned to the country in March 1864, during the

593:

enemy. For which he sent Ravelo to Port-au-Prince and when he returned without completing the task, Duarte decided to send Matías Ramón Mella, who managed to reach an agreement with the reformists. And he also demonstrates his gift of command and leadership.

873:, where the rest of the military garrison was located. The Dominican troops, informed of the decision taken by the Haitian commander, entered Santiago quickly and easily, to the San Luis Fortress, where the Morisset' s forces were already located. 564:

to the necessary tasks that would lead to the definitive separation of the Haitian government. For this, he recommended to his fellow students in the underground that they do the same, which resulted in his appointment as General in Chief of the

609:

If I have returned to my country after so many years of absence, it has been to serve it with soul, life and heart, being that I have always been a reason for love among all true Dominicans, and never a stone of scandal, nor an apple of

699:. A Popular Junta was installed in Santo Domingo and was in charge of exercising the function of provisional government, and included Duarte and other patriots who had fought alongside the Haitian liberals to overthrow Boyer. 825:

In a letter written by the Consul of France in Santo Domingo, Eustache de Juchereau de Saint Denys, to the Minister of Foreign Affairs Guizot on March 3, 1844, he narrates “since then the tranquility has been perfect.”

796:

in favor of independence was released, and the fight for independence began to gain the necessary momentum. On February 24, they held an urgent meeting at Sánchez's house to finalize details of National Independence.

483:

That fraction or rather that faction has been, is and will always be anything but Dominican; This is how it is seen in our history, representative of every anti-national party and therefore a born enemy of all our

1917: 313:

Basic minimal (equilateral triangular) version of the "Shield of the Trinity" or "Scutum Fidei" diagram of traditional Christian symbolism, with translated English-language captions (in place of original Latin).

648:, whose staging was quite an event. Several Trinitarios became actors to give life to the characters of the plays, carefully chosen to contribute to the raise awareness about the effects of Haitian domination. 2232: 443:. Tejera concluded that on July 16 there were two meetings, an inaugural one in the morning and another in the afternoon, in which new members joined. Different sources indicate that at the beginning of 938:

forcibly took the reins of the newly formed nation and exiled Duarte. As a result, Santana enacted re-colonization of the country by Spain, making it the only former colony of the Americas to do so.

585:

army. Reorganized and as colonel, second in command of General Desgrottes, he attacks the aforementioned square again, achieving the surrender of it which was commanded by General Alexis Carrié.

934:

The involvement of La Trinitaria is also seen in the early formation of the new republic. Yet for the most part the society's ideology, which was in sync with Duarte's, was not implemented, as

342:. By 1822 the newly independent Haitians were fearful that the French would use the eastern portion of the island to mount an attack on Haiti, and re-establish slavery. Under the leadership of 293:

as a free, sovereign, and independent nation in the 19th century. Their main goal was to protect their newly liberated country from all foreign invasion. They helped bring about the end of the

2125: 671:

After some major fighting in southern Haiti in early 1843, the Reform movement crushed all resistance from the forces of the Boyer regime. A provisional government was established in

981: 577:

General in Chief of the Army in the formation of a new republic." He reached the rank of captain in 1842 and colonel in 1843, until his appointment was canceled by order of General

97: 793: 597:

Duarte was posthumously promoted to the rank of General of the Army of the Dominican Republic, by Decree N0. 32-94. (This rank is 4 stars and higher than Lieutenant General.)

619:

By 1840, the Haitian government suspected a possible conspiracy in Santo Domingo, while La Trinitaria grew in followers. Duarte and his followers also founded the societies

776:, despite his promises to help, his words do not materialize and therefore Duarte leaves for Curacao on December 15, 1843 and from there enter Santo Domingo clandestinely. 950:- (1813–1876) was a Spanish-Dominican military leader, writer, activist, and nationalist politician who was the foremost of the founding fathers of the Dominican Republic. 1891: 749: 421:, to formalize their union, the Trinitarios read the Trinitarian Oath and signed it with their own blood, placing a cross before each person's name. Duarte then said: 784:

Meanwhile, the Trinitarios continued the fight in Duarte's absence. Leadership was transferred to Sánchez, who corresponded with Duarte during the latter's exile in

729: 542:

The whites, blacks, mixed, crusaders marching serenely united and daring, let's save the Homeland from vile tyrants, and let us show the world that we are brothers.

996: 107: 93: 1838: 667:

By the end of the 1830s, opposition against the Boyer regime continued to erupt on the island, finally reaching its climate after the 1842 earthquake in Haiti.

2640: 581:

on June 14 of that same year. Such provision is carried out due to Herard's knowledge of the insurrectionist activities to which the patrician was dedicated.

2471: 398:

In that house he met with eight of his friends and they established the La Trinitaria Secret Society. In that memorable meeting, Duarte told those present:

987: 101: 2339: 2016: 1918:"¿Por qué no se celebra el día de la llegada del General Juan Pablo Duarte a la República Dominicana luego de su primer exilio el 15 de marzo de 1844?" 975: 2560: 2222: 2217: 651:

Hoping to increase nationalism, the members of these two groups would rehearse theatre acts in people's homes and perform in front of hundreds in

2595: 2305: 1863: 1032: 1788: 1745: 1702: 1659: 1616: 1573: 1502: 1459: 1416: 1373: 1318: 588:

One of the scholars of Duarte's military life, Alfonso Torres Ulloa, referring to Duarte's military skills, does so with the following words:

687:, where they pressured the commander of arms to express his support for the Reform. Likewise, they received support from other cities such as 2645: 1292: 2610: 2400: 2395: 2344: 2115: 2390: 2300: 2156: 2054: 818:

where the Declaration of Independence was made and the Central Government Board was installed, chaired by Francisco Del Rosario Sánchez.

728:

manufacturing cartridges for the revolution. In addition, they turned the lead sheets left in Juan José Duarte's warehouse into bullets.

555:

Rosa Duarte herself refers that, when the principle of racial unity was fought, her brother proceeded to destroy the draft Constitution.

395:

considered that it would be more convenient to keep the secret than holding the meeting in a remote place or in the early morning hours.

1017:- (1807–1855) was a French-Dominican general who is one of the most legendary military figures in the history of the Dominican Republic. 2635: 2424: 492:

As long as the traitors are not punished, as they should be, the good and true Dominicans will always be victims of their machinations.

2489: 2461: 2451: 2207: 2605: 2283: 2242: 2237: 2192: 1519: 2615: 2378: 2009: 2600: 2504: 2441: 2383: 2290: 2166: 488:

Duarte maintained his intransigence against the conservative annexationists throughout his life. On one occasion he indicated:

2310: 1772: 1729: 1686: 1643: 1600: 1557: 1486: 1443: 1400: 1357: 281:

founded in 1838 in what today is known as Arzobispo Nouel Street, across from the "Del Carmen's Church" in the then occupied

551:

forever abolished as contrary to the unity of race, which is one of the fundamental principles of our political association.

334:

In 1821, the once-vibrant economic powerhouse known as the Colony of Santo Domingo began its fight for what is known as the

1225: 805: 573:

Duarte's educational activities began to include shooting and fencing classes, in order to prepare his disciples for war.

684: 2446: 2410: 2295: 2227: 2187: 2175: 2083: 294: 2466: 2334: 2329: 2273: 2256: 2049: 2002: 2553: 2481: 2405: 2358: 2268: 2034: 768: 835:

extraordinary proselytizing work carried out by the Trinitarios throughout the national scope, starting in 1838. In

2534: 2529: 2499: 2278: 1255: 959: 645: 432: 338:. But unfortunately, the newly independent state lacked support and the leaders were unable to secure a deal with 246: 228: 2620: 2524: 2436: 2212: 2197: 1177: 741: 2630: 2514: 1182: 887:

Dominican forces confronted, combated and defeated the invading Haitian troops, this time commanded by General

358:

his friends, to whom he gave free education in his father's hardware store, located on Las Atarazanas Street.

1068:

is overlapped with the establishment of one nation by the three founding fathers: Duarte, Sánchez, and Mella.

605:, where Duarte shows his intention to join the battles that took place. they carried out, and ends by saying: 418: 2519: 2317: 2110: 1192: 696: 2569: 737: 720: 676: 578: 2509: 854: 2625: 2574: 2322: 2120: 2100: 2095: 1197: 1085: 892: 602: 379: 387:

The foundation of the Trinitarios took place on July 16, 1838, at 11 in the morning, in the city of

1020: 688: 1809: 2043: 1301: 953: 436: 254: 232: 2061: 528:

The above led him to include in the draft Constitution a definition of the type of government:

522: 145: 546:

The democratic social criterion is developed in a text of his transcribed by his sister Rosa:

26: 1044: 2066: 1155: 1141: 1008: 969: 788:, and Mella, who pursued a joint liberal-conservative alliance with the senior politician, 89: 85: 1002: 476: 81: 8: 2146: 767:

Despite numerous spies and patrols in the streets, Duarte managed to escape. He left for

2025: 1782: 1739: 1696: 1653: 1610: 1567: 1496: 1453: 1410: 1367: 1312: 1061: 888: 870: 290: 185: 2135: 1014: 956:- (1816–1864) was a Spanish-Dominican revolutionary, politician, and military general. 903: 857:

and his brothers Manuel and Sebastián, Manuel Román and his brothers and Pedro Tapia.

789: 745: 309: 2456: 1857: 1768: 1725: 1682: 1639: 1596: 1553: 1482: 1439: 1396: 1353: 1202: 1187: 947: 392: 350: 343: 286: 250: 241: 224: 211: 77: 2071: 715: 2141: 1169: 815: 773: 637: 269: 201: 1892:"6 de marzo de 1844: Estrategia de los Trinitarios para la liberación de Santiago" 1300:. Vol. Colección Duartiana, vol II. Santo Domingo. p. 49. Archived from 1285:

Apuntes para la historia de los Trinitarios, fundadores de la República Dominicana

2131: 963: 809:

Proclamation of the Dominican Republic at Puerto del Conde on February 27, 1844.

2370: 2077: 1038: 1026: 862: 845:

that Duarte's ideal had been deeply and widely embraced throughout the region.

672: 278: 2089: 1994: 822:

people were celebrating in the streets and had moved to the People's Capital.

752:, sacrificed themselves and promoted plots against domination in their homes. 502:

him as the possessor of two eminent virtues, the love of freedom and courage;

2589: 2494: 1127: 993:

Felipe Alfau - (1818–1878) was a Venezuelan-Dominican soldier and politician.

935: 388: 354: 339: 289:, and a group of like minded young people, led the struggle to establish the 282: 1113: 1099: 733: 323: 761: 49: 2202: 1023:- (1806–1847) was an Afro-Dominican politician and military commander. 1011:- (1820–1870) was a Spanish-Dominican military leader and politician. 785: 1552:] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo. pp. 140–141. 1438:] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo. pp. 139–140. 1041:- (1808–1854) was a Spanish-Dominican politician and revolutionary. 990:- (1811–1883) was a Spanish-Dominican revolutionary and politician. 972:- (1819–1886) was a Spanish-Dominican revolutionary and politician. 841: 383:

Illustration of the foundation of the Trinitarios by José Alloza.

1065: 1005:- (1817–1868) was a Spanish-Dominican revolutionary, politician. 999:- (1815–1885) was a Spanish-Dominican revolutionary and colonel. 692: 2151: 1767:] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo. p. 143. 1724:] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo. p. 143. 1681:] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo. p. 142. 1638:] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo. p. 141. 1595:] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo. p. 141. 1481:] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo. p. 140. 1395:] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo. p. 138. 1352:] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santo Domingo. p. 137. 1035:- (1816–1847) was an Afro-Dominican revolutionary and militant. 704: 460: 35: 1029:- (1811–1871) was an Afro-Dominican revolutionary and soldier. 285:, the current capital of the Dominican Republic. The founder, 984:- (1819–1888) was a Spanish-Dominican revolutionary and hero. 836: 663: 628: 245:

Statues of the three founding fathers. From left to right:

1839:"La Trinitaria, el movimiento más importante y visionario" 1256:"Los Trinitarios, jóvenes que asumieron reto – LA COLMENA" 1220: 1218: 1064:. The usage is a play on words whereby the concept of the 941: 1047:- (1813–1884) was a Spanish-Dominican military commander. 675:

under the leadership of the Reformation military leader,

1520:"Duarte combatiente anticolonialista, nunca fue racista" 1215: 1290: 924: 710: 361:

While this was happening, a handwritten sheet called

16:

19th-century secret society in the Dominican Republic

1075: 1060:

may also refer to the three founding fathers of the

882:

mission of planting the crossed flag on the border.

760:looking for him he spent the night swimming in the 417:After having said the oath, According to historian 800: 658: 978:- (1815–1891) was a Spanish-Dominican politician. 2587: 1282: 779: 533:essence and responsible in terms of its actions. 431:Duarte in Caracas, in 1864, he pointed out that 353:returned to the country from his studies in the 2024: 1947:Quisqueya: A History of the Dominican Republic 1837:lectura, Diario Libre| 4 min de (2023-02-15). 2641:1838 establishments in the Dominican Republic 2010: 1287:. Santo Domingo: Imprenta de García Hermanos. 919: 1968:The Dominican Republic: A Caribbean Crucible 1954:The Dominican Republic: Nation in Transition 792:. Thanks to this, on January 16, 1844, the 1991:. Trujillo, Peru: Impresa Dominicana, 1956. 1862:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1278: 1276: 907:Painting of Duarte's return to his homeland 2017: 2003: 1974: 1787:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1744:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1701:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1658:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1615:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1572:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1501:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1458:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1415:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1372:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1330: 1328: 1317:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 40:Meeting between Duarte and the Trinitarios 34: 25: 455: 1273: 902: 804: 714: 662: 640:. In addition, they presented the drama 614: 459: 378: 308: 240: 1836: 1325: 942:Members of Secret Society La Trinitaria 829: 2596:19th century in the Dominican Republic 2588: 1922:El Nuevo Diario (República Dominicana) 1915: 1998: 1889: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1832: 1830: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1758: 1715: 1672: 1629: 1586: 1543: 1472: 1429: 1386: 1343: 268: 2646:Organizations disestablished in 1844 1514: 1512: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1242: 558: 2611:Dominican Republic political people 1759:Cassá, Roberto (19 February 2024). 1716:Cassá, Roberto (19 February 2024). 1673:Cassá, Roberto (19 February 2024). 1630:Cassá, Roberto (19 February 2024). 1587:Cassá, Roberto (19 February 2024). 1544:Cassá, Roberto (19 February 2024). 1473:Cassá, Roberto (19 February 2024). 1430:Cassá, Roberto (19 February 2024). 1387:Cassá, Roberto (19 February 2024). 1344:Cassá, Roberto (19 February 2024). 925:Duarte's proclamation to Presidency 711:Persecution against the Trinitarios 295:Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo 13: 2116:Spanish occupation 1861–1865 1966:Wiarda, Howard J, Kryzanek, M. J, 1870: 1827: 1795: 898: 568:. It is historical knowledge that 14: 2657: 2636:Organizations established in 1838 1509: 1239: 2165: 1162: 1148: 1134: 1120: 1106: 1092: 1078: 178: 2606:Dominican Republic nationalists 2126:U.S. occupation 1916–1924 1939: 1909: 1752: 1709: 1666: 1623: 1580: 1537: 1291:Pedro Troncoso Sánchez (2010). 801:Birth of the Dominican Republic 659:Revolution against Boyer regime 2616:Dominican Republic nationalism 1984:. Madrid, Spain: EDISOL, 1951. 1466: 1423: 1380: 1337: 1051: 1: 2601:Dominican War of Independence 1987:Machado Báez, Manuel Arturo. 1208: 1193:Dominican War of Independence 960:Francisco del Rosario Sánchez 780:Preparations for independence 646:Francisco Martínez de la Rosa 465: 433:Francisco del Rosario Sánchez 247:Francisco del Rosario Sánchez 229:Francisco del Rosario Sánchez 1890:Libre, Diario (2015-05-02). 966:politician and revolutionary 742:María Baltasara de los Reyes 464:Assembly of the Trinitarios 374: 304: 7: 1982:La ideal de los trinitarios 1916:Vargas, Juan (2023-03-15). 1071: 634:Day of the Year 23 in Cádiz 408:written by Duarte himself: 10: 2662: 1226:"Juan Pablo Duarte Square" 929: 920:Clashes with conservatives 329: 322:was given in honor of the 2547: 2480: 2432: 2423: 2366: 2357: 2264: 2255: 2183: 2174: 2163: 2101:Unification of Hispaniola 2033: 1283:José María Serra (1887). 1198:Dominican Restoration War 1086:Dominican Republic portal 603:Dominican Restoration War 217: 207: 195: 169: 159: 151: 141: 131: 113: 73: 55: 45: 33: 24: 1810:""El Duarte uniformado"" 719:Illustration of General 636:, by the Spanish writer 1975:Additional Bibliography 1228:. NYCGovParks.org. 2000 855:José Desiderio Valverde 270:[latɾiniˈtaɾja] 119:; 180 years ago 61:; 186 years ago 2621:Independence movements 2062:Devastations of Osorio 1980:Henríquez Ureña, Max. 1961:The Dominican Republic 1761:Personajes Dominicanos 1718:Personajes Dominicanos 1675:Personajes Dominicanos 1632:Personajes Dominicanos 1589:Personajes Dominicanos 1546:Personajes Dominicanos 1475:Personajes Dominicanos 1432:Personajes Dominicanos 1389:Personajes Dominicanos 1346:Personajes Dominicanos 997:Juan Nepomuceno Ravelo 908: 884: 810: 738:María Trinidad Sánchez 724: 721:Charles-Rivière Hérard 677:Charles Rivière-Hérard 668: 612: 595: 579:Charles Rivière-Hérard 553: 544: 535: 523:Charles de Montesquieu 514: 504: 494: 486: 471: 456:Ideology and teachings 428: 419:Mariano Lebrón Saviñón 415: 405: 384: 363:The Spanish Dominican, 336:Ephemeral Independence 315: 258: 163:Dominican independence 146:Revolutionary movement 108:Juan Nepomuceno Ravelo 2631:Masonic organizations 1045:Juan Alejandro Acosta 962:- (1817–1861) was an 906: 879: 808: 718: 666: 615:Theatrical activities 607: 590: 548: 540: 530: 509: 499: 490: 481: 463: 423: 410: 400: 382: 312: 244: 165:Dominican nationalism 2472:Water and sanitation 1765:Dominican Characters 1722:Dominican Characters 1679:Dominican Characters 1636:Dominican Characters 1593:Dominican Characters 1550:Dominican Characters 1479:Dominican Characters 1436:Dominican Characters 1393:Dominican Characters 1350:Dominican Characters 1294:Episodios duartianos 1260:colmena.intec.edu.do 1156:United States portal 1142:Great Britain portal 1009:Pedro Alejandro Pina 970:Jacinto de la Concha 830:Organizing the Cibao 730:Josefa Antonia Pérez 642:The Widow of Padilla 439:immediately entered 297:from 1822 to 1844. 117:August 22, 1844 90:Jacinto de la Concha 86:Pedro Alejandro Pina 2284:Chamber of Deputies 2147:Dominican Civil War 2111:War of Independence 1307:on 6 February 2011. 1021:José Joaquín Puello 750:María De Jesús Pina 21: 2401:Telecommunications 2084:Spanish reconquest 2055:Colonial governors 2026:Dominican Republic 1952:Wiarda, Howard J, 1062:Dominican Republic 954:Matías Ramón Mella 909: 893:Battle of Santiago 889:Jean-Louis Pierrot 811: 725: 669: 472: 437:Matías Ramón Mella 385: 316: 291:Dominican Republic 259: 255:Matías Ramón Mella 233:Matías Ramón Mella 197:Official language 186:Dominican Republic 59:July 16, 1838 19: 2583: 2582: 2543: 2542: 2419: 2418: 2353: 2352: 2340:Political parties 2301:Foreign relations 2251: 2250: 2157:COVID-19 pandemic 1774:978-9945-586-04-6 1731:978-9945-586-04-6 1688:978-9945-586-04-6 1645:978-9945-586-04-6 1602:978-9945-586-04-6 1559:978-9945-586-04-6 1488:978-9945-586-04-6 1445:978-9945-586-04-6 1402:978-9945-586-04-6 1359:978-9945-586-04-6 1188:Juan Pablo Duarte 1003:Juan Isidro Pérez 948:Juan Pablo Duarte 871:San Luis Fortress 559:Military training 477:Buenaventura Báez 393:Juan Pablo Duarte 351:Juan Pablo Duarte 344:Jean Pierre Boyer 287:Juan Pablo Duarte 251:Juan Pablo Duarte 239: 238: 225:Juan Pablo Duarte 212:Juan Pablo Duarte 82:Juan Isidro Pérez 78:Juan Pablo Duarte 2653: 2626:Secret societies 2563: 2556: 2430: 2429: 2374: 2364: 2363: 2262: 2261: 2181: 2180: 2169: 2142:Parsley massacre 2019: 2012: 2005: 1996: 1995: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1929: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1903: 1887: 1868: 1867: 1861: 1853: 1851: 1850: 1834: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1821: 1806: 1793: 1792: 1786: 1778: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1743: 1735: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1700: 1692: 1670: 1664: 1663: 1657: 1649: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1614: 1606: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1571: 1563: 1541: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1516: 1507: 1506: 1500: 1492: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1457: 1449: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1414: 1406: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1371: 1363: 1341: 1335: 1332: 1323: 1322: 1316: 1308: 1306: 1299: 1288: 1280: 1271: 1270: 1268: 1267: 1252: 1237: 1236: 1234: 1233: 1222: 1172: 1170:Caribbean portal 1167: 1166: 1165: 1158: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1144: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1130: 1125: 1124: 1123: 1116: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1088: 1083: 1082: 1081: 982:José María Serra 976:Felix Maria Ruiz 816:Puerta del Conde 774:Carlos Soublette 723:by José Alloza. 638:Eugenio de Ochoa 470: 467: 272: 267: 188: 184: 182: 181: 127: 125: 120: 98:José María Serra 94:Félix María Ruiz 69: 67: 62: 38: 29: 22: 18: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2651: 2650: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2566: 2559: 2552: 2539: 2476: 2462:Public holidays 2415: 2372: 2349: 2247: 2223:Protected areas 2198:Ciudad Colonial 2170: 2161: 2136:Héctor Trujillo 2121:Restoration War 2029: 2023: 1977: 1945:Rodman Selden, 1942: 1937: 1936: 1927: 1925: 1914: 1910: 1901: 1899: 1888: 1871: 1855: 1854: 1848: 1846: 1835: 1828: 1819: 1817: 1808: 1807: 1796: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1757: 1753: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1714: 1710: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1671: 1667: 1651: 1650: 1646: 1628: 1624: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1585: 1581: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1542: 1538: 1529: 1527: 1518: 1517: 1510: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1471: 1467: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1428: 1424: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1385: 1381: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1326: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1297: 1281: 1274: 1265: 1263: 1254: 1253: 1240: 1231: 1229: 1224: 1223: 1216: 1211: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1154: 1149: 1147: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1054: 1015:Antonio Duvergé 988:Benito Gonzálaz 944: 932: 927: 922: 901: 899:Duarte's return 832: 803: 790:Tomás Bobadilla 782: 746:Concepción Bona 713: 661: 653:La Carcel Vieja 621:La Filantrópica 617: 566:Liberation Army 561: 468: 458: 377: 332: 307: 265: 235: 231: 227: 220: 198: 191: 179: 177: 176: 164: 137:La Filantropica 136: 123: 121: 118: 106: 104: 102:Benito González 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 65: 63: 60: 41: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2659: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2565: 2564: 2557: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2486: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2376: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2326: 2325: 2315: 2314: 2313: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2218:Municipalities 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2184: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2130:Trujillo Era ( 2128: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2086: 2081: 2078:Era de Francia 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2058: 2057: 2047: 2039: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2028: articles 2022: 2021: 2014: 2007: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1985: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1964: 1957: 1950: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1908: 1869: 1826: 1794: 1773: 1751: 1730: 1708: 1687: 1665: 1644: 1622: 1601: 1579: 1558: 1536: 1508: 1487: 1465: 1444: 1422: 1401: 1379: 1358: 1336: 1324: 1272: 1238: 1213: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1203:Six Years' War 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1159: 1145: 1131: 1117: 1103: 1089: 1073: 1070: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1042: 1039:Manuel Jiménes 1036: 1030: 1027:Eusebio Puello 1024: 1018: 1012: 1006: 1000: 994: 991: 985: 979: 973: 967: 964:Afro-Dominican 957: 951: 943: 940: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 900: 897: 863:Manuel Jimenes 831: 828: 802: 799: 781: 778: 712: 709: 673:Port-au-Prince 660: 657: 616: 613: 560: 557: 457: 454: 445:La Trinitaria, 376: 373: 331: 328: 306: 303: 279:secret society 237: 236: 223: 221: 218: 215: 214: 209: 205: 204: 199: 196: 193: 192: 190: 189: 173: 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 153: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 133: 132:Merger of 129: 128: 115: 111: 110: 75: 71: 70: 57: 53: 52: 47: 43: 42: 39: 31: 30: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2658: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2506: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2106:La Trinitaria 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2096:Spanish Haiti 2094: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2050:Santo Domingo 2048: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1990: 1989:La Trinitaria 1986: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1923: 1919: 1912: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1865: 1859: 1844: 1840: 1833: 1831: 1815: 1811: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1790: 1784: 1776: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1755: 1747: 1741: 1733: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1712: 1704: 1698: 1690: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1669: 1661: 1655: 1647: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1626: 1618: 1612: 1604: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1583: 1575: 1569: 1561: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1540: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1513: 1504: 1498: 1490: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1469: 1461: 1455: 1447: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1426: 1418: 1412: 1404: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1383: 1375: 1369: 1361: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1340: 1334:Ibídem, p. 50 1331: 1329: 1320: 1314: 1303: 1296: 1295: 1286: 1279: 1277: 1261: 1257: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1227: 1221: 1219: 1214: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1160: 1157: 1146: 1143: 1132: 1129: 1128:France portal 1118: 1115: 1104: 1101: 1090: 1087: 1076: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058:La Trinitaria 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1033:Gabino Puello 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 961: 958: 955: 952: 949: 946: 945: 939: 937: 936:Pedro Santana 917: 913: 905: 896: 894: 890: 883: 878: 874: 872: 866: 865:and others). 864: 858: 856: 850: 846: 843: 838: 827: 823: 819: 817: 807: 798: 795: 791: 787: 777: 775: 770: 765: 763: 757: 753: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 722: 717: 708: 706: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 685:San Cristóbal 680: 678: 674: 665: 656: 654: 649: 647: 643: 639: 635: 630: 626: 622: 611: 606: 604: 598: 594: 589: 586: 582: 580: 574: 571: 570:La Trinitaria 567: 556: 552: 547: 543: 539: 534: 529: 526: 524: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 489: 485: 480: 478: 462: 453: 449: 446: 442: 441:La Trinitaria 438: 434: 427: 422: 420: 414: 409: 404: 399: 396: 394: 390: 389:Santo Domingo 381: 372: 369: 368:La Chicharra, 364: 359: 356: 355:United States 352: 347: 345: 341: 340:Gran Colombia 337: 327: 325: 321: 320:La Trinitaria 311: 302: 298: 296: 292: 288: 284: 283:Santo Domingo 280: 276: 271: 263: 262:La Trinitaria 256: 252: 248: 243: 234: 230: 226: 222: 216: 213: 210: 206: 203: 200: 194: 187: 175: 174: 172: 168: 162: 158: 154: 150: 147: 144: 140: 135:La Dramatica 134: 130: 116: 112: 109: 105:Felipe Alfau 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 76: 72: 58: 54: 51: 48: 44: 37: 32: 28: 23: 20:La Trinitaria 2505:Coat of arms 2442:Demographics 2384:Central Bank 2306:Human rights 2291:Constitution 2105: 2088: 2076: 2042: 1988: 1981: 1967: 1960: 1953: 1946: 1940:Bibliography 1926:. Retrieved 1924:(in Spanish) 1921: 1911: 1900:. Retrieved 1898:(in Spanish) 1896:Diario Libre 1895: 1847:. Retrieved 1845:(in Spanish) 1843:Diario Libre 1842: 1818:. Retrieved 1816:(in Spanish) 1813: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1721: 1717: 1711: 1678: 1674: 1668: 1635: 1631: 1625: 1592: 1588: 1582: 1549: 1545: 1539: 1528:. Retrieved 1526:(in Spanish) 1523: 1478: 1474: 1468: 1435: 1431: 1425: 1392: 1388: 1382: 1349: 1345: 1339: 1302:the original 1293: 1289:Citado por: 1284: 1264:. Retrieved 1262:. 2015-02-26 1259: 1230:. Retrieved 1114:Spain portal 1100:Haiti portal 1057: 1055: 933: 914: 910: 885: 880: 875: 867: 859: 851: 847: 833: 824: 820: 812: 783: 769:Saint Thomas 766: 758: 754: 734:Ana Valverde 726: 701: 681: 670: 652: 650: 641: 633: 625:La Dramática 624: 620: 618: 608: 599: 596: 591: 587: 583: 575: 569: 565: 562: 554: 549: 545: 541: 536: 531: 527: 519: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 491: 487: 484:revolutions. 482: 473: 450: 444: 440: 429: 424: 416: 411: 406: 401: 397: 386: 367: 362: 360: 348: 335: 333: 324:Holy Trinity 319: 317: 299: 274: 261: 260: 152:Legal status 2323:enforcement 2311:LGBT rights 2090:España Boba 2067:Slave trade 1959:Bell, Ian, 1052:Other usage 762:Ozama River 469: 1838 275:The Trinity 50:The Trinity 46:Named after 2590:Categories 2520:Literature 2373:(currency) 2203:Hispaniola 1928:2024-04-10 1902:2024-03-28 1849:2024-03-27 1820:2024-03-27 1530:2024-04-06 1266:2024-03-25 1232:2010-07-26 1209:References 1178:Blue Party 219:Key people 124:1844-08-22 66:1838-07-16 2447:Education 2411:Transport 2391:Companies 2345:President 2296:Elections 2228:Provinces 2213:Mountains 2176:Geography 2044:Cacicazgo 1783:cite book 1740:cite book 1697:cite book 1654:cite book 1611:cite book 1568:cite book 1497:cite book 1454:cite book 1411:cite book 1368:cite book 1313:cite book 1183:Red Party 891:, in the 794:manifesto 786:Venezuela 426:Haitians. 375:Formation 318:The name 305:Etymology 155:Dissolved 114:Dissolved 56:Formation 2570:Category 2467:Religion 2457:Language 2335:Politics 2330:Military 2274:Congress 2257:Politics 2243:Wildlife 1858:cite web 1072:See also 697:Santiago 610:discord. 277:) was a 266:Spanish: 170:Location 2554:Outline 2510:Cuisine 2482:Culture 2425:Society 2406:Tourism 2359:Economy 2269:Cabinet 2233:Regions 2208:Islands 2072:Maroons 2035:History 1970:(1982). 1963:(1981). 1956:(1969). 1949:(1964). 1066:Trinity 1056:Today, 930:Decline 507:power: 349:A man, 330:History 202:Spanish 160:Purpose 122: ( 74:Founder 64: ( 2575:Portal 2535:Sports 2530:People 2500:Cinema 2490:Anthem 2452:Health 2396:Energy 2279:Senate 2238:Rivers 2193:Cities 2188:Border 2152:DOMREP 2132:Rafael 1814:Acento 1771: 1728: 1685: 1642: 1599: 1556: 1524:Acento 1485: 1442: 1399: 1356: 705:France 208:Leader 183: 2561:Index 2525:Music 2437:Crime 2379:Banks 2371:Peso 1763:[ 1720:[ 1677:[ 1634:[ 1591:[ 1548:[ 1477:[ 1434:[ 1391:[ 1348:[ 1305:(PDF) 1298:(PDF) 842:Cotuí 837:Cibao 644:, by 629:Spain 2515:Flag 2134:and 1864:link 1789:link 1769:ISBN 1746:link 1726:ISBN 1703:link 1683:ISBN 1660:link 1640:ISBN 1617:link 1597:ISBN 1574:link 1554:ISBN 1503:link 1483:ISBN 1460:link 1440:ISBN 1417:link 1397:ISBN 1374:link 1354:ISBN 1319:link 695:and 693:Baní 689:Azua 623:and 435:and 253:and 142:Type 2495:Art 2318:Law 2592:: 1920:. 1894:. 1872:^ 1860:}} 1856:{{ 1841:. 1829:^ 1812:. 1797:^ 1785:}} 1781:{{ 1742:}} 1738:{{ 1699:}} 1695:{{ 1656:}} 1652:{{ 1613:}} 1609:{{ 1570:}} 1566:{{ 1522:. 1511:^ 1499:}} 1495:{{ 1456:}} 1452:{{ 1413:}} 1409:{{ 1370:}} 1366:{{ 1327:^ 1315:}} 1311:{{ 1275:^ 1258:. 1241:^ 1217:^ 895:. 764:. 748:, 744:, 740:, 736:, 732:, 691:, 466:c. 273:, 249:, 2138:) 2018:e 2011:t 2004:v 1931:. 1905:. 1866:) 1852:. 1823:. 1791:) 1777:. 1748:) 1734:. 1705:) 1691:. 1662:) 1648:. 1619:) 1605:. 1576:) 1562:. 1533:. 1505:) 1491:. 1462:) 1448:. 1419:) 1405:. 1376:) 1362:. 1321:) 1269:. 1235:. 264:( 257:. 126:) 68:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.