797:
108:
2440:
59:
275:, with a relatively humble place in the background during the Middle Ages, the number of French ladies-in-waiting were rapidly expanded, divided into an advanced hierarchy with several offices and given an important and public role to play in the new ceremonial court life in early 16th century France. This example was followed by other courts in Europe, when courts expanded and became more ceremonial during the 16th century, and the offices, numbers and visibility of women expanded in the early modern age.
2294:
676:(1368–1644), palace women were sorted into roughly the same three categories as in the Song dynasty. However, female officials and assistants in the Ming dynasty were organized into six established government groups, called the Six Bureaus: the Bureau of General Affairs, Bureau of Handicrafts, Bureau of Ceremonies, Bureau of Apartments, Bureau of Apparel, and Bureau of Foodstuffs. These groups were all overseen by the Office of Staff Surveillance, headed by a female official.
721:(1644–1912), when a class of imperial women acting as consorts or concubines, who had not previously held other roles, existed. However, female court attendants were also all available for promotion to concubinage or the position of consort by the emperor. During the Qing dynasty, imperial women were selected from among the teenage daughters of the Manchu official banner families, who were drafted to an inspection before they could marry. Similarly,
604:
2217:
1796:, from 1380 until 1814, the Danish royal court in Copenhagen was counted as the Norwegian royal court, and thus there was no royal court present in Norway during this period. During the union between Norway and Sweden from 1814 to 1905, there were Norwegian courtiers who served during the Swedish royal family's visits to Norway. The female courtiers were appointed according to the Swedish court model, that is to say the class of
1650:. They accompanied the queen and the other female members of the Royal House during visits and receptions at the royal court. The monarch paid for their expenses, but they did not receive any salary. Not all of these ladies were members of the Dutch aristocracy, but each had a "notable" husband. Excellent social behavior and discretion were the most important recommendations for becoming a
1387:. The ladies-in-waiting worked as personal assistants, tending to the emperor's wardrobe, assisting the emperor's baths, serving meals, performing and attending court rituals. Ladies-in-waiting could be appointed as concubines, consorts or even empresses by the emperor or the heir to the throne. The function of a lady-in-waiting as potential concubine was abolished in 1924.
2542:
account summarised them as 16 'gentlewomen', seven maids of honour and three 'chamberers-women', who attended to her in the bedchamber. Aside from the women formally employed as ladies-in-waiting, the Queen's female retinue in reality also consisted of the daughters and the ladies-in-waiting of her ladies-in-waiting, who also resided in the Queen's household.
1914:. The queen's household mirrored that of the king, but was smaller. The queen's male courtiers were supervised by the Ochmistrz, a nobleman, and the women of her court were supervised by the chief lady-in-waiting, the Ochmistrzyni (magister curiae). The Ochmistrzyni was defined as a state office and it was the only state office in Poland prior to the
657:(960–1279), palace women were divided in three groups: imperial women (consisting of concubines and consorts), imperial daughters (consisting of daughters and sisters of the emperor), and the female officials and assistants, who performed a wide range of tasks and could potentially be promoted to the rank of concubine or consort.
1295:(794–1185) women could hold court offices of substantial responsibility, managing the affairs of the emperor. Female palace attendants were employed by the Imperial Bureau of Palace Attendants from among the court aristocracy, but were required to have sufficient education in Chinese classics to be accepted.
1783:
in much the same way as their actually male counterparts were served by women who belonged to theirs. Although these women effectively functioned as ladies-in-waiting, were often members of powerful families of the local nobility in their own right, and were not usually used for sexual purposes, they
1545:
The court of the Duchy of
Burgundy, which was situated in the Netherlands in the 15th century, was famous for its elaborate ceremonial court life and became a role model for several other courts of Europe. The Burgundian court model came to be the role model for the Austrian imperial court during the
243:
In the late 12th century, the queens of France are confirmed to have had their own household, and noblewomen are mentioned as ladies-in-waiting. During the Middle Ages, however, the household of a
European queen consort was normally small, and the number of actually employed ladies-in-waiting, rather
2549:
court were to act as companions for the queen, both in public and in private. They had to accompany her wherever she went, to entertain her with music, dance or singing and to dress, bathe and help her use the toilet, since a royal person, by the standards of the day, was not supposed to do anything
2321:
were not in daily attendance, but were called upon for the more important public occasions and events. Two ladies-in-waiting used to accompany the Queen on overseas tours, one of whom was usually a Lady of the
Bedchamber. For many years the Queen was always attended by three ladies-in-waiting at the
704:
by a group of serving women. Led by palace maid Yang
Jinying in 1542, the failed assassination attempt involved several maids sneaking into the emperor's bedchamber as he slept, to strangle him with a curtain cord. The attempt ultimately failed, and all the women involved were put to death, although
687:
Throughout the Ming dynasty, there was frequent movement between the palace service industry and the low levels of the
Imperial Harem. Although emperors frequently selected minor consorts from Imperial serving women, few selected women ever reached the higher ranks of the consort structure or gained
845:
made ladies-in-waiting fashionable in official court ceremonies and representation, and female court offices became more developed and numerous in the French court as well as in other
European courts. The introduction of ladies-in-waiting increased in great numbers at the French court at this time:
2541:
had numerous ladies-in-waiting, which was reported by the
Spanish ambassador, Rodrigo de Puebla, as something unusual and astonishing: "the Queen has thirty-two ladies, very magnificent and in splendid style". She reportedly had 36 ladies-in-waiting, 18 of them noblewomen; in 1502, a more complete
725:
were drafted from lower official and banner classes before they could marry. After their selection, palace maids were educated as personal attendants to consorts, female officials within court rituals or other tasks, and were also available for the emperor to promote to consort or concubine. Below
708:
Due to slanderous literary propaganda written and spread by male officials and
Confucian authors, higher-class female officials also saw their power begin to weaken throughout the Ming dynasty. These prominent government men began to disparage having educated women in government and state roles in
691:
As the Ming dynasty progressed, living and working conditions for palace women began to deteriorate. Lower-ranked serving women working in the
Imperial palace were often underpaid and unable to buy food, leaving them to support themselves by selling embroidery at the market outside the palace via
406:
in the mid-16th century, the court of the empress was organised in accordance with the
Spanish court model, and after she left Austria, there was no further household of an empress until the 1610s. This resulted in a mix of Burgundian and Spanish customs when the Austrian court model was created.
1918:
which was held by a woman. She was always to be a noblewoman married to a nobleman of senatorial rank. The Ochmistrzyni supervised a large number of unmarried ladies-in-waiting, maids of honour. The queen's court was a larger version of the courts of the Polish magnate noblewomen, and it was the
683:
caring for imperial heirs or other palace children. These women received great wealth and social acclaim if their jobs were performed well. Seasonal or temporary palace women included midwives, female physicians, and indentured contractors (these were usually women serving as maids to consorts,
2553:
Ladies-in-waiting were appointed because of their social status as members of the nobility, on the recommendation of court officials, or other prominent citizens, and because they were expected to be supporters of the royal family due to their own family relationships. When the queen was not a
2526:
had only five ladies-in-waiting, but in the late 15th century and early 16th century, ladies-in-waiting were given a more dominant place at the English court, in parallel with developments in France and the continental courts. The court life of the Duchy of Burgundy served as an example when
203:
is often a generic term for women whose relative rank, title, and official functions varied, although such distinctions were also often honorary. A royal woman may or may not be free to select her ladies, and, even when she has such freedom, her choices are usually heavily influenced by the
2089:
The early modern Swedish court, as well as the Danish equivalent, were re-organized in the early 16th century according to the German court model, in turn inspired by the Austrian imperial court model. This model roughly organized the female noble courtiers in the class of the unmarried
2577:, who supervised the group of ladies of the bedchamber (typically wives or widows of peers above the rank of earl), in turn followed by the group of women of the bedchamber (usually the daughters of peers) and finally the group of maids of honour, whose service entitled them to the
320:
In the late Middle Ages, when the court of the emperor no longer moved around constantly, the household of the empress, as well as the equivalent household of the German princely consorts, started to develop a less fluid and more strict organisation with set court offices.
2430:
After the death of Elizabeth II and the accession of Charles III, it was announced that the King would be retaining the late Queen's ladies-in-waiting, with their titles changing to "Ladies of the Household". They will help with hosting events at Buckingham Palace.
660:
Women from official elite families could be chosen to become empress, consort or concubine immediately upon their entrance in the palace, but the emperor could also promote any female court official to that post, as they were officially all members of his harem.
2019:
in the late 13th century and early 14th century, but it was not until the 15th century that a set organisation of the ladies-in-waiting is confirmed. This characteristic organisation of the Spanish ladies-in-waiting, roughly established during the reign of
4222:
410:
In 1619, a set organisation was finally established for the Austrian imperial court, which came to be the characteristic organisation of the Austrian-Habsburg court roughly kept from this point onward. The first rank of the female courtiers was the
263:
was the most elaborate in Europe in the 15th century and became an example for France when the French royal court expanded in the late 15th century and introduced new offices for both men and women to be able to answer to the new renaissance ideal.
244:
than wives of noblemen accompanying their husbands to court, was very small: in 1286, the queen of France had only five ladies-in-waiting in her employment, and it was not until 1316 that her household was separated from that of the royal children.
1311:, who acted as intermediary between the emperor and those seeking an audience and issued his wishes in writing. Ladies-in-waiting acted as imperial secretaries and noted the events at court, visitors and gifts in the official court journals.
1856:
and were all formally available as concubines to the Sultan, but if they were not chosen to share his bed, they served in a position similar to lady-in-waiting, serving the mother, concubines, sisters, and daughters of the Sultan.
2458:
would end the tradition of having ladies-in-waiting. Instead, she would be helped by "Queen's companions". Their role would be informal and they would not be involved in tasks such as replying to letters or developing schedules.
1919:
custom in the Polish nobility to send their teenage daughters to be educated as ladies-in-waiting in the household of another noblewoman or preferably the queen herself in order to receive an education and find someone to marry.
463:(Maid of Honour of the Chamber). The Austrian court model was the role model for the princely courts in Germany. The German court model in turn became the role model of the early modern Scandinavian courts of Denmark and Sweden.
278:
During the late 19th century and the early 20th century, however, most European courts started to reduce their court staff, often due to new economic and political circumstances which made court representation more questionable.
1988:, the head royal governess, who was normally selected from elder widows, often relatives to the tsar or tsarina. All offices were appointed by royal decree. The group of ladies-in-waiting were collectively above the rank of the
734:
The early modern Danish court was organized according to the German court model, in turn inspired by the Austrian imperial court model, from the 16th century onward. The highest rank female courtier to a female royal was the
4889:
2590:
The system had formally remained roughly the same since the Tudor period. However, in practice, many offices have since then been left vacant. For example, in recent times, maids of honour have only been appointed for
1984:. The second was the group of companions. The third were the royal nurses to the princes and princesses (where the nurses of the male children outranked); among the nurses, the most significant post was that of the
854:, who was criticized for bringing to court "the constant presence" of large crowds of women, who gossiped and interfered in state affairs. Francis I once said: "a court without ladies is a court without a court".
709:
response to the influence Imperial women had held over the nation in the past. This prompted a gradual overtaking of female official roles by palace eunuchs that continued throughout the remainder of the dynasty.
4230:
1273:
were honorary courtiers attached to the royal palaces in particular cities, such as Florence, Turin, and so forth, and only served temporary when the queen visited the city in question: among these, only the
4809:
William J. Thoms: The Book of the Court: Exhibiting the History, Duties, and Privileges of the English Nobility and Gentry. Particularly of the Great Officers of State and Members of the Royal Household,
903:
and had roughly the same tasks, hiring and supervising the female courtiers and the queen's daily routine and expenditure. This post was created in 1523 and had originally been the highest female court
679:
Women workers in the imperial palace were distinguished as either permanent or temporary staff. Permanent palace staff included educated and literate female officials serving in the Six Bureaus, and
684:
entertainers, sewing tutors, or sedan-chair bearers). These women were recruited into the palace when necessary and then released following the termination of their predetermined period of service.
534:
refers to high ranking female servants who served food and drink, fanned and massaged, and sometimes provided sexual services to the king. Conventionally, these women could work their way up from
1143:), which consisted mostly of the wives of high-ranking male court officials, who simply used the feminine versions of their husbands' titles. The only specifically female dignity was that of the
512:. The chief functions at court were undertaken by members of the higher nobility, involving much contact with the royal ladies. Belgian princesses were assigned a lady upon their 18th birthdays.
1288:
In Japan, the imperial court offices were normally reserved for members of the court aristocracy and the ladies-in-waiting or 'palace attendants' were commonly educated members of the nobility.
1151:, the chief lady-in-waiting and female attendant of the empress, who was the head of the women's court and often a relative of the empress; this title existed at least since the 9th century.
567:
were probably initially drawn from the ranks of classical royal dancers of the lower class. He was noted for having the most classical dancers as concubines. The imperial celestial dancer,
1302:(1467–1603), the highest rank of a lady-in-waiting was the 'Female Assistant to the Major Counselor', who ran the affairs of the daily life of the Imperial Household. The second rank was
2875:
751:(Chief Court Mistress), equivalent to the Mistress of the Robes, normally an elder widow, who supervised the rest of the ladies-in-waiting. The rest of the female courtiers were mainly
4133:
1814:(Mistress of the Robes): these posts were first appointed in 1817. When the union between Sweden and Norway was dissolved in 1905, a permanent Norwegian royal court was established.
930:
composed of ladies-in-waiting whose task was simply to serve as companions and attending and assisting with court functions. The position was abolished in 1674, and replaced by the
173:, was in practice a servant or a slave rather than a high-ranking woman, but still had about the same tasks, functioning as companion and secretary to her mistress. In courts where
2573:
The organisation of the queen's ladies-in-waiting was set in the period of the Tudor court. The ladies-in-waiting were headed by the mistress of the robes, followed in rank by the
2165:. The Swedish court staff was reduced in size in 1873. The new court protocols of 1911 and 1954 continued this reduction, and many court posts were abolished or no longer filled.
1076:
The early modern princely courts in Germany were modeled after the Austrian imperial court model. This court model divided the ladies-in-waiting in a chief lady-in-waiting named
324:
The court model of the Duchy of Burgundy, as well as the Spanish court model, came to influence the organisation of the Austrian imperial court during the 16th century, when the
846:
from a mere five in 1286 and still only 23 in 1490, to 39 in 1498 and roughly 54 during the 16th century. This expansion of female presence at court has been attributed to both
1720:
1686:
to three, hers being: Lieke Gaarlandt-van Voorst van Beest, Pien van Karnebeek-Thijssen and Annemijn Crince le Roy-van Munster van Heuven. After their voluntary retirement,
2232:. Ladies-in-waiting are routinely appointed by junior female members of the royal family, to accompany them on public engagements and provide other support and assistance.
2118:), normally a married or widowed elder noblewoman. Under this class of female noble courtiers, were the non-noble female servants. They were headed by the normally married
291:, languages, dances, horse riding, music making, and painting prevalent at court; keeping her mistress abreast of activities and personages at court; care of the rooms and
439:
when necessary, but otherwise had the responsibility of the unmarried female courtiers, their conduct and service. The rest of the female noble courtiers consisted of the
1481:
associated with the inner quarters for the king and queen, who were recruited by the high ranked court ladies themselves, through recommendations and connections. The
1450:(literally translated to 'guest', were maids brought in the palace to work for the royal concubines, most of the time connected to the families of the concubines) and
2322:
State Opening of Parliament (the Mistress of the Robes, a Lady of the Bedchamber and a Woman of the Bedchamber), but in 1998 the number attending was reduced to two.
2837:
1400:(literally 'palace women') is a term that refers to women who worked in the palace and waited upon the king and other members of the royal family. It is short for
142:. Historically, in Europe, a lady-in-waiting was often a noblewoman but of lower rank than the woman to whom she attended. Although she may either have received a
4897:
1473:(governing class). Later, the candidates were also picked from among the government slaves, together with the daughters of noblemen's concubines (who were former
838:(Maids of Honour). However, the queen's household and the number of female courtiers during the Middle Ages was very small in France, as in most European courts.
1094:(Maid of Honour of the Chamber). The German princely courts in turn became the role model of the Scandinavian courts of Denmark and Sweden in the 16th century.
878:
were the only female office holders in France to give an oath of loyalty to the king himself. This office was created in 1619, and was vacant from the death of
522:
by her father, a symbolic acknowledgement of adulthood. When the queen entertains, the ladies welcome guests and assist the hostess in sustaining conversation.
3078:/1031); poet and the writer of the first known novel, "The Tale of Genji", she also wrote a diary about court life after serving at the court of Empress Shoshi
1107:(married ladies-in-waiting) were introduced in many German princely and royal courts. At the imperial German court, the ladies-in-waiting were composed of one
475:
when she became the first queen of Belgium in 1832. The female officeholders of the queen's household were created after the French model and composed of one
1864:, of different ranks. Each royal and royal concubine had their own household staff of kalfa; a kalfa serving as the servant of the sultan himself was titled
4398:
4366:
1927:
The royal court of Portugal was influenced by the Spanish court model, after Portugal became independent of Spain and created its own royal court in 1640.
236:
queens are assumed to have had their personal servants, and in the 9th century it is confirmed that Carolingian queens had an entourage of guards from the
1420:
from 9 to 5 (the ranks from 4 to 1 were the official concubines of the king), with two levels each (senior and junior), the highest attainable rank being
2519:, but no principal lady-in-waiting is mentioned, and until the 15th century, the majority of the officeholders of the queen's household were still male.
4292:
1508:. When they had served the court for more than 15 years, they would eventually be promoted to higher ranks; however, they were eligible for the rank of
1731:
588:
2466:
2444:
3229:
1620:
was founded in 1815, signifying the organisation of a royal court. In the 19th century, the ladies-in-waiting of the Dutch court were headed by the
287:
The duties of ladies-in-waiting varied from court to court, but functions historically discharged by ladies-in-waiting included proficiency in the
1515:
Ladies-in-waiting could become concubines if the king favored them. They would be elevated to the highest rank (senior 5th) and would be known as
3304:
1959:
1321:
Female palace attendants were divided into two classes, which in turn had several ranks, signifying their task. The first class consisted of the
782:
in 1906. During the 20th century, most of these titles came of use, and all ladies-in-waiting at the royal Danish court are now referred to as
2604:
This is a list of particularly well known and famous ladies-in-waiting of each nation listed. More can be found in their respective category.
1550:
4130:
1018:
had the keys to the queen's rooms and could recommend and deny audiences to her, which in practice made her position very powerful at court.
4422:И. Е. Забелин. Глава VI. Царицын дворовый чин // Домашний быт русских цариц в XVI и XVII столетиях. – М.: Типография Грачева и Комп., 1869.
2563:
2471:
2270:, who (as well as being in attendance herself on occasion) was responsible for arranging all the duties of the queen's ladies in waiting.
2743:
4925:
4685:
4633:
3101:(989–1060); poet, she served Empress Shoshi along with Murasaki Shikibu, Akazome Emon and Izumi Shikibu, and later became the nurse of
2388:
Dame Philippa de Pass was appointed as an Extra Woman of the Bedchamber in 1987 and served throughout the rest of Elizabeth II's reign.
2258:) was also often referred to as a lady-in-waiting (including in official notices), although she would more formally be called either a
1519:(or 'favored/special court lady'). If they gave birth to a son, they would become members of the royal family, after being promoted to
796:
4602:
332:. In the early and mid-16th century, the female courtiers kept by female Habsburgs in the Netherlands and Austria was composed of one
4659:
4832:
2382:
2849:
1980:), often from the family and relatives of the tsarina. The first rank among the offices of the ladies-in-waiting was the tsarina's
1504:
They could be as young as 4 when entering the palace, and after learning court language and etiquette, they could be elevated to a
1454:(selected from public female slaves, they worked at the royal infirmary or public clinics, and practiced simple medicine skills).
810:
The queen of France is confirmed to have had a separate household in the late 12th century, and an ordinance from 1286 notes that
2737:
1521:
251:, when a new ceremonial court life, where women played a significant part, developed as representation of power in the courts of
216:
In Europe, the development of the office of lady-in-waiting is connected to that of the development of a royal court. During the
2901:
2225:
2155:(Mistress of the State) was introduced, which was the title for the group of married ladies-in-waiting with a rank between the
1549:
In the 16th century, the ladies-in-waiting in the courts of the Habsburg governors of the Netherlands, Margaret of Austria and
861:
423:), who was second in rank after the empress herself, and responsible for all the female courtiers. Second rank belonged to the
111:
2220:
The Countess of Airlie (right), a Lady of the Bedchamber, accompanying Queen Elizabeth II as her lady-in-waiting (March 2005).
645:(202 BC–220 AD) are reported to have had a harem of thousands of 'palace women', although the actual numbers are unconfirmed.
580:
5049:
4317:
3688:
983:, a lady-in-waiting who had the task to chaperone them: this post was divided into several from 1547 onward. The position of
879:
3286:
1834:
who functioned as servants, secretaries, and companions of the consorts (concubines), daughters, sisters and mothers of the
471:
The Kingdom of Belgium was founded in 1830, after which a royal court was founded, and ladies-in-waiting were appointed for
2974:
2508:
2235:
On more formal occasions ladies in waiting wear a badge of office, which usually takes the form of a jewelled or enamelled
571:, was one of these. This practice of drawing from the ranks of royal dancers began in the Golden Age of the Khmer Kingdom.
403:
775:). They were followed by the non-noble female court employees not ranking as ladies-in-waiting, such as the chambermaids.
3241:(1889–1973); she was given the title of "commandery princess" while serving as a lady-in-waiting for Empress Dowager Cixi
2351:
2334:
1756:
874:
664:
The female court officials and attendants were normally selected from trusted families and then educated for their task.
1662:
were Letje van Karnebeek-van Lede, Lieke Gaarlandt-van Voorst van Beest, Julie Jeekel-Thate, Miente Boellaard-Stheeman,
915:, who formally supervised the queen's wardrobe and jewelry and the dressing of the queen. This post was created in 1534.
2239:
of the relevant member of the royal family beneath the appropriate crown or coronet, suspended from a coloured ribbon.
2476:
1525:(junior 4th) and until the 18th century, they could advance as high as becoming queen (the most notable example being
638:, regardless of their task, and could be promoted by him to the rank of official concubine, consort, or even empress.
5127:
5067:
2704:
1779:" due to their social eminence. As a result of this fact, they were often attended to by women who belonged to their
94:
17:
4434:Верховая боярыня // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). – СПб., 1890–1907.
4349:
Bożena Popiołek, Rola dworów magnackich w edukacji dziewcząt na przełomie XVII i XVIII wieku, www.wilanow-palac.pl .
1999:
In 1722, this system was abolished and the Russian imperial court was reorganized in accordance with the reforms of
1670:
Reina de Blocq van Scheltinga, Elizabeth Baroness van Wassenaer-Mersmans and Bibi Baroness van Zuylen van Nijevelt,
841:
It was not until the end of the 15th century and early 16th century that emulation of the new courts of the Italian
513:
2448:
2423:
726:
the palace maids were the maidservants, who were selected the same way by a draft among the daughters of soldiers.
307:; reading correspondence to her mistress and writing on her behalf; and discreetly relaying messages upon command.
4788:
4748:
4718:
4540:
4391:
4359:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
2761:
2357:
2310:
1677:
1526:
1155:
2007:
Russia, and the old court offices of the tsarina were replaced with court offices inspired by the German model.
177:
was practiced, a court lady was formally available to the monarch for sexual services, and she could become his
2555:
2397:
Dame Jennifer Gordon-Lennox was also appointed in 2002, and served throughout the rest of Elizabeth II's reign.
1719:(Grandmistress) is the highest-ranking lady at the royal court. From 1984 until 2014, the position was held by
883:
800:
146:
or may not have received compensation for the service she rendered, a lady-in-waiting was considered more of a
1613:(Chamber Maids), all with different titles depending on language in the multilingual area of the Netherlands.
5185:
4289:
4226:
3338:
1039:
635:
508:
The ladies-in-waiting have historically been chosen by the queen herself from the noblewomen of the Catholic
892:
427:, essentially governesses of the imperial children and heads of the children's court. Third in rank was the
5190:
2984:
2941:
2614:
2574:
1426:(senior 5th), as well as other types of working women who were not included in the classification, such as
1261:
was nominally the chief lady-in-waiting, but in practice often limited her service to state occasions; the
1043:
4557:
2302:
2184:
is the head of the court of the king rather than the queen, while the court of the queen is headed by the
995:
494:
3177:
2749:
2535:
in 1478, and the organisation of the English royal household was essentially set from that point onward.
1692:
were appointed to the honorary royal household. The honorary royal household still distinguishes between
1192:
1996:(the tsarina's chamber women and washing women) and the officials who handled the affairs of the staff.
959:, but were mainly placed at court to learn etiquette and look for a spouse. They were supervised by the
5180:
3211:
2992:(1839–1923); lady-in-waiting for Empress Elisabeth of Austria and Honorary Lady of the Order of Theresa
1641:
1617:
697:
240:
as a sign of their dignity, and some officials are stated to belong to the queen rather than the king.
159:
2807:
1878:
was a kalfa with special assignments rather than just an ordinary attendant, and was ranked under the
1740:
is Bibi Countess van Zuylen van Nijevelt-den Beer Poortugael (lady-in-waiting between 2011 and 2014).
2888:
2862:
2578:
2554:
foreigner, her own relations were often appointed as they were presumed to be trustworthy and loyal.
2134:
2072:), but also for the female slaves and dwarfs, who were classified as courtiers and ranked before the
2034:
1191:
Prior to the unification, the greatest of the Italian states was the Kingdom of Naples, later called
3058:(с. 956–1041 or later); poet and writer of "Tale of Flowering Fortunes", she served at the court of
1546:
16th century, when the Burgundian Netherlands and Austria were united through the Habsburg dynasty.
1314:
In contrast to China, female palace attendants managed the palace of the imperial harem rather than
232:, from 882, in which he states that court officials took orders from the queen as well as the king.
3255:
2243:
1412:
consisted of the ladies-in-waiting—both high-ranking court ladies and the ordinary maids (known as
696:. Overall, living conditions and punishments for misbehaving eventually grew so bad that there was
67:
3387:
4958:
Kolk, Caroline zum (June 2009), "The Household of the Queen of France in the Sixteenth Century",
2970:
2767:
2419:
2259:
1430:(women from the lowest class who did odd jobs, such as drawing water and distributing firewood),
779:
38:
31:
3680:
3673:
2935:
2920:
4536:
e.g. "Mrs. Fiona Henderson has succeeded Mrs. Robert de Pass as Lady in Waiting to The Queen" (
2914:
2266:(depending on which of these offices she held). The senior lady of a queen's household was the
2263:
2197:
2145:
1768:
325:
107:
4936:
Early Modern Habsburg Women: Transnational Contexts, Cultural Conflicts, dynastic continuities
3735:
Hsieh, Bao Hua (1999). "From Charwoman to Empress Dowager: Serving-Women in the Ming Palace".
3316:
2028:, during the 16th century, and became the standard Spanish court model for ladies-in-waiting.
3369:
3310:
3121:
3021:
2815:
2267:
2115:
2039:
2021:
705:
this type of violent revolt by serving women had never been seen before in the Ming dynasty.
592:
420:
5103:
An Imperial Concubine's Tale: Scandal, Shipwreck, and Salvation in Seventeenth-Century Japan
4681:
4629:
3833:
Cass, Victoria B (1986). "Female Healers in the Ming and the Lodge of Ritual and Ceremony".
3381:
2947:
2550:
for herself, but was always to be waited upon in all daily tasks as a sign of their status.
4598:
3238:
3233:
2879:
2843:
2821:
2528:
2491:
2439:
2286:
was always in daily attendance; each served for a fortnight at a time, in rotation. In the
2229:
2025:
1915:
1910:
In early modern Poland, the queen's ladies-in-waiting were collectively referred to as the
1534:
1047:
564:
4919:
4655:
1860:
The (enslaved) ladies-in-waiting of the Ottoman Imperial harem were collectively known as
472:
8:
5111:
Blått blod och liljevita händer: en etnologisk studie av aristokratiska kvinnor 1850–1900
3436:
3365:
3329:
3017:
2926:
2866:
2827:
2659:
2523:
2290:
the phrase 'Lady in Waiting to the Queen' referred to the women on duty at a given time.
1942:. All three positions were at that date occupied by one person. The fourth rank was the
1843:
1839:
1159:
1023:
851:
449:), unmarried women from the nobility who normally served temporarily until marriage. The
233:
155:
5152:
3375:
3038:
2341:
from 1967 until her death on 3 December 2021 (after which the position remained vacant).
3850:
3426:
3278:
3046:
2640:
2370:
2298:
2279:
2176:, none of the titles above are in use today. At the death of Queen Louise in 1965, her
1810:
1793:
1195:. In 1842, the ladies-in-waiting of the queen of the Two Sicilies were composed of one
584:
414:
217:
204:
sovereign, her parents, her husband, or the sovereign's ministers (for example, in the
147:
143:
131:
3291:
953:(Maids of Honour), unmarried daughters of the nobility, who had the same tasks as the
44:. For British peers who hold office in the Royal Household of the United Kingdom, see
5123:
5063:
5045:
5038:
4313:
3752:
3684:
3400:
3361:
3342:
3225:
3129:
3115:
3102:
2953:
2755:
2653:
2627:
2538:
2408:
2391:
2376:
2306:
2015:
The royal court of Castile included a group of ladies-in-waiting for the queen named
1882:. All kalfa belonging to the same household within the court were ranked under their
1847:
1530:
1485:
for the departments with specific skills such as sewing and embroidery were from the
1098:
811:
746:
478:
329:
260:
259:, from Burgundy to France, and to the rest of the courts of Europe. The court of the
205:
73:
3059:
3042:
3025:
1934:
as the senior of all the ladies-in-waiting of the Portuguese court, followed by the
458:
3842:
3744:
3473:
3333:
3111:
3064:
3034:
2966:
2690:
2379:
was also appointed in 1960, and served throughout the rest of Elizabeth II's reign.
1965:
1234:
1134:
847:
804:
609:
509:
247:
The role of ladies-in-waiting in Europe changed dramatically during the age of the
225:
2511:
is noted to have had seven ladies-in-waiting: three married ones, who were called
2139:
1886:, who was the supervisor of the kalfa's belonging to a specific royal person. All
4544:
4296:
4137:
4108:
3147:
2989:
2790:
2784:
2731:
2496:
2415:
2060:, the married ladies-in-waiting, who were responsible for not only the unmarried
2000:
1752:
of Southern Africa, had a similar custom of ladies-in-waiting in historic times.
1101:
in 1806, and the establishment of several minor kingdoms in Germany, the post of
910:
701:
395:
391:
163:
45:
4576:
3251:
3081:
3050:
2980:
2325:
Towards the end of her reign, the ladies-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth II were:
2161:
1280:
attached to the royal palace of the capital of Rome served more than temporary.
1267:
was the regular lady-in-waiting who personally attended to the queen, while the
754:
4874:
The Politics of Female Households: Ladies-In-Waiting Across Early Modern Europe
3945:
Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women, Volume II: Tang Through Ming 618–1644
3748:
3441:
3216:
3107:
2696:
2583:
2546:
2516:
2486:
2287:
2123:
2095:
2069:
2004:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1626:(Grand Mistress, equivalent to Mistress of the Robes), of second rank were the
1457:
Generally, the ladies-in-waiting were chosen from among the young girls of the
1299:
1146:
1088:(Maids of Honour), of which one or two could be promoted to the middle rank of
933:
772:
553:
486:
446:
387:
5174:
5006:
Maria van Hongarije en haar hof 1505–1558: tot plichtsbetrachting uitverkoren
4914:
3413:
3348:
3260:
3114:
she served at the court of Grand Empress Dowager Shoshi and was the nurse of
3030:
2726:
2481:
2455:
2394:
was appointed in 2002 and served throughout the rest of Elizabeth II's reign.
2385:
was appointed in 1987 and served throughout the rest of Elizabeth II's reign.
2373:
was appointed in 1960 and served throughout the rest of Elizabeth II's reign.
2354:
was appointed in 1973 and served throughout the rest of Elizabeth II's reign.
2293:
2255:
2251:
2247:
1776:
1764:
1749:
1723:, descendant of the famous banker family, a former diplomat and the widow of
778:
This hierarchy was roughly in place from the 16th century until the death of
738:
543:
182:
4929:, vol. 13 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 662–663
1946:(there were five in 1896), and the lowest rank of ladies-in-waiting was the
1748:
A number of tribes and cultural areas in the African continent, such as the
583:. Canadian ladies-in-waiting are typically appointed in order to assist the
169:
In some other parts of the world, the lady-in-waiting, often referred to as
4338:
The Concubine, the Princess, and the Teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem
4310:
The Concubine, the Princess, and the Teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem
3756:
3272:
3207:
3098:
3055:
2995:
2780:
2722:
2684:
2567:
2338:
1838:. These women originally came to the Harem as slaves, captured through the
1292:
850:, who encouraged all male courtiers to send their daughters to her, and to
718:
673:
654:
4158:
la Repubblica.it, 2007, 11, 25, La dama di compagnia dell' ultima Regina
3266:
3190:
3020:(d. 996); served at the court of Empress Junshi, later the legal wife of
3012:
2930:
2794:
2716:
2678:
2665:
2559:
1772:
1760:
1417:
1318:, and could hold high court offices in the emperor's personal household.
842:
642:
539:
248:
190:
135:
4952:
Vienna and Versailles: The Courts of Europe's Dynastic Rivals, 1550–1780
5040:
Marie-Therese, Child of Terror: The Fate of Marie Antoinette's Daughter
4780:
3446:
3431:
3141:
2998:(1839–1928); close friend and confidant of Empress Elisabeth of Austria
2870:
2710:
2672:
2592:
1050:, the female courtiers of the empress were composed of the first rank,
304:
4740:
4710:
4537:
4290:
Women and Slavery in the Late Ottoman Empire: The Design of Difference
3854:
4882:
Almanach de Gotha: annuaire généalogique, diplomatique et statistique
3451:
3220:
3194:
1981:
1870:
1162:, organized the ladies-in-waiting of its first royal court with one '
680:
296:
288:
186:
4979:
Gosman, Martin; Macdonald, Alasdair James; Vanderjagt, Arie Johan,
4522:
Risk, James; Pownall, Henry; Stanley, David; Tamplin, John (2001).
3846:
3203:
3008:
2831:
2236:
2216:
2151:
1726:
1665:
1497:
1422:
1396:
858:
The first ranked female courtier in the French royal court was the
603:
579:
Several Canadian ladies-in-waiting have also been appointed to the
292:
256:
237:
174:
151:
139:
3711:
3011:(875–938); poet, lover of Prince Atsuyoshi and later concubine of
4918:
4838:
3675:
On Her Majesty's Service: Royal Honours and Recognition in Canada
3474:"Lady-in-waiting | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica"
3198:
2905:
2892:
2883:
1969:
1830:
or court lady has often been used to describe those women of the
1474:
1469:
1459:
1237:. The ladies-in-waiting of the queen of Italy were headed by the
717:
The system of palace women continued mostly unchanged during the
221:
5014:
Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility
4470:
4468:
4466:
2956:, later Countess of Hohenau (1820–1879); at the court of Prussia
2228:, a lady-in-waiting is a woman attending a female member of the
1850:. When they entered the Harem, they were given the position of
1416:) responsible for most of the labour work—who were divided into
826:). In the 1480s, the French ladies-in-waiting were divided into
4340:. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-78335-5. s. 293–301
4096:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
2909:
2896:
2811:
1852:
1487:
1315:
693:
591:. Five Canadian ladies-in-waiting were made Lieutenants of the
568:
300:
27:
Female personal assistant to a high-ranking noblewoman or royal
4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3154:
Jang Ok-jeong, Royal Noble Consort Hui of the Indong Jang clan
2305:
in 2010 are two ladies-in-waiting: a Woman of the Bedchamber (
79:
You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations.
4463:
4035:
4033:
4031:
1977:
1861:
1780:
252:
5060:
Servants of Fortune. The Swedish Court between 1598 and 1721
3128:, she served Imperial Princess Yushi, the third daughter of
2192:, and the other ladies-in-waiting are simply referred to as
2126:), often of burgher background, who supervised the group of
1902:, who supervised all the kalfa of the entire court (harem).
1137:, the Byzantine empress was attended by a female court (the
4323:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3574:
3178:
Imperial Consort Boknyeong Gwi-in of the Cheongju Yang clan
2973:, she organized the abduction of the Holy Crown and nursed
2026:
Isabella of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress and Queen of Spain
1784:
were nonetheless referred to as their principals' "wives".
1464:
1046:
restored the pre-revolutionary court hierarchy. During the
535:
178:
5022:
Art and Palace Politics in Early Modern Japan, 1580s–1680s
4028:
3033:(949–1011); poet, she served under Empress Kishi (wife of
2950:(1802–1887); chief lady-in-waiting at the court of Prussia
1406:, which translates to 'woman officer of the royal court'.
634:, were all formally, if not always in practice, a part of
4682:"London Gazette, Issue 42185, Page 7459, 4 November 1960"
4521:
3049:(wife of Emperor Ichijō), and later became a follower of
4266:
4019:
4017:
1632:(married ladies-in-waiting), followed by the third rank
4989:
Sophie: biografie van Sophie van Würtemberg (1818–1877)
4850:
4630:"London Gazette, Issue 51019, Page 9885, 4 August 1987"
4430:
4428:
4172:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4164:
1363:). The second class were the female palace attendants:
1026:, the principal lady-in-waiting of the empress was the
560:) is the Cambodian term for the Khmer lady-in-waiting.
483:, followed by several ladies-in-waiting with the title
5087:
Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History
4781:"Camilla scraps ladies-in-waiting in modernising move"
4526:. Lingfield, Surrey: Third Millennium. pp. 65–70.
4051:
4049:
4047:
3565:
3563:
2462:
As of 30 November 2022 her companions were:
1477:
or slaves). The appointment process was different for
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1082:(a widowed or married elder woman) who supervised the
4978:
4844:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4444:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4014:
3980:. London: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 147–174.
3551:
3549:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3537:
884:
Marie Louise of Savoy-Carignan, Princesse de Lamballe
801:
Marie Louise of Savoy-Carignan, Princesse de Lamballe
5030:
The Eagle in Splendour: Inside the Court of Napoleon
4425:
4206:
4204:
4161:
3770:
Hsieh, Bao Hua (2014). "Ming Palace Serving-Women".
3172:
Royal Noble Consort Ui of the Changnyeong Seong clan
1401:
1233:
In 1861, the Italian Peninsula was united in to the
5135:
4102:
4044:
3702:
3700:
3657:
Almanach royal officiel de Belgique, pour l'an 1841
3560:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
2838:
Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princess of Lamballe
1936:
Dama Camarista Mulher do mordomo mór de S. a Rainha
1144:
1138:
547:
114:, a lady-in-waiting of the Imperial Court of Russia
5037:
4763:
4493:
4283:
4281:
4181:
4084:
3672:
3534:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3494:
2122:(Mistress of the Chamber, roughly equivalent to a
1734:of the famous Amsterdam canal estate. The current
4880:
4245:
4201:
4114:
4072:
3232:" while serving as the first lady-in-waiting for
2204:(Court Ladies). Her chief lady-in-waiting is the
1565:who served as the principal lady-in-waiting; one
344:who served as the principal lady-in-waiting; one
5172:
4973:Concubinage and Servitude in Late Imperial China
4888:
4582:
4558:"State Opening of Parliament - Royal Procession"
3772:Concubinage and Servitude in Late Imperial China
3697:
2850:Louise-Élisabeth de Croÿ, Marchioness of Tourzel
1898:of the court. The highest ranked kalfa was the
1808:(Lady of the Bedchamber), all supervised by the
759:(Senior Maid of Honour), followed by a group of
587:when carrying out official duties in Canada and
4872:Akkerman, Nadine; Houben, Birgit, eds. (2013),
4449:rusneb.ru – Национальная электронная библиотека
4278:
3491:
3166:Royal Noble Consort Yeong of the Jeonui Yi clan
3037:), Fujiwara no Senshi (the imperial consort of
2902:Baroness Maria Caroline Charlotte von Ingenheim
2414:Mrs. Simon Rhodes, daughter-in-law of The Hon.
1960:Lady-in-waiting of the Imperial Court of Russia
1638:(Court Ladies, equivalent to Maids of Honour).
1327:, or ladies-in-waiting who held court offices:
1303:
622:The ladies-in-waiting in China, referred to as
402:(Chamber Maids). However, during the tenure of
138:, attending on a royal woman or a high-ranking
4871:
4833:Elizabeth of York: A Tudor Queen and Her World
4507:Allison, Ronald; Riddell, Sarah, eds. (1991).
4506:
4060:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3619:
3160:Royal Noble Consort Suk of the Haeju Choe clan
2822:Jacqueline de Longwy, Countess of Bar-sur-Sein
1186:
5113:, Carlsson, Diss. Stockholm: Univ., Stockholm
4826:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4624:
4622:
4620:
2981:Countess Irma Sztáray de Sztára et Nagymihály
2615:Countess Sophie Chotek von Chotkow und Wognin
2149:(Chief Court Mistress). In 1774, the post of
1275:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1244:
1238:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1158:was established in 1832 and its first queen,
5075:
4894:The Official website of the British Monarchy
4484:
4482:
4272:
4006:Hsieh. "From Charwoman to Empress Dowager".
3928:Hsieh. "From Charwoman to Empress Dowager".
3898:Hsieh. "From Charwoman to Empress Dowager".
3883:Hsieh. "From Charwoman to Empress Dowager".
3774:. London: Lexington Books. pp. 179–208.
3305:Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien
2996:Ida Krisztina Veronika Ferenczy of Vecseszék
1894:, who in turn was the supervisor of all the
1627:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1572:
1560:
1173:
1167:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1033:
1027:
1013:
1007:
1001:
993:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
938:, 12 married noblewomen with the same tasks.
931:
925:
919:
908:
898:
890:
867:
859:
833:
827:
821:
815:
783:
766:
760:
752:
744:
736:
517:
500:
492:
484:
476:
456:
450:
440:
434:
428:
412:
381:
375:
369:
357:
351:
345:
339:
333:
328:, Spain and Austria were united through the
4445:"НЭБ – Национальная электронная библиотека"
4131:Almanacco reale del regno delle Due Sicilie
3947:. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 543.
3624:
3148:Royal Consort Gwi-in of the Okcheon Jo clan
3095:, she served at the court of Empress Teishi
2042:). This office is confirmed from the 1410s.
1735:
1724:
1714:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1671:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1608:
1584:
1578:
1577:, who was second in rank and deputy of the
1566:
1554:
363:
356:, who was second in rank and deputy of the
4813:
4617:
4392:"Corte Portugueza. Casa de Suas Magestade"
4360:"Corte Portugueza. Casa de Suas Magestade"
3275:(1525–1597); mistress of financial affairs
2828:Henriette of Cleves, 4th Duchess of Nevers
2808:Françoise de Brézé, Countess of Maulévrier
1968:, the offices of ladies-in-waiting to the
1512:only after a minimum of 35 years of work.
866:(Mistress of the Robes) to the queen. The
743:(Court Mistress) or, from 1694/98 onward,
5138:Twelve Years at the Imperial German Court
5108:
4970:
4705:
4703:
4488:
4479:
4263:S Gravenhaagsche Stads-Almanak: voor 1857
4039:
3285:1895–1924); lady-in-waiting to her aunt,
3228:(1885–1944); she was given the title of "
3206:(1615–1705); palace attendant during the
2360:served from 1987 until her death in 2021.
2180:was employed by the king. From 1994, the
2032:The highest rank female courtier was the
1491:(middle class), with the lowest class of
95:Learn how and when to remove this message
4933:
4913:
4856:
4778:
4515:
4474:
3835:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3670:
2938:(1752–1807); at the court of Saxe-Weimar
2787:after her divorce from the Shah of Iran.
2617:, later Duchess of Hohenberg (1868–1914)
2454:In November 2022, it was announced that
2438:
2292:
2246:, a woman attending on a queen (whether
2215:
889:The second highest rank was that of the
795:
602:
106:
5092:
5057:
4981:Princes and Princely Culture: 1450–1650
4944:Women and the Family in Chinese History
4055:
3645:
3219:(d. 693); favourite lady-in-waiting of
2746:, later Duchess of Portland (1887–1982)
2738:Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough
2647:
2545:The duties of ladies-in-waiting at the
897:, who could act as the stand-in of the
14:
5173:
5117:
4934:Cruz, Anne J.; Stampino, Maria Galli,
4700:
4090:
3975:
2793:(1895–1990); first lady-in-waiting of
2309:, left) and a Lady of the Bedchamber (
2226:Royal Households of the United Kingdom
1201:(Lady of Honor, ranked just below the
1000:, who in turn outranked the remaining
862:Surintendante de la Maison de la Reine
112:Princess Tatiana Alexandrovna Yusupova
5076:Hauge, Yngvar; Egeberg, Nini (1960),
5035:
4986:
4791:from the original on 27 November 2022
4251:
4078:
3956:
3954:
3798:
3796:
3769:
3734:
3666:
3664:
2418:(a cousin of Elizabeth II and former
2273:
1930:The court register of 1896 noted the
1755:As a further example, within certain
5136:Zedlitz-Trützschler, Robert (1924),
5084:
5019:
5003:
4957:
4688:from the original on 3 November 2023
4662:from the original on 3 November 2023
4636:from the original on 3 November 2023
4605:from the original on 3 November 2023
4176:
4023:
3832:
3569:
3528:
3468:
3466:
2944:(1760–1826); at the court of Prussia
2923:(1729–1814); at the court of Prussia
2917:(1720–1755); at the court of Prussia
2719:, later Duchess of Feria (1538–1612)
2522:As late as in the mid-15th century,
1940:Dama honoraria Mulher do mestre sala
1890:of the harem were rankend under the
882:, in 1741, until the appointment of
404:Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress
362:, as well as being in charge of the
52:
4998:Frauen am Münchener Hof (1651–1756)
4992:– op basis van brieven en dagboken
4949:
4779:Coughlan, Sean (27 November 2022).
3942:
3555:
3307:, later Queen of Poland (1641–1716)
2985:Empress Elisabeth "Sisi" of Austria
2830:(1542–1601); one of France's chief
2598:
2558:was a lady of the privy chamber to
2337:served as Mistress of the Robes to
1463:(commoners) and the private female
1228:
1213:(Lady Companions, ranked below the
875:Governess of the Children of France
24:
5150:
5120:Eugénie. An empress and her empire
5100:
5095:Det Kongelige Danske Hof 1660–2000
5027:
4995:
4845:Gosman, Macdonald & Vanderjagt
4196:
4066:
3990:
3951:
3793:
3661:
2990:Countess Marie Festetics von Tolna
2106:(Chief Maid of Honour, until 1719
2045:The second rank was shared by the
1992:(the tsarina's sewing women), the
1950:, of which there were 21 in 1896.
1583:as well as being in charge of the
1540:
1442:, who were personal servants of a
812:Joan I of Navarre, Queen of France
25:
5202:
5144:
5011:
4941:
4907:Palace Women in the Northern Sung
4904:
4890:"Ladies-in-Waiting and Equerries"
4751:from the original on 29 June 2016
4721:from the original on 29 June 2016
4511:. London: Macmillan. p. 307.
4404:from the original on 1 March 2021
4372:from the original on 1 March 2021
4210:
4149:Calendario reale per l'anno 1879
4005:
3927:
3912:
3897:
3882:
3817:
3802:
3784:
3722:
3706:
3463:
3370:Elizabeth Carlsdotter Gyllenhielm
3256:Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent
3254:(d. 1562); supposed concubine of
2977:, who later become a Polish queen
2969:(1400–1470); lady-in-waiting for
2891:(1686–1766); at the court of the
2878:(1699–1780); at the court of the
2876:Maria Charlotte von Schafftenberg
2705:Jane Boleyn, Viscountess Rochford
2211:
1817:
1589:(Maids of Honour), also known as
1062:, followed by six (later twelve)
977:were from 1531 supervised by the
563:The six favorite court ladies of
433:, who was the replacement of the
368:(Maids of Honour), also known as
224:describes the royal household of
4711:"Court Circular, 11 August 2002"
3867:
3281:(née Princess Kezban Marshania;
2449:2024 State Opening of Parliament
2434:
2424:Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
1972:were normally divided among the
1032:, followed by between 20 and 36
918:The fourth rank was that of the
832:(married ladies-in-waiting) and
805:Queen Marie Antoinette of France
299:tasks; supervision of servants,
57:
4803:
4733:
4674:
4648:
4601:. 2 January 1973. p. 105.
4591:
4550:
4538:Court Circular, 29 October 2002
4530:
4437:
4416:
4384:
4352:
4343:
4336:Brookes, Douglas Scott (2010).
4308:Brookes, Douglas Scott (2010).
4302:
4257:
4215:
4152:
4143:
4123:
3999:
3984:
3969:
3960:
3936:
3921:
3906:
3891:
3876:
3861:
3826:
3811:
3778:
3763:
3728:
3263:(d. 1600); mistress housekeeper
2762:Jane Loftus, Marchioness of Ely
2472:The Baroness Chisholm of Owlpen
2392:The Hon. Dame Annabel Whitehead
2114:(Court Mistress, equivalent to
2110:). They were supervised by the
1710:is slated for discontinuation.
1166:', followed by the second rank
907:The third rank belonged to the
455:could sometimes be promoted to
398:respectively), and finally the
5062:, Lund: Wallin & Dalholm,
4741:"Court Circular, 13 July 2017"
4658:. 1 January 1960. p. 79.
3671:McCreery, Christopher (2008).
3650:
3330:Sophia Stepanovna Razumovskaya
2783:(b.1917); lady-in-waiting for
2447:and Lady Sarah Keswick at the
814:, had a group of five ladies (
13:
1:
5044:, NY: Bloomsbury: Macmillan,
4950:Duindam, Jeroen Frans Jozef,
4865:
4599:"London Gazette, Issue 45868"
4312:. University of Texas Press.
4227:The Academy of Korean Studies
3407:
3124:(1008–after 1059); writer of
3085:
3068:
2983:(1863–1940); at the court of
2929:(1742–1827); at the court of
2904:(1704–1749); at the court of
2865:(1634–1677); at the court of
2102:) which could be promoted to
803:was chief lady-in-waiting to
607:Tang dynasty court ladies on
267:From small circle of married
4656:"London Gazette, Issue 4191"
3943:Lee, Lily Xiao Hong (2016).
2942:Karoline Friederike von Berg
2856:
2634:
2608:
2575:first lady of the bedchamber
2467:The Marchioness of Lansdowne
2411:), a cousin of Elizabeth II.
2407:Lady Elizabeth Leeming (née
2024:(r. 1474–1504), was kept by
1097:After the end of the German
780:King Christian IX of Denmark
491:, in turn ranking above the
7:
3420:
3394:
3364:(1596–1662), and later her
3355:
3332:(1746–1803); a mistress of
3323:
3298:
3118:and the imperial princesses
3091:–1017/1025); writer of the
2801:
2750:Ruth Roche, Baroness Fermoy
2621:
2533:Black Book of the Household
2502:
2371:The Hon. Dame Mary Morrison
2049:(royal governess), and the
1922:
1804:(Chief Maid of Honour) and
1721:Martine van Loon-Labouchere
1402:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1304:
1193:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1187:Naples and the Two Sicilies
1145:
1139:
548:
525:
310:
10:
5207:
5109:Rundquist, Angela (1989),
3749:10.1179/014703799788763371
3620:Akkerman & Houben 2013
3401:Princess Vibhavadi Rangsit
3349:Anna Alexandrovna Vyrubova
3317:Elżbieta Helena Sieniawska
3245:
3212:Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang
3184:
3135:
3002:
2960:
2168:With the exception of the
1957:
1743:
1642:Beatrix of the Netherlands
1618:Kingdom of the Netherlands
1071:
729:
589:royal tours in the country
466:
315:
211:
29:
4942:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley,
4524:Royal Service (Volume II)
4225:(in Korean and English).
3915:Concubinage and Servitude
3820:Concubinage and Servitude
3805:Concubinage and Servitude
3787:Concubinage and Servitude
2889:Sophie Caroline von Camas
2863:Marie Luise von Degenfeld
2641:Louise Scheel von Plessen
2084:
2035:Camarera Mayor de Palacio
1953:
1905:
1787:
1309:(Female Palace Attendant)
1219:), and a large number of
1128:
1015:Premiere femme de chambre
996:Première femme de chambre
791:
581:Royal Household of Canada
574:
565:King Sisowath of Cambodia
557:
495:Première femme de chambre
282:
5122:, Stroud: Sutton, cop.,
5118:Seward, Desmond (2004),
5058:Persson, Fabian (1999),
4905:Chung, Priscilla Ching,
4273:Hauge & Egeberg 1960
4103:Zedlitz-Trützschler 1924
3457:
3339:Countess Julia von Hauke
3193:(d. 577); served as the
3110:(999–1082); daughter of
2774:
2725:(1542–1581); one of the
2445:Marchioness of Lansdowne
2346:Ladies of the Bedchamber
2319:ladies of the bedchamber
2244:Accession of Charles III
2188:. There is now only one
2010:
1390:
1283:
1181:
820:) and maids-in-waiting (
698:an assassination attempt
688:significant prominence.
598:
5093:Kjølsen, Klaus (2010),
5012:Lebra, Takie Sugiyama,
4926:Encyclopædia Britannica
3993:Women in Imperial China
3978:Women in Imperial China
3963:Biographical Dictionary
3210:and close confidant of
2971:Elisabeth of Luxembourg
2768:Lady Sarah McCorquodale
2756:Lady Pamela Mountbatten
2443:Queen's companions the
2420:Woman of the Bedchamber
2402:Extra ladies-in-waiting
2365:Women of the Bedchamber
2284:women of the bedchamber
2260:woman of the bedchamber
2056:The third rank was the
1553:, were composed of one
1056:, and the second rank,
1044:Marie Thérèse of France
992:The sixth rank was the
941:The fifth rank was the
893:Première dame d'honneur
712:
667:
648:
510:Noble Houses of Belgium
386:depending on language (
122:(alternatively written
66:This article cites its
5004:Kerkhoff, Jacqueline,
4987:Hamer, Dianne (2011),
4509:The Royal Encyclopedia
3294:; mistress housekeeper
2915:Eleonore von Schlieben
2451:
2352:The Countess of Airlie
2335:The Duchess of Grafton
2314:
2264:lady of the bedchamber
2221:
2198:Queen Silvia of Sweden
2143:was supervised by the
1794:Danish–Norwegian union
1736:
1725:
1715:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1680:reduced the number of
1672:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1174:
1168:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1034:
1028:
1014:
1008:
1002:
994:
989:was abolished in 1674.
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
932:
926:
920:
909:
899:
891:
868:
860:
834:
828:
822:
816:
807:
784:
767:
761:
753:
745:
737:
617:
614:
538:to ladies-in-waiting,
530:In Cambodia, the term
518:
501:
493:
485:
477:
457:
451:
441:
435:
429:
413:
382:
376:
370:
364:
358:
352:
346:
340:
334:
326:Burgundian Netherlands
220:, in the 9th century,
115:
5036:Nagel, Susan (2008),
5020:Lillehoj, Elizabeth,
4295:14 April 2023 at the
3976:Hinsch, Bret (2016).
3388:Magdalena Rudenschöld
3311:Klara Izabella Pacowa
3022:Fujiwara no Michitaka
2975:Elisabeth of Habsburg
2662:(possibly; 1437–1492)
2515:, and four unmarried
2442:
2329:Mistress of the Robes
2296:
2268:mistress of the robes
2219:
2116:Mistress of the Robes
2040:Mistress of the Robes
2022:Isabella I of Castile
1676:den Beer Poortugael.
1644:had a total of seven
1172:, and the third rank
1140:Sekreton Tōn Gynaikōn
1113:in charge of several
980:Gouvernante de Filles
950:Demoiselles d'honneur
880:Marie Anne de Bourbon
799:
765:(Court Lady) and the
606:
593:Royal Victorian Order
421:Mistress of the Robes
110:
37:. For the novel, see
5186:Gendered occupations
4543:29 June 2016 at the
3341:, later Princess of
3239:Nellie Yu Roung Ling
3234:Empress Dowager Cixi
2936:Luise von Göchhausen
2921:Sophie Marie von Voß
2880:Electorate of Saxony
2844:Yolande de Polastron
2648:England and Scotland
2507:In the Middle Ages,
2278:During the reign of
1976:(widows or wives of
1592:Demoiselle d'honneur
1559:(Court Mistress) or
1535:Gyeongjong of Joseon
1501:(vulgar commoners).
653:At least during the
641:The emperors of the
430:Fräuleinhofmeisterin
371:Demoiselle d'honneur
338:(Court Mistress) or
5191:Women by occupation
4960:The Court Historian
4909:, pp. 960–1126
4475:Cruz & Stampino
3725:, pp. 960–1126
3679:. Dundurn. p.
3230:commandery princess
3018:Takashina no Takako
2927:Charlotte von Stein
2675:'s queens consort:
2668:(с. 1499/1500–1543)
2660:Elizabeth Woodville
2524:Elizabeth Woodville
2492:Jane von Westenholz
1916:partition of Poland
1844:Barbary slave trade
1840:Crimean slave trade
1757:pre-colonial states
1704:, but the category
1160:Amalia of Oldenburg
1040:Bourbon Restoration
852:Francis I of France
636:the emperor's harem
514:Princess Clementine
30:For the album, see
5078:Bogstad, 1773–1995
4920:"Honourable"
4900:on 3 February 2016
4223:"상궁(尙宮), Sanggung"
4136:5 May 2023 at the
3478:www.britannica.com
3427:Chaperone (social)
3382:Augusta von Fersen
2948:Gabriele von Bülow
2824:(before 1520–1561)
2509:Margaret of France
2482:Lady Sarah Keswick
2452:
2315:
2299:Queen Elizabeth II
2280:Queen Elizabeth II
2274:Queen Elizabeth II
2222:
2133:From the reign of
1811:Overhoffmesterinne
1800:(Maid of Honour),
1607:, and finally the
1249:, and finally the
1243:, followed by the
1204:Cavaliere di Onore
924:, from 1523 named
808:
615:
436:Obersthofmeisterin
415:Obersthofmeisterin
218:Carolingian Empire
132:personal assistant
116:
5181:Ladies-in-waiting
5153:"Lady in Waiting"
5051:978-1-59691-057-7
4564:. 15 October 1998
4318:978-0-292-78335-5
4116:Almanach de Gotha
3690:978-1-5500-2742-6
3362:Elizabeth Ribbing
3226:Princess Der Ling
3130:Emperor Go-Suzaku
3116:Emperor Go-Reizei
3103:Emperor Shirakawa
2954:Rosalie von Rauch
2818:from 1553 to 1559
2744:Ivy Gordon-Lennox
2681:(c. 1501/07–1536)
2654:Catherine Douglas
2628:Margaret Southern
2564:Elizabeth Seymour
2539:Elizabeth of York
2377:Lady Susan Hussey
2307:Lady Susan Hussey
2182:Överhovmästarinna
2178:Överhovmästarinna
2174:Överhovmästarinna
2146:Överhovmästarinna
2130:(Chamber Maids).
1848:White slave trade
1775:were considered "
1531:Sukjong of Joseon
1529:, a concubine of
1517:seungeun sanggung
1210:Dama di Compagnia
1156:Kingdom of Greece
1099:Holy Roman Empire
1003:Femme de Chambres
747:Overhofmesterinde
585:monarch of Canada
532:ladies-in-waiting
473:Louise of Orléans
330:House of Habsburg
295:of her mistress;
261:Duchy of Burgundy
230:De Ordine Palatii
206:Bedchamber crisis
105:
104:
97:
72:does not provide
18:Ladies-in-waiting
16:(Redirected from
5198:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5140:
5132:
5114:
5105:
5097:
5089:
5085:Walthall, Anne,
5081:
5072:
5054:
5043:
5032:
5028:Mansel, Philip,
5024:
5016:
5008:
5000:
4996:Kägler, Britta,
4991:
4983:
4975:
4967:
4954:
4946:
4938:
4930:
4922:
4910:
4901:
4896:, archived from
4885:
4877:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4842:
4836:
4828:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4776:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4745:The Royal Family
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4715:The Royal Family
4707:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4626:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4595:
4589:
4584:British Monarchy
4580:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4554:
4548:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4519:
4513:
4512:
4504:
4491:
4486:
4477:
4472:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4441:
4435:
4432:
4423:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4409:
4403:
4396:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4371:
4364:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4341:
4334:
4321:
4306:
4300:
4287:Madeline Zilfi:
4285:
4276:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4255:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4229:. Archived from
4219:
4213:
4208:
4199:
4194:
4179:
4174:
4159:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4141:
4127:
4121:
4112:
4106:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4082:
4076:
4070:
4064:
4058:
4053:
4042:
4037:
4026:
4021:
4012:
4011:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3958:
3949:
3948:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3800:
3791:
3790:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3732:
3726:
3720:
3709:
3704:
3695:
3694:
3678:
3668:
3659:
3654:
3648:
3643:
3622:
3617:
3572:
3567:
3558:
3553:
3532:
3526:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3470:
3437:Lady's companion
3376:Ulrika Strömfelt
3334:Paul I of Russia
3284:
3112:Murasaki Shikibu
3090:
3087:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3065:Murasaki Shikibu
3035:Emperor Murakami
2967:Helene Kottanner
2711:Katherine Ashley
2691:Catherine Howard
2679:Lady Anne Boleyn
2666:Lady Mary Boleyn
2599:Notable examples
2358:The Lady Farnham
2303:visit to Toronto
1966:Muscovite Russia
1964:In the Court of
1866:Hünkar Kalfalari
1773:high priestesses
1767:in Nigeria, the
1739:
1732:Maurits van Loon
1730:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1675:
1669:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1495:coming from the
1405:
1403:Gungjung Yeogwan
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1310:
1307:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1235:Kingdom of Italy
1229:Kingdom of Italy
1225:(Court Ladies).
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1177:
1175:'Dame de Palais'
1171:
1169:'Dame d'honneur'
1164:Grande Maitresse
1150:
1142:
1135:Byzantine Empire
1124:
1118:
1112:
1110:Oberhofmeisterin
1106:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1079:Oberhofmeisterin
1067:
1061:
1055:
1037:
1031:
1017:
1011:
1005:
999:
988:
986:Filles d'honneur
982:
976:
970:
968:Sous-gouvernante
964:
958:
952:
946:
944:Filles d'honneur
937:
929:
923:
914:
902:
896:
871:
865:
848:Anne of Brittany
837:
835:Filles d'honneur
831:
825:
819:
787:
770:
764:
758:
750:
742:
610:A Palace Concert
559:
551:
521:
504:
502:Femme de chambre
498:
490:
482:
462:
454:
444:
438:
432:
418:
385:
379:
373:
367:
361:
355:
349:
343:
337:
255:, and spread to
226:Charles the Bald
100:
93:
89:
86:
80:
61:
60:
53:
21:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5171:
5170:
5161:
5159:
5157:Elizabethan Era
5151:Alchin, Linda.
5147:
5130:
5101:Rowley, G. G.,
5070:
5052:
4971:Hsieh Bao Hua,
4876:, Leiden: Brill
4868:
4863:
4855:
4851:
4843:
4839:
4829:
4814:
4808:
4804:
4794:
4792:
4777:
4764:
4754:
4752:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4709:
4708:
4701:
4691:
4689:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4665:
4663:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4639:
4637:
4628:
4627:
4618:
4608:
4606:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4581:
4577:
4567:
4565:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4545:Wayback Machine
4535:
4531:
4520:
4516:
4505:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4464:
4454:
4452:
4443:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4335:
4324:
4307:
4303:
4297:Wayback Machine
4286:
4279:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4250:
4246:
4236:
4234:
4233:on 3 March 2016
4221:
4220:
4216:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4182:
4175:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4138:Wayback Machine
4128:
4124:
4113:
4109:
4101:
4097:
4089:
4085:
4077:
4073:
4065:
4061:
4054:
4045:
4038:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4004:
4000:
3989:
3985:
3974:
3970:
3959:
3952:
3941:
3937:
3926:
3922:
3911:
3907:
3896:
3892:
3881:
3877:
3866:
3862:
3831:
3827:
3816:
3812:
3801:
3794:
3783:
3779:
3768:
3764:
3733:
3729:
3721:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3625:
3618:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3535:
3527:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3460:
3423:
3410:
3397:
3358:
3326:
3301:
3292:Şekerpare Hatun
3282:
3269:(d. 1590); poet
3248:
3199:Emperor Gao Wei
3187:
3138:
3126:Sarashina Nikki
3088:
3075:
3071:
3005:
2963:
2859:
2834:until her death
2804:
2791:Zeinab Zulficar
2785:Princess Fawzia
2777:
2732:Lettice Knollys
2650:
2637:
2624:
2611:
2601:
2517:maids of honour
2505:
2497:Sarah Troughton
2477:The Lady Brooke
2437:
2416:Margaret Rhodes
2297:Walking behind
2276:
2214:
2200:has only three
2135:Queen Christina
2087:
2080:(washer women).
2070:Maids of honour
2058:Dueñas de Honor
2013:
2001:Peter the Great
1962:
1956:
1925:
1908:
1828:lady-in-waiting
1820:
1790:
1746:
1707:Dames du Palais
1695:Dames du Palais
1656:. In 2012, the
1629:Dames du Palais
1598:Fille d'honneur
1551:Mary of Hungary
1543:
1541:The Netherlands
1434:(also known as
1393:
1308:
1286:
1277:Dame di Palazzo
1270:Dame di Palazzo
1252:Dame di Palazzo
1231:
1189:
1184:
1131:
1074:
1065:Dames du Palais
1053:Grand Maitresse
1035:Dames du Palais
927:Dame d'honneur,
794:
732:
715:
702:Jiajing Emperor
670:
651:
620:
601:
577:
528:
469:
396:Austrian German
377:Fille d'honneur
318:
313:
285:
214:
197:Lady-in-waiting
124:lady in waiting
120:lady-in-waiting
101:
90:
84:
81:
78:
74:page references
62:
58:
49:
46:Lord-in-waiting
40:Lady in Waiting
33:Lady in Waiting
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5204:
5194:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5169:
5168:
5146:
5145:External links
5143:
5142:
5141:
5133:
5128:
5115:
5106:
5098:
5090:
5082:
5080:, H. Aschehoug
5073:
5068:
5055:
5050:
5033:
5025:
5017:
5009:
5001:
4993:
4984:
4976:
4968:
4955:
4947:
4939:
4931:
4917:, ed. (1911),
4915:Chisholm, Hugh
4911:
4902:
4886:
4878:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4859:, p. 663.
4849:
4837:
4812:
4802:
4762:
4732:
4699:
4673:
4647:
4616:
4590:
4575:
4549:
4529:
4514:
4492:
4489:Rundquist 1989
4478:
4462:
4436:
4424:
4415:
4383:
4351:
4342:
4322:
4301:
4277:
4265:
4256:
4244:
4214:
4200:
4180:
4160:
4151:
4142:
4122:
4107:
4095:
4083:
4071:
4059:
4043:
4027:
4013:
3998:
3995:. p. 148.
3983:
3968:
3965:. p. 543.
3950:
3935:
3920:
3917:. p. 187.
3905:
3890:
3875:
3872:. p. 236.
3870:Female Healers
3860:
3847:10.2307/602374
3841:(1): 233–245.
3825:
3822:. p. 181.
3810:
3807:. p. 180.
3792:
3789:. p. 184.
3777:
3762:
3727:
3710:
3696:
3689:
3660:
3649:
3623:
3573:
3559:
3533:
3490:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3346:
3336:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3287:Nazikeda Kadın
3276:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3236:
3223:
3214:
3201:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3122:Lady Sarashina
3119:
3108:Daini no Sanmi
3105:
3096:
3079:
3062:
3060:Empress Shoshi
3053:
3047:Empress Teishi
3043:Emperor Ichijō
3041:and mother of
3028:
3026:Emperor Ichijō
3024:and regent of
3015:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2978:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2899:
2886:
2873:
2867:The Palatinate
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2825:
2819:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2788:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2720:
2714:
2713:(c. 1502–1565)
2708:
2707:(c. 1505–1542)
2702:
2701:
2700:
2697:Catherine Parr
2694:
2693:(с. 1523–1542)
2688:
2687:(c. 1508–1537)
2682:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2610:
2607:
2600:
2597:
2584:The Honourable
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2487:Annabel Elliot
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2427:
2412:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2383:The Lady Elton
2380:
2374:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2343:
2342:
2288:Court Circular
2275:
2272:
2213:
2212:United Kingdom
2210:
2196:(Court Lady).
2096:Maid of Honour
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2054:
2043:
2012:
2009:
1958:Main article:
1955:
1952:
1948:Dona honoraira
1944:Dona camarista
1924:
1921:
1907:
1904:
1880:Hazinedar Usta
1876:Hazinedar Usta
1836:Ottoman Sultan
1832:Imperial Harem
1824:Ottoman Empire
1819:
1818:Ottoman Empire
1816:
1789:
1786:
1765:Yoruba peoples
1745:
1742:
1737:Grootmeesteres
1716:Grootmeesteres
1623:Grootmeesteres
1574:Mere de Filles
1562:Dame d'honneur
1542:
1539:
1533:and mother of
1392:
1389:
1305:Koto No Naishi
1300:Sengoku period
1285:
1282:
1230:
1227:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1147:Zoste patrikia
1130:
1127:
1116:Hofstaatsdamen
1091:Kammerfräulein
1073:
1070:
1059:Dame d'honneur
1029:Dame d'honneur
1020:
1019:
990:
939:
934:Dame du palais
916:
905:
887:
829:Femmes Mariées
793:
790:
788:(Court Lady).
773:Maid of Honour
731:
728:
714:
711:
669:
666:
650:
647:
619:
616:
600:
597:
576:
573:
527:
524:
487:Dame du Palais
479:Dame d'honneur
468:
465:
459:Kammerfräulein
447:Maid of Honour
353:Mere de Filles
341:Dame d'honneur
317:
314:
312:
309:
284:
281:
271:and unmarried
213:
210:
103:
102:
65:
63:
56:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5203:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5148:
5139:
5134:
5131:
5129:0-7509-2979-0
5125:
5121:
5116:
5112:
5107:
5104:
5099:
5096:
5091:
5088:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5071:
5069:91-628-3340-5
5065:
5061:
5056:
5053:
5047:
5042:
5041:
5034:
5031:
5026:
5023:
5018:
5015:
5010:
5007:
5002:
4999:
4994:
4990:
4985:
4982:
4977:
4974:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4956:
4953:
4948:
4945:
4940:
4937:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4921:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4870:
4869:
4858:
4857:Chisholm 1911
4853:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4830:Alison Weir:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4806:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4736:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4704:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4635:
4631:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4587:
4585:
4579:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4533:
4525:
4518:
4510:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4490:
4485:
4483:
4476:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4431:
4429:
4419:
4400:
4393:
4387:
4368:
4361:
4355:
4346:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4284:
4282:
4274:
4269:
4260:
4253:
4248:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4207:
4205:
4198:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4178:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4155:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4126:
4119:
4117:
4111:
4104:
4099:
4092:
4087:
4080:
4075:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4041:
4040:Hsieh Bao Hua
4036:
4034:
4032:
4025:
4020:
4018:
4009:
4002:
3994:
3987:
3979:
3972:
3964:
3957:
3955:
3946:
3939:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3909:
3901:
3894:
3886:
3879:
3871:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3821:
3814:
3806:
3799:
3797:
3788:
3781:
3773:
3766:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3743:(42): 26–80.
3742:
3738:
3731:
3724:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3708:
3703:
3701:
3692:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3676:
3667:
3665:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3621:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3571:
3566:
3564:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3530:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3462:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3415:
3414:The Favourite
3412:
3411:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3280:
3279:Şahinde Hanım
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3261:Canfeda Hatun
3259:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3083:
3080:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3039:Emperor En'yū
3036:
3032:
3031:Uma no Naishi
3029:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3006:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2810:(1518–1577);
2809:
2806:
2805:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2596:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2456:Queen Camilla
2450:
2446:
2441:
2435:Queen Camilla
2432:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2282:, one of the
2281:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2256:queen dowager
2253:
2252:queen consort
2249:
2248:queen regnant
2245:
2242:Prior to the
2240:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2157:Hovmästarinna
2154:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2140:Hovmästarinna
2136:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2112:Hovmästarinna
2109:
2108:Kammarjungfru
2105:
2101:
2098:, until 1719
2097:
2093:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2053:(chaperones).
2052:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1932:Camareira-mór
1928:
1920:
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1896:Daire Kalfasi
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1888:Daire Kalfasi
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1750:Lobedu people
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4784:
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4744:
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4676:
4664:. Retrieved
4650:
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4607:. Retrieved
4593:
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4578:
4566:. Retrieved
4561:
4552:
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4508:
4453:. Retrieved
4451:(in Russian)
4448:
4439:
4418:
4406:. Retrieved
4386:
4374:. Retrieved
4354:
4345:
4337:
4320:. s. 293–301
4309:
4304:
4288:
4268:
4259:
4247:
4235:. Retrieved
4231:the original
4217:
4154:
4145:
4129:
4125:
4115:
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4074:
4062:
4056:Kjølsen 2010
4008:Ming Studies
4007:
4001:
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3944:
3938:
3930:Ming Studies
3929:
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3900:Ming Studies
3899:
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3885:Ming Studies
3884:
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3765:
3740:
3737:Ming Studies
3736:
3730:
3674:
3656:
3652:
3646:Persson 1999
3481:. Retrieved
3477:
3273:Raziye Hatun
3252:Gülfem Hatun
3208:Qing dynasty
3125:
3099:Ise no Taifu
3092:
3082:Sei Shōnagon
3056:Akazome Emon
2781:Nahed Rashad
2723:Mary Fleming
2685:Jane Seymour
2603:
2602:
2589:
2582:
2572:
2568:Jane Seymour
2556:Margaret Lee
2552:
2544:
2537:
2532:
2531:created the
2521:
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2461:
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2429:
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2363:
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2339:Elizabeth II
2328:
2327:
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2318:
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2311:Lady Farnham
2283:
2277:
2241:
2234:
2230:royal family
2223:
2205:
2201:
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2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
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2169:
2167:
2162:Kammarfröken
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2104:Kammarfröken
2103:
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2076:(maids) and
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2016:
2014:
1998:
1993:
1990:svetlichnaya
1989:
1985:
1973:
1963:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
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1911:
1909:
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1827:
1821:
1809:
1805:
1802:Kammarfröken
1801:
1797:
1791:
1754:
1747:
1712:
1678:Queen Maxima
1640:
1615:
1580:Hofmeesteres
1556:Hofmeesteres
1548:
1544:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1503:
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1427:
1421:
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1408:
1395:
1394:
1354:naishi-no-jo
1320:
1313:
1297:
1293:Heian period
1290:
1287:
1258:Dama d'Onore
1240:Dama d'Onore
1232:
1190:
1163:
1153:
1132:
1096:
1075:
1024:First Empire
1021:
911:Dame d'atour
873:
840:
809:
777:
755:Kammerfrøken
733:
723:palace maids
722:
719:Qing dynasty
716:
707:
700:against the
690:
686:
678:
674:Ming dynasty
671:
663:
659:
655:Song dynasty
652:
640:
632:court ladies
631:
627:
624:palace women
623:
621:
608:
578:
562:
531:
529:
516:was given a
507:
470:
424:
409:
399:
359:Hofmesterees
335:Hofmesterees
323:
319:
286:
277:
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268:
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171:palace woman
170:
168:
130:is a female
127:
123:
119:
117:
91:
82:
71:
50:
39:
32:
4795:27 November
4237:9 September
4091:Seward 2004
3442:Lady's maid
3416:(2018 film)
3403:(1920–1977)
3390:(1766–1823)
3384:(1754–1846)
3378:(1724–1780)
3372:(1622–1682)
3351:(1884–1964)
3345:(1825–1895)
3319:(1669–1729)
3313:(1631–1685)
3267:Hubbi Hatun
3217:Wei Tuan'er
3191:Lu Lingxuan
3180:(1882–1929)
3174:(1753–1786)
3168:(1696–1764)
3162:(1670–1718)
3156:(1659–1701)
3093:Pillow Book
3076: 1016
3013:Emperor Uda
2931:Saxe-Weimar
2852:(1749–1832)
2846:(1749–1793)
2840:(1749–1792)
2795:Queen Nazli
2764:(1821–1890)
2752:(1908–1993)
2740:(1660–1744)
2734:(1543–1634)
2717:Jane Dormer
2699:(1512–1548)
2643:(1725–1799)
2593:coronations
2560:Anne Boleyn
2124:Lady's Maid
1994:postelnitsy
1900:Saray Ustas
1892:Büyük Kalfa
1826:, the word
1792:During the
1604:Junckfrauen
1342:naishi-suke
1330:naishi-kami
1298:During the
1291:During the
1216:Cavalerizzo
1133:During the
1122:Palastdamen
1085:Hoffräulein
1022:During the
1009:Lavandières
962:Gouvernante
843:Renaissance
823:Damoiselles
672:During the
643:Han dynasty
452:Hoffräulein
442:Hoffräulein
400:Kamenisters
383:Junckfrauen
297:secretarial
249:Renaissance
234:Merovingian
5175:Categories
4866:References
4455:25 January
4252:Hamer 2011
4079:Nagel 2008
3447:Manservant
3432:Handmaiden
3408:In fiction
3368:daughter,
3366:morganatic
3343:Battenberg
3142:Kim Gae-si
3089: 966
3074: – c.
3072: 978
2871:Heidelberg
2727:Four Marys
2673:Henry VIII
2656:(fl. 1497)
2587:for life.
2562:, just as
2409:Bowes-Lyon
2128:Kammarpiga
2100:Hovjungfru
2078:Lavanderas
2005:westernize
1938:, and the
1673:Jonkvrouwe
1666:Jonkvrouwe
1475:courtesans
1104:Staatsdame
886:, in 1775.
681:wet nurses
542:, or even
540:concubines
201:court lady
140:noblewoman
128:court lady
3529:Kolk 2009
3452:Odalisque
3221:Wu Zetian
3195:wet nurse
3150:(d. 1652)
3144:(d. 1623)
2832:creditors
2770:(b. 1955)
2758:(b. 1929)
2630:(b. 1931)
2529:Edward IV
2313:, right).
2120:Kammarfru
2092:Hovfröken
1982:treasurer
1974:boyarinas
1912:fraucimer
1871:Hazinedar
1798:Hovfröken
1207:), three
768:Hoffrøken
549:Srey Snom
305:purchases
289:etiquette
191:concubine
187:courtesan
156:companion
148:secretary
5162:18 April
4789:Archived
4785:BBC News
4749:Archived
4719:Archived
4686:Archived
4660:Archived
4634:Archived
4603:Archived
4562:BBC News
4541:Archived
4408:19 March
4399:Archived
4376:19 March
4367:Archived
4293:Archived
4177:Lillehoj
4134:Archived
4024:Walthall
3991:Hinsch.
3757:22026040
3570:Kerkhoff
3421:See also
3395:Thailand
3204:Sumalagu
3051:Shōnagon
3009:Lady Ise
2671:Four of
2503:Historic
2237:monogram
2206:Statsfru
2202:Hovdamer
2190:Statsfru
2186:Statsfru
2172:and the
2170:Statsfru
2159:and the
2152:Statsfru
2017:Camarera
1923:Portugal
1846:and the
1806:Statsfru
1727:Jonkheer
1701:Hofdames
1689:Hofdames
1683:Hofdames
1659:Hofdames
1647:Hofdames
1635:Hofdames
1586:Eredames
1510:sanggung
1498:cheonmin
1493:gungnyeo
1444:sanggung
1423:sanggung
1410:Gungnyeo
1397:Gungnyeo
965:and the
872:and the
613:painting
558:ស្រីស្នំ
526:Cambodia
499:and the
365:Eredames
311:By court
293:wardrobe
257:Burgundy
238:nobility
175:polygamy
160:mistress
152:courtier
144:retainer
85:May 2023
4568:29 June
3913:Hsieh.
3818:Hsieh.
3803:Hsieh.
3785:Hsieh.
3556:Duindam
3483:25 June
3246:Ottoman
2961:Hungary
2906:Bavaria
2893:Prussia
2884:Dresden
2857:Germany
2635:Denmark
2609:Austria
2566:was to
2224:In the
2066:Meninas
2051:Guardas
1970:tsarina
1822:In the
1759:of the
1744:Nigeria
1653:Hofdame
1568:Hofdame
1522:sug-won
1470:sadaebu
1467:of the
1460:sangmin
1432:gaksimi
1316:eunuchs
1072:Germany
904:office.
785:Hofdame
762:Hofdame
730:Denmark
694:eunuchs
467:Belgium
347:Hofdame
316:Austria
228:in the
222:Hincmar
212:History
183:consort
164:servant
162:than a
158:to her
68:sources
42:(novel)
35:(album)
5126:
5066:
5048:
4884:, 1859
4755:26 May
4725:26 May
4692:7 June
4666:7 June
4640:7 June
4609:7 June
4316:
4197:Rowley
4067:Mansel
4010:: 125.
3932:: 127.
3868:Cass.
3855:602374
3853:
3755:
3687:
3356:Sweden
3324:Russia
3299:Poland
3045:) and
2910:Munich
2897:Berlin
2812:Regent
2802:France
2622:Canada
2513:Domina
2194:Hovdam
2137:, the
2085:Sweden
1978:boyars
1954:Russia
1906:Poland
1853:Cariye
1842:, the
1788:Norway
1781:harems
1488:jungin
1465:slaves
1452:uinyeo
1448:sonnim
1440:bangja
1428:musuri
1372:osashi
1351:) and
1324:nyokan
1255:. The
1129:Greece
1012:. The
974:Filles
971:. The
792:France
575:Canada
569:Apsara
392:French
301:budget
283:Duties
273:Filles
269:Femmes
4402:(PDF)
4395:(PDF)
4370:(PDF)
4363:(PDF)
4211:Lebra
3961:Lee.
3902:: 46.
3887:: 45.
3851:JSTOR
3723:Chung
3707:Ebrey
3458:Notes
3185:China
3136:Korea
3003:Japan
2816:Sedan
2775:Egypt
2579:style
2547:Tudor
2301:on a
2262:or a
2074:Mozas
2062:Damas
2011:Spain
1986:mamok
1862:kalfa
1418:ranks
1391:Korea
1384:nyoju
1366:myobu
1360:shoji
1348:tenji
1336:shoji
1284:Japan
1182:Italy
956:dames
921:dames
817:Dames
599:China
554:Khmer
544:queen
536:maids
388:Dutch
253:Italy
189:, or
154:, or
136:court
134:at a
126:) or
5164:2017
5124:ISBN
5064:ISBN
5046:ISBN
4810:1844
4797:2022
4757:2022
4727:2022
4694:2022
4668:2022
4642:2022
4611:2022
4586:2016
4570:2024
4457:2024
4410:2023
4378:2023
4314:ISBN
4239:2016
4118:1859
3753:PMID
3685:ISBN
3485:2024
2317:The
2047:Ayas
1868:. A
1771:and
1763:and
1761:Bini
1713:The
1698:and
1616:The
1506:nain
1483:nain
1479:nain
1438:and
1436:bija
1414:nain
1381:and
1378:osue
1154:The
1006:and
713:Qing
668:Ming
649:Song
519:Dame
425:Ayas
394:and
303:and
179:wife
70:but
4966:(1)
3843:doi
3839:106
3745:doi
3681:133
3197:of
2908:in
2895:in
2882:in
2869:in
2814:of
2581:of
2422:to
2254:or
2064:or
2003:to
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