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by the first summer in order to reproduce. Some studies report that brook silversides reproduce by internal fertilization, although this has not been entirely confirmed. When the eggs are produced, they have an attached filament, which allows for the eggs to be deposited on logs, plants and rocks. Temperature does not affect the sex of fish. After the eggs hatch, they immediately swim away from the shore into deeper water, but still stay just under the surface. They congregate in large schools. The brook silverside migrates throughout its life cycle. No human-induced changes are reported as affecting the life history. Human-induced changes are reported as more strongly affecting populations rather than behaviors.
344:
dams or waterways should be built. Additionally, pollution must be stopped. Agricultural runoff creates turbid waters, which the brook silverside cannot thrive in. Stream sampling occurs through organizations such as USFWS and TVA (locally). This allows for populations to be monitored and stream chemistry to be controlled. Over-fishing and hybridization aren't causing brook silverside populations to decline. Invasive species and habitat destruction have the greatest impact on population decline. Areas are being reserved for the preservation of endemic fish, but more must still be done.
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forage food for sport fishes. The brook silverside occupies freshwater lakes, ponds, quiet pools and small rivers. The environment ranges from cool to warm water with variability in levels of gradient and vegetation. Consistently, however, the brook silverside prefers clear water with low substrate concentrations. The brook silverside is vulnerable to turbid waters. In
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Human intervention through species introduction, habitat alteration, pollution, and construction are causing the decline of the brook silverside and other freshwater fishes. Freshwater fishes account for the majority of extinctions in ray-finned fishes. To stabilize and increase populations, no more
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The brook silverside breeds in the summer from late May to mid-August. Their life span is only one year. During the first year, they have rapid growth, growing up to one millimeter per day. Brook silversides quickly reach a maximum size of approximately eight centimeters. They reach sexual maturity
298:
The distribution of brook silverside populations range from the Great Lakes southward through the
Mississippi Basin and Gulf Coastal Plains (including 27 U.S. states and parts of Canada). It is native to the majority of this distribution, but has also been stocked outside of its natural range as
319:
comprising 80% of their diet, (40%) small flying insects, and (20%) midge larvae. Their diet varies with life stages and seasons. At a younger age, the brook silverside preys mostly on smaller fish. Their diet shifts to immature insects later. During winter, the brook silverside eats mostly
279:. The spawning season of the brook silverside occurs during the spring and early summer. The survival of freshwater fishes such as the brook silverside is increasingly threatened. In order to ensure survival of the brook silverside, turbidity of natural habitats should be monitored.
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planktonic crustaceans. Because of both intentional and unintentional species introduction, the brook silverside must compete for food sources. Specifically, the brook silverside has been forced to compete with the non-native
533:
Bloom, D.D., Piller, K.R., Lyons, J., Mercado-Silva, N. & Medina-Nava, M. (2009): Systematics and
Biogeography of the Silverside Tribe Menidiini (Teleostomi: Atherinopsidae) Based on the Mitochondrial ND2 Gene.
303:, brook silverside populations were shown to have decreased shortly after the construction of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway. Populations likely declined because of introduced competition.
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Strongin, K., Taylor, C.M., Roberts, M.E., Neill, W.H. & Gelwick, F. (2011): Food Habits and
Dietary Overlap of Two Silversides in the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway: The Invasive
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The brook silverside is on the lower end of the food chain, and is preyed on by many larger fish. The diet of the brook silverside consists mostly of
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326:, which was introduced by waterway construction. This forced competition of resources has led to a decrease in brook silverside populations.
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Powles, P.M. & Sandeman, I.M. (2008): Growth, summer cohort output, and observations on the reproduction of brook silverside,
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Marsden, J.E., Langdon, R.W. & Good, S.P. (2000): First occurrence of the brook silverside (
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Hubbs, C.L. (1921): An
Ecological Study of the Life-History of the Fresh-Water Atherine Fish
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263:. The brook silverside survives best in clear water with aquatic vegetation.
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Morris, J.E. (1982): Distribution and food habits of the inland silverside,
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Pratt, K.E., Hargrave, C.W. & Gido, K.B. (2002): Rediscovery of
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503:The American Midland Naturalist, 166 (1): 224-233.
523:Master's Thesis. Texas A&M University. 57 pp.
480:Environmental Biology of Fishes, 82 (4): 421-431.
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550:(Atherinidae) in Lake Texoma (Oklahoma-Texas).
386:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T201944A18229117.en
552:The Southwestern Naturalist, 47 (1): 142–147.
243:. The brook silverside lives in slow moving
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315:. They are highly specialized feeders with
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461:Northeastern Naturalist, 7 (3): 248-254.
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478:(Cope) in the Kawartha Lakes, Ontario.
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517:, and the northern brook silverside,
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862:IUCN Red List least concern species
372:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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887:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
882:Freshwater fish of North America
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459:) in Lake Champlain, Vermont.
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536:Copeia, 2009 (2): 408-417.
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521:, in Lake Conroe, Texas.
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81:Scientific classification
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568:Ecology, 2 (4): 262-276.
415:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
291:A preserved specimen of
872:Fish of the Great Lakes
429:. October 2015 version.
283:Geographic distribution
877:Fish described in 1865
379:: e.T201944A18229117.
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241:Neotropical silverside
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634:Labidesthes_sicculus
620:Labidesthes sicculus
590:Labidesthes sicculus
564:Labidesthes sicculus
548:Labidesthes sicculus
519:Labidesthes sicculus
499:Labidesthes sicculus
476:Labidesthes sicculus
457:Labidesthes sicculus
419:Labidesthes sicculus
365:Labidesthes sicculus
361:NatureServe (2013).
293:Labidesthes sicculus
231:, also known as the
228:Labidesthes sicculus
190:Labidesthes sicculus
18:Labidesthes sicculus
267:feeds on a diet of
261:Gulf Coastal Plains
215:Chirostoma sicculum
51:Conservation status
497:Versus the Native
442:Jonna, R. (2004):
339:Current management
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821:Open Tree of Life
582:Taxon identifiers
515:Menidia beryllina
257:Mississippi Basin
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35:Brook silverside
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867:Labidesthes
769:NatureServe
707:iNaturalist
614:Wikispecies
392:19 November
317:cladocerans
313:zooplankton
265:L. sicculus
253:Great Lakes
239:species of
159:Labidesthes
856:Categories
348:References
218:Cope, 1865
774:2.1163238
301:Tennessee
271:, insect
251:from the
166:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
725:10758040
681:FishBase
599:Wikidata
426:FishBase
269:copepods
207:Synonyms
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
699:2412271
605:Q143344
307:Ecology
277:insects
255:to the
200:, 1865)
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
839:422550
826:125720
800:795603
787:300304
751:201944
738:166016
712:103870
673:995114
273:larvae
245:rivers
834:WoRMS
758:NAS:
720:IRMNG
660:6NQ9H
647:50258
249:lakes
235:is a
808:ODNR
782:NCBI
746:IUCN
733:ITIS
694:GBIF
686:3238
642:BOLD
394:2021
377:2013
259:and
247:and
198:Cope
761:318
668:EoL
655:CoL
629:ADW
381:doi
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
