Trade union - Knowledge

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create a balance of power between employees organized in unions and employers organized in employers' associations. This allows much wider legal boundaries for collective bargaining, compared to the narrow boundaries for individual negotiations. As a condition to obtain the legal status of a trade union, employee associations need to prove that their leverage is strong enough to serve as a counterforce in negotiations with employers. If such an employee's association is competing against another union, its leverage may be questioned by unions and then evaluated in labour court. In Germany, only very few professional associations obtained the right to negotiate salaries and working conditions for their members, notably the medical doctor's association

773: 2943: 2663:"In the Continental European System of labour market regulation, the government plays an important role as there is a strong legislative core of employee rights, which provides the basis for agreements as well as a framework for discord between unions on one side and employers or employers' associations on the other. This model was said to be found in EU core countries such as Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Italy, and it is also mirrored and emulated to some extent in the institutions of the EU, due to the relative weight that these countries had in the EU until the EU expansion by the inclusion of 10 new 3067:, "Labor unions have long occupied a paradoxical position within Marxist theory. They are an essential expression of the working class taking shape as a collective actor and an essential vehicle for working-class action. ... At the same time, unions are an imperfect and incomplete vehicle for the working class to achieve one of Marxist theory's central goals: overthrowing capitalism. Unions by their very existence affirm and reinforce capitalist class society. As organizations which primarily negotiate wages, benefits, and working conditions with employers, unions only exist in relation to capitalists." 1546: 10589: 8306: 2455: 1538: 2533: 1420: 1340: 1223: 10991: 2880: 6012:

mortality were stronger for men than women, but its relative effects were similar across genders. Union density had little effect on all‐cause mortality overall or across subgroups, and modeling suggested union‐density increases would not affect mortality inequities. Conclusions - Declining union density (as operationalized in this study) may not explain all‐cause mortality inequities, although increases in union density may reduce overdose/suicide mortality.

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multitudes who compose the working class are too numerous and too widely scattered to combine at all, much more to combine effectually. If they could do so, they might doubtless succeed in diminishing the hours of labour, and obtaining the same wages for less work. They would also have a limited power of obtaining, by combination, an increase of general wages at the expense of profits.

1148:", but the term that persisted was a new form of human relations: employment. Unlike farmers, workers often had less control over their jobs; without job security or a promise of an on-going relationship with their employers, they lacked some control over the work they performed or how it impacted their health and life. It is in this context that modern trade unions emerge. 1175:, but their way of thinking was the one that endured down the centuries, inspiring evolutions and advances in thinking which eventually gave workers more power. As collective bargaining and early worker unions grew with the onset of the Industrial Revolution, the government began to clamp down on what it saw as the danger of popular unrest at the time of the 2560:, such as the preference of atheism and from rhetoric suggesting that employees' interests always are in conflict with those of employers. Some of these Christian unions have had some ties to centrist or conservative political movements, and some do not regard strikes as acceptable political means for achieving employees' goals. In 2991:

fraction of the profits that firms enjoy when they hold monopoly positions." The think tank has also asserted that the decline of trade unions in the United States "cannot drive widespread inequality for the entire population, which is also affected by a rise in the knowledge economy as well as a general aging of the population."

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Research in the United States found that American congressional representatives were more responsive to the interests of the poor in districts with higher unionization rates. Another 2020 American study found an association between US state level adoption of parental leave legislation and trade union

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An EU case concerning Italy stated that, "The principle of trade union freedom in the Italian system implies recognition of the right of the individual not to belong to any trade union ("negative" freedom of association/trade union freedom), and the unlawfulness of discrimination liable to cause harm

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often face unique challenges when trying to participate in trade union movements as formal trade union organizations recognized by the state and employers may not accommodate for the employment categories common in the informal economy. Simultaneously, the lack of regular work locations and loopholes

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often carry out the functions of a trade union. In these cases, they may be negotiating for white-collar or professional workers, such as physicians, engineers or teachers. In Sweden the white-collar unions have a strong position in collective bargaining where they cooperate with blue-colar unions in

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as OECD nations continue to export manufacturing industries to these markets. The second reason is globalization, which makes it harder for unions to maintain standards across countries. The last reason is governmental policies. These come from both sides of the political spectrum. In the UK and US,

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If it were possible for the working classes, by combining among themselves, to raise or keep up the general rate of wages, it needs hardly be said that this would be a thing not to be punished, but to be welcomed and rejoiced at. Unfortunately the effect is quite beyond attainment by such means. The

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described trade unions thus: "The value of labour-power constitutes the conscious and explicit foundation of the trade unions, whose importance for the ... working class can scarcely be overestimated. The trade unions aim at nothing less than to prevent the reduction of wages below the level that is

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in labour, making it more efficient to perform labour-intensive work there. Trade unions have been accused of benefiting insider workers and those with secure jobs at the cost of outsider workers, consumers of the goods or services produced, and the shareholders of the unionized business. Economist

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In contrast, in Germany, the relation between individual employees and employers is considered to be asymmetrical. In consequence, many working conditions are not negotiable due to a strong legal protection of individuals. However, the German flavor or works legislation has as its main objective to

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approach, setting some minimum standards but leaving most workers' wages and benefits to collective bargaining and market forces. Thus, it comes closest to the above Anglo-Saxon model. Also, the Eastern European countries that have recently entered into the EU come closest to the Anglo-Saxon model.

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Results – Overall, a 10% increase in union density was associated with a 17% relative decrease in overdose/suicide mortality (95% confidence interval : 0.70, 0.98), or 5.7 lives saved per 100 000 person‐years (95% CI: −10.7, −0.7). Union density's absolute (lives‐saved) effects on overdose/suicide

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Research from Norway has found that high unionization rates lead to substantial increases in firm productivity, as well as increases in workers' wages. Research from Belgium also found productivity gains, although smaller. However, other research in the United States has found that unions can harm

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think tank has asserted that the economic inequality argument made in favor of trade unions "misfires on several fronts. Those high union wages could not survive in the face of foreign competition or new nonunionized firms. The only way a union can provide gains for its members is to extract some

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In the Nordic System of labour market regulation, the government's legislative role is limited in the same way as in the Anglo-Saxon system. However, in contrast to the countries in the Anglo-Saxon system category, this is a much more widespread network of collective agreements, which covers most

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In the United States, the weakening of unions has been linked to more favourable electoral outcomes for the Republican Party. Legislators in areas with high unionization rates are more responsive to the interests of the poor, whereas areas with lower unionization rates are more responsive to the

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members of unions also see higher wages. Researchers suggest that unions set industrial norms as firms try to stop further unionization or losing workers to better-paying competitors. The decline in unionization since the 1960s in the United States has been associated with a pronounced rise in

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In the Anglo-Saxon System of labour market regulation, the government's legislative role is much more limited, which allows for more issues to be decided between employers and employees and any union or employers' associations which might represent these parties in the decision-making process.

2501:, who work by building up confidence, strong networks, and leaders within the workforce; and confrontational campaigns involving large numbers of union members. Many unions are a blend of these two philosophies, and the definitions of the models themselves are still debated. 1143:

and had control over his life and work. As industrial workers, however, the workers sold their work as labour and took directions from employers, giving up part of their freedom and self-agency in the service of a master. The critics of the new arrangement would call this

1139:. This transition was not merely one of relocation from rural to urban environs; rather, the nature of industrial work created a new class of "worker". A farmer worked the land, raised animals and grew crops, and either owned the land or paid rent, but ultimately sold a 2607:(ITUC), created in 2006, which has approximately 309 affiliated organizations in 156 countries and territories, with a combined membership of 166 million. National and regional trade unions organizing in specific industry sectors or occupational groups also form 2846:

In the United Kingdom, previous to this EU jurisprudence, a series of laws introduced during the 1980s by Margaret Thatcher's government restricted closed and union shops. All agreements requiring a worker to join a union are now illegal. In the United States, the

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Visser, Jelle. "ICTWSS: Database on institutional characteristics of trade unions, wage setting, state intervention and social pacts in 34 countries between 1960 and 2007". Institute for Advanced Labour Studies, AIAS, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (2011).

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Beyond the classification listed above, unions' relations with political parties vary. In many countries unions are tightly bonded, or even share leadership, with a political party intended to represent the interests of the working class. Typically, this is a

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volunteers who are often appointed by members through internal democratic elections. The trade union, through an elected leadership and bargaining committee, bargains with the employer on behalf of its members, known as the rank and file, and negotiates

1156:. This pool of unskilled and semi-skilled labour spontaneously organized in fits and starts throughout its beginnings, and would later be an important arena for the development of trade unions. Trade unions have sometimes been seen as successors to the 5603: 2995:

profitability, employment and business growth rates. UK research on employment, wages, productivity, and investment found union density improved all metrics - but only until a limit. Forming U-shaped curves, after an optimal density, more unionisation

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The Local Average Treatment Effect of a 1% decline in unionisation attributable to RTW is about a 5% increase in the rate of occupational fatalities. In total, RTW laws have led to a 14.2% increase in occupational mortality through decreased

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interests of the rich. Higher unionization rates increase the likelihood of parental leave policies being adopted. Republican-controlled states are less likely to adopt more restrictive labour policies when unions are strong in the state.

2408:, union organisation is slightly different due to the presence of enterprise unions, i.e. unions that are specific to a plant or company. These enterprise unions, however, join industry-wide federations which in turn are members of 1209:

By the 1810s, the first labour organizations to bring together workers of divergent occupations were formed. Possibly the first such union was the General Union of Trades, also known as the Philanthropic Society, founded in 1818 in

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sought to show that unionization produces higher wages (for the union members) at the expense of fewer jobs, and that, if some industries are unionized while others are not, wages will tend to decline in non-unionized industries.

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In the cities, trade unions encountered much hostility from employers and government groups. In the United States, unions and unionists were regularly prosecuted under various restraint of trade and conspiracy laws, such as the

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The prevalence of labour unions can be measured by "union density", which is expressed as a percentage of the total number of workers in a given location who are trade union members. The table below shows the percentage across

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encompasses many unions that use their organizational strength to advocate for social policies and legislation favourable to their members or to workers in general. As well, unions in some countries are closely aligned with

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conditions, improving safety standards, establishing complaint procedures, developing rules governing status of employees (rules governing promotions, just-cause conditions for termination) and protecting and increasing the

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than other countries. Moreover, in the United States, collective bargaining is most commonly undertaken by unions directly with employers, whereas in Austria, Denmark, Germany or Sweden, unions most often negotiate with

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In a number of countries during the 20th century, including in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom, legislation was passed to provide for the voluntary or statutory recognition of a union by an employer.

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indicates that unions can provide wage premiums and reduce inequality while reducing employment growth and restricting employment flexibility. Some trade unions oppose approaches which increase productivity, such as

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Event history analysis of state-level leave policy adoption from 1983 to 2016 shows that union institutional strength, particularly in the public sector, is positively associated with the timing of leave policy

2587:. Some research, such as that conducted by the Australian Centre for Industrial Relations Research and Training, argues that unionized workers enjoy better conditions and wages than those who are not unionized. 1402:

In France, labour organization was illegal until 1884. The Bourse du Travail was founded in 1887 and merged with the Fédération nationale des syndicats (National Federation of Trade Unions) in 1895 to form the

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In the United States, higher union density has been associated with lower suicide/overdose deaths. Decreased unionization rates in the United States have been linked to an increase in occupational fatalities.

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states that a trade union is "an organisation consisting predominantly of employees, the principal activities of which include the negotiation of rates of pay and conditions of employment for its members".

9432: 8840: 6387: 1242:, after an apparently unsuccessful attempt to create a similar national presence with the National Union of Cotton-spinners. The Association quickly enrolled approximately 150 unions, consisting mostly of 5683: 8347: 2671:

However, in these countries, collective agreements are not widespread; only a few businesses and a few sectors of the economy have a strong tradition of finding collective solutions in labour relations.

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was passed, which banned trade unions and collective bargaining by British workers. Although the unions were subject to often severe repression until 1824, they were already widespread in cities such as

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which details the governance of their bargaining unit and also have governance at various levels of government depending on the industry that binds them legally to their negotiations and functioning.

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Beyond this claim, Mill also argued that, because individual workers had no basis for assessing the wages for a particular task, labour unions would lead to greater efficiency of the market system.

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mandate the open shop in some states. In Germany only open shops are legal; that is, all discrimination based on union membership is forbidden. This affects the function and services of the union.

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Van den Berg, Annette, Arjen van Witteloostuijn, and Olivier Van der Brempt. "Employee workplace representation in Belgium: Effects on firm performance." International Journal of Manpower (2017).

2431:" (an artificial legal entity), with a mandate to negotiate with employers for the workers it represents. In such cases, unions have certain legal rights, most importantly the right to engage in 8260: 3058:

In the United States, unions have been linked to lower racial resentment among whites. Membership in unions increases political knowledge, in particular among those with less formal education.

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Concerning labour market regulation in the EU, Gold (1993) and Hall (1994) have identified three distinct systems of labour market regulation, which also influence the role that unions play:

8280: 3706: 8402: 6782: 2529:. In Denmark, there are some newer apolitical "discount" unions who offer a very basic level of services, as opposed to the dominating Danish pattern of extensive services and organizing. 8989: 8352: 8015: 2639:

Union law varies from country to country, as does the function of unions. For example, German and Dutch unions have played a greater role in management decisions through participation in

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does not require union membership in employing or keeping workers. Where a union is active, workers who do not contribute to a union may include those who approve of the union contract (

9482: 9014: 8589: 7779: 9442: 9399: 9356: 8062: 800:, the predominant historical view is that a trade union "is a continuous association of wage earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment". 9366: 9252: 9204: 9101: 8794: 8455: 3011:

In the United States, the outsourcing of labour to Asia, Latin America, and Africa has been partially driven by increasing costs of union partnership, which gives other countries a

4373: 725:). The agreements negotiated by a union are binding on the rank-and-file members and the employer, and in some cases on other non-member workers. Trade unions traditionally have a 9462: 9422: 8417: 4927: 1111:(1848) by almost a century (and Marx's writings themselves frequently address the prior existence of the workers' movements of his time.) The first recorded labour strike in the 9457: 9437: 9209: 8804: 8472: 8460: 8450: 8397: 8367: 7819: 2679:

industries and most firms. This model was said to encompass Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Here, Denmark joined the EU in 1973, whereas Finland and Sweden joined in 1995."

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Frank, Christopher (January 2005). ""Let But One of Them Come before Me, and I'll Commit Him": Trade Unions, Magistrates, and the Law in Mid‐Nineteenth‐Century Staffordshire".

2497:. The service model union focuses more on maintaining worker rights, providing services, and resolving disputes. Alternately, the organizing model typically involves full-time 9214: 8749: 8714: 8422: 8634: 8392: 8200: 8135: 7824: 1571:

The decline in manufacturing is the most direct influence, as unions were historically beneficial and prevalent in the sector; for this reason, there may be an increase in

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printers in 1786, who opposed a wage reduction and demanded $ 6 per week in wages. The origins of modern trade unions can be traced back to 18th-century Britain, where the

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it has been mostly right-wing proposals that make it harder for unions to form or that limit their power. On the other side, there are many social policies such as

1164:, though the relationship between the two is disputed, as the masters of the guilds employed workers (apprentices and journeymen) who were not allowed to organize. 9452: 9376: 9257: 9199: 9136: 9086: 9056: 8809: 8644: 8624: 8559: 8554: 8245: 8235: 8215: 8145: 7964: 7899: 7854: 4391: 2747: 5042:

Stiglitz, Joseph E. (4 June 2012). The Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future (Kindle Locations 1148–1149). Norton. Kindle Edition.

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is an example of a closed shop—in this case the employer must recruit directly from the union, as well as the employee working strictly for unionized employers.

2384:, traditionally found in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Netherlands, the UK and the US), or attempt to organize all workers within a particular industry ( 9447: 9404: 8609: 8604: 8180: 7859: 2734:

party, but many exceptions exist, including some of the aforementioned Christian unions. In the United States, trade unions are almost always aligned with the

2704: 1246:, but also including mechanics, blacksmiths, and various others. Membership rose to between 10,000 and 20,000 individuals spread across the five counties of 3969: 805:

traditionally maintained in the various branches of industry. That is to say, they wish to prevent the price of labour-power from falling below its value" (

7759: 6773:– Listing of 5,000 UK trade unions with histories of main organisations, trade union "family trees" and details of union membership and strikes since 1900. 11167: 10726: 10588: 2781:

has regulated collective bargaining by requiring employers to participate, but collective bargaining has only been legal if held in sessions before the

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add barriers and costs for the trade unions when trying to organize the informal economy. This has been a significant threshold to labour organizing in

12452: 11971: 9321: 6459: 11877: 11872: 10313: 6418:(Studies in Social Policy, Industrial Relations, Working Life and Mobility). Research Reports 2017:2. Lund: Department of Sociology, Lund University. 4983: 3122: 1235: 12394: 8911: 5027:"A 2011 study drew a link between the decline in union membership since 1973 and expanding wage disparity. Those trends have since continued, said 2693: 2388:, found in Australia, Canada, Germany, Finland, Norway, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the US). These unions are often divided into " 4356: 1374: 10769: 10328: 9593: 6147: 4324: 2890: 2522: 4611: 10776: 3127: 2812:(US) or a "post-entry closed shop" (UK) employs non-union workers as well but sets a time limit within which new employees must join a union. 5252:

Vedder, Richard, and Lowell Gallaway. "The economic effects of labor unions revisited." Journal of labor research 23, no. 1 (2002): 105–130.

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Tracy, Joseph (1986). Seniority Rules and the Gains from Union Organization (Report). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.

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plans at odds with what unions see as the worker's interests. However, it has strengthened once more after the Labour party's election of

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Card David, Krueger Alan. (1995). Myth and measurement: The new economics of the minimum wage. Princeton, NJ. Princeton University Press.

4426:"Trade Union Transformation and Informal Sector Organising in Uganda: The Prospects and Challenges for Promoting Labour-led Development" 11076: 9699: 6840: 5965:"Solidarity and disparity: Declining labor union density and changing racial and educational mortality inequities in the United States" 4966: 2946:

US Income inequality and union participation have had a distinctly inverse relationship, with the disparity increasing since the 1980s.

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This period also saw the growth of trade unions in other industrializing countries, especially the United States, Germany and France.

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What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights

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requires non-union workers to pay a fee to the union for its services in negotiating their contract. This is sometimes called the

12223: 11831: 10764: 10752: 9295: 8779: 6402: 5349: 3554: 3415: 2624: 2604: 2556:), religious unions have existed for decades. These unions typically distanced themselves from some of the doctrines of orthodox 2459: 2401: 1385: 343: 4531: 2770:

to become leader of the party after Ed secured the trade union votes. Additionally, in the past, there was a group known as the

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and the UK belong to this category, and in contrast to the EU core countries above, these countries first joined the EU in 1973.

12024: 11964: 11836: 10333: 8969: 7683: 6294: 4065: 2972: 2968: 2739: 304: 4109: 12403: 11882: 11130: 10788: 10538: 10318: 4881: 4290: 10720: 6764: 6751: 939:) vessel constructed in an employment contract between a shipbuilder and a ship-owner. Law 275 stipulated a ferry rate of 3- 12387: 12192: 9588: 9336: 8904: 8506: 8362: 4363:. Brussels: Peter Lang and Etui. Series: Travail et Société / Work and Society, Volume 86, 2023, chapter 28, pp. 1051–1092. 2962:, sometimes working with market forces that they have helped shape, to increase it." Evidence indicates that those who are 1270:

publication, having the declared intention "to unite the productive classes of the community in one common bond of union."

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Holgate, Jane (9 July 2016). "Book review: A Hodder and L Kretsos (eds), Young Workers and Trade Unions: A Global View".

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In the United Kingdom, the perceived left-leaning nature of trade unions (and their historical close alignment with the

1373:, in 1869, which began to grow after 1880. Legalization occurred slowly as a result of a series of court decisions. The 9729: 9176: 6353: 6118: 5563:"Policy Feedback as Political Weapon: Conservative Advocacy and the Demobilization of the Public Sector Labor Movement" 5422: 3819: 3790: 3782: 2583:

Although their political structure and autonomy varies widely, union leaderships are usually formed through democratic

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began in 1881 as a federation of different unions that did not directly enrol workers. In 1886, it became known as the

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Hirsch, Barry T. "What do unions do for economic performance?." Journal of Labor Research 25, no. 3 (2004): 415–455.

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were among a limited number of contracting states that continue to permit the conclusion of closed-shop agreements.

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In some regions, unions may face active repression, either by governments or by extralegal organizations, with many

2380:, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the US), a cross-section of workers from various trades ( 11791: 11269: 10834: 10680: 9724: 9427: 8835: 8058: 7542: 6415:

The Membership Development of Swedish Trade Unions and Union Confederations Since the End of the Nineteenth Century

2743: 2735: 2596: 1359: 841: 476: 348: 199: 11197: 4834:"Unions and the Great Compression of wage inequality in the US at mid-century: evidence from local labour markets" 2958:

has asserted that, "Strong unions have helped to reduce inequality, whereas weaker unions have made it easier for

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setting the "mark" (the industry norm) in negotiations with the employers' association in manufacturing industry.

1202:, which was soon crushed. Sympathy for the plight of the workers brought repeal of the acts in 1824, although the 828:

Recent historical research by Bob James puts forward the view that trade unions are part of a broader movement of

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Module 3, Maritime & Port Wages, Benefits, Labour Relations. International Maritime Human Resource Management

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in 1867 agreed that the establishment of the organizations was to the advantage of both employers and employees.

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Trade unions and collective bargaining were outlawed from no later than the middle of the 14th century, when the

821: 628: 551: 5731:"Reducing Unequal Representation: The Impact of Labor Unions on Legislative Responsiveness in the U.S. Congress" 5604:"Reducing Unequal Representation: The Impact of Labor Unions on Legislative Responsiveness in the U.S. Congress" 1057:(193–211) in 198 AD. In September 2011, archaeological investigations done at the site of the artificial harbor 12437: 12356: 12253: 12009: 11069: 10308: 7612: 6833: 6361: 5005: 3886: 3379: 2855: 2653: 249: 244: 6423:

The Politics of West German Trade Unions: Strategies of Class and Interest Representation in Growth and Crisis

1214:. The latter name was to hide the organization's real purpose in a time when trade unions were still illegal. 11421: 9061: 4269:

Goodard, J. (2013). "Labour Law and Union Recognition in Canada: A Historical-Institutionalist Perspective".

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Trade unions typically fund their head office and legal team functions through regularly imposed fees called

536: 38: 11471: 4357:"Trade unions in Sweden: still high union density, but widening gaps by social category and national origin" 1423:

World map with countries shaded according to their trade union density rate with statistics provided by the

12293: 11841: 11299: 10738: 10466: 9714: 9615: 8669: 8093: 8054: 7929: 7919: 7724: 6456: 6133: 3152: 2771: 2451:, or binding arbitration. In extreme cases, violent or illegal activities may develop around these events. 1378: 511: 17: 1292:

More permanent trade unions were established from the 1850s, better resourced but often less radical. The

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Opening Up By Cracking Down: Labor Repression and Trade Liberalization in Democratic Developing Countries

4378:. Department of Sociology, Lund University and Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne. 3778: 3603: 3464: 3027: 2801:(US) or a "pre-entry closed shop" (UK) employs only people who are already union members. The compulsory 2715: 1305: 3362:

Powell, Marvin A. (1995). "Metrology and Mathematics in Ancient Mesopotamia". In Sasson, Jack M. (ed.).

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McGaughey, Ewan, 'Democracy or Oligarchy? Models of Union Governance in the UK, Germany and US' (2017)

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St. James Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide : Major Events in Labor History and Their Impact

6026:"Does 'right to work' imperil the right to health? The effect of labour unions on workplace fatalities" 4518:

See E McGaughey, 'Democracy or Oligarchy? Models of Union Governance in the UK, Germany and US' (2017)

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Eisenberg-Guyot, Jerzy; Mooney, Stephen J.; Hagopian, Amy; Barrington, Wendy E.; Hajat, Anjum (2020).

4480:"The economic and social processes that led to the revolt of the Polish workers in the early eighties" 4234:

Briggs, C. (2007). "Statutory Union Recognition in North America and the UK: Lessons for Australia?".

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Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, and Wayne G. Vroman, "Estimates of Union Density by State",

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Industrial Relations and the Social Dimension of European Integration: Before and after Maastricht

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does not strive to act as a union, as it also represents the interests of engineering businesses.

1560:

average of 35.9% in 1998 to 27.9% in the year 2018. The main reasons for these developments are a

902:

for length, area, volume, weight, and time used by artisan guilds in each city was promulgated by

12004: 11851: 11326: 11014: 10928: 10504: 10186: 9975: 9843: 9790: 9648: 9638: 9527: 9381: 9171: 9034: 9019: 8964: 8959: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8544: 8534: 8290: 8205: 8195: 8150: 8086: 7954: 7909: 7729: 7704: 7373: 7193: 7017: 6961: 6916: 4199:

Townshend-Smith, R (1981). "Trade union recognition legislation – Britain and America compared".

3811: 3558: 3419: 3162: 3157: 3099: 2774:, or CTU, formed of people who sympathized with right wing Tory policy but were Trade Unionists. 2608: 1348: 1344: 1107: 849: 531: 60: 6767:– European Industrial Relations Observatory report on membership trends in 28 European countries 6761:– European Industrial Relations Observatory report on membership trends in 26 European countries 4181: 3644: 12495: 12459: 12034: 12019: 10933: 10732: 10648: 10278: 9911: 9739: 9281: 9166: 9156: 9126: 9111: 9106: 9024: 9009: 8984: 8920: 8744: 8709: 8614: 8574: 8160: 8155: 7959: 7814: 7709: 7552: 7233: 3509: 2709: 2526: 2483: 1168: 496: 466: 458: 229: 6429: 6155:

Moses, John A. (December 1973). "The Trade Union Issue In German Social Democracy 1890–1900".

5412: 4519: 4425: 4075: 3988: 3742: 3221:

Poole, M., 1986. Industrial Relations: Origins and Patterns of National Diversity. London UK:

1545: 12637: 12574: 12346: 12154: 12144: 12109: 11771: 11346: 11284: 11155: 11110: 10963: 10953: 10744: 10293: 10179: 10108: 9963: 9848: 9810: 9351: 9341: 9151: 9046: 8704: 8619: 8594: 8584: 8569: 8165: 7939: 7889: 7809: 7774: 7714: 7669: 7358: 7012: 6470:

The Crisis of Social Democratic Trade Unionism in Western Europe: The Search for Alternatives

5808: 3290: 3035: 3012: 2976: 2573: 2507: 2432: 1301: 1293: 1153: 1120: 948: 737: 678: 526: 486: 471: 194: 100: 11411: 10874: 6157:

Internationale Wissenschaftliche Korrespondenz zur Geschichte der Deutschen Arbeiterbewegung

5772:"When Do Unions Matter to Social Policy? Organized Labor and Leave Legislation in US States" 5651:"When Do Unions Matter to Social Policy? Organized Labor and Leave Legislation in US States" 4992: 1308:. By this time, the existence and the demands of the trade unions were becoming accepted by 12483: 12273: 12233: 12114: 11846: 11531: 11401: 11237: 11227: 11172: 11105: 11044: 10689: 10627: 10524: 10402: 10345: 9968: 9948: 9775: 9663: 9583: 9326: 8689: 8654: 8255: 7949: 7749: 7022: 6936: 6926: 5928:

Anzia, Sarah F.; Moe, Terry M. (2015). "Public Sector Unions and the Costs of Government".

5305: 5185: 5159: 5066: 5052: 3640: 3371: 3364: 3137: 2848: 1226:

Poster issued by the London Trades Council, advertising a demonstration held on 2 June 1873

1203: 979:-shekel per day freight rate for a 60-gur vessel. In 1816, an archaeological excavation in 694: 575: 506: 325: 160: 130: 11491: 6645:

Levitsky, Steven, and Scott Mainwaring. "Organized labor and democracy in Latin America".

6538:, "Ruling-Class Rules: How to thrive in the power elite – while declaring it your enemy", 6439: 4776: 4407: 1033:

during the reign of Julius Caesar (49–44 BC), and their reaffirmation during the reign of

918: 8: 12590: 12432: 12323: 12044: 12039: 12014: 11496: 11177: 11135: 10809: 10794: 10617: 10602: 10573: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10436: 10298: 10258: 10020: 9990: 9858: 9719: 9643: 9633: 8819: 8492: 8314: 7617: 7471: 7454: 7078: 7037: 6931: 6386:

European Commission, Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion:

5376:"Outsourcing, Unions, and Wages: Evidence from data matching imports, firms, and workers" 4479: 3132: 2951: 2672: 2467: 2454: 2436: 2385: 2361: 1561: 1392: 1206:

restricted their activity to bargaining for wage increases and changes in working hours.

1086: 722: 621: 501: 155: 11566: 9916: 6320:

Zeitlin, Jonathan (1987). "From labour history to the history of industrial relations".

5309: 3631: 3538: 3399: 12489: 12361: 12238: 12164: 12059: 11915: 11904: 11701: 11696: 11681: 11661: 11336: 11222: 11187: 10884: 10839: 10497: 10409: 10288: 10213: 10030: 9995: 9906: 9863: 9833: 9805: 9800: 9770: 9744: 9568: 9520: 7602: 7404: 7378: 7303: 7183: 7173: 7007: 6793: 6650: 6620: 6337: 6141: 6061: 5997: 5964: 5906: 5883: 5836: 5711: 5631: 5543: 5321: 5141: 5094: 4958: 4375:

The Nordic Model of Industrial Relations: comparing Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden

4251: 4216: 4212: 4163: 4155: 4035: 3950: 3723: 3686: 3636: 3179: 3117: 3063: 2987: 2980: 2793:

Companies that employ workers with a union generally operate on one of several models:

2511: 2448: 2365: 1572: 1297: 1172: 1136: 903: 404: 264: 11616: 4612:"The role of German trade unions in the national and European standardisation process" 2532: 12538: 12442: 12268: 12228: 12181: 12129: 12054: 11776: 11631: 11416: 11406: 11182: 11120: 11115: 10859: 10819: 10622: 10607: 10578: 10358: 10228: 10120: 10084: 10074: 10035: 10025: 9953: 9943: 9873: 8874: 7527: 7522: 7313: 7238: 7147: 7063: 7027: 6624: 6612: 6357: 6114: 6053: 6045: 6002: 5984: 5945: 5887: 5875: 5840: 5828: 5752: 5715: 5703: 5635: 5623: 5584: 5547: 5535: 5496: 5418: 5325: 5217: 5133: 5098: 5086: 5001: 4950: 4903: 4855: 4814: 4538: 4361:

Trade unions in the European Union. Picking up the pieces of the neoliberal challenge

4299: 4255: 4220: 4167: 4147: 3892: 3882: 3815: 3786: 3678: 3375: 3310: 3242: 2898: 2835: 2778: 2755: 2698: 2640: 2518: 2440: 1537: 1396: 1286: 1093:, keeping scriptures, arranging festivals, and maintaining specific religious cults. 1054: 674: 595: 546: 481: 424: 234: 90: 31: 6094:

Braunthal, Gerard (1956). "The German Free Trade Unions during the Rise of Nazism".

6065: 5491: 5474: 5437:

Kusunoki, S. Hayek on labor unions and restraint of trade. Const Polit Econ (2023).

5375: 5278: 5145: 4962: 12524: 12258: 12174: 12139: 11938: 11928: 11806: 11761: 11751: 11741: 11716: 11596: 11551: 11516: 11486: 11481: 11451: 11356: 11249: 11150: 11086: 11034: 10994: 10984: 10938: 10653: 10568: 10471: 10426: 10371: 10363: 10353: 10130: 10054: 9894: 9868: 9853: 9760: 9578: 9560: 7532: 7507: 6992: 6658: 6604: 6329: 6037: 5992: 5976: 5937: 5867: 5820: 5783: 5742: 5695: 5662: 5615: 5574: 5527: 5486: 5455: 5438: 5313: 5207: 5197: 5125: 5078: 4942: 4845: 4804: 4771: 4437: 4243: 4208: 4139: 4106: 4027: 3942: 3715: 3550: 3499: 3411: 3302: 3107: 2902: 2644: 2612: 2502: 2494: 1370: 1319: 1266:

within a year. To establish awareness and legitimacy, the union started the weekly

1101:

While a commonly held mistaken view holds modern trade unionism to be a product of

845: 683: 654: 580: 570: 125: 11591: 10849: 10814: 4793:"Unions and Inequality over the Twentieth Century: New Evidence from Survey Data*" 12469: 12336: 12288: 12248: 12149: 12099: 11933: 11706: 11586: 11526: 11466: 11361: 11351: 11294: 11212: 11140: 11024: 10958: 10879: 10563: 10483: 10446: 10422: 10223: 10218: 10198: 10157: 10152: 10099: 10094: 9958: 9938: 9815: 9780: 7348: 7298: 7198: 7168: 6906: 6868: 6813: 6758: 6746: 6640:

Redeeming the Revolution: The State and Organized Labor in Post-Tlatelolco Mexico

6463: 6108: 5408: 4395: 4113: 3513: 3267: 3022: 3017: 2955: 2782: 2731: 2577: 2498: 2479: 2428: 1369:

In the United States, the first effective nationwide labour organization was the

1339: 1259: 1181: 1176: 1161: 932: 888: 861: 829: 814: 646: 600: 414: 372: 294: 80: 11621: 10854: 6521:

Guild, C. M. (2021). Union Library Workers Blog: The Years 2019–2020 in Review.

5856:"How Labor Unions Increase Political Knowledge: Evidence from the United States" 996: 760:. Trade union density, or the percentage of workers belonging to a trade union, 12532: 12278: 12203: 12159: 11766: 11721: 11711: 11691: 11651: 11606: 11571: 11461: 11456: 11446: 11341: 11314: 10899: 10869: 10829: 10824: 10658: 10389: 10238: 9921: 9785: 9679: 9625: 8078: 7627: 7512: 7486: 7466: 7444: 7328: 7323: 7308: 7271: 7073: 6901: 6540: 6281: 5871: 5531: 5442: 4759: 4247: 4143: 3504: 2767: 2664: 2569: 2521:) has resulted in the formation of a reactionary right-wing trade union called 2416: 2373: 1419: 1389: 1354: 1263: 1199: 1000: 733: 714: 614: 439: 434: 419: 382: 204: 50: 11666: 11636: 11536: 6041: 5747: 5730: 5699: 5619: 5579: 5562: 5317: 4039: 1222: 12626: 12507: 12308: 12243: 12124: 11811: 11801: 11796: 11781: 11676: 11611: 11576: 11556: 11546: 11383: 11304: 11289: 10894: 10889: 10192: 10113: 10061: 10000: 9838: 9704: 8868: 7597: 7562: 7557: 7476: 7434: 7258: 7228: 7188: 7068: 7058: 7032: 6997: 6976: 6616: 6608: 6236:

British Trade Unions and Industrial Politics: The Post-War Compromise 1945–64

6049: 5988: 5949: 5879: 5855: 5832: 5756: 5707: 5627: 5588: 5539: 5515: 5500: 5221: 5137: 5129: 5090: 5028: 4954: 4946: 4859: 4818: 4303: 4151: 3704:

Ginsburg, Michael (1940). "Roman military clubs and their social functions".

3682: 3314: 3172: 3167: 3147: 2759: 2751: 2684: 2490: 2444: 2381: 1581: 1565: 1553: 1285:

from Owenites to revolutionaries and played a part in the protests after the

1231: 1132: 1112: 966: 797: 718: 364: 299: 259: 224: 150: 9499: 5031:, a professor of sociology at Harvard University who co-authored the study." 4442: 3911: 3896: 2950:

The academic literature shows substantial evidence that trade unions reduce

2754:

in 1980. In the United Kingdom trade union movement's relationship with the

1061:

in Rome revealed inscriptions in a shipyard constructed during the reign of

12218: 12213: 12104: 11981: 11949: 11786: 11756: 11656: 11646: 11601: 11581: 11521: 11511: 11476: 11279: 11162: 10990: 10948: 10864: 10844: 10663: 10441: 10253: 10248: 10208: 10169: 7632: 7592: 7587: 7517: 7293: 7281: 7248: 7142: 7137: 7083: 6921: 6863: 6057: 6006: 5113: 4411: 3747: 3594: 3455: 3142: 2820: 2357: 1577: 1145: 1116: 1066: 1042: 1024: 984: 980: 962: 944: 741: 726: 444: 409: 392: 289: 274: 239: 189: 184: 176: 110: 9273: 4809: 4792: 2368:. The UFW during Chavez's tenure was committed to restricting immigration. 1127:, peasants and immigrants, into cities. Britain had ended the practice of 713:

Unions may organize a particular section of skilled or unskilled workers (

12553: 12422: 12372: 12084: 11736: 11731: 11686: 11671: 11641: 11626: 11561: 11541: 11506: 11373: 11274: 10923: 10702: 10632: 10548: 10431: 10104: 9889: 8889: 8878: 7661: 7648: 7577: 7537: 7449: 7243: 7163: 7132: 7122: 7112: 7042: 6966: 6956: 6941: 6776: 6451:

Ribeiro, Ana Teresa. "Recent Trends in Collective Bargaining in Europe."

6446:

The development of trade unionism in Great Britain and Germany, 1880–1914

5788: 5771: 5667: 5650: 5212: 5202: 4791:

Farber, Henry S; Herbst, Daniel; Kuziemko, Ilyana; Naidu, Suresh (2021).

4532:"Australian Centre for Industrial Relations Research and Training report" 3933:"Restraint of Trade. Sherman Anti-Trust Law. Liability of Labor Unions". 3912:"Application of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to Unions since the Apex Case" 3876: 3039: 3000: 2858:

found Danish closed-shop agreements to be in breach of Article 11 of the

2831: 2816: 2802: 2798: 2763: 2553: 2549: 2389: 1274: 1195: 1045:

or the Roman emperor in order to be authorized as legal bodies. Ruins at

837: 793: 145: 115: 95: 11020: 6654: 6436:

Catholic Labor Movements in Europe. Social Thought and Action, 1914–1965

6025: 4984:

Jake Rosenfeld explores the sharp decline of union membership, influence

4478:

Poland, Professor Jacek Tittenbrun of Poznan University (18 July 2005).

4359:. In Jeremy Waddington & Torsten Mueller & Kurt Vandaele (eds.) 4159: 4127: 3690: 3666: 2599:

created in 1945. The largest trade union federation in the world is the

12543: 12089: 11746: 11501: 11331: 11264: 11259: 10612: 10375: 10367: 10243: 10164: 10125: 10069: 8484: 7607: 7582: 7572: 7491: 7481: 7399: 7127: 6946: 6559: 6535: 6516: 6506:

Major Problems In The History Of American Workers: Documents and Essays

6499: 6489: 6350:

Directory of Employer's Associations, Trade unions, Joint Organisations

6341: 5980: 5962: 5824: 5475:"After Citizens United: How outside spending shapes American democracy" 3954: 3752: 3306: 3005: 2809: 2548:

In contrast, in several European countries (e.g. Belgium, Denmark, the

1309: 1282: 1255: 1247: 1211: 1050: 810: 757: 753: 721:), or an attempt to organize all workers within a particular industry ( 666: 590: 284: 279: 6676: 5417:(, 3rd printing ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. 5264:"Union retreat and regional economic performance: the UK in the 1990s" 4850: 4833: 4563: 3727: 2983:

have been linked to greater economic inequality in the United States.

2435:

with the employer (or employers) over wages, working hours, and other

12605: 12069: 11910: 11898: 11726: 11426: 11319: 11309: 11244: 11217: 10968: 10913: 10417: 10233: 10203: 10174: 9543: 8319: 7439: 7288: 7223: 7208: 7203: 7117: 6662: 6274:

To Build a New Jerusalem: Labour Movement from the 1890s to the 1990s

5473:

Abdul-Razzak, Nour; Prato, Carlo; Wolton, Stephane (1 October 2020).

3878:

Through the prism of slavery : labor, capital, and world economy

3707:

Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

3582: 3534: 3495: 3443: 3395: 3222: 2827: 2727: 2723: 2377: 1124: 1049:

date the formation of burial societies among Roman Army soldiers and

1046: 1029: 801: 702: 698: 399: 140: 135: 6333: 5294:"Union Retreat and Regional Economic Performance: The UK Experience" 3946: 12513: 12501: 12331: 12169: 11125: 11054: 10918: 10141: 8305: 7637: 7622: 7218: 6818: 6770: 6513:

In Labor's Cause: Main Themes on the History of the American Worker

5941: 5184:

Barth, Erling; Bryson, Alex; Dale-Olsen, Harald (16 October 2020).

5082: 4031: 3719: 2600: 2584: 1251: 1034: 1009: 749: 254: 10980: 5459: 4648:

The Social Dimension – Employment Policy in the European Community

1343:

Trade union demonstrators held at bay by soldiers during the 1912

1065:(98–117) indicating the existence of a shipbuilders guild. Rome's 70: 12477: 12417: 12134: 12079: 12064: 12049: 11378: 11145: 10943: 10641: 10079: 10015: 7318: 4760:"Labor Unions, Political Representation, and Economic Inequality" 4128:"John Stuart Mill and the Economic Rationale for Organized Labor" 3599: 3460: 2863: 2557: 2470:, some having lead to deaths, having been recorded historically. 2439:. The inability of the parties to reach an agreement may lead to 1584:, parental leave, etc., that decrease the need to be in a union. 1191: 1128: 1102: 1013: 880: 745: 429: 5016:

Keith Naughton, Lynn Doan and Jeffrey Green (20 February 2015).

4465:"See the website of the Danish discount union "Det faglige Hus"" 4464: 3667:"D. 47,22, 1, pr.-1 and the Formation of Semi-Public "Collegia"" 2473:

Unions may also engage in broader political or social struggle.

2353: 665:

whose purpose is to maintain or improve the conditions of their

12595: 9734: 7266: 7178: 6734: 5350:"Will Automation Replace Jobs? Port Workers May Strike Over It" 2561: 2541: 2537: 2514:, where the labour force mostly works in the informal economy. 1187: 1090: 1062: 1058: 969:

between a charterer and shipmaster, while Law 277 stipulated a

936: 914: 833: 662: 377: 11030: 11010: 10516: 6799: 6739: 6711: 6699:

Visser, Jelle. "Union membership statistics in 24 countries."

6267:. A History of British Trade Unions Since 1889. Vol. III. 5684:"Who passes restrictive labour policy? A view from the States" 5338:

Bryson, Alex. "Union wage effects." IZA World of Labor (2014).

3093: 10394: 7276: 6687:

From consent to coercion: The assault on trade union freedoms

6258:. A History of British Trade Unions Since 1889. Vol. II. 5067:"The Right to Work, Power Resources, and Economic Inequality" 2889:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

2462:

was a trade union strike involving more than 200,000 workers.

2409: 2405: 2372:

Unions may organize a particular section of skilled workers (

1157: 940: 884: 869: 387: 9512: 6249:. A History of British Trade Unions Since 1889. Vol. I. 4585: 3370:. Vol. III. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 3291:"The Marxist View of the Labor Unions: Complex and Critical" 2860:

European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms

10089: 6794:

Retaliation for Union Activity and Collection Action Rights

6296:

The Contentious Alliance: Trade Unions and the Labour Party

6169: 2343: 1589: 1557: 736:, trade unions became popular in many countries during the 670: 2834:) and those who do not. In the United States, state level 1334: 1234:

in the United Kingdom were made in the 1820s and 30s. The

6672:. (3rd ed. Toronto, Ont.: New Canada Publications, 1973). 6453:

E-Journal of International and Comparative Labour Studies

4790: 3633:

The Documentary History of Insurance, 1000 B.C.–1875 A.D.

2959: 6556:

American Workers, American Unions: The Twentieth Century

6396:

Trade unions in western Europe: Hard times, hard choices

4990:

Retrieved 6 March 2015. See also: Jake Rosenfeld (2014)

3073:

have been associated with increased cost of government.

2627:, the International Arts and Entertainment Alliance and 2595:

The oldest global trade union organizations include the

6532:(2004), textbook, based on earlier textbooks by Dulles. 5472: 4082: 3598:. Translated by Harper, Robert Francis (2nd ed.). 3459:. Translated by Harper, Robert Francis (2nd ed.). 5018:

As the Rich Get Richer, Unions Are Poised for Comeback

4874:"Unions and American Income Inequality at Mid-Century" 3198: 3196: 3194: 740:. Trade unions may be composed of individual workers, 6809:

A History of Labor Unions from Colonial Times to 2009

6694:

Trade Unions and Politics: A Comparative Introduction

6549:

The ABC-CLIO Companion to the American Labor Movement

5271:

Research Papers in Environmental and Spatial Analysis

5183: 5114:"Unions, Norms, and the Rise in U.S. Wage Inequality" 4928:"Unions, Norms, and the Rise in U.S. Wage Inequality" 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 1357:

trade unions were finally legalized in 1872, after a

1131:

in 1574, but the vast majority of people remained as

999:, that prescribed the rules and membership dues of a 6486:

Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History

6444:

Mommsen, Wolfgang J., and Hans-Gerhard Husung, eds.

3089: 2486:

were founded as the electoral arms of trade unions.

1190:. Workplace militancy had also manifested itself as 1023:

was any association in ancient Rome that acted as a

10727:

Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists

6409:(NJWLS) Vol. 1. No 1 (August 2011), pp. 67–93. 4330:. International Labour Organisation. Archived from 3191: 3025:criticized unions in chapter 18 of his publication 2412:, the Japanese national trade union confederation. 2396:. These federations themselves will affiliate with 817:the workplace, in order to obtain political power. 717:), a cross-section of workers from various trades ( 710:(collective bargaining agreements) with employers. 37:"Labour Union" redirects here. For other uses, see 12453:List of industry trade groups in the United States 12342:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation 6730:LabourStart international trade union news service 6177:Webb, Sidney; Webb, Beatrice (1920). "Chapter I". 4722:"ECHR rules against Danish closed-shop agreements" 4663:, pp. 281–331 in Hyman, R. & Ferner A., eds.: 4504:Solidarność popiera Kaczyńskiego jak kiedyś Wałęsę 4289: 3363: 3355: 3228: 1105:, the earliest modern trade unions predate Marx's 6496:Labor Relations: Major Issues in American History 6403:"The Decline in Swedish Union Density since 2007" 5728: 5601: 5186:"Union Density Effects on Productivity and Wages" 5112:Western, Bruce; Rosenfeld, Jake (1 August 2011). 4832:Collins, William J.; Niemesh, Gregory T. (2019). 4424:Schminke, Tobias Gerhard; Fridell, Gavin (2021). 4046: 3575: 3527: 3436: 3123:Labor federation competition in the United States 2748:Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization 1236:National Association for the Protection of Labour 12624: 8108: 6573:Alexander, Robert Jackson, and Eldon M. Parker. 6394:Gumbrell-McCormick, Rebecca, and Richard Hyman. 6286:A history of British trade unionism c. 1770–1990 6234:Campbell, A., Fishman, N., and McIlroy, J. eds. 5560: 5516:"Labor Unions and White Democratic Partisanship" 5111: 4925: 4728: 3837:A History of Trade Unionism in the United States 3743:"Huge Ancient Roman Shipyard Unearthed in Italy" 3570:275. If anyone hires a ... day as rent therefor. 3480:§234. If a boatman build ... silver as his wage. 3388: 3343: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 1194:and had been prominent in struggles such as the 879:Following the unification of the city-states in 6488:(2006), 3 vol; 2064pp; 650 articles by experts 4926:Western, Bruce; Rosenfeld, Jake (August 2011). 4423: 4198: 3431:234. If a shipbuilder builds ... as a present . 2576:overtones and today it supports the right-wing 1375:Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions 1198:in Scotland, in which 60,000 workers went on a 6633:Trade unions and workplace democracy in Africa 5806: 4831: 4665:New Frontiers in European Industrial Relations 4650:. Basingstoke England UK: Macmillan Publishing 4408:Amnesty International report 23 September 2005 1596:Union density across OECD members (in %) 1012:, in approximately 133 AD during the reign of 12388: 11965: 11070: 10532: 9528: 9504: 9289: 8905: 8500: 8094: 7677: 7257: 6834: 6670:The Trade Union Movement of Canada: 1827–1959 6591:Young Workers and Trade Unions: A Global View 6504:Boris, Eileen, and Nelson Lichtenstein, eds. 5729:Becher, Michael; Stegmueller, Daniel (2020). 5602:Becher, Michael; Stegmueller, Daniel (2020). 5291: 5261: 3976:. p. 25 – via Google News Archive. 3208: 3128:Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act 2887:The examples and perspective in this article 622: 11979: 8428:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 6498:(2005) over 100 annotated primary documents 5281:on 11 January 2024 – via ResearchGate. 5262:Monastiriotis, Vassilis (17 February 2003). 4692:"Freedom of Association/Trade Union Freedom" 4125: 3658: 3490: 3488: 2746:candidates on a number of occasions and the 913:–2218 BC), Sargon's grandson, including for 12010:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention 9303: 6017: 5902:"Why Unions Are Good — But Not Good Enough" 5064: 12402: 12395: 12381: 11972: 11958: 11077: 11063: 10777:Irish Transport and General Workers' Union 10539: 10525: 9535: 9521: 9296: 9282: 8919: 8912: 8898: 8507: 8493: 8101: 8087: 7691: 7684: 7670: 7653: 7568:International comparisons of labour unions 6841: 6827: 6689:(third edition. Ontario: Garamound Press). 6685:Panitch, Leo & Swartz, Donald (2003). 6528:Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Foster Rhea Dulles. 6166:A brief history of the German trade unions 6146:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5682:Bucci, Laura C.; Jansa, Joshua M. (2020). 5681: 4389:The 10 Biggest Strikes in American History 4074:. London: Longmans Green and Co. pp. 3903: 3260: 2999:employment, wages, etc. Research from the 2621:International Transport Workers Federation 1549:Hours Worked Compared to Earnings Per Week 1217: 776:Garment workers on strike, New York City, 629: 615: 6379:Berghahn, Volker R., and Detlev Karsten. 6163: 6093: 5996: 5853: 5807:Frymer, Paul; Grumbach, Jacob M. (2020). 5787: 5746: 5666: 5578: 5513: 5490: 5292:Monastiriotis, Vassilis (15 March 2007). 5211: 5201: 4897: 4849: 4808: 4775: 4734: 4586:"International Trade Union Confederation" 4441: 4317: 4126:King, John T.; Yanochik, Mark A. (2011). 3619:§275. If a man hire ... its hire per day. 3581: 3533: 3494: 3485: 3442: 3394: 3061:According to American socialist magazine 2925:Learn how and when to remove this message 2348: 1230:The first attempts at forming a national 761: 27:Organisation of workers with common goals 12448:List of food industry trade associations 8514: 6554:Zieger, Robert H., and Gilbert J. Gall, 6280: 6229:Trade Unions and the Economy, 1870–2000. 6227:Aldcroft, D. H. and Oliver, M. J., eds. 6203: 6197:Historical Dictionary of Organized Labor 6194: 6176: 5927: 5809:"Labor Unions and White Racial Politics" 5407: 4757: 4676: 4236:The Economic and Labour Relations Review 4088: 4064: 3967: 3775:Wage Labor and Guilds in Medieval Europe 3703: 3202: 2941: 2738:with a few exceptions. For example, the 2531: 2453: 2352: 1544: 1536: 1418: 1338: 1281:. The organization attracted a range of 1279:Grand National Consolidated Trades Union 1221: 951:and a shipmaster. Law 276 stipulated a 2 771: 12224:Right to an adequate standard of living 11832:International Trade Union Confederation 6779:– History of the British union movement 6594: 6319: 6303: 6030:Occupational and Environmental Medicine 5969:American Journal of Industrial Medicine 5769: 5648: 5373: 4609: 4268: 3986: 3834: 3805: 3772: 3664: 3555:Records of the Past Exploration Society 3508:. Translated by King, Leonard William. 3416:Records of the Past Exploration Society 2758:frayed as party leadership embarked on 2625:International Federation of Journalists 2605:International Trade Union Confederation 2590: 2460:Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886 2402:International Trade Union Confederation 1414: 1386:Free Association of German Trade Unions 1335:Legalization, expansion and recognition 14: 12625: 12025:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment 11837:International Union of Socialist Youth 10795:Sveriges Arbetares Centralorganisation 10709:Argentine Regional Workers' Federation 10697:International Workingmen's Association 6575:A history of organized labor in Brazil 6407:Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 6292: 6271: 6023: 5328:– via Taylor and Francis online. 4477: 4233: 3874: 3851:"Strike: Strikes in the United States" 3808:The Constitution of the Roman Republic 3366:Civilizations of the Ancient Near East 3361: 2740:International Brotherhood of Teamsters 1096: 12376: 11953: 11058: 10520: 9516: 9503: 9277: 8893: 8488: 8082: 7665: 7652: 6822: 6783:Short history of the UGT in Catalonia 6642:(University of Nebraska Press, 2017). 6468:Upchurch, Martin, and Graham Taylor. 6262: 6253: 6241: 6154: 6127: 5813:American Journal of Political Science 5453: 5347: 4921: 4919: 4893: 4891: 4777:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051215-023225 4017: 3909: 3741:Welsh, Jennifer (23 September 2011). 3740: 3349: 3034:Trade unions frequently advocate for 2427:A union may acquire the status of a " 1556:has been steadily declining from the 11084: 6848: 6593:(Palgrave-Macmillan, 2015). Review: 6389:Industrial Relations in Europe 2010. 6381:Industrial Relations in West Germany 6106: 5921: 5561:Hertel-Fernandez, Alexander (2018). 5447: 5374:Kramarz, Francis (19 October 2006). 5341: 5160:"The Decline Of Unions Is Good News" 4982:Doree Armstrong (12 February 2014). 4287: 4052: 3881:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. 3839:. New York: MacMillan. pp. 1–3. 3587:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3539:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3500:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3448:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3400:"Code of Hammurabi, King of Babylon" 3288: 2873: 2525:which is supported by the far-right 6677:"Trade Unionism in Colonial Africa" 6316:(Manchester University Press, 1997) 6306:A history of British trade unionism 6096:Journal of Central European Affairs 2862:. It was stressed that Denmark and 305:Workers' right to access the toilet 24: 12535:(Greater China and Southeast Asia) 10721:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo 9574:Accidental death and dismemberment 6725:Australian Council of Trade Unions 6187: 6024:Zoorob, Michael (1 October 2018). 5854:Macdonald, David (29 April 2019). 4916: 4888: 4880:. 12 February 2019. Archived from 4797:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 4764:Annual Review of Political Science 4213:10.1111/j.1748-121X.1981.tb00120.x 3783:University of North Carolina Press 2851:of 1947 outlawed the closed shop. 2489:Unions are also delineated by the 2437:terms and conditions of employment 991:-era tablet from the ruins of the 987:of the Ottoman Empire) produced a 813:also saw trade unions as a way to 762:is highest in the Nordic countries 25: 12649: 12145:Right to refuse medical treatment 11131:Internationalist–defencist schism 7430:Labour spies in the United States 6788:Younionize Global Union Directory 6718: 6680:Journal of Modern African Studies 6215:ed by Neil Schlager (2 vol. 2004) 5514:Macdonald, David (25 June 2020). 5348:Eavis, Peter (2 September 2024). 5065:VanHeuvelen, Tom (1 March 2020). 4902:. Cambridge: Harvard University. 4747:from the original on 8 July 2023. 3549:(3). Translated by Sommer, Otto. 3410:(3). Translated by Sommer, Otto. 3331:. Australian Bureau of Statistics 1541:Labor union membership by country 1425:International Labour Organization 1300:spurred the establishment of the 1123:drew masses of people, including 657:), often simply referred to as a 11196: 11040: 11039: 11029: 11019: 11009: 11000: 10999: 10989: 10979: 10587: 9700:Directors and officers liability 8873: 8864: 8863: 8304: 8271:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7990:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 7760:Democratic Republic of the Congo 7543:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 6765:Trade union membership 2003–2008 6752:Trade union membership 1993–2003 6589:Hodder, A. and L. Kretsos, eds. 6551:(1993) 237pp; short encyclopedia 6477: 4735:Leonhardt, David (7 July 2023). 4414:member José Onofre Esquivel Luna 4291:"Why trade unions are declining" 3092: 2878: 2597:World Federation of Trade Unions 2544:during a strike on 28 March 2006 1360:Royal Commission on Trade Unions 200:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 69: 11168:Reformist–revolutionary dispute 10783:Fagoppositionens Sammenslutning 10759:Industrial Workers of the World 10753:General Confederation of Labour 10715:Brazilian Workers Confederation 10546: 7364:Enterprise bargaining agreement 6354:Her Majesty's Stationery Office 6314:British Trade Unions, 1945–1995 6086: 5956: 5894: 5847: 5800: 5763: 5722: 5675: 5642: 5595: 5554: 5507: 5492:10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102190 5466: 5431: 5401: 5392: 5367: 5332: 5285: 5255: 5246: 5237: 5228: 5177: 5152: 5105: 5058: 5045: 5036: 5010: 4976: 4866: 4825: 4784: 4751: 4714: 4684: 4670: 4653: 4640: 4603: 4578: 4556: 4524: 4512: 4497: 4471: 4457: 4417: 4401: 4381: 4366: 4349: 4281: 4262: 4227: 4192: 4174: 4119: 4102:Principles of Political Economy 4094: 4058: 4011: 3980: 3970:"The Guild and the Trade Union" 3961: 3926: 3868: 3843: 3828: 3799: 3766: 3734: 3697: 3624: 2683:The United States takes a more 1405:General Confederation of Labour 1315:Principles of Political Economy 1027:. Following the passage of the 1016:(117–138) of the Roman Empire. 874: 822:Australian Bureau of Statistics 809:V1, 1867, p. 1069). Early 12438:Inter-professional association 12357:Sexual and reproductive health 12254:Right to a healthy environment 9322:Federated States of Micronesia 8831:British Indian Ocean Territory 7613:Occupational safety and health 4737:"How Elba Makes a Living Wage" 4398:". Fox Business. 9 August 2011 3993:International Socialist Review 3321: 3282: 2975:and, since 1967, with loss of 2856:European Court of Human Rights 1304:in 1868, the first long-lived 1081:also included fraternities of 1069:was home to a guildhall for a 900:a common Mesopotamian standard 250:Occupational safety and health 245:Occupational safety and health 13: 1: 12274:Right to public participation 11422:Socialism of the 21st century 9542: 6586:. Cambridge University Press. 6448:(Taylor & Francis, 1985). 6206:The A to Z of Organized Labor 5071:American Journal of Sociology 5055:, Vol. 124, No. 7, July 2001. 4610:Bamberg, Ulrich (June 2004). 3989:"Trades Unions and Socialism" 3910:Clark, O. L. (January 1948). 3185: 2843:to non-unionized employees." 2788: 2714:. The engineer's association 2634: 2629:Public Services International 1568:, and governmental policies. 1388:was formed in 1897 after the 1296:was founded in 1860, and the 1273:In 1834, the Welsh socialist 1041:required the approval of the 925: 907: 892: 786:Since the publication of the 777: 767: 373:Chronological list of strikes 39:Labour Union (disambiguation) 12294:Right to science and culture 11842:Party of European Socialists 11300:Negative and positive rights 10739:Norsk Syndikalistisk Forbund 10467:Savings and loan association 8109:Trade unions in the Americas 6597:Work, Employment and Society 6383:(Bloomsbury Academic, 1988). 6134:Tighes Hill, New South Wales 5118:American Sociological Review 4935:American Sociological Review 4667:, Basil Blackwell Publishing 4537:. Acirrt.com. Archived from 3987:Kautsky, Karl (April 1901). 3153:Progressive Librarians Guild 3036:seniority-based compensation 2937: 2772:Conservative Trade Unionists 1379:American Federation of Labor 1289:' case, but soon collapsed. 7: 12120:Right to keep and bear arms 12030:Freedom from discrimination 9900:Insurance-linked securities 6972:Duty of fair representation 6912:National trade union centre 6530:Labor in America: A History 6204:Docherty, James C. (2010). 6195:Docherty, James C. (2004). 6164:Schneider, Michael (1991). 6128:James, Robert Noel (2001). 5770:Engeman, Cassandra (2020). 5649:Engeman, Cassandra (2020). 4838:The Economic History Review 3773:Epstein, Steven A. (1995). 3604:University of Chicago Press 3465:University of Chicago Press 3085: 3045: 3028:The Constitution of Liberty 2901:, discuss the issue on the 2716:Verein Deutscher Ingenieure 2703:and the pilots association 2536:A rally of the trade union 1306:national trade union center 1238:was established in 1830 by 820:A modern definition by the 669:, such as attaining better 10: 12654: 9589:Total permanent disability 7369:Global Framework Agreement 6682:, 4 (1966), pp. 65–81 6220: 6181:. Longmans and Co. London. 5872:10.1007/s11109-019-09548-7 5532:10.1007/s11109-020-09624-3 5443:10.1007/s10602-023-09396-y 4758:Ahlquist, John S. (2017). 4288:E.H. (29 September 2015). 4248:10.1177/103530460701700205 4144:10.1177/056943451105600205 4020:Journal of British Studies 3071:Public-sector trade unions 2564:, the biggest trade union 2392:", and united in national 859: 855: 832:, which includes medieval 36: 29: 12583: 12562: 12523: 12468: 12410: 12317: 12284:Right to rest and leisure 12190: 11995: 11988: 11924: 11891: 11865: 11857:Young European Socialists 11820: 11435: 11392: 11205: 11194: 11094: 10976: 10907: 10803: 10688: 10640: 10596: 10585: 10556: 10492: 10344: 10329:Health insurance coverage 10269: 10053: 9882: 9824: 9753: 9672: 9624: 9594:Business overhead expense 9559: 9550: 9510: 9505:Links to related articles 9413: 9390: 9309: 9223: 9185: 8927: 8859: 8818: 8778: 8520: 8446: 8413:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 8313: 8302: 8114: 8003: 7978: 7697: 7659: 7500: 7422: 7392: 7341: 7156: 7105: 7096: 7051: 6985: 6894: 6887: 6854: 6412:Kjellberg, Anders (2017) 6372: 6179:History of Trade Unionism 6110:Attempts at General Union 6042:10.1136/oemed-2017-104747 5748:10.1017/S153759272000208X 5700:10.1017/S0143814X20000070 5620:10.1017/S153759272000208X 5580:10.1017/S1537592717004236 5318:10.1080/00343400601149915 4372:Kjellberg, Anders (2023) 4355:Kjellberg, Anders (2023) 4071:History of Trade Unionism 4068:; Webb, Beatrice (1894). 3968:C. M. N. (3 March 1928). 3076: 2869: 2421:professional associations 2376:, traditionally found in 1427:Department of Statistics 1312:middle-class opinion. In 1053:mariners to the reign of 967:contract of affreightment 789:History of Trade Unionism 336:International comparisons 270:Right to rest and leisure 210:Employment discrimination 12299:Right to social security 12264:Right to Internet access 12209:Equal pay for equal work 12095:Presumption of innocence 11255:Environmental protection 10674:Workers' self-management 9730:Protection and indemnity 9468:Northern Mariana Islands 8580:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 8433:Turks and Caicos Islands 7745:Central African Republic 7548:Equal pay for equal work 7384:Union security agreement 7354:Collaborative bargaining 7003:Social movement unionism 6668:Lipton, Charles (1967). 6609:10.1177/0950017015614214 6566: 6113:. Taylor & Francis. 5735:Perspectives on Politics 5688:Journal of Public Policy 5608:Perspectives on Politics 5567:Perspectives on Politics 5130:10.1177/0003122411414817 5024:Retrieved 6 March 2015. 4998:Harvard University Press 4993:What Unions No Longer Do 4947:10.1177/0003122411414817 4900:What Unions No Longer Do 4898:Rosenfeld, Jake (2014). 4677:Wagtmann, M. A. (2010), 3875:Tomich, Dale W. (2004). 3806:Lintott, Andrew (1999). 3113:Digital Product Passport 2609:global union federations 2443:, culminating in either 1562:decline in manufacturing 1135:on estates owned by the 931:) stipulated a 2-shekel 866:Collegium (ancient Rome) 661:, is an organization of 121:Social movement unionism 30:Not to be confused with 12428:Employers' organization 12175:right to be a candidate 12005:Equality before the law 11852:Socialist International 11327:Revolutionary socialism 10929:Criticism of capitalism 10789:National Workers' Union 10187:Explanation of benefits 9659:Variable universal life 9433:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 9304:Trade unions in Oceania 8921:Trade unions in Europe 8841:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 7194:Occupation of factories 6917:Global union federation 6560:excerpt and text search 6517:excerpt and text search 6500:excerpt and text search 6490:excerpt and text search 6462:11 January 2017 at the 6322:Economic History Review 6304:Pelling, Henry (1987). 6172:: JHW Dietz Nachfolger. 6130:Craft, Trade or Mystery 6107:Cole, G. D. H. (2010). 5930:The Journal of Politics 4621:. 24–25. Archived from 4443:10.15173/glj.v12i2.4394 4394:2 December 2013 at the 4186:Encyclopædia Britannica 4112:6 November 2014 at the 3835:Perlman, Selig (1922). 3812:Oxford University Press 3163:Salt (union organizing) 3158:Project Labor Agreement 3100:Organized labour portal 2766:, who beat his brother 1349:Lawrence, Massachusetts 1345:Lawrence textile strike 1218:National general unions 850:fraternal organizations 701:are usually made up of 331:Trade union federations 326:Trade unions by country 12460:Cooperative federation 12404:Business organizations 12035:Freedom of information 12020:Freedom of association 11412:Evolutionary socialism 10934:Criticism of copyright 10649:Co-operative economics 10324:Health insurance costs 9725:Professional liability 8970:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8348:British Virgin Islands 7692:Trade unions in Africa 7654:Trade unions by region 7553:Exploitation of labour 7234:Organizational dissent 6745:6 January 2011 at the 6293:Minkin, Lewis (1991). 6272:Davies, A. J. (1996). 4430:Global Labour Movement 4325:"Industrial relations" 4132:The American Economist 3268:"Industrial relations" 2947: 2667:member states in 2004. 2650:employers associations 2545: 2463: 2369: 2349:Structure and politics 1550: 1542: 1534: 1351: 1329: 1244:textile related unions 1227: 1169:Ordinance of Labourers 1077:of merchant mariners. 989:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 783: 230:Freedom of association 101:Exploitation of labour 12575:Consumer organization 12347:Intersex human rights 12155:Right of self-defense 12110:Right to a fair trial 11347:Social market economy 11285:Left-wing nationalism 11111:Frankfurt Declaration 10954:Libertarian socialism 10745:Solidarity Federation 10180:Out-of-pocket expense 10041:Workers' compensation 9695:Collateral protection 9685:Business interruption 9416:and other territories 8261:Saint Kitts and Nevis 7905:São Tomé and Príncipe 7765:Republic of the Congo 7410:Workers' compensation 7359:Collective bargaining 7013:Members-only unionism 6796:", Workplace Fairness 6771:Trade Union Ancestors 6523:Progressive Librarian 4564:"WFTU » History" 4410:– fear for safety of 3289:Botz, Dan La (2013). 3013:comparative advantage 2945: 2574:religious nationalist 2535: 2508:false self-employment 2457: 2433:collective bargaining 2356: 1548: 1540: 1422: 1342: 1324: 1302:Trades Union Congress 1294:London Trades Council 1225: 1154:Sherman Antitrust Act 1121:Industrial Revolution 1071:corpus naviculariorum 935:for each 60-gur (300- 891:into a single empire 775: 738:Industrial Revolution 695:union representatives 215:Employment protection 195:Collective bargaining 12234:Right to development 12115:Right to family life 12065:Freedom from torture 12050:Freedom from slavery 11847:Progressive Alliance 11402:Democratic socialism 11106:Age of Enlightenment 10403:Corpus Juris Civilis 8755:United Arab Emirates 8515:Trade unions in Asia 7023:Open-source unionism 6937:Father of the chapel 6927:Union representative 6757:7 April 2022 at the 6740:New Unionism Network 6701:Monthly Labor Review 6647:Comparative Politics 6312:Wrigley, Chris, ed. 6263:Clegg, H.A. (1994). 6254:Clegg, H.A. (1985). 5190:The Economic Journal 5053:Monthly Labor Review 4724:. Eurofound website. 4089:Webb & Webb 1894 3814:. pp. 183–186. 3665:de Ligt, L. (2001). 3329:"Trade Union Census" 3203:Webb & Webb 1920 3138:List of trade unions 2907:create a new article 2899:improve this article 2591:International unions 2512:low-income countries 1415:Prevalence worldwide 1204:Combination Act 1825 576:Industrial relations 565:Academic disciplines 161:National-syndicalism 131:Democratic socialism 12591:Business networking 12563:Oppositional groups 12433:Chamber of commerce 12045:Freedom of religion 12040:Freedom of movement 12015:Freedom of assembly 11997:Civil and political 11702:Liebknecht (father) 11178:Revolutions of 1848 10733:Free Workers' Union 10669:Labour unionisation 10574:Revolutions of 1848 10462:Rochdale Principles 10457:Mutual savings bank 10452:Mutual organization 10437:Cooperative banking 10354:Mesopotamian banker 9634:Longevity insurance 9186:States with limited 8782:limited recognition 8438:U.S. Virgin Islands 8281:Trinidad and Tobago 8126:Antigua and Barbuda 7980:States with limited 7618:Occupational stress 7472:Demarcation dispute 7455:Anti-union violence 7079:Industrial unionism 7038:Solidarity unionism 6952:Vigilance committee 6932:Clerk of the chapel 6484:Arnesen, Eric, ed. 6421:Markovits, Andrei. 6401:Kjellberg, Anders. 5310:2007RegSt..41..143M 4972:on 11 January 2024. 4884:on 7 November 2020. 4810:10.1093/qje/qjab012 4271:Queen's Law Journal 3543:Records of the Past 3404:Records of the Past 3133:Labour inspectorate 2952:economic inequality 2705:Vereinigung Cockpit 2654:sectoral bargaining 2386:industrial unionism 2362:United Farm Workers 2360:speaking at a 1974 1597: 1393:Anti-Socialist Laws 1268:Voice of the People 1171:was enacted in the 1108:Communist Manifesto 1097:Modern trade unions 929: 1755–1750 BC 732:Originating in the 723:industrial unionism 156:Anarcho-syndicalism 12362:Right to sexuality 12239:Right to education 12165:Security of person 12060:Freedom of thought 11916:Types of socialism 11905:The Internationale 11337:Social corporatism 11188:Welfare capitalism 10214:Insurable interest 9715:Payment protection 9616:Payment protection 8191:Dominican Republic 7603:Professional abuse 7405:Union wage premium 7379:Pattern bargaining 7314:Solidarity actions 7174:Diversity training 7008:Community unionism 6777:TUC History online 6703:. 129 (2006): 38+ 6696:(Macmillan, 1989). 6635:(Routledge, 2016). 6580:Dean, Adam. 2022. 6577:(Greenwood, 2003). 6494:Beik, Millie, ed. 6472:(Routledge, 2016). 6425:(Routledge, 2016). 6398:(Oxford UP, 2013). 5981:10.1002/ajim.23081 5860:Political Behavior 5825:10.1111/ajps.12537 5789:10.1093/sf/soaa074 5668:10.1093/sf/soaa074 5520:Political Behavior 5354:The New York Times 5203:10.1093/ej/ueaa048 5196:(631): 1898–1936. 5164:Hoover Institution 4741:The New York Times 3935:Harvard Law Review 3785:. pp. 10–49. 3307:10.1111/wusa.12021 3180:Workplace politics 3118:Excess profits tax 2988:Hoover Institution 2981:Right-to-work laws 2948: 2836:right-to-work laws 2777:Historically, the 2641:supervisory boards 2546: 2464: 2370: 2366:Delano, California 1595: 1573:developing nations 1551: 1543: 1535: 1352: 1298:Sheffield Outrages 1228: 1173:Kingdom of England 1137:landed aristocracy 993:Temple of Antinous 904:Naram-Sin of Akkad 846:friendly societies 784: 265:Professional abuse 12620: 12619: 12614: 12613: 12601:Company registers 12539:Business alliance 12443:Trade association 12370: 12369: 12269:Right to property 12229:Right to clothing 12214:Fair remuneration 12182:Right to homeland 12130:Right to petition 12055:Freedom of speech 11947: 11946: 11417:Liberal socialism 11407:Ethical socialism 11183:Utopian socialism 11121:Godesberg Program 11116:French Revolution 11052: 11051: 10747:(SF–IWA, Britain) 10741:(NSF–IAA, Norway) 10608:Council communism 10579:Utopian socialism 10514: 10513: 10359:Code of Hammurabi 10334:Vehicle insurance 10229:Replacement value 10121:Actual cash value 10085:Adverse selection 10075:Actuarial science 10049: 10048: 9981:Kidnap and ransom 9954:Extended warranty 9601:Income protection 9497: 9496: 9491: 9490: 9483:Wallis and Futuna 9391:Associated states 9271: 9270: 8887: 8886: 8824:other territories 8482: 8481: 8076: 8075: 8007:other territories 7780:Equatorial Guinea 7646: 7645: 7528:Conflict theories 7523:Four-day workweek 7418: 7417: 7337: 7336: 7239:Industrial action 7148:Union co-op model 7092: 7091: 7064:Independent union 7028:Business unionism 6638:Lenti, Joseph U. 6544:, 29 January 2024 5479:Electoral Studies 4851:10.1111/ehr.12744 4696:Eurofound website 4566:. 21 January 2014 4506:at news.money.pl 4337:on 9 October 2018 3643:. 1915. pp. 2973:wealth inequality 2935: 2934: 2927: 2909:, as appropriate. 2779:Republic of Korea 2750:(PATCO) endorsed 2732:social democratic 2480:political parties 2468:cases of violence 2441:industrial action 2340: 2339: 1397:Otto von Bismarck 1287:Tolpuddle Martyrs 1087:ritual sacrifices 1055:Septimius Severus 830:benefit societies 639: 638: 596:Post-work society 425:Solidarity action 235:Legal working age 91:Conflict theories 32:Trade association 16:(Redirected from 12645: 12525:Business network 12470:Corporate groups 12397: 12390: 12383: 12374: 12373: 12259:Right to housing 12193:Economic, social 12140:Right to protest 12135:Right to privacy 11974: 11967: 11960: 11951: 11950: 11939:Socialism portal 11929:Economics portal 11825: 11707:Liebknecht (son) 11472:Batlle y Ordóñez 11440: 11395: 11270:Internationalism 11250:Environmentalism 11200: 11099: 11089: 11087:Social democracy 11079: 11072: 11065: 11056: 11055: 11043: 11042: 11035:Socialism portal 11033: 11023: 11015:Organized Labour 11013: 11005:Labour economics 11003: 11002: 10995:Communism portal 10993: 10985:Anarchism portal 10983: 10939:Critique of work 10770:IWW-South Africa 10723:(CNT–AIT, Spain) 10654:Labour economics 10591: 10569:Orthodox Marxism 10551: 10541: 10534: 10527: 10518: 10517: 10472:Social insurance 10427:Friendly society 10319:Health insurance 10147:Short rate table 9895:Catastrophe bond 9796:Lenders mortgage 9557: 9556: 9537: 9530: 9523: 9514: 9513: 9501: 9500: 9473:Pitcairn Islands 9443:French Polynesia 9428:Christmas Island 9357:Papua New Guinea 9337:Marshall Islands 9310:Sovereign states 9298: 9291: 9284: 9275: 9274: 9224:Dependencies and 8928:Sovereign states 8914: 8907: 8900: 8891: 8890: 8877: 8867: 8866: 8836:Christmas Island 8522:Sovereign states 8509: 8502: 8495: 8486: 8485: 8403:Saint Barthélemy 8363:Falkland Islands 8308: 8103: 8096: 8089: 8080: 8079: 8068: 8067:(United Kingdom) 8063:Tristan da Cunha 8059:Ascension Island 8051: 8038: 8029: 8005:Dependencies and 7698:Sovereign states 7686: 7679: 7672: 7663: 7662: 7650: 7649: 7533:Critique of work 7508:35-hour workweek 7299:Pen-down strikes 7255: 7254: 7106:Shops and hiring 7103: 7102: 6993:Organizing model 6892: 6891: 6849:Organized labour 6843: 6836: 6829: 6820: 6819: 6692:Taylor, Andrew. 6675:Orr, Charles A. 6663:10.2307/20434019 6631:Kester, Gérard. 6628: 6547:Taylor, Paul F. 6367: 6345: 6309: 6300: 6289: 6277: 6268: 6259: 6250: 6209: 6200: 6182: 6173: 6160: 6151: 6145: 6137: 6124: 6103: 6081: 6080: 6074: 6072: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6000: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5791: 5782:(4): 1745–1771. 5767: 5761: 5760: 5750: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5661:(4): 1745–1771. 5646: 5640: 5639: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5582: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5511: 5505: 5504: 5494: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5451: 5445: 5435: 5429: 5428: 5409:Friedman, Milton 5405: 5399: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5380: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5345: 5339: 5336: 5330: 5329: 5298:Regional Studies 5289: 5283: 5282: 5277:. Archived from 5268: 5259: 5253: 5250: 5244: 5241: 5235: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5215: 5205: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5109: 5103: 5102: 5077:(5): 1255–1302. 5062: 5056: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5034: 5014: 5008: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4965:. Archived from 4932: 4923: 4914: 4913: 4895: 4886: 4885: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4853: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4812: 4803:(3): 1325–1385. 4788: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4702:on 17 April 2011 4698:. Archived from 4688: 4682: 4681: 4674: 4668: 4659:Hall, M., 1994. 4657: 4651: 4646:Gold, M., 1993. 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4627: 4616: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4590:www.ituc-csi.org 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4560: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4543: 4536: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4445: 4421: 4415: 4405: 4399: 4385: 4379: 4370: 4364: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4336: 4329: 4321: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4293: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4188:. 13 March 2024. 4178: 4172: 4171: 4123: 4117: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4062: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3941:(6): 450. 1908. 3930: 3924: 3923: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3641:Prudential Press 3628: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3614: 3591: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3565: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3492: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3452: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3426: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3369: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3286: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3239: 3226: 3219: 3206: 3200: 3108:Critique of work 3102: 3097: 3096: 2954:. The economist 2930: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2910: 2882: 2881: 2874: 2849:Taft–Hartley Act 2744:Republican Party 2736:Democratic Party 2713: 2702: 2665:Eastern European 2645:co-determination 2503:Informal workers 2499:union organizers 2495:organizing model 2382:general unionism 2181:Slovak Republic 1598: 1594: 1531: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1511: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1451: 1445: 1441: 1435: 1431: 1384:In Germany, the 1371:Knights of Labor 1320:John Stuart Mill 1277:established the 978: 977: 973: 960: 959: 955: 930: 927: 912: 909: 897: 894: 782: 779: 719:general unionism 708:labour contracts 684:bargaining power 655:American English 631: 624: 617: 581:Labour economics 571:Critique of work 415:Pen-down strikes 126:Social democracy 73: 63: 62:Organized labour 53: 46: 45: 21: 12653: 12652: 12648: 12647: 12646: 12644: 12643: 12642: 12633:Labor relations 12623: 12622: 12621: 12616: 12615: 12610: 12579: 12558: 12519: 12464: 12406: 12401: 12371: 12366: 12337:Family planning 12322: 12313: 12289:Right of return 12249:Right to health 12197: 12194: 12186: 12150:Right to resist 12100:Right of asylum 11991: 11984: 11978: 11948: 11943: 11934:Politics portal 11920: 11887: 11861: 11821: 11816: 11436: 11431: 11393: 11388: 11352:Socialist state 11295:Nationalization 11213:Civil liberties 11201: 11192: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11083: 11053: 11048: 11025:Politics portal 10972: 10959:Post-capitalism 10903: 10799: 10791:(UON, Portugal) 10705:and affiliates 10684: 10636: 10592: 10583: 10564:Guild socialism 10552: 10547: 10545: 10515: 10510: 10488: 10484:Insurance cycle 10447:Fraternal order 10340: 10271: 10265: 10224:Proximate cause 10219:Insurance fraud 10199:General average 10158:Claims adjuster 10100:Risk management 10095:Risk assessment 10059: 10056: 10045: 10011:Prize indemnity 9878: 9826: 9820: 9749: 9710:Over-redemption 9668: 9620: 9611:National health 9552: 9546: 9541: 9506: 9498: 9493: 9492: 9487: 9415: 9409: 9392: 9386: 9367:Solomon Islands 9305: 9302: 9272: 9267: 9225: 9219: 9205:Northern Cyprus 9187: 9181: 9102:North Macedonia 8923: 8918: 8888: 8883: 8855: 8823: 8814: 8795:Northern Cyprus 8781: 8774: 8516: 8513: 8483: 8478: 8456:Central America 8442: 8317: 8309: 8300: 8117: 8110: 8107: 8077: 8072: 8071: 8066: 8049: 8036: 8027: 8008: 8006: 7999: 7983: 7981: 7974: 7693: 7690: 7655: 7647: 7642: 7496: 7414: 7388: 7374:Master contract 7349:Bargaining unit 7333: 7329:Wildcat strikes 7253: 7199:Precarious work 7169:Contingent work 7152: 7098: 7088: 7047: 6981: 6907:Union organizer 6883: 6869:Labour movement 6850: 6847: 6814:Mises Institute 6759:Wayback Machine 6747:Wayback Machine 6721: 6716: 6649:(2006): 21–42, 6569: 6564: 6558:(3rd ed. 2002) 6480: 6475: 6464:Wayback Machine 6375: 6370: 6364: 6348: 6334:10.2307/2596686 6282:Laybourn, Keith 6223: 6218: 6190: 6188:Further reading 6185: 6139: 6138: 6121: 6089: 6084: 6070: 6068: 6036:(10): 736–738. 6022: 6018: 5961: 5957: 5926: 5922: 5912: 5910: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5852: 5848: 5805: 5801: 5768: 5764: 5727: 5723: 5680: 5676: 5647: 5643: 5600: 5596: 5559: 5555: 5512: 5508: 5471: 5467: 5452: 5448: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5372: 5368: 5358: 5356: 5346: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5290: 5286: 5266: 5260: 5256: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5182: 5178: 5168: 5166: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5110: 5106: 5063: 5059: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5015: 5011: 4981: 4977: 4969: 4930: 4924: 4917: 4910: 4896: 4889: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4830: 4826: 4789: 4785: 4756: 4752: 4733: 4729: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4675: 4671: 4658: 4654: 4645: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4628:on 26 July 2011 4625: 4619:TUTB Newsletter 4614: 4608: 4604: 4594: 4592: 4584: 4583: 4579: 4569: 4567: 4562: 4561: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4544:on 22 July 2011 4541: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4484:www.marxist.com 4476: 4472: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4448: 4446: 4422: 4418: 4406: 4402: 4396:Wayback Machine 4386: 4382: 4371: 4367: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 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2475:Social Unionism 2429:juristic person 2351: 2301:United Kingdom 1721:Czech Republic 1533: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1417: 1399:were repealed. 1337: 1260:Nottinghamshire 1220: 1182:Combination Act 1179:. In 1799, the 1177:Napoleonic Wars 1162:medieval Europe 1099: 1037:(27 BC–14 AD), 1035:Caesar Augustus 1008:established in 975: 971: 970: 961:-gerah per day 957: 953: 952: 933:prevailing wage 928: 920:Codex Hammurabi 910: 895: 889:Sargon of Akkad 877: 872: 862:Labour movement 860:Main articles: 858: 780: 770: 647:British English 635: 606: 605: 601:Refusal of work 566: 558: 557: 556: 461: 451: 450: 449: 440:Wildcat strikes 435:Whipsaw strikes 420:Sitdown strikes 367: 357: 356: 353: 321: 311: 310: 309: 295:Toxic workplace 179: 169: 168: 165: 83: 81:Labour movement 61: 51: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12651: 12641: 12640: 12635: 12618: 12617: 12612: 12611: 12609: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12593: 12587: 12585: 12581: 12580: 12578: 12577: 12572: 12566: 12564: 12560: 12559: 12557: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12533:Bamboo network 12529: 12527: 12521: 12520: 12518: 12517: 12511: 12505: 12499: 12493: 12487: 12481: 12474: 12472: 12466: 12465: 12463: 12462: 12457: 12456: 12455: 12450: 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11862: 11860: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11828: 11826: 11818: 11817: 11815: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11704: 11699: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11459: 11454: 11449: 11443: 11441: 11433: 11432: 11430: 11429: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11398: 11396: 11390: 11389: 11387: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11366: 11365: 11364: 11359: 11349: 11344: 11342:Social justice 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11323: 11322: 11317: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11241: 11240: 11235: 11233:Representative 11230: 11225: 11215: 11209: 11207: 11203: 11202: 11195: 11193: 11191: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11159: 11158: 11153: 11143: 11141:Labor movement 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11102: 11100: 11092: 11091: 11082: 11081: 11074: 11067: 11059: 11050: 11049: 11047: 11037: 11027: 11017: 11007: 10997: 10987: 10977: 10974: 10973: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10909: 10908:Related topics 10905: 10904: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10805: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10797:(SAC, Sweden) 10792: 10786: 10780: 10774: 10773: 10772: 10767: 10756: 10750: 10749: 10748: 10742: 10736: 10735:(FAU, Germany) 10730: 10729:(CRAS, Russia) 10724: 10718: 10712: 10700: 10694: 10692: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10678: 10677: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10659:General strike 10651: 10646: 10644: 10638: 10637: 10635: 10630: 10625: 10620: 10615: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10598: 10594: 10593: 10586: 10584: 10582: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10560: 10558: 10554: 10553: 10544: 10543: 10536: 10529: 10521: 10512: 10511: 10509: 10508: 10505:List of topics 10501: 10493: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10486: 10481: 10480: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10420: 10415: 10414: 10413: 10399: 10398: 10397: 10392: 10390:Burial society 10380: 10379: 10378: 10372:§235–238; §240 10364:§100–105; §126 10356: 10350: 10348: 10342: 10341: 10339: 10338: 10337: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10314:Climate change 10306: 10304:United Kingdom 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10275: 10273: 10267: 10266: 10264: 10263: 10262: 10261: 10251: 10249:Underinsurance 10246: 10241: 10239:Self-insurance 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10189: 10184: 10183: 10182: 10177: 10172: 10162: 10161: 10160: 10150: 10149: 10148: 10145: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10117: 10116: 10111: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10072: 10066: 10064: 10051: 10050: 10047: 10046: 10044: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10006:Political risk 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9986:Legal expenses 9983: 9978: 9973: 9972: 9971: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9935: 9934: 9929: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9903: 9902: 9897: 9886: 9884: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9861: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9830: 9828: 9822: 9821: 9819: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9766:Builder's risk 9763: 9757: 9755: 9751: 9750: 9748: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9690:Business owner 9687: 9682: 9676: 9674: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9654:Universal life 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9630: 9628: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9606:Long-term care 9603: 9598: 9597: 9596: 9591: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9565: 9563: 9554: 9548: 9547: 9540: 9539: 9532: 9525: 9517: 9511: 9508: 9507: 9495: 9494: 9489: 9488: 9486: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9463:Norfolk Island 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9423:American Samoa 9419: 9417: 9411: 9410: 9408: 9407: 9402: 9396: 9394: 9393:of New Zealand 9388: 9387: 9385: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9313: 9311: 9307: 9306: 9301: 9300: 9293: 9286: 9278: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9229: 9227: 9226:other entities 9221: 9220: 9218: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9191: 9189: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9179: 9177:United Kingdom 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8990:Czech Republic 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8931: 8929: 8925: 8924: 8917: 8916: 8909: 8902: 8894: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8881: 8871: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8854: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8827: 8825: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8786: 8784: 8776: 8775: 8773: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8526: 8524: 8518: 8517: 8512: 8511: 8504: 8497: 8489: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8476: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8447: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8418:Sint Eustatius 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8355: 8353:Cayman Islands 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8324: 8322: 8311: 8310: 8303: 8301: 8299: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8128: 8122: 8120: 8112: 8111: 8106: 8105: 8098: 8091: 8083: 8074: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8052: 8039: 8030: 8016:Canary Islands 8012: 8011: 8009: 8004: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7986: 7984: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7701: 7699: 7695: 7694: 7689: 7688: 7681: 7674: 7666: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7628:Social support 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7598:Prison strikes 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7563:Hunger strikes 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7513:Eight-hour day 7510: 7504: 7502: 7498: 7497: 7495: 7494: 7489: 7487:Featherbedding 7484: 7479: 7477:Strikebreaking 7474: 7469: 7467:Union violence 7464: 7463: 7462: 7452: 7447: 7445:Churn and burn 7442: 7437: 7432: 7426: 7424: 7420: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7396: 7394: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7309:Sitdown strike 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7285: 7284: 7279: 7272:General strike 7269: 7263: 7261: 7259:Strike actions 7252: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7109: 7107: 7100: 7094: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7074:Craft unionism 7071: 7066: 7061: 7055: 7053: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6989: 6987: 6983: 6982: 6980: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6902:Labour council 6898: 6896: 6889: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6881: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6859:Labour history 6855: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6845: 6838: 6831: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6805: 6797: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6749: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6720: 6719:External links 6717: 6715: 6714: 6707: 6697: 6690: 6683: 6673: 6666: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6603:(3): 561–562. 6587: 6578: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6562: 6552: 6545: 6541:The New Yorker 6533: 6526: 6525:, 48, 110–165. 6519: 6511:Brody, David. 6509: 6502: 6492: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6473: 6466: 6449: 6442: 6434:Misner, Paul. 6432: 6426: 6419: 6410: 6399: 6392: 6384: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6362: 6346: 6328:(2): 159–184. 6317: 6310: 6301: 6299:. p. 708. 6290: 6278: 6269: 6260: 6251: 6239: 6232: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6210: 6201: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6174: 6161: 6159:(19/20): 1–19. 6152: 6125: 6120:978-1136885167 6119: 6104: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6016: 5975:(3): 218–231. 5955: 5942:10.1086/678311 5936:(1): 114–127. 5920: 5893: 5846: 5799: 5762: 5721: 5694:(3): 409–439. 5674: 5641: 5594: 5573:(2): 364–379. 5553: 5526:(2): 859–879. 5506: 5465: 5446: 5430: 5424:978-0202309699 5423: 5400: 5391: 5366: 5340: 5331: 5304:(2): 143–156. 5284: 5254: 5245: 5236: 5227: 5176: 5151: 5124:(4): 513–537. 5104: 5083:10.1086/708067 5057: 5044: 5035: 5033: 5032: 5009: 4975: 4941:(4): 513–537. 4915: 4908: 4887: 4865: 4844:(2): 691–715. 4824: 4783: 4770:(1): 409–432. 4750: 4727: 4713: 4683: 4669: 4652: 4639: 4602: 4577: 4555: 4523: 4511: 4496: 4470: 4456: 4416: 4400: 4380: 4365: 4348: 4316: 4280: 4261: 4226: 4207:(2): 190–212. 4191: 4173: 4118: 4093: 4091:, p. 122. 4081: 4057: 4045: 4040:10.1086/426157 4032:10.1086/426157 4010: 3979: 3960: 3925: 3916:SMU Law Review 3902: 3887: 3867: 3855:infoplease.com 3842: 3827: 3821:978-0198150688 3820: 3798: 3792:978-0807844984 3791: 3765: 3733: 3720:10.2307/283119 3696: 3677:(2): 346–349. 3657: 3623: 3574: 3551:Washington, DC 3526: 3505:Avalon Project 3484: 3435: 3412:Washington, DC 3387: 3380: 3354: 3342: 3320: 3281: 3259: 3247:stats.oecd.org 3227: 3207: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3176: 3175: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3087: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3047: 3044: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2893:of the subject 2891:worldwide view 2886: 2884: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2840: 2839: 2824: 2813: 2806: 2790: 2787: 2783:lunar new year 2768:David Miliband 2742:has supported 2694:Marburger Bund 2681: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2636: 2633: 2592: 2589: 2572:movement with 2570:anti-communist 2568:emerged as an 2484:Labour parties 2447:or management 2417:Western Europe 2404:. However, in 2400:, such as the 2398:Internationals 2374:craft unionism 2350: 2347: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2321:United States 2318: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2082: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1957: 1954: 1951: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1528: 1518: 1512: 10.0–19. 1508: 1502: 20.0–29. 1498: 1492: 30.0–39. 1488: 1482: 40.0–49. 1478: 1472: 50.0–59. 1468: 1462: 60.0–69. 1458: 1452: 70.0–79. 1448: 1442: 80.0–89. 1438: 1432: 90.0–99. 1428: 1416: 1413: 1395:of Chancellor 1336: 1333: 1264:Leicestershire 1219: 1216: 1200:general strike 1133:tenant-farmers 1098: 1095: 1001:burial society 949:ship charterer 896: 2334 BC 876: 873: 857: 854: 769: 766: 734:United Kingdom 715:craft unionism 637: 636: 634: 633: 626: 619: 611: 608: 607: 604: 603: 598: 593: 588: 586:Labour history 583: 578: 573: 567: 564: 563: 560: 559: 555: 554: 549: 547:United Kingdom 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 463: 462: 459:Labour parties 457: 456: 453: 452: 448: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 396: 395: 390: 383:General strike 380: 375: 369: 368: 363: 362: 359: 358: 355: 354: 352: 351: 346: 340: 338: 333: 328: 322: 317: 316: 313: 312: 308: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 205:Eight-hour day 202: 197: 192: 187: 181: 180: 175: 174: 171: 170: 167: 166: 164: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 87: 84: 79: 78: 75: 74: 66: 65: 57: 56: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12650: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12630: 12628: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12588: 12586: 12582: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12561: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12549:Joint venture 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12534: 12531: 12530: 12528: 12526: 12522: 12515: 12512: 12509: 12506: 12503: 12500: 12498:(Anglosphere) 12497: 12494: 12491: 12488: 12485: 12482: 12480:(South Korea) 12479: 12476: 12475: 12473: 12471: 12467: 12461: 12458: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12445: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12415: 12413: 12409: 12405: 12398: 12393: 12391: 12386: 12384: 12379: 12378: 12375: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12325: 12320: 12316: 12310: 12309:Right to work 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12244:Right to food 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12189: 12183: 12180: 12176: 12173: 12172: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12125:Right to life 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12002: 12000: 11998: 11994: 11987: 11983: 11975: 11970: 11968: 11963: 11961: 11956: 11955: 11952: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11926: 11923: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11906: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11896: 11894: 11890: 11884: 11883:United States 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11868: 11864: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11823:Organizations 11819: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11690: 11688: 11685: 11683: 11680: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11660: 11658: 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11458: 11455: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11434: 11428: 11425: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11399: 11397: 11391: 11385: 11384:Welfare state 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11354: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11312: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11305:Progressivism 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11290:Mixed economy 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11220: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11210: 11208: 11204: 11199: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11148: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11080: 11075: 11073: 11068: 11066: 11061: 11060: 11057: 11046: 11038: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11026: 11022: 11018: 11016: 11012: 11008: 11006: 10998: 10996: 10992: 10988: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10975: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10906: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10802: 10796: 10793: 10790: 10787: 10785:(FS, Denmark) 10784: 10781: 10778: 10775: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10754: 10751: 10746: 10743: 10740: 10737: 10734: 10731: 10728: 10725: 10722: 10719: 10716: 10713: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10691: 10690:Organisations 10687: 10682: 10679: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10664:Labour rights 10662: 10660: 10657: 10656: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10643: 10639: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10621: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10601: 10599: 10595: 10590: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10555: 10550: 10542: 10537: 10535: 10530: 10528: 10523: 10522: 10519: 10507: 10506: 10502: 10500: 10499: 10495: 10494: 10491: 10485: 10482: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10429: 10428: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10412: 10411: 10407: 10406: 10405: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10387: 10386: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10365: 10362: 10361: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10351: 10349: 10347: 10343: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10311: 10310: 10309:United States 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10276: 10274: 10268: 10260: 10257: 10256: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10194: 10193:Force majeure 10190: 10188: 10185: 10181: 10178: 10176: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10167: 10166: 10163: 10159: 10156: 10155: 10154: 10151: 10146: 10144: 10143: 10139: 10138: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10115: 10114:Value of life 10112: 10110: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10077: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10058: 10052: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9976:Interest rate 9974: 9970: 9967: 9966: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9924: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9892: 9891: 9888: 9887: 9885: 9881: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9844:Inland marine 9842: 9840: 9839:GAP insurance 9837: 9835: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9827:Communication 9823: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9756: 9752: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9671: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9649:Unitised fund 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9639:Mortgage life 9637: 9635: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9627: 9623: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9562: 9558: 9555: 9549: 9545: 9538: 9533: 9531: 9526: 9524: 9519: 9518: 9515: 9509: 9502: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9458:New Caledonia 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9438:Easter Island 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9412: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9389: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9308: 9299: 9294: 9292: 9287: 9285: 9280: 9279: 9276: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9238:Faroe Islands 9236: 9234: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9222: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9210:South Ossetia 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9184: 9178: 9175: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9062:Liechtenstein 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8915: 8910: 8908: 8903: 8901: 8896: 8895: 8892: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8870: 8862: 8861: 8858: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8821: 8817: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8805:South Ossetia 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8783: 8777: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8519: 8510: 8505: 8503: 8498: 8496: 8491: 8490: 8487: 8475: 8474: 8473:South America 8470: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8451:North America 8449: 8448: 8445: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8368:French Guiana 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8316: 8312: 8307: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8286:United States 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8113: 8104: 8099: 8097: 8092: 8090: 8085: 8084: 8081: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8053: 8047: 8043: 8040: 8034: 8031: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8010: 8002: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7977: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7820:Guinea-Bissau 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7696: 7687: 7682: 7680: 7675: 7673: 7668: 7667: 7664: 7658: 7651: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7558:Forced labour 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7499: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7461: 7460:United States 7458: 7457: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7435:Union busting 7433: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7421: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7391: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7340: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7294:Overtime bans 7292: 7290: 7287: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7256: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7229:Strike notice 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7189:Labour revolt 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7155: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7095: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7069:General union 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7059:Company union 7057: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7033:Dual unionism 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7018:One Big Union 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6998:Service model 6996: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6984: 6978: 6977:Worker centre 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6886: 6879: 6878:public sector 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6864:Labour rights 6862: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6853: 6844: 6839: 6837: 6832: 6830: 6825: 6824: 6821: 6815: 6811: 6810: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6763: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6722: 6713: 6708: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6691: 6688: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6571: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6482: 6478:United States 6471: 6467: 6465: 6461: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6441: 6440:online review 6437: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6397: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6385: 6382: 6378: 6377: 6365: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6318: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6266: 6261: 6257: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6225: 6214: 6211: 6207: 6202: 6198: 6193: 6192: 6180: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6143: 6135: 6131: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6105: 6102:(4): 339–353. 6101: 6097: 6092: 6091: 6079: 6078:unionisation. 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6020: 6013: 6008: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5924: 5909: 5908: 5903: 5897: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5850: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5803: 5796: 5790: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5776:Social Forces 5773: 5766: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5725: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5678: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5655:Social Forces 5652: 5645: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5510: 5502: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5469: 5461: 5460:10.3386/w2039 5457: 5450: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5404: 5395: 5377: 5370: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5335: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5258: 5249: 5240: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5214: 5213:11250/2685607 5209: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5048: 5039: 5030: 5029:Bruce Western 5026: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4920: 4911: 4909:9780674726215 4905: 4901: 4894: 4892: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4723: 4717: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4680: 4673: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4649: 4643: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4565: 4559: 4540: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4505: 4500: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4466: 4460: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4397: 4393: 4390: 4384: 4377: 4376: 4369: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4333: 4326: 4320: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4296:The Economist 4292: 4284: 4277:(2): 391–417. 4276: 4272: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4201:Legal Studies 4195: 4187: 4183: 4182:"Trade union" 4177: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4122: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4107:Book V, Ch.10 4104: 4103: 4097: 4090: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4061: 4054: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4014: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3871: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3838: 3831: 3823: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3794: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3754: 3750: 3749: 3744: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3627: 3620: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3571: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3515: 3511: 3510:New Haven, CT 3507: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3489: 3481: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3432: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3383: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3367: 3358: 3351: 3346: 3330: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3285: 3269: 3263: 3248: 3244: 3243:"Trade Union" 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3224: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3204: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3190: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3173:Strikebreaker 3171: 3170: 3169: 3168:Union busting 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3148:Profit margin 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3090: 3083: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3066: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2944: 2929: 2926: 2918: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2892: 2885: 2876: 2875: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2854:In 2006, the 2852: 2850: 2844: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2794: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2760:privatization 2757: 2753: 2752:Ronald Reagan 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2717: 2711: 2706: 2700: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2685:laissez-faire 2677: 2674: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2491:service model 2487: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2445:strike action 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2346: 2345: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1593: 1591: 1585: 1583: 1582:paid vacation 1579: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1566:globalization 1563: 1559: 1555: 1554:Union density 1547: 1539: 1532: No data 1426: 1421: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1232:general union 1224: 1215: 1213: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1149: 1147: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1113:United States 1110: 1109: 1104: 1094: 1092: 1089:, practising 1088: 1084: 1083:Roman priests 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1067:La Ostia port 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 968: 964: 950: 946: 943:per day on a 942: 938: 934: 923: 921: 916: 905: 901: 890: 886: 882: 871: 867: 863: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 826: 823: 818: 816: 812: 808: 803: 799: 798:Beatrice Webb 795: 791: 790: 774: 765: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 742:professionals 739: 735: 730: 728: 724: 720: 716: 711: 709: 704: 700: 696: 692: 687: 685: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 632: 627: 625: 620: 618: 613: 612: 610: 609: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 568: 562: 561: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 512:New Caledonia 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 464: 460: 455: 454: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 410:Overtime bans 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 394: 391: 389: 386: 385: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 370: 366: 365:Strike action 361: 360: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 323: 320: 315: 314: 306: 303: 301: 300:Unfree labour 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 260:Paid time off 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 225:Four-day week 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 182: 178: 177:Labour rights 173: 172: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 151:Union busting 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 88: 86: 85: 82: 77: 76: 72: 68: 67: 64: 59: 58: 54: 48: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 12638:Trade unions 12569: 12496:Conglomerate 12324:reproductive 12219:Labor rights 12195:and cultural 12105:Right to die 11982:human rights 11980:Substantive 11368: 11280:Labor rights 11163:Nordic model 11136:Keynesianism 10949:Labour power 10755:(CGT, Spain) 10668: 10503: 10496: 10476: 10442:Credit union 10408: 10401: 10382: 10254:Underwriting 10209:Insurability 10191: 10170:Co-insurance 10140: 10136:Cancellation 9927:Catastrophic 9912:Climate risk 9740:Trade credit 9414:Dependencies 9400:Cook Islands 9215:Transnistria 8820:Dependencies 8750:Turkmenistan 8715:Saudi Arabia 8471: 8423:Sint Maarten 8408:Saint Martin 8315:Dependencies 8055:Saint Helena 8026: 7930:South Africa 7920:Sierra Leone 7725:Burkina Faso 7633:Wage slavery 7593:Maximum wage 7588:Minimum wage 7518:Six-hour day 7501:Other topics 7393:Compensation 7249:Work-to-rule 7143:Scope clause 7084:Police union 6922:Unionization 6873: 6808: 6800: 6700: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6669: 6646: 6639: 6632: 6600: 6596: 6590: 6581: 6574: 6555: 6548: 6539: 6529: 6522: 6512: 6505: 6495: 6485: 6469: 6455:5.1 (2016). 6452: 6445: 6435: 6422: 6414: 6406: 6395: 6388: 6380: 6349: 6325: 6321: 6313: 6305: 6295: 6285: 6273: 6264: 6255: 6246: 6235: 6228: 6212: 6205: 6196: 6178: 6165: 6156: 6129: 6109: 6099: 6095: 6087:Bibliography 6076: 6069:. Retrieved 6033: 6029: 6019: 6010: 5972: 5968: 5958: 5933: 5929: 5923: 5911:. Retrieved 5905: 5896: 5863: 5859: 5849: 5816: 5812: 5802: 5793: 5779: 5775: 5765: 5738: 5734: 5724: 5691: 5687: 5677: 5658: 5654: 5644: 5611: 5607: 5597: 5570: 5566: 5556: 5523: 5519: 5509: 5482: 5478: 5468: 5449: 5433: 5414:Price theory 5413: 5403: 5394: 5382:. Retrieved 5369: 5357:. Retrieved 5353: 5343: 5334: 5301: 5297: 5287: 5279:the original 5274: 5270: 5257: 5248: 5239: 5230: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5167:. Retrieved 5163: 5154: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5074: 5070: 5060: 5047: 5038: 5021: 5012: 4991: 4987: 4978: 4967:the original 4938: 4934: 4899: 4882:the original 4878:The Long Run 4877: 4868: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4800: 4796: 4786: 4767: 4763: 4753: 4740: 4730: 4716: 4704:. Retrieved 4700:the original 4695: 4686: 4678: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4647: 4642: 4630:. Retrieved 4623:the original 4618: 4605: 4593:. Retrieved 4589: 4580: 4568:. Retrieved 4558: 4546:. Retrieved 4539:the original 4526: 4514: 4499: 4487:. Retrieved 4483: 4473: 4459: 4447:. Retrieved 4433: 4429: 4419: 4412:SINALTRAINAL 4403: 4383: 4374: 4368: 4360: 4351: 4339:. Retrieved 4332:the original 4319: 4307:. Retrieved 4295: 4283: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4242:(2): 77–97. 4239: 4235: 4229: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4185: 4176: 4138:(2): 28–34. 4135: 4131: 4121: 4100: 4096: 4084: 4069: 4066:Webb, Sidney 4060: 4055:, p. 3. 4048: 4026:(1): 76–77. 4023: 4019: 4013: 4001:. Retrieved 3996: 3992: 3982: 3973: 3963: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3922:(1): 94–103. 3919: 3915: 3905: 3877: 3870: 3858:. Retrieved 3854: 3845: 3836: 3830: 3807: 3801: 3774: 3768: 3756:. Retrieved 3748:Live Science 3746: 3736: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3648:. Retrieved 3632: 3626: 3618: 3611:. Retrieved 3595:Liberty Fund 3593: 3577: 3569: 3562:. Retrieved 3546: 3542: 3529: 3517:. Retrieved 3503: 3479: 3472:. Retrieved 3456:Liberty Fund 3454: 3438: 3430: 3423:. Retrieved 3407: 3403: 3390: 3365: 3357: 3345: 3333:. Retrieved 3323: 3298: 3294: 3284: 3272:. Retrieved 3262: 3250:. Retrieved 3246: 3143:Police union 3080: 3069: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3038:and against 3033: 3026: 3010: 2996: 2993: 2985: 2977:middle class 2963: 2949: 2921: 2915:October 2021 2912: 2888: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2821:Rand formula 2792: 2776: 2756:Labour Party 2720: 2690: 2682: 2658: 2652:, a form of 2638: 2594: 2582: 2547: 2519:Labour Party 2516: 2506:relating to 2488: 2472: 2465: 2426: 2414: 2371: 2358:Cesar Chavez 2341: 2261:Switzerland 2101:New Zealand 2081:Netherlands 1586: 1578:minimum wage 1570: 1564:, increased 1552: 1522: 0.0–9. 1409: 1401: 1390:conservative 1383: 1368: 1365: 1358: 1353: 1330: 1325: 1313: 1291: 1272: 1267: 1240:John Doherty 1229: 1208: 1180: 1166: 1150: 1146:wage slavery 1140: 1117:Philadelphia 1106: 1100: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1043:Roman Senate 1038: 1028: 1025:legal entity 1020: 1018: 1003: 997:Antinoöpolis 981:Minya, Egypt 963:freight rate 945:charterparty 919: 878: 875:Trade guilds 848:, and other 827: 819: 806: 787: 785: 746:past workers 731: 727:constitution 712: 690: 688: 686:of workers. 677:, improving 658: 650: 642: 640: 445:Work-to-rule 319:Trade unions 318: 290:Six-hour day 275:Right to sit 240:Minimum wage 190:Child labour 185:Annual leave 111:New unionism 43: 18:Labor unions 12570:Trade union 12554:Patent pool 12423:Corporation 12352:LGBT rights 12085:Nationality 12075:LGBT rights 11374:Tripartisme 11369:Trade union 11275:Land reform 11156:Revisionist 11045:Syndicalism 10964:Revisionism 10924:Corporatism 10840:Griffuelhes 10699:(1864–1876) 10633:Sorelianism 10628:Nationalist 10549:Syndicalism 10477:Trade union 10432:Cooperative 10105:Uncertainty 9964:Index-based 9932:Multi-peril 9890:Reinsurance 9849:Public auto 9754:Residential 9347:New Zealand 9253:Isle of Man 9188:recognition 9162:Switzerland 9097:Netherlands 8879:Asia portal 8780:States with 8700:Philippines 8640:South Korea 8635:North Korea 8530:Afghanistan 8393:Puerto Rico 8320:territories 8266:Saint Lucia 8201:El Salvador 7982:recognition 7935:South Sudan 7825:Ivory Coast 7578:Labour code 7538:Decent work 7492:Union raids 7482:Goon squads 7450:Paper local 7304:Recognition 7244:Unfair list 7164:Bossnapping 7133:Hiring hall 7123:Agency shop 7113:Closed shop 7043:Syndicalism 6967:Trades hall 6957:Union label 6942:Local union 6874:Trade union 6812:, from the 6801:Labor Notes 6735:RadioLabour 6536:Osnos, Evan 6243:Clegg, H.A. 5819:: 225–240. 5359:8 September 4508:(in Polish) 3714:: 149–156. 3301:(1): 5–42. 3040:meritocracy 3001:Anglosphere 2832:free riders 2817:agency shop 2803:hiring hall 2799:closed shop 2764:Ed Miliband 2708: [ 2697: [ 2617:IndustriALL 2554:Switzerland 2550:Netherlands 2394:federations 2041:Luxembourg 1275:Robert Owen 1196:1820 Rising 1085:overseeing 911: 2254 815:democratize 781: 1913 754:apprentices 651:labor union 643:trade union 542:South Korea 522:Netherlands 517:New Zealand 146:Syndicalism 116:Proletariat 96:Decent work 12627:Categories 12544:Consortium 12090:Personhood 11807:Woodsworth 11632:Hilferding 11492:Betancourt 11482:Ben-Gurion 11357:Capitalism 11332:Secularism 11265:Gradualism 11260:Fair trade 11228:Industrial 10885:Pelloutier 10860:Lagardelle 10835:Fitzgerald 10681:Mutual aid 10613:De Leonism 10557:Precursors 10272:by country 10270:Insurance 10244:Total loss 10165:Deductible 10126:Cash value 10070:Act of God 10055:Insurance 9969:Parametric 9949:Expatriate 9825:Transport/ 9791:Landlords' 9776:Earthquake 9664:Whole life 9584:Disability 9132:San Marino 9092:Montenegro 9072:Luxembourg 9052:Kazakhstan 8955:Azerbaijan 8760:Uzbekistan 8735:Tajikistan 8650:Kyrgyzstan 8630:Kazakhstan 8550:Bangladesh 8540:Azerbaijan 8388:Montserrat 8383:Martinique 8378:Guadeloupe 8176:Costa Rica 8037:(Portugal) 7995:Somaliland 7915:Seychelles 7880:Mozambique 7865:Mauritania 7850:Madagascar 7805:The Gambia 7740:Cape Verde 7608:Protection 7583:Labour law 7573:Job strain 7400:Strike pay 7342:Bargaining 7289:Green bans 7282:newspapers 7128:Union shop 7097:Industrial 6947:Union dues 6363:0113612508 6071:31 January 5741:: 92–109. 5614:: 92–109. 5485:: 102190. 5384:22 January 5022:Bloomberg. 5006:0674725115 4595:25 January 4570:25 January 4489:16 January 3888:1417503572 3810:. Oxford: 3637:Newark, NJ 3606:. p. 3467:. p. 3381:0684192799 3350:James 2001 3295:WorkingUSA 3186:References 3055:strength. 3006:automation 2810:union shop 2789:Shop types 2635:Labour law 2613:UNI Global 2611:, such as 2566:Solidarity 2523:Solidarity 2021:Lithuania 1621:Australia 1283:socialists 1256:Derbyshire 1248:Lancashire 1212:Manchester 1125:dependents 1051:Roman Navy 983:(under an 947:between a 842:Oddfellows 838:Freemasons 811:socialists 792:(1894) by 768:Definition 758:unemployed 691:union dues 667:employment 591:Labour law 400:Green bans 393:newspapers 285:Sick leave 280:Sabbatical 12606:Syndicate 12492:(Germany) 12070:Legal aid 11911:Socialism 11899:Communism 11866:By region 11812:Zhordania 11752:Plekhanov 11717:MacDonald 11712:Luxemburg 11607:Gaitskell 11567:Daszyński 11527:Callaghan 11487:Bernstein 11427:Third Way 11362:Socialism 11320:Socialism 11310:Reformism 11245:Dirigisme 11218:Democracy 11173:Socialism 10969:Socialism 10914:Communism 10830:Delesalle 10820:De Ambris 10765:IWW-Chile 10642:Economics 10603:Anarchist 10418:Syndicate 10384:Collegium 10279:Australia 10234:Risk pool 10204:Indemnity 10175:Copayment 10109:Knightian 10021:Terrorism 9991:Liability 9859:Satellite 9720:Pollution 9644:Term life 9553:insurance 9551:Types of 9544:Insurance 9317:Australia 9243:Gibraltar 9067:Lithuania 8846:Hong Kong 8800:Palestine 8725:Sri Lanka 8720:Singapore 8600:Indonesia 8461:Caribbean 8373:Greenland 8296:Venezuela 8241:Nicaragua 8211:Guatemala 8131:Argentina 8116:Sovereign 7870:Mauritius 7440:Givebacks 7423:Reactions 7224:Stay-away 7209:Picketing 7204:Precarity 7184:Grievance 7118:Open shop 7099:relations 6895:Structure 6888:Formation 6625:155792641 6617:0950-0170 6265:1934–1951 6256:1911–1933 6247:1889–1910 6142:cite book 6050:1351-0711 5989:1097-0274 5950:0022-3816 5913:14 August 5888:159071392 5880:1573-6687 5841:221245953 5833:1540-5907 5795:adoption. 5757:1537-5927 5716:216258517 5708:0143-814X 5636:204825962 5628:1537-5927 5589:1537-5927 5548:220512676 5540:1573-6687 5501:0261-3794 5326:154851210 5222:0013-0133 5169:14 August 5138:0003-1224 5099:219517711 5091:0002-9602 4988:UW Today. 4955:0003-1224 4860:1468-0289 4819:0033-5533 4467:. Danish. 4341:9 October 4304:0013-0613 4256:153980466 4221:145725063 4168:157935634 4152:0569-4345 4116:, para. 5 4053:Cole 2010 3683:0023-8856 3583:Hammurabi 3535:Hammurabi 3496:Hammurabi 3444:Hammurabi 3396:Hammurabi 3315:1743-4580 3274:9 October 3270:. ILOSTAT 3223:Routledge 2938:Economics 2903:talk page 2828:open shop 2728:socialist 2724:left-wing 2585:elections 2378:Australia 2364:rally in 2201:Slovenia 2161:Portugal 1592:members. 1079:Collegium 1075:collegium 1047:Lambaesis 1030:Lex Julia 1021:collegium 1005:collegium 802:Karl Marx 703:workplace 699:workforce 537:Singapore 492:Hong Kong 467:Australia 220:Equal pay 141:Communism 136:Socialism 12584:See also 12514:Zaibatsu 12502:Keiretsu 12486:(Russia) 12332:Abortion 12170:Suffrage 11777:Stauning 11697:Lévesque 11682:Lassalle 11662:Kerensky 11652:Katayama 11617:González 11552:Crosland 11532:Cárdenas 11517:Branting 11447:Ambedkar 11394:Variants 11223:Economic 11206:Concepts 11151:Orthodox 11126:Humanism 10919:Copyleft 10880:Panunzio 10597:Variants 10498:Category 10376:§275–277 10294:Pakistan 10142:Pro rata 10031:War risk 9996:No-fault 9907:Casualty 9864:Shipping 9834:Aviation 9811:Renters' 9806:Property 9801:Mortgage 9771:Contents 9745:Umbrella 9705:Fidelity 9673:Business 9569:Accident 9332:Kiribati 9263:Svalbard 9248:Guernsey 9195:Abkhazia 9147:Slovenia 9142:Slovakia 9117:Portugal 8975:Bulgaria 8869:Category 8790:Abkhazia 8740:Thailand 8695:Pakistan 8675:Mongolia 8670:Maldives 8665:Malaysia 8565:Cambodia 8328:Anguilla 8276:Suriname 8251:Paraguay 8226:Honduras 8186:Dominica 8171:Colombia 8141:Barbados 8061: / 8057: / 8050:(France) 8044: / 8022: / 8018: / 7970:Zimbabwe 7945:Tanzania 7795:Ethiopia 7790:Eswatini 7770:Djibouti 7735:Cameroon 7720:Botswana 7638:Workload 7623:Overwork 7219:Slowdown 6803:magazine 6755:Archived 6743:Archived 6655:20434019 6460:Archived 6438:(2015). 6430:ssrn.com 6356:. 1986. 6284:(1992). 6245:(1964). 6066:49187014 6058:29898957 6007:31845387 5866:: 1–24. 5411:(2007). 5146:18351034 4963:18351034 4745:Archived 4520:ssrn.com 4392:Archived 4160:23240389 4110:Archived 3897:55090137 3860:9 August 3691:41539517 3585:(1904). 3537:(1903). 3498:(1910). 3446:(1904). 3398:(1903). 3086:See also 3046:Politics 2997:worsened 2979:income. 2897:You may 2601:Brussels 2493:and the 2342:Source: 1901:Ireland 1881:Iceland 1861:Hungary 1821:Germany 1781:Finland 1761:Estonia 1741:Denmark 1661:Belgium 1641:Austria 1601:Country 1381:or AFL. 1252:Cheshire 1039:collegia 1010:Lanuvium 750:students 675:benefits 532:Portugal 472:Barbados 430:Walkouts 405:Lockouts 255:Overwork 106:Timeline 52:a series 49:Part of 12516:(Japan) 12510:(China) 12504:(Japan) 12490:Concern 12484:Combine 12478:Chaebol 12418:Company 12080:Liberty 11892:Related 11878:Germany 11873:Austria 11797:Whitlam 11787:Den Uyl 11767:Sanders 11762:Russell 11732:Morales 11722:Mandela 11657:Kautsky 11642:Jenkins 11622:Goulart 11577:Douglas 11467:Awolowo 11452:Allende 11379:Welfare 11238:Marxist 11146:Marxism 11097:History 10944:Fascism 10870:Monatte 10855:Jouhaux 10850:Janvion 10845:Haywood 10825:De Leon 10779:(ITGWU) 10703:IWA–AIT 10618:Fascist 10423:Benefit 10410:Digesta 10346:History 10080:Actuary 10036:Weather 10026:Tuition 10016:Takaful 9944:Deposit 9874:Vehicle 9478:Tokelau 9382:Vanuatu 9172:Ukraine 9122:Romania 9082:Moldova 9040:Ireland 9035:Iceland 9030:Hungary 9020:Germany 9015:Georgia 9005:Finland 9000:Estonia 8995:Denmark 8980:Croatia 8965:Belgium 8960:Belarus 8950:Austria 8945:Armenia 8940:Andorra 8935:Albania 8765:Vietnam 8680:Myanmar 8660:Lebanon 8590:Georgia 8545:Bahrain 8535:Armenia 8358:Curaçao 8343:Bonaire 8338:Bermuda 8291:Uruguay 8231:Jamaica 8206:Grenada 8196:Ecuador 8151:Bolivia 8136:Bahamas 8046:Réunion 8042:Mayotte 8033:Madeira 8028:(Spain) 8024:Melilla 7955:Tunisia 7925:Somalia 7910:Senegal 7895:Nigeria 7885:Namibia 7875:Morocco 7840:Liberia 7835:Lesotho 7785:Eritrea 7755:Comoros 7730:Burundi 7705:Algeria 7324:Whipsaw 7319:Walkout 7214:Salting 7157:Actions 6515:(1993) 6342:2596686 6238:(1999). 6231:(2000). 6221:Britain 5998:7293351 5907:Jacobin 5306:Bibcode 4706:3 March 4632:27 July 4548:27 July 4449:24 July 4076:120–124 4003:27 July 3974:The Age 3955:1325438 3758:23 June 3671:Latomus 3650:15 June 3613:20 June 3600:Chicago 3564:20 June 3519:20 June 3474:20 June 3461:Chicago 3425:20 June 3335:27 July 3064:Jacobin 2864:Iceland 2673:Ireland 2603:-based 2580:party. 2558:Marxism 2482:. Many 2449:lockout 2281:Turkey 2241:Sweden 2141:Poland 2121:Norway 2061:Mexico 2001:Latvia 1921:Israel 1841:Greece 1801:France 1681:Canada 1355:British 1322:wrote: 1318:(1871) 1310:liberal 1192:Luddism 1141:product 1129:serfdom 1115:was by 1103:Marxism 1014:Hadrian 974:⁄ 956:⁄ 922:Law 234 915:shekels 881:Assyria 856:History 807:Capital 756:or the 697:in the 679:working 663:workers 497:Ireland 487:Georgia 12596:Cartel 12319:Sexual 11802:Wilson 11782:Thomas 11772:Savage 11737:Myrdal 11687:Layton 11667:Kéthly 11647:Junmai 11637:Jaurès 11627:Hardie 11612:Gandhi 11602:Fraser 11597:Engels 11592:Ecevit 11562:Curtin 11557:Corbyn 11537:Chávez 11512:Brandt 11497:Bhutto 11462:Attlee 11457:Ardern 11438:People 10900:Valois 10890:Rocker 10875:García 10865:Larkin 10804:People 10761:(IWW) 10711:(FORA) 10299:Serbia 10259:Profit 10131:Broker 10057:policy 9869:Travel 9854:Marine 9761:Boiler 9735:Surety 9579:Dental 9561:Health 9453:Hawaii 9377:Tuvalu 9258:Jersey 9200:Kosovo 9167:Turkey 9157:Sweden 9137:Serbia 9127:Russia 9112:Poland 9107:Norway 9087:Monaco 9057:Latvia 9025:Greece 9010:France 8985:Cyprus 8810:Taiwan 8745:Turkey 8710:Russia 8645:Kuwait 8625:Jordan 8615:Israel 8575:Cyprus 8560:Brunei 8555:Bhutan 8246:Panama 8236:Mexico 8216:Guyana 8161:Canada 8156:Brazil 8146:Belize 8118:states 8065: 8048: 8035: 7965:Zambia 7960:Uganda 7900:Rwanda 7855:Malawi 7815:Guinea 7710:Angola 7267:Hartal 7179:Gherao 6986:Models 6712:online 6705:online 6653: 6623: 6615: 6508:(2002) 6457:online 6373:Europe 6360: 6340: 6117: 6064: 6056: 6048: 6005: 5995: 5987: 5948: 5886: 5878: 5839: 5831: 5755: 5714: 5706: 5634: 5626: 5587: 5546: 5538: 5499: 5421: 5324: 5220: 5144: 5136: 5097: 5089: 5004: 4961: 4953: 4906: 4858: 4817: 4309:11 May 4302: 4254: 4219: 4166: 4158: 4150: 4105:(1871) 4038: 3953: 3895: 3885: 3818: 3789: 3753:Future 3728:283119 3726: 3689: 3681: 3378: 3313: 3252:11 May 3077:Health 2969:income 2870:Impact 2623:, the 2619:, the 2562:Poland 2542:Oxford 2538:UNISON 2390:locals 2221:Spain 1981:Korea 1961:Japan 1941:Italy 1701:Chile 1530: 1520: 1510: 1500: 1490: 1480: 1470: 1460: 1450: 1440: 1430: 1188:London 1158:guilds 1091:augury 1063:Trajan 1059:Portus 985:Eyalet 937:bushel 868:, and 834:guilds 794:Sidney 693:. 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