1598:
1577:
1554:
1533:
666:
643:
31:
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1401:, persistently reduce cardiac output during exercise. The peripheral vascular resistance decreases when labetalol is first administered. Continuous labetalol use further decreases peripheral vascular resistance. However, during exercise, cardiac output remains the same due to a compensatory mechanism that increases
1639:
Labetalol was the first drug created that combined both α- and β-adrenergic receptor blocking properties. It was created to potentially fix the compensatory reflex issue that occurred when blocking a single receptor subtype, i.e. vasoconstriction after blocking β-adrenergic receptors or tachycardia
1455:
is a primary or secondary amine separated from a substituted benzene ring by one or two carbons. This configuration results in strong agonist activity. As the size of the substituent attached to the amine becomes greater, particularly with respect to a t-butyl group, then the molecule typically is
1460:
without intrinsic activity, and is, therefore, an antagonist. Labetalol, with its 1-methyl-3-phenylpropyl substituted amine, is greater in size relative to a t-butyl group and therefore acts predominantly as an antagonist. The overall structure of labetalol is very polar. This was created by
1382:-adrenergic receptors should decrease heart rate, but labetalol does not. When labetalol is given in acute situations, it decreases the peripheral vascular resistance and systemic blood pressure while having little effect on the heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume, despite its α
1640:
after blocking α-adrenergic receptors. Because the reflex from blocking the single receptor subtypes acted to prevent the lowering of blood pressure, it was postulated that weak blocking of both α- and β-adrenergic receptors could work together to decrease blood pressure.
985:
more favorable for such purposes. The rate of unopposed α-stimulation with selective beta blockers has been reported to be 0.4%, whereas no cases of unopposed α-stimulation have been reported with dual alpha and beta blockers like labetalol.
1442:
including rats, rabbits, and dogs, was found to cross into the brain in negligible amounts, probably for reasons other than low lipophilicity. On the other hand, the drug has been shown to cross the blood–placenta barrier in humans.
977:. Other beta blockers are also used. However, the controversial yet possible phenomenon of "unopposed α-stimulation" with administration of selective beta blockers to block non-selective sympathomimetics potentially makes dual
3019:
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Antagonist Drugs. In: Katzung BG, Masters SB, Trevor AJ, eds. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology. 12th ed. San Francisco, CA: McGraw Hill Lange Medical; 2012: 151–168.
1297:
Labetalol's dual α- and β-adrenergic antagonism has different physiological effects in short- and long-term situations. In short-term, acute situations, labetalol decreases blood pressure by decreasing
1461:
substituting the isopropyl group in the standard beta blocker structure with an aralkyl group, including a carboxamide group on the meta position, and by adding a hydroxyl group on the para position.
2069:
Richards JR, Albertson TE, Derlet RW, Lange RA, Olson KR, Horowitz BZ (May 2015). "Treatment of toxicity from amphetamines, related derivatives, and analogues: a systematic clinical review".
1286:, α to β blockade ratio is 1:7. Thus, the labetalol can be thought to be a beta blocker with some α-blocking effects. By comparison, labetalol is a weaker β-adrenergic receptor blocker than
260:
997:
Nursing: breast milk has been shown to contain small amounts of labetalol (0.004% original dose). Prescribers should be cautious in the use of labetalol for nursing mothers.
2111:
Richards JR, Hollander JE, Ramoska EA, Fareed FN, Sand IC, Izquierdo Gómez MM, et al. (May 2017). "β-Blockers, Cocaine, and the
Unopposed α-Stimulation Phenomenon".
3388:
2938:
2742:
Peacock WF, Hilleman DE, Levy PD, Rhoney DH, Varon J (July 2012). "A systematic review of nicardipine vs labetalol for the management of hypertensive crises".
1378:
The physiological effects of labetalol when administered acutely (intravenously) are not predictable solely by their receptor blocking effect, i.e. blocking β
215:
1620:
It is chemically designated in
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature as 2-hydroxy-5-ethyl]benzamide monohydrochloride.
3465:
994:
Pregnancy: studies in lab animals showed no harm to the baby. However, a comparable well-controlled study has not been performed in pregnant women.
735:
4330:
4310:
109:
1344:
effect can decrease blood pressure. It was originally reported to lack ISA, but a slight degree of activity was subsequently characterized.
1075:
is more severe and more common with IV formulation (58% vs 1%) and is often the reason larger doses of the oral formulation cannot be used.
3381:
2475:
MacCarthy EP, Bloomfield SS (August 1983). "Labetalol: a review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses and adverse effects".
761:
789:
InChI=1S/C19H24N2O3/c1-13(7-8-14-5-3-2-4-6-14)21-12-18(23)15-9-10-17(22)16(11-15)19(20)24/h2-6,9-11,13,18,21-23H,7-8,12H2,1H3,(H2,20,24)
2146:
2210:
1750:
MacCarthy EP, Bloomfield SS (1983). "Labetalol: a review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses and adverse effects".
5696:
2570:"Hemodynamic effects of beta-blocking compounds possessing vasodilating activity: a review of labetalol, prizidilol, and dilevalol"
1405:. Thus, labetalol is able to reduce heart rate during exercise while maintaining cardiac output by the increase in stroke volume.
3374:
3082:
2872:
Woods PB, Robinson ML (March 1981). "An investigation of the comparative liposolubilities of beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents".
2707:
Donnelly R, Macphee GJ (August 1991). "Clinical pharmacokinetics and kinetic-dynamic relationships of dilevalol and labetalol".
5678:
5669:
5770:
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3025:
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2314:
2187:
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2002:
Watson K, Watson B, Summers K, Michocki R (2013). "Chapter 21: Hypertensive Crises". In Koda-Kimble MA, Alldredge BK (eds.).
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blocker. Labetalol is typically given as a racemic mixture to achieve both α- and β-adrenergic receptor blocking activity.
5687:
2612:
Lund-Johansen P (1 January 1984). "Pharmacology of combined alpha-beta-blockade. II. Haemodynamic effects of labetalol".
1306:, heart rate and cardiac output. During long-term use, labetalol can reduce heart rate during exercise while maintaining
2456:
1220:
1928:
1876:
806:
781:
160:
2946:
3349:
2341:
Louis W, McNeill JJ, Drummer OH (1988). "Labetalol and other vasodilator/Beta-blocking drugs.". In Doyle AE (ed.).
1394:-adrenergic receptor blocking mechanism. These effects are mainly seen when the person is in the upright position.
1516:)-isomer which is also known as dilevalol, is a mixed non-selective β-adrenergic receptor blocker and selective α
408:
245:
141:
1489:
1007:
when taking labetalol. Labetalol should be dosed with caution in the elderly and counseled on this side effect.
5705:
1252:
929:
483:
4696:
1706:
1438:
side effects. Paradoxically however, labetalol actually shows high lipophilicity. In any case, labetalol, in
1278:-adrenergic receptors. The amount of α to β blockade depends on whether labetalol is administered orally or
5775:
5651:
1299:
661:
534:
1627:
of labetalol is 2.7 to 3.1 and its predicted log P ranges from 1.73 to 3.1. Hence, it has relatively high
1397:
Long term labetalol use also has different effects from other beta blockers. Other beta blockers, such as
4530:
4080:
3820:
3408:
3296:
3075:
1501:
1359:
1224:
622:
5760:
5720:
3985:
3274:
3192:
2970:"The alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blocking activities of labetalol and its RR-SR (50:50) stereoisomers"
1212:
1204:
1094:
840:
328:
308:
897:. In 2021, it was the 213th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2
611:
369:
5750:
2657:
Toxicology in
Emergency Cardiovascular Care IN: The Textbook of Emergency Cardiovascular Care and CPR
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638:
4651:
3038:
1196:
3337:
2939:"Adrenergics and Cholinergic their Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Structure Activity Relationships"
1423:
1317:
Labetalol possesses significant intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA). In particular, it is a
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197:
91:
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Cojocariu SA, Maștaleru A, Sascău RA, Stătescu C, Mitu F, Leon-Constantin MM (February 2021).
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Arulkumaran N, Lightstone L (December 2013). "Severe pre-eclampsia and hypertensive crises".
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Shiohara T, Kano Y (2007). "Lichen planus and lichenoid dermatoses". In
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2153:
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8:
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2392:
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2250:
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1597:
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894:
893:
Labetalol was patented in 1966 and came into medical use in 1977. It is available as a
859:
171:
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2007:
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2451:(6th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 109–117.
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1348:
1251:. Labetalol acts by blocking α- and β-adrenergic receptors, resulting in decreased
1139:
1044:
914:
678:
274:
228:
48:
2683:
Elsevier
Comprehensive Guide to Postgraduate Medical Entrance Examinations (PGMEE)
2040:
1944:
839:. In essential hypertension it is generally less preferred than a number of other
5734:
4152:
3460:
3366:
2782:
2211:"Labetalol [package insert]. Spring Valley, NY: Par Pharmaceutical; 2011"
1974:
1892:
1318:
978:
974:
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954:
751:
463:
312:
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282:
1000:
Pediatric: no studies have established safety or usefulness in this population.
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3519:
2449:
Adrenoreceptor
Antagonists IN: Modern Pharmacology with Clinical Applications
2345:. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Sciences Publishing Co. pp. 246–273.
2309:(12th ed.). San Francisco: McGraw Hill Lange Medical. pp. 151–168.
2267:
2124:
1628:
1419:
1402:
1332:. Labetalol relaxes vascular smooth muscle by a combination of this partial β
1311:
1303:
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1114:
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867:
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4050:
4042:
4023:
4011:
3895:
3764:
3740:
3700:
3162:
3095:
3091:
2844:"Human Metabolome Database: Showing metabocard for Labetalol (HMDB0014736)"
2763:
2286:
2132:
2090:
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1469:
1439:
1341:
1326:
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939:
It is also used as an alternative in the treatment of severe hypertension.
922:
871:
820:
223:
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2893:
2843:
2728:
2659:. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 443–452B.
2633:
2595:
2546:
2496:
2393:"Assessment of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blocking actions of labetalol"
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858:, dizziness, feeling tired, and nausea. Serious side effects may include
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319:
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2004:
Koda-Kimble and Young's
Applied Therapeutic: The Clinical Use of Drugs
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2006:. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 520–535.
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Antagonist Drugs IN: Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
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Best
Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology
1427:
1290:, and has a weaker affinity for α-adrenergic receptors compared to
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1871:(76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. pp. 147–148.
1235:. The antagonism of the adrenergic receptors by labetalol is
1089:
1084:
725:
582:
388:
75:
2680:
Narender R, Aggarawal G, Rohilla JK, eds. (1 January 2009).
2097:
2068:
627:
30:
4305:
2251:"Neuropsychiatric Consequences of Lipophilic Beta-Blockers"
2055:
2001:
554:
69:
63:
54:
2741:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
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1418:
Labetalol is often classified as a beta blocker with low
2913:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 147–.
2679:
2735:
2390:
1724:
5718:
2026:
1836:"Labetalol Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals"
1003:
Geriatric: the elderly are more likely to experience
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2305:Robertson D, Biaggioni I (2012). Katzung BG (ed.).
1749:
1282:(IV). Orally, the ratio of α to β blockade is 1:3.
928:It has a particular indication in the treatment of
482:
57:
3396:
2524:
2304:
1430:. This in turn may result in fewer effects in the
1362:. By decreasing sodium entry, labetalol decreases
2967:
2862:
5742:
2900:
878:and it is not expected to cause problems during
462:
2706:
2654:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
1916:
1842:. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
437:
2686:. Vol. 2. Elsevier India. pp. 449–.
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2370:. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 170.
942:Labetalol is useful in the treatment of acute
3382:
3076:
2968:Riva E, Mennini T, Latini R (December 1991).
2910:Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Therapeutics
2871:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2611:
2567:
1340:-adrenergic receptor blockade. Overall, this
2906:
2235:
2177:
1712:. Prometheus Laboratories Inc. November 2010
909:Labetalol is effective in the management of
391:(55–60% as conjugates or unchanged within 24
353:
159:
16:Medication used to treat high blood pressure
2961:
1422:and hence lower potential for crossing the
266:In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
3389:
3375:
3083:
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2800:
2777:
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1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
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1783:
1781:
1336:-adrenergic receptor agonism and through α
664:
641:
522:
2993:
2673:
2585:
2416:
2359:
2276:
2266:
882:. It works by blocking the activation of
874:. Use appears safe in the latter part of
542:
2446:
2397:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
2171:
1869:British national formulary : BNF 76
1468:carbons and consequently exists as four
3090:
2907:Ganten D, Mulrow PJ (6 December 2012).
2838:
2836:
2834:
2770:
2365:
1885:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1817:
1778:
1373:
769:c1ccccc1CCC(C)NCC(O)c2ccc(O)c(C(=O)N)c2
637:
502:
132:
5743:
2574:Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology
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1997:
1995:
1923:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 463.
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1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1325:-adrenergic receptors located in the
1243:and its actions on the receptors are
981:and beta blockers like labetalol and
610:
590:
150:
118:
2945:. PharmaXChange.info. Archived from
2831:
2447:Westfall DP (2004). Craig CR (ed.).
1955:from the original on 15 January 2024
1854:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1133:
227:
3045:. U.S. National Library of Medicine
2433:
2323:
2293:
2196:
2152:. Hospira. May 2015. Archived from
1992:
1975:"Labetalol - Drug Usage Statistics"
1408:
570:
562:
453:
13:
3010:
2986:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12513.x
2927:
2886:10.1111/j.2042-7158.1981.tb13743.x
2602:
2568:Lund-Johansen P (1 January 1988).
2511:
2489:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1983.tb03252.x
2465:
2409:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1976.tb00637.x
2139:
1764:10.1002/j.1875-9114.1983.tb03252.x
1255:without significant alteration of
1223:. It is also an antagonist of the
1221:intrinsic sympathomimetic activity
932:which is commonly associated with
14:
5792:
2182:. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 161.
1650:
1508:blocker. The fourth isomer, the (
254:
182:
5728:
2721:10.2165/00003088-199121020-00002
2626:10.2165/00003495-198400282-00004
2587:10.1097/00005344-198800000-00004
2539:10.2165/00003495-198400282-00003
2083:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.040
1893:"Labetalol Use During Pregnancy"
1596:
1575:
1552:
1531:
1073:Low blood pressure with standing
856:low blood pressure with standing
695:
689:
47:
29:
5697:Monoamine metabolism modulators
3031:
2974:British Journal of Pharmacology
2648:
2561:
2384:
2368:Basic and clinical pharmacology
2020:
1917:Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006).
1413:
1231:, and hence is additionally an
1177:
1126:– which may result in a lethal
1010:
904:
823:and in long term management of
794:Key:SGUAFYQXFOLMHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
1967:
1937:
1910:
1492:are inactive. The third, the (
1253:peripheral vascular resistance
1047:(3%), ejaculation failure (2%)
930:pregnancy-induced hypertension
917:-associated hypertension, and
913:, postoperative hypertension,
819:is a medication used to treat
701:
683:
1:
5679:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
5652:Receptor/signaling modulators
2041:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.07.003
1920:Analogue-based Drug Discovery
1643:
1472:. Two of these isomers, the (
1360:membrane stabilizing activity
420:)-2-Hydroxy-5-ethyl]benzamide
104:Ibidomide; AH-5158; SCH-19927
5771:Peripherally selective drugs
1451:The minimum requirement for
1446:
1300:systemic vascular resistance
1146:, greater-than-first-degree
854:Common side effects include
358:Tooltip Intravenous infusion
7:
4762:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
4139:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
3986:Tetracyclic antidepressants
3452:Deoxyepinephrine (epinine,
2113:J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther
1526:Stereoisomers of labetalol
1434:as well as a lower risk of
1162:, anyone with a history of
96:Normodyne, Trandate, others
10:
5797:
5688:Monoamine releasing agents
2756:10.1016/j.ajem.2011.06.040
1634:
1164:obstructive airway disease
841:blood pressure medications
673:Chemical and physical data
5642:
5057:
4659:
4650:
4384:
4091:
4079:
4004:Tricyclic antidepressants
3632:
3419:
3407:
3327:
3295:
3273:
3191:
3103:
2848:Human Metabolome Database
2147:"Labetalol hydrochloride"
1525:
1015:
837:hypertension of pregnancy
802:
777:
757:
745:
723:
710:
677:
672:
653:
621:
601:
581:
553:
533:
513:
493:
473:
448:
428:
404:
399:
382:
368:
334:
318:
301:
291:
281:
273:
244:
239:
214:
196:
170:
140:
126:
108:
100:
90:
42:
37:
28:
3039:"labetalol | C19H24N2O3"
2343:Handbook of Hypertension
2268:10.3390/medicina57020155
2125:10.1177/1074248416681644
1500:)-isomer, is a powerful
911:hypertensive emergencies
833:hypertensive emergencies
4417:Atypical antipsychotics
3670:Atypical antipsychotics
1353:sodium channel blocking
1199:. It is specifically a
1078:
1067:orthostatic hypotension
901:million prescriptions.
4616:Typical antipsychotics
4099:(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline
4035:Typical antipsychotics
1613:CAS number: 83167-31-1
1592:CAS number: 83167-32-2
1569:CAS number: 83167-24-2
1548:CAS number: 75659-07-3
1432:central nervous system
1428:blood–placenta barrier
1302:with little effect on
1197:β-adrenergic receptors
888:α-adrenergic receptors
829:essential hypertension
5706:Monoamine neurotoxins
1945:"The Top 300 of 2021"
1358:, labetalol also has
1217:-adrenergic receptors
1142:in people with overt
849:injection into a vein
5275:Dichloroisoprenaline
2580:(Suppl 2): S12–S17.
1506:-adrenergic receptor
1374:Physiological action
1366:firing and thus has
1229:-adrenergic receptor
1128:respiratory distress
919:rebound hypertension
5776:Phenylethanolamines
4954:Phenylpropanolamine
4820:Ethylnorepinephrine
4296:Phenylpropanolamine
4202:Ethylnorepinephrine
3599:Phenylpropanolamine
3505:Ethylnorepinephrine
3398:Adrenergic receptor
2366:Katzung BF (2006).
2223:on 10 December 2015
2071:Drug Alcohol Depend
1424:blood–brain barrier
1266:Labetalol is about
1183:Mechanism of action
990:Special populations
821:high blood pressure
263:(Prescription only)
25:
3354:Never to phase III
2949:on 4 November 2010
2850:. 6 September 2012
2709:Clin Pharmacokinet
2620:(Suppl 2): 35–50.
2533:(Suppl 2): 16–34.
1464:Labetalol has two
1310:by an increase in
1203:antagonist of the
1032:Gastrointestinal:
895:generic medication
860:low blood pressure
843:. It can be given
370:Duration of action
21:
5761:CYP2D6 inhibitors
5716:
5715:
5709:
5700:
5691:
5682:
5673:
5664:
5655:
5638:
5637:
5385:Iodocyanopindolol
5360:Hydroxytertatolol
5280:Dihydroalprenolol
4893:
4885:
4877:
4794:
4646:
4645:
4240:
4232:
4224:
4176:
4158:Dihydroergotamine
4075:
4074:
3908:hydroxynefazodone
3773:dihydroergotamine
3543:
3535:
3527:
3484:
3364:
3363:
3026:978-0-07-176401-8
2920:978-3-642-74209-5
2874:J Pharm Pharmacol
2693:978-81-312-1620-0
2666:978-0-7817-8899-1
2377:978-0-07-145153-6
2352:978-0-444-90469-0
2316:978-0-07-176401-8
2255:Medicina (Kaunas)
2189:978-1-4160-2999-1
2013:978-1-60913-713-7
1623:The experimental
1618:
1617:
1614:
1593:
1570:
1549:
1458:receptor affinity
1453:adrenergic agents
1349:local anesthetics
1170:, and those with
1156:cardiogenic shock
1134:Contraindications
814:
813:
736:Interactive image
623:CompTox Dashboard
258:
186:
153:
5788:
5751:Alpha-1 blockers
5733:
5732:
5731:
5724:
5703:
5694:
5685:
5676:
5667:
5658:
5646:
5355:Hydroxycarteolol
4919:Methoxyphenamine
4891:
4883:
4878:-DOPA (levodopa)
4875:
4792:
4766:-methyldopamine)
4657:
4656:
4561:Phenoxybenzamine
4238:
4230:
4225:-DOPA (levodopa)
4222:
4174:
4143:-methyldopamine)
4089:
4088:
3901:Phenylpiperazine
3891:Phenoxybenzamine
3541:
3533:
3528:-DOPA (levodopa)
3525:
3482:
3466:Dexisometheptene
3456:-methyldopamine)
3417:
3416:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3035:
3029:
3017:
3008:
3007:
2997:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2937:Mehta A (2007).
2934:
2925:
2924:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2840:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2809:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2779:
2768:
2767:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2589:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2522:
2509:
2508:
2472:
2463:
2462:
2444:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2338:
2321:
2320:
2302:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2270:
2246:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2216:. Archived from
2215:
2207:
2194:
2193:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2108:
2095:
2094:
2066:
2053:
2052:
2024:
2018:
2017:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1865:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1832:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1795:
1776:
1775:
1747:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1703:
1612:
1600:
1591:
1579:
1568:
1556:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1522:
1436:neuropsychiatric
1409:Pharmacokinetics
1368:local anesthetic
1364:action potential
1219:. Labetalol has
1172:hypersensitivity
1124:Hypersensitivity
1045:nasal congestion
955:sympathomimetics
915:pheochromocytoma
900:
827:. This includes
810:
809:
738:
718:
703:
697:
691:
685:
668:
657:
646:
645:
631:
629:
614:
594:
574:
566:
546:
526:
506:
486:
466:
456:
455:
441:
394:
377:
363:
359:
355:
349:
339:
256:
253:
231:
184:
181:
163:
152:
149:
136:
122:
85:
84:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
59:
56:
53:
33:
26:
24:
20:
5796:
5795:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5729:
5727:
5719:
5717:
5712:
5634:
5053:
4642:
4380:
4153:Dexmedetomidine
4084:
4071:
3904:antidepressants
3628:
3461:Desglymidodrine
3412:
3403:
3395:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3344:Clinical trials
3323:
3302:- + β-selective
3300:
3291:
3278:
3269:
3196:
3187:
3107:, non-selective
3099:
3089:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3046:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3018:
3011:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2905:
2901:
2870:
2863:
2853:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2832:
2822:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2771:
2740:
2736:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2653:
2649:
2610:
2603:
2566:
2562:
2523:
2512:
2477:Pharmacotherapy
2473:
2466:
2459:
2445:
2434:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2364:
2360:
2353:
2339:
2324:
2317:
2303:
2294:
2247:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2197:
2190:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2159:on 4 March 2016
2156:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2109:
2098:
2067:
2056:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2000:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1867:
1866:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1805:. 1 August 1984
1803:DrugBank Online
1797:
1796:
1779:
1752:Pharmacotherapy
1748:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1651:
1646:
1637:
1611:
1601:
1590:
1580:
1567:
1557:
1546:
1536:
1519:
1505:
1449:
1416:
1411:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1356:antiarrhythmics
1339:
1335:
1324:
1319:partial agonist
1277:
1273:
1228:
1216:
1208:
1187:Labetalol is a
1185:
1180:
1144:cardiac failure
1140:contraindicated
1136:
1081:
1018:
1013:
992:
975:pseudoephedrine
963:methamphetamine
907:
898:
805:
803:
798:
795:
790:
785:
784:
773:
770:
765:
764:
752:Racemic mixture
741:
716:
706:
700:
694:
688:
649:
625:
617:
597:
577:
549:
529:
509:
489:
469:
452:
444:
424:
421:
412:
411:
392:
375:
361:
357:
351:
347:
337:
313:glucuronidation
293:Protein binding
283:Bioavailability
275:Pharmacokinetic
269:
235:
199:
192:
173:
166:
50:
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5794:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5738:
5737:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5701:
5692:
5683:
5674:
5665:
5656:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5265:Dexpropranolol
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4934:Norepinephrine
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4899:Levosalbutamol
4896:
4888:
4886:-Phenylalanine
4880:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4620:chlorpromazine
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4456:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4376:Xylometazoline
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4286:Norepinephrine
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4235:
4233:-Phenylalanine
4227:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4039:chlorpromazine
4032:
4027:
4001:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3698:
3693:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3624:Xylometazoline
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3579:Norepinephrine
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3538:
3536:-Phenylalanine
3530:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3394:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3101:
3100:
3088:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3065:
3057:
3056:
3030:
3009:
2980:(4): 823–828.
2960:
2926:
2919:
2899:
2880:(3): 172–173.
2861:
2830:
2819:. 21 July 2022
2799:
2769:
2750:(6): 981–993.
2744:Am J Emerg Med
2734:
2699:
2692:
2672:
2665:
2647:
2601:
2560:
2510:
2483:(4): 193–219.
2464:
2458:978-0781737623
2457:
2432:
2403:(5): 849–855.
2383:
2376:
2358:
2351:
2322:
2315:
2292:
2234:
2195:
2188:
2170:
2138:
2119:(3): 239–249.
2096:
2054:
2035:(6): 877–884.
2019:
2012:
1991:
1966:
1936:
1929:
1909:
1884:
1877:
1853:
1816:
1777:
1758:(4): 193–219.
1723:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1616:
1615:
1594:
1572:
1571:
1550:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1503:
1456:found to have
1448:
1445:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1337:
1333:
1322:
1308:cardiac output
1275:
1271:
1261:cardiac output
1241:catecholamines
1239:against other
1226:
1214:
1206:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1110:Hepatotoxicity
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1070:
1069:
1055:
1048:
1041:
1030:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
991:
988:
944:cardiovascular
906:
903:
864:liver problems
812:
811:
800:
799:
797:
796:
793:
791:
788:
780:
779:
778:
775:
774:
772:
771:
768:
760:
759:
758:
755:
754:
749:
743:
742:
740:
739:
731:
729:
721:
720:
714:
708:
707:
704:
698:
692:
686:
681:
675:
674:
670:
669:
659:
651:
650:
648:
647:
634:
632:
619:
618:
616:
615:
607:
605:
599:
598:
596:
595:
587:
585:
579:
578:
576:
575:
567:
559:
557:
551:
550:
548:
547:
539:
537:
531:
530:
528:
527:
519:
517:
511:
510:
508:
507:
499:
497:
491:
490:
488:
487:
479:
477:
471:
470:
468:
467:
459:
457:
446:
445:
443:
442:
434:
432:
426:
425:
423:
422:
415:
407:
406:
405:
402:
401:
397:
396:
386:
380:
379:
372:
366:
365:
341:
332:
331:
322:
316:
315:
305:
299:
298:
295:
289:
288:
285:
279:
278:
271:
270:
268:
267:
264:
250:
248:
242:
241:
237:
236:
234:
233:
220:
218:
212:
211:
202:
200:administration
194:
193:
191:
190:
188:
178:
176:
168:
167:
165:
164:
146:
144:
138:
137:
130:
124:
123:
116:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
94:
88:
87:
44:
40:
39:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5793:
5782:
5781:Salicylamides
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5756:Beta blockers
5754:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5736:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5670:Serotonergics
5666:
5663:
5662:
5661:Dopaminergics
5657:
5654:
5653:
5650:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5415:Levobetaxolol
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5255:Cyanopindolol
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4939:Orciprenaline
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4889:
4887:
4881:
4879:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4840:Hexoprenaline
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4501:Esmirtazapine
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4425:brexpiprazole
4422:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4291:Oxymetazoline
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4119:Apraclonidine
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4078:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4008:amitriptyline
4005:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3920:triazoledione
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3701:Beta blockers
3699:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3674:brexpiprazole
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3594:Phenylephrine
3592:
3590:
3589:Oxymetazoline
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3521:
3520:Isometheptene
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3380:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3272:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3092:Beta blockers
3086:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3014:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2964:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2931:
2922:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2866:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2715:(2): 95–109.
2714:
2710:
2703:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2469:
2460:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2219:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2155:
2148:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1932:
1930:9783527607495
1926:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1880:
1878:9780857113382
1874:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1641:
1632:
1630:
1629:lipophilicity
1626:
1621:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1470:stereoisomers
1467:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1420:lipophilicity
1406:
1404:
1403:stroke volume
1400:
1395:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1331:
1330:smooth muscle
1328:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1312:stroke volume
1309:
1305:
1304:stroke volume
1301:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:Intravenously
1281:
1280:intravenously
1270:in blocking β
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1233:alpha blocker
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1202:
1201:non-selective
1198:
1194:
1190:
1175:
1174:to the drug.
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:Labetalol is
1129:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1119:lichen planus
1116:
1115:Drug eruption
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1090:Muscle cramps
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:Respiratory:
1049:
1046:
1043:Cholinergic:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1008:
1006:
1001:
998:
995:
987:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
945:
940:
937:
935:
934:pre-eclampsia
931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
902:
896:
891:
889:
885:
881:
880:breastfeeding
877:
873:
869:
868:heart failure
865:
861:
857:
852:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
808:
801:
792:
787:
786:
783:
776:
767:
766:
763:
756:
753:
750:
748:
744:
737:
733:
732:
730:
727:
722:
715:
713:
709:
682:
680:
676:
671:
667:
663:
660:
658:
656:ECHA InfoCard
652:
644:
640:
639:DTXSID2023191
636:
635:
633:
624:
620:
613:
609:
608:
606:
604:
600:
593:
589:
588:
586:
584:
580:
573:
569:as HCl:
568:
565:
561:
560:
558:
556:
552:
545:
541:
540:
538:
536:
532:
525:
521:
520:
518:
516:
512:
505:
501:
500:
498:
496:
492:
485:
481:
480:
478:
476:
472:
465:
461:
460:
458:
451:
447:
440:
436:
435:
433:
431:
427:
419:
414:
413:
410:
403:
398:
390:
387:
385:
381:
373:
371:
367:
356:
345:
342:
340:
333:
330:
327:
323:
321:
317:
314:
310:
306:
304:
300:
296:
294:
290:
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
265:
262:
252:
251:
249:
247:
243:
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230:
225:
222:
221:
219:
217:
213:
210:
206:
203:
201:
195:
189:
180:
179:
177:
175:
169:
162:
157:
148:
147:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
93:
89:
83:
45:
43:Pronunciation
41:
38:Clinical data
36:
32:
27:
19:
5766:Hepatotoxins
5704:
5695:
5686:
5677:
5668:
5659:
5648:
5647:
5440:Metipranolol
5425:Levomoprolol
5404:
5370:Idropranolol
4865:Isoprenaline
4763:
4687:Arformoterol
4632:thioridazine
4624:fluphenazine
4596:Spiroxatrine
4556:Phentolamine
4475:tandospirone
4441:paliperidone
4331:Tasipimidine
4311:Rezatomidine
4256:Medetomidine
4140:
4051:thioridazine
4043:fluphenazine
4024:trimipramine
4012:clomipramine
3896:Phentolamine
3765:acetergamine
3741:Corynanthine
3724:
3453:
3318:
3163:Iodopindolol
3047:. Retrieved
3042:
3033:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2951:. Retrieved
2947:the original
2942:
2909:
2902:
2877:
2873:
2852:. Retrieved
2847:
2821:. Retrieved
2816:
2813:"C19H24N2O3"
2790:. Retrieved
2786:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2682:
2675:
2656:
2650:
2617:
2613:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2530:
2526:
2480:
2476:
2448:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2367:
2361:
2342:
2306:
2258:
2254:
2225:. Retrieved
2218:the original
2179:
2173:
2161:. Retrieved
2154:the original
2141:
2116:
2112:
2074:
2070:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2003:
1982:. Retrieved
1978:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1948:
1939:
1919:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:
1887:
1868:
1844:. Retrieved
1839:
1807:. Retrieved
1802:
1755:
1751:
1714:. Retrieved
1638:
1622:
1619:
1607:
1603:
1586:
1582:
1563:
1559:
1542:
1538:
1513:
1509:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1450:
1417:
1414:Distribution
1396:
1377:
1346:
1342:vasodilatory
1316:
1296:
1292:phentolamine
1265:
1189:beta blocker
1186:
1178:Pharmacology
1137:
1105:Hyperkalemia
1071:
1021:Neurologic:
1011:Side effects
1002:
999:
996:
993:
953:) caused by
941:
938:
927:
925:withdrawal.
923:beta blocker
908:
905:Medical uses
892:
872:bronchospasm
853:
816:
815:
804:
417:
336:Elimination
287:25% (11–86%)
246:Legal status
240:Legal status
142:License data
18:
5565:Spirendolol
5540:Propranolol
5535:Propafenone
5530:Pronethalol
5420:Levobunolol
5395:Isoxaprolol
5380:Indopanolol
5365:ICI-118,551
5330:Eugenodilol
5315:Ersentilide
5295:Draquinolol
5290:Diprafenone
5260:Dalbraminol
5240:Cicloprolol
5215:Carpindolol
5200:Butofilolol
5145:Bornaprolol
5090:Alprenoxime
5058:Antagonists
5019:Tulobuterol
5014:Tretoquinol
5009:Terbutaline
4969:Ractopamine
4964:Prenalterol
4870:Isoxsuprine
4855:Indacaterol
4825:Eugenodilol
4815:Etilevodopa
4800:Epinephrine
4791:Droxidopa (
4771:Dipivefrine
4742:Clenbuterol
4586:Setiptiline
4576:Rauwolscine
4551:Pardoprunox
4541:Mirtazapine
4506:Fenmetozole
4449:risperidone
4412:Atipamezole
4385:Antagonists
4341:Tiamenidine
4336:Tetryzoline
4316:Rilmenidine
4281:Naphazoline
4217:Guanoxabenz
4192:Epinephrine
4182:Etilevodopa
4173:Droxidopa (
4163:Dipivefrine
4124:Brimonidine
3994:maprotiline
3871:Pardoprunox
3866:Niguldipine
3826:Mepiprazole
3801:Hydroxyzine
3791:Etoperidone
3781:nicergoline
3751:Domesticine
3746:Dapiprazole
3721:eugenodilol
3696:Benoxathian
3690:risperidone
3655:Anisodamine
3633:Antagonists
3614:Tiamenidine
3609:Tetryzoline
3574:Naphazoline
3559:Methoxamine
3554:Metaraminol
3500:Etilevodopa
3490:Epinephrine
3481:Droxidopa (
3471:Dipivefrine
3432:Amidephrine
3340:from market
3168:Propranolol
2783:"Labetalol"
2180:Dermatology
1610:)-Labetalol
1589:)-Labetalol
1566:)-Labetalol
1545:)-Labetalol
1399:propranolol
1347:Similar to
1288:propranolol
1237:competitive
1160:hypotension
1152:bradycardia
1148:heart block
1117:similar to
1100:Heart block
959:amphetamine
719: g·mol
662:100.048.401
400:Identifiers
326:Glucuronide
320:Metabolites
309:conjugation
209:intravenous
128:MedlinePlus
101:Other names
92:Trade names
5745:Categories
5630:Xipranolol
5620:Toliprolol
5610:Tiprenolol
5595:Tienoxolol
5590:Tertatolol
5575:Sulfinalol
5555:Soquinolol
5550:Ronactolol
5525:Procinolol
5520:Primidolol
5505:Penbutolol
5485:Pacrinolol
5480:Oxprenolol
5475:Nipradilol
5445:Metoprolol
5435:Mepindolol
5430:Medroxalol
5400:Isamoltane
5390:Iprocrolol
5350:Flusoxolol
5340:Falintolol
5320:Esatenolol
5270:Diacetolol
5250:Cloranolol
5230:Celiprolol
5225:Carvedilol
5205:Capsinolol
5190:Butaxamine
5185:Bupranolol
5175:Bunitrolol
5155:Bucindolol
5150:Brefonalol
5140:Bopindolol
5135:Bisoprolol
5130:Bevantolol
5110:Arotinolol
5095:Amosulalol
5085:Alprenolol
5065:Acebutolol
5044:Zilpaterol
5029:Vilanterol
5004:Solabegron
4999:Salmeterol
4994:Salbutamol
4979:Reproterol
4974:Procaterol
4959:Pirbuterol
4944:Oxyfedrine
4929:Mirabegron
4924:Methyldopa
4914:Melevodopa
4904:Lubabegron
4860:Isoetarine
4845:Higenamine
4835:Formoterol
4810:Etilefrine
4805:Etafedrine
4786:Dopexamine
4776:Dobutamine
4757:Denopamine
4752:Corbadrine
4732:Carmoterol
4727:Carbuterol
4717:Broxaterol
4712:Bitolterol
4702:Bambuterol
4692:Arotinolol
4682:Arbutamine
4672:Alifedrine
4667:Abediterol
4611:Tolazoline
4601:Sunepitron
4591:Spegatrine
4581:Rotigotine
4521:Ketanserin
4511:Fluparoxan
4491:Cirazoline
4486:Buflomedil
4471:ipsapirone
4459:Azapirones
4445:quetiapine
4437:olanzapine
4433:lurasidone
4407:Aptazapine
4402:Amesergide
4351:Tolonidine
4346:Tizanidine
4326:Talipexole
4321:Romifidine
4276:Moxonidine
4266:Methyldopa
4261:Melevodopa
4251:Lofexidine
4212:Guanfacine
4197:Etilefrine
4187:Ergotamine
4148:Detomidine
4134:Corbadrine
4030:Trimazosin
4020:imipramine
3981:Tolazoline
3976:Tiodazosin
3966:Tamsulosin
3961:Talipexole
3951:Spegatrine
3936:Quinazosin
3912:nefazodone
3886:Phendioxan
3876:Pelanserin
3861:Niaprazine
3856:Neldazosin
3846:Naftopidil
3841:Moxisylyte
3811:Ketanserin
3796:Fenspiride
3769:ergotamine
3731:Buflomedil
3717:carvedilol
3713:arotinolol
3709:amosulalol
3686:quetiapine
3682:olanzapine
3645:Ajmalicine
3604:Synephrine
3584:Octopamine
3564:Methyldopa
3549:Melevodopa
3515:Indanidine
3495:Etilefrine
3447:Corbadrine
3442:Cirazoline
3401:modulators
3314:Carvedilol
3309:Arotinolol
3287:Butaxamine
3280:-selective
3250:Metoprolol
3230:Celiprolol
3225:Bisoprolol
3220:Bevantolol
3205:Acebutolol
3198:-selective
3178:Tertatolol
3154:Penbutolol
3149:Oxprenolol
3139:Mepindolol
3134:Cloranolol
3124:Bupranolol
3119:Bopindolol
3114:Alprenolol
3049:4 November
2953:16 October
2817:ChemSpider
2261:(2): 155.
2227:3 November
2163:3 November
1984:14 January
1959:14 January
1716:3 November
1707:"Trandate"
1644:References
1370:activity.
1268:equipotent
1257:heart rate
1249:reversible
1193:antagonist
1166:including
983:carvedilol
724:3D model (
712:Molar mass
592:CHEBI:6343
544:R5H8897N95
515:ChemSpider
475:IUPHAR/BPS
439:36894-69-6
430:CAS Number
409:IUPAC name
329:conjugates
303:Metabolism
5649:See also:
5625:Xibenolol
5615:Tolamolol
5600:Tilisolol
5580:Talinolol
5570:SR 59230A
5545:Ridazolol
5515:Practolol
5495:Pamatolol
5490:Pafenolol
5470:Nifenalol
5465:Nebivolol
5460:Nadoxolol
5410:Landiolol
5405:Labetalol
5375:Indenolol
5345:Flestolol
5335:Exaprolol
5300:Ecastolol
5285:Dilevalol
5245:Cinamolol
5235:Cetamolol
5220:Carteolol
5210:Carazolol
5195:Butidrine
5170:Bufuralol
5165:Bufetolol
5160:Bucumolol
5125:Betaxolol
5120:Befunolol
5100:Ancarolol
5070:Adaprolol
5034:Xamoterol
4989:Ritodrine
4984:Rimiterol
4949:PF-610355
4909:Mabuterol
4894:-Tyrosine
4850:Ibopamine
4830:Fenoterol
4737:Cimaterol
4722:Buphenine
4707:Befunolol
4677:Amibegron
4638:Yohimbine
4606:Terguride
4571:Piribedil
4566:Piperoxan
4536:Mianserin
4481:BRL-44408
4463:buspirone
4429:clozapine
4421:asenapine
4361:Vatinoxan
4301:Piperoxan
4271:Mivazerol
4246:Ibopamine
4241:-Tyrosine
4207:Guanabenz
4129:Clonidine
4067:Zolertine
3998:mianserin
3990:amoxapine
3971:Terazosin
3956:Spiperone
3946:Silodosin
3941:Quinidine
3926:Piperoxan
3916:trazodone
3881:Perlapine
3851:Nantenine
3836:Monatepil
3831:Metazosin
3816:L-765,314
3806:Indoramin
3785:terguride
3761:Ergolines
3756:Doxazosin
3736:Bunazosin
3725:labetalol
3678:clozapine
3665:Atiprosin
3660:Anisodine
3650:Alfuzosin
3640:Abanoquil
3569:Midodrine
3544:-Tyrosine
3510:Ibopamine
3437:Buspirone
3350:Phase III
3338:Withdrawn
3319:Labetalol
3265:Talinolol
3260:Practolol
3255:Nebivolol
3245:Landiolol
3215:Betaxolol
3129:Carteolol
1897:Drugs.com
1840:Drugs.com
1447:Chemistry
1158:, severe
1150:, severe
1038:dyspepsia
1027:dizziness
1005:dizziness
971:ephedrine
949:(e.g. in
876:pregnancy
817:Labetalol
747:Chirality
612:ChEMBL429
384:Excretion
338:half-life
198:Routes of
172:Pregnancy
161:Labetalol
120:Monograph
114:Drugs.com
23:Labetalol
5735:Medicine
5510:Pindolol
5500:Pargolol
5450:Moprolol
5325:Esprolol
5310:Ericolol
5305:Epanolol
5115:Atenolol
5080:Afurolol
5075:Adimolol
5049:Zinterol
5024:Vibegron
4781:Dopamine
4747:Colterol
4660:Agonists
4628:loxapine
4526:Lisuride
4516:Idazoxan
4496:Efaroxan
4467:gepirone
4453:zotepine
4397:Adimolol
4371:Xylazine
4356:Urapidil
4168:Dopamine
4092:Agonists
4057:Urapidil
4047:loxapine
3931:Prazosin
3777:lisuride
3705:adimolol
3476:Dopamine
3420:Agonists
3235:Epanolol
3210:Atenolol
3159:Pindolol
2854:1 August
2823:1 August
2792:1 August
2764:21908132
2642:46986875
2555:46974416
2505:20410587
2287:33572109
2133:28399647
2091:25724076
2077:: 1–13.
2049:23962474
1979:ClinCalc
1953:Archived
1949:ClinCalc
1902:11 March
1809:1 August
1480:)- and (
1327:vascular
1191:, or an
1095:Dry eyes
1023:headache
951:overdose
947:toxicity
845:by mouth
807:(verify)
495:DrugBank
216:ATC code
205:By mouth
174:category
156:DailyMed
5605:Timolol
5585:Tazolol
5560:Sotalol
5455:Nadolol
5180:Bunolol
5105:Arnolol
5039:XP21279
4618:(e.g.,
4546:NAN-190
4461:(e.g.,
4419:(e.g.,
4366:XP21279
4114:Amitraz
4062:WB-4101
4037:(e.g.,
4016:doxepin
4006:(e.g.,
3988:(e.g.,
3906:(e.g.,
3763:(e.g.,
3703:(e.g.,
3672:(e.g.,
3619:XP21279
3240:Esmolol
3183:Timolol
3173:Sotalol
3144:Nadolol
3043:PubChem
3004:1687367
2995:1908821
2894:6116760
2787:PubChem
2729:1884570
2634:6151890
2596:2464093
2547:6151889
2497:6310529
2418:1428931
2278:7914867
1846:3 March
1772:6310529
1635:History
1440:animals
1390:- and β
1274:- and β
1195:of the
1063:vertigo
1059:fatigue
1057:Other:
1052:dyspnea
979:alpha-1
967:cocaine
717:328.412
679:Formula
504:DB00598
450:PubChem
307:Mainly
232:)
226: (
224:C07AG01
187: C
158::
134:a685034
5721:Portal
4795:-DOPS)
4177:-DOPS)
4104:4-NEMD
3485:-DOPS)
3333:WHO-EM
3024:
3002:
2992:
2917:
2892:
2762:
2727:
2690:
2663:
2640:
2632:
2594:
2553:
2545:
2503:
2495:
2455:
2425:
2415:
2374:
2349:
2313:
2285:
2275:
2186:
2131:
2089:
2047:
2010:
1927:
1875:
1770:
1466:chiral
1245:potent
1168:asthma
1065:(2%),
1061:(5%),
1036:(6%),
1034:nausea
1025:(2%),
1016:Common
973:, and
899:
870:, and
847:or by
835:, and
825:angina
762:SMILES
603:ChEMBL
572:D00600
564:D08106
395:hours)
393:
376:
362:
360:: 5.52
348:
259:
154:
86:
4109:6-FNE
3427:6-FNE
2638:S2CID
2614:Drugs
2551:S2CID
2527:Drugs
2501:S2CID
2221:(PDF)
2214:(PDF)
2157:(PDF)
2150:(PDF)
1710:(PDF)
1625:log P
1490:forms
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