Lakes in Bangalore

400: 350:, general public involvement, including coordination with government efforts, and formation of lake groups, has resulted in some lakes seeing successful attempts at conservation and rejuvenation. There are numerous measures undertaken, debated and contested by stakeholders in relation to the rejuvenation (restoration, revival, rehabilitation, conservation) of lakes. Failure of these processes has been observed. Urbanization has impacted the lakes in various ways, some lakes have completely disappeared, others have been reduced to pools, some have been encroached upon, some are in various stages of deterioration, some have dried up, and some have been leased. The Koliwad committee, set up by the Karnataka legislature in 2014, reported thousands of acres of encroachment of lake land. 89:, and are traditionally referred to as tanks. Researcher Rohan D'Souza has suggested that the concept of 'kere' and 'lake' differ; for example the former also refers to the wetland and bund while the latter focuses more on a body of water surrounded by land. When the forest department started to have a larger role in the administration of these waterbodies in the 1980s the word 'lake' started to be used as compared to 'kere' or 'tank'. In accordance with this terminology, communication and practices related to these waterbodies were impacted. Anthropologist Smriti Srinivas writes that tank is also a simplification that incorporates both natural and manmade waterbodies into its context since identification of bodies of water in the region that were historically natural is a task. 408: 359: 837: 366:

elevation is roughly 900 m (2,952.8 ft). These naturally undulating terrain of hills and valleys lends itself to the development of tanks that can capture and store rainwater. Small streams are formed by each valley starting with the ridge at the top. A series of shallow tanks varying in size are developed by the construction of bunds. A tank generally consists of a shallow inflow area and a relatively deeper outflow area where the bund is. The tank can further be zoned into a flooded area and a waterlogged zone. Monsoons recharge the tanks and the outflow can be regulated for irrigation of

479:) significant areas of these have been observed covering various lakes in Bangalore, varying in coverage of the wetland according to lake, season and other factors. There have been occurrences of mass fish mortality. Immersion of Ganesha idols that are made with specific types of material has impacted water quality. Some types of painted idol immersion has had significant effects on aquatic life. Over 150,000 idols were submerged in 2022. Measures to minimize pollution during the festival include use of earthen idols and smaller disconnected artificial tanks. 322:

locations Challaghatta lake or tank was suggested, then located on the outskirts of the city. At the time there were ample lakes in the city and not much fuss was made related to the lake itself. After a number of administrative processes involving multiple departments of the local administration and multiple Chief Ministers, and conversion of the area into a golf course designed by an Australian architectural firm, the first 9 holes were inaugurated in 1986. Multiple national and international golf tournaments have been held at the course.

1151: 2048: 7591: 53:, with secondary uses such as bathing and washing. The need for creating and sustaining these man-made dammed freshwater reservoirs was created by the absence of a major river nearby coupled with a growing settlement. As Bangalore grew from a small settlement into a city, both of the primary historical uses of the tanks changed. Agricultural land witnessed urbanization and alternate sources of water were provisioned, such as through borewells, piped reservoir water and later river water from further away. 2040: 1159: 919: 217: 457:

solutions were found. Heavy metal contamination in Bellandur Lake impacts concentration of heavy metals in the soil and crop in areas irrigated using untreated lake water. Despite the numerous shortcomings presented by Bellandur and downstream Varthur lakes, these aren't representative of the many more shortcomings of water management in the rest of Bangalore. Byramangala Lake has also seen froth. A number of factors impact measurements and interpretation of water quality and pollution.

233: 487: 494: 247: 697: 690: 683: 676: 669: 662: 655: 648: 641: 634: 627: 620: 613: 606: 599: 592: 585: 578: 571: 564: 557: 550: 543: 522: 515: 17649: 776: 501: 333:) came out with a report highlighting the failure to maintain various tanks and made comments covering lake boundaries, water quality, the construction of tree parks in areas breached, to monitoring and conducting further study for new tanks. The committee identified 127 lakes and transferred 90 to the forest department. Since the 1980s custody of the lakes in the city has seen numerous changes. The former 725:. This is followed by a constructed wetland spread over about 11 acres consisting of shallow followed by deeper settling basins with a variety of aquatic plants. The constructed wetland at Agara Lake is spread over 9 acres. Floating wetlands have been used at multiple lakes with varying success, notably Hebbagodi Lake. Some lakes have wastewater treatment plants with direct inflow into the main lake area. 536: 529: 387:. In the 21st century there are 842 km in the drain network. Urbanisation has impacted these. Ensuring adequate water flow and no blockages is undertaken by the local administration. Encroachment of storm drains and catchment areas can cause both drying up and flooding of lakes. These drains often carry sewage in it, which results in the lakes getting polluted. 439:

20.8 km in 1965 to 12.5 km in 2018. A study published in 2008 found that in the heart of the city only 17 good lakes exist as against 51 healthy lakes in 1985. A 2020 report listed 211 lakes within BBMP boundary limits. There are six cascading lake series- Varthur, Puttenahalli, Hulimavu, Byramangala, Yellamallappa Chetty and Madavara.

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of 97 tanks that were observed in a radius of 30 km, unregulated mudlifting and brickmaking were practiced in a large number of the lakes. Micro-habitats for aquatic birds in Bangalore can be grouped into roughly five categories: open water birds, waders and shoreline birds, meadow and grassland birds, birds of

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potential is 45000 million litres. The annual mean temperature is 24 °C (75.2 °F) with extremes ranging from 37 °C (98.6 °F) to 15 °C (59.0 °F). The highest and lowest temperature ever recorded in Bangalore has been 38.9 °C and 7.8 °C. in 1931 and 1884 respectively.

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was found to be the most prevalent species among all the lakes, however no one species was present in all the lakes. Common waders include egret, sandpiper and brahminy kite. Kingfisher was the most common open water bird. The most common duck was Garganey. Pintail and Coot were common reed and other

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conducted since 1987. The 1994 list records over 220 regularly sighted birds. 109 birds are wetland birds and additional 30 species are favoured by the presence of water. A study conducted by the same group in 1989 observed economic activities in and around the tanks which affected their ecology. Out

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that are among the highest in the world. The lake has been in the news for its pollution, froth, and fire. Post-2015 deliberations with regard to what the end-goal of a rejuvenation of Bellandur lake would entail were held. The cause of the water quality situation in the lake was discussed. No simple

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in 1898. Around 1895 the lake stopped being used officially as a water source and inflow channels severed. There were contesting claims as to how the lake and lakebed should be used. By 1935 all that remained was a small square tank. On the lakebed several constructions followed. An eponymously named

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data from 2014 to 2019 from 44 lakes in the city had a sample size that included a total of 263 species. In this study, the area of the lake and its position in the city impacted bird richness. Most resident species saw an increase while most migratory species decreased. An earlier study of 15 lakes

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The topography of the three main gentle natural valley systems allowed for the creation of interconnected tanks and wetlands where water flows downstream through a series of channels or drains. These tank cascades or chains have seen accelerated change and fragmentation caused by urbanisation in the

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of water hyacinth, was released on an experimental basis in a specific area of Bellandur Lake. An impact on water hyacinth was observed. The insect had also been recorded in the coming months in downstream Varthur Lake signifying a capability to migrate. Within a few months infestation of all water

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constituted the water supply infrastructure. Socio-economic factors, population distribution, caste, and wealth affected interaction with water bodies. The neerganti were organised labour traditionally associated with regulating irrigation water. Voddas were the tank builders. The traditional well

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and other vegetation, birds of open airspace above wetlands. Some birds frequent multiple micro-habitats. The ninth and tenth edition of the census of wetland and water birds in 1995 and 1996 conducted by the Birdwatchers' Field Club in coordination with the state forest department found 29 lakes

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The topographic setting of the city has radial slopes towards east and west with a smooth ridge running north to south; rainfall over the ridge area gets divided and flows east or west into the three gentle slopes and valleys of Koramangala–Challagatta, Hebbal and Vrishabavathi. The average

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eradication programme. When Bangalore Golf Course was formed in 1876, it was located in the center of the city, and then land was relatively easily obtained. In 1973 the Karnataka Golf Association was formed and the members started looking for a location to set up a golf course. Among the several

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imagery between 2002 and 2019 for macrophytes and phytoplankton cover in Bellandur and Varthur lakes showed that macrophyte cover never fell below 29% of the total wetland cover with a perennial average of nearly 60%. Algae was about half that of the macrophyte cover. Water hyacinth has favoured

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Bangalore has grown in area from 69 km (17,000 acres) in 1949 to over 700 km (170,000 acres) by 2007. The area covered by water bodies in Greater Bangalore and Bangalore Urban has seen a sharp decline since the 1960s and 1970s. Greater Bangalore has seen a reduction in water cover from

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Bangalore has a mean annual rainfall of 859.6 mm (2.8 ft) with June to September seeing the majority of rainfall. 2022 was the wettest year with over 1700mm of rainfall. The city sees around 60 rainy days a year. The minimum rainfall is 587.8 mm/year. An estimate of the rain water

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during the last six months of the year. Most tanks are dry a couple of months before the onset of the new monsoon. A second crop can be considered on the basis of water levels. Other seasonal changes affect the water level. Urban sewage inflow allows some lakes to retain their water spread for a

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in Bangalore over the centuries. The tank goes back to at least the 16th century; some historical references point to a much earlier reservoir at the same location. The lake would be used until the end of the 19th century after which is saw unchecked decay as a waterbody. However its lakebed was

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One of the, or the, most vital modern use of lakes is for the storage of freshwater and subsequent recharge of groundwater in Bangalore. This comes into question during efforts to enhance the biodiversity and aesthetics of the lakes through the creation of artificial islands and tree parks, and

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The 1989 Birdwatchers' Field Club study recorded 113 forms of plankton; in terms of plankton diversity six out of the 72 lakes showed high diversity. In a doctoral study on algae from 2017 to 2019 one downstream and one upstream lake from each of the 6 lake series were targeted. Algal diversity

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The largest lake in the city Bellandur Lake is "severely polluted". The lake receives 520 million litres per day of sewage and other waste that amounts to about 40% of the city's total. Out of this roughly half is treated and diverted for irrigation. Otherwise the only inflow is rainwater. When

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In 2015, a survey of all lakes in Bangalore Urban totaling 834 was completed. BMRDA in 2001 identified 2789 lakes (2-50 hectares in size) within its limits. In 2013, the jurisdiction of the minor irrigation department, BMRDA and BDA was 3578, 2789 and 596 tanks/lakes respectively. The Koliwad

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through a network of over 100 monitoring stations located at lakes and tanks. Monthly monitoring data is classified under pre-defined water quality criteria A-E. In 2022, according to this data water in all the lakes in Bangalore were undrinkable with no lake falling under categories A-C.

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celebration to Bangalore. The roles of these communities have been diluted over time. Cultural and religious associations abound. Urbanisation has had diverse but mixed influence on these communities. It is often the case that when the history of these tanks is discussed it is idealized.

8091:, p. 38, Although natural lakes existed in the region, these manmade "tanks," as they are commonly called in south India ... Since it is difficult to say which bodies of water were natural and which manmade, I use the word "tank" to designate any such body in the Bangalore region.. 717:, constructed wetlands, and floating wetlands have been utilized to improve water quality. The integrated wetland of Jakkur Lake consists of partially treating sewage inflow before entry into a constructed wetland adjacent to the main lake body. A 10 MLD treatment plant utilizes 382:

The tank-canal linkages or rajakaluves (large canals or stormwater canals) were redefined by the colonial administration once they became the location for the sewerage network. Rajakaluves now refer to both the inter-lake linkages and the sewerage, and are translated as

15200:, vol. 1, Karnataka Lake Conservation and Development Authority (KLCDA), Centre for Lake Conservation (CLC), Environmental Management and Policy Research Institute (EMPRI) (Department of Forest, Ecology and Environment, Government of Karnataka), March 2018 337:

experimented with public–private participation which included leasing out of four lakes. Government administration of the lakes in the city mainly fall under a few urban local and state regulatory bodies. Outside the city management is under the

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following major flooding events in cities in India in the 2000s including Bangalore. While there are similarities between cities in the causes of the floods, Bangalore has some unique exacerbating features with regard to its lake ecosystem.

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past four decades. Some lakes have been redefined as recreational spaces. Some have been built upon. Other lakes have reduced in size and are in various stages of deterioration. While associated pollution is rampant such as the case of

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these tanks numbered in the thousands and varied in size according to the rains. They were made primarily for the purposes of irrigation and drinking water, and secondary uses such as fishing, washing and other domestic needs.

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located in prime area and continued to be used for various events, festivals, and gatherings. Part of the lakebed was still wetland and had wells. In the 1960s a portion of the lakebed was set aside for the construction of a

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Preservation of Lakes in the City of Bangalore. Report of the Committee constituted by the Hon'ble High Court of Karnataka to examine the ground realities and prepare an action plan for preservation of lakes in the City of

816:. A 2005-2007 study observed 112 bird species at seven lakes; Hebbal Lake had 74 species while Yediur Lake had 15 species. Another localised study of aquatic birds found that the two of the most abundant species are 905:

at 20 ha (49 acres) out of a total water spread of 30 ha (74 acres). Nagavara Lake had the highest ratio of water hyacinth to water spread; in March 1989 the lake was completely covered. In the mid-1980s

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Lakes or tanks, including dry ones, have been converted to commercial areas, industries, government buildings, bus stands, sports facilities, playgrounds and residential colonies, a few tanks were breached under a

435:; and counts mentioned in reports such as the N Lakshman Rao report of 1986. Over time, the expansion of the limits of the city has resulted in a transfer of lakes in the rural district to the urban district. 12910: 10116: 443:

committee (2014-2016) listed 1545 lakes. A 2018 study by an autonomous institute under the Karnataka government counted 1521 water bodies in the Bangalore Metropolitan Area, out of which 837 were disused.

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longer period. Initially serving as a water source, these tanks over time also developed features of closed water lentic ecosystem habitats. The catchments on the east and west of the ridge belong to the

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are common. Rooted floating plants include weeds, lilies and lotus. Around 22 types of aquatic weeds are found in the lakes including algae, duckweed, water hyacinth, musk grass, water thyme, pondweed.

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Mundoli, Seema; Dechamma, C. S.; Auddy, Madhureema; Sanfui, Abhiri; Nagendra, Harini (2022), Narain, Vishal; Roth, Dik (eds.), "A New Imagination for Waste and Water in India's Peri-Urban Interface",

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supported a number of fishing families. The lake provides up to 200 kg of fish per day. The catch can go up to 500 kg. There is a fish farm and research center beside Hebbal Lake.

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Chakrapani, B. K.; Desai, Milind; George, Joseph; Karthikeyan, S.; Krishna, M. B.; Kumar, U. Harish; Naveein, O. C.; Sridhar, S.; Srinivasa, T. S.; N., Srinivasan; S., Subramanya (1990).

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There are various boundaries and methods that have been considered when counting lakes or tanks. This includes the different jurisdictions of concerned government bodies such as BBMP,

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family is dominant. Fish diversity and bird biodiversity are impacted by fishing practices. Appropriate water bodies are leased out for fishing purposes. Fishes bred for food include

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Gorain, Bisweswar; Parama, VR Ramakrishna; Paul, Srijita (2018). "Impact of Idol Immersion Activities on the Water Quality of Hebbal and Bellandur Lakes of Bengaluru in Karnataka".

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observed included 124 species belonging to 58 genera of the four classes Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Euglenophyceae. Dominant taxa includes the species

17478: 10149: 13233: 12774: 11667:"Relationship between lake area and distance from the city centre on lake-dependent resident and migratory birds in urban Bangalore, a tropical mega-city in Southern India" 11078: 14863: 901:

for the years 1988-2001 were used to assess growth of water hyacinth in six lakes in Bangalore. Among the largest areas in this study under water hyacinth was observed in

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There is no specific definition for what a lake is in India. Urban lakes also have no specific definition. In Bangalore, smaller waterbodies 1-3 acre in size are called

12748: 8240: 13572: 12941:" Rejuvenation Blueprint for lakes in Vrishabhavathi valley, ENVIS Technical Report 122, Environmental Information System, CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 1056:

suggests a balance by restricting soup bowl structure to select lakes, and allowing the others to develop with more concern for aquatic birds and recreation. In 2023

12195: 11508: 12265: 2971: 14118: 13346: 12380:. Karnataka Forest Department (Research Wing), National Centre for Biological Sciences, and Indian Foundation for Butterflies, Bengaluru, India. pp. 110–112. 11301: 5368: 14199: 5422: 3907: 14667: 14040: 9802: 9724: 8440: 12482: 9473: 8729: 14013: 12080: 9605: 8177: 17582: 13598: 1992: 15421: 9917: 4794: 1032:(flora: trees, herbs and shrubs, aquatic flora; fauna: insects, macro benthic fauna, fish, herpetofauna, avifauna, mammals) in and around the water bodies. 13056: 12577: 10901: 285:. Of the many channels and lakes that were connected to Dharmabudhi in the past such as the former Sampangi Lake, Kempambudhi Lake and Sankey Tank remain. 276:

from the 1970s. Borewells also reduced dependence on reservoirs. The Dharmambudhi Tank is used as an example to portray historical change, and change of a

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An inventory of lakes in Bangalore conducted between 2016 and 2018 identified 142 types of flora 191 types of fauna, belonging to nine categories of the

420: 14265: 12233: 10062:"Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India Performance audit of Management of storm water in Bengaluru Urban area, Government of Karnataka" 8942:"Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Algae and Macrophyte Cover in Urban Lakes: A Remote Sensing Analysis of Bellandur and Varthur Wetlands in Bengaluru, India" 8567: 7012: 6859: 4117: 3959: 3335: 3283: 1352: 17587: 17557: 14916: 13649: 13450: 13259: 12116: 12114: 11857: 11855: 10732:

Pickard, Amy; White, Stella; Bhattacharyya, Sumita; Carvalho, Laurence; Dobel, Anne; Drewer, Julia; Jamwal, Priyanka; Helfter, Carole (December 2021).

7168: 5998: 5946: 5842: 5738: 4065: 2867: 2659: 1300: 758: 15568: 14238: 7541: 7117: 6754: 5474: 4013: 3751: 3647: 12629: 12340: 9684: 8148: 7725: 7629: 7063: 6652: 6497: 6393: 6050: 4691: 4221: 3127: 2189: 1776: 13371: 12884: 12221: 12126: 12111: 12099: 11852: 7774: 7677: 7439: 6910: 6599: 6154: 5002: 4950: 4587: 4535: 4327: 3231: 2919: 2293: 2241: 1404: 15945: 15940: 15935: 14172: 12603: 12294:. Lake 2016: Conference on Conservation and Sustainable Management of Ecologically Sensitive Regions in Western Ghats – via ResearchGate.net. 11990: 9552:"Performance audit on Conservation and Ecological restoration of Lakes under the jurisdiction of Lake Development Authority and Urban Local Bodies" 7388: 6444: 6208: 5894: 5686: 5262: 5106: 5054: 4846: 4483: 3023: 2711: 2503: 2345: 9633: 7823: 5790: 4898: 3543: 3179: 1938: 11875: 10091: 9080: 7226: 4639: 4273: 3387: 2083: 1670: 1510: 1248: 167:

provide some insight into their history. The history and creation of the reservoirs is linked to different empires, dynasties and periods of the

7335: 6961: 6808: 6260: 5582: 5210: 5158: 4379: 4169: 3803: 3491: 2555: 2399: 1884: 1616: 17513: 15546: 10785:. Consuming the Environment 2017. Multidisciplinary approaches to urbanization and vulnerability. Sweden: University of Gävle. pp. 37–53. 10421: 7490: 6548: 5528: 4743: 1830: 1564: 1458: 732: 13487: 10928:"Water quality index to determine the surface water quality of Sankey tank and Mallathahalli lake, Bangalore urban district, Karnataka, India" 9156: 6102: 4431: 3855: 3595: 2763: 2451: 2137: 1194: 17607: 15925: 15920: 14529: 11424:

Ramachandra, T. V.; Mahapatra, Durga Madhab (2016). "The Science of Carbon Footprint Assessment". In Muthu, Subramanian Senthilkannan (ed.).

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A 2016 study identified 116 butterfly species. Doddakallasandra lake and Madivala lake have seen efforts specific to butterfly biodiversity.

14501: 13312: 10255: 8318: 17498: 16182: 14563: 13708: 15229: 15222: 14811: 14508:. Western Ghats Biodiversity Information System, Centre for Ecological Sciences (CES), Indian Institute of Science (IISc). Archived from 14223: 14000: 13954: 13927: 13474: 11256: 10061: 13286: 12516: 12015: 11112:"Assessment of changes in water-hyacinth coverage of water bodies in northern part of Bangalore city using temporal remote sensing data" 753:

released their first list of birds in Bangalore in the 1970s. The revised list of 1994 also contains recorded sightings such as that of

17508: 16271: 16033: 16028: 16023: 15666: 14641: 8414: 13874: 11903: 11460: 309:. This was followed by an increase in surrounding built up area. In 1995, another portion of the former wetland was used to build the 24:. Reservoirs in light blue are greater than 100 acres. The smaller blue markers depict reservoirs less than 100 acres. Not exhaustive. 15930: 13682: 11786:

Rajashekara, S.; Venkatesha, M. G. (2010). "The diversity and abundance of waterbirds in lakes of Bangalore city, Karnataka, India".

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Gowda, K.; Sridhara, M.V. (2006). "Conservation of Tanks/Lakes in the Bangalore Metropolitan Area". In Manolas, Evangelos I. (ed.).

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The dependence on tanks and other sources of water such as wells reduced with the implementation of schemes that brought water from

17483: 17463: 16509: 13599:"Lakes of Bengaluru: Resident bodies press authorities to pull up socks before monsoon to save Kothanur Lake from getting polluted" 10985:"Impact of urbanisation on lakes—a study of Bengaluru lakes through water quality index (WQI) and overall index of pollution (OIP)" 9440: 750: 8767: 17577: 17488: 9971: 9892: 7273: 461: 199:

are all associated tanks in Bangalore, including their creation, maintenance and use. These tanks or lakes along with open water

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Proceedings of the 2006 Naxos International Conference on Sustainable Management and Development of Mountainous and Island Areas

17453: 14355: 10849: 8272:"Storm Drains as Assemblages: The Political Ecology of Flood Risk in Post-Colonial Bangalore: Stormwater Drains as Assemblages" 9389:

Report of the expert committee for preservation, restoration or otherwise of the existing tanks in Bangalore metropolitan area

17602: 17562: 16389: 15285: 15217: 15187: 15166: 13423: 11575: 11439: 10790: 10572: 9347: 9318: 9245: 8631: 15507:"Modelling of Lake Water Balance and Ground Water Surface Water Interaction Using Remote Sensing Gis and Isotope Techniques" 9744: 16152: 16106: 15347: 14944:

Reading Architecture - Remembering - Forgetting interplay: Development of a Framework to Study Urban and Object Level Cases

13846: 12731: 9946: 9526: 15019: 12858:"Bengaluru: Green Tribunal directs authorities to submit report on action against Yele Mallappa Shetty Lake encroachments" 12152:"Environmental assessment of harmful algal blooms and eutrophication in lakes of Bengaluru - A climate change perspective" 11643:

Krishna, M. B.; Chakrapani, B. K.; Srinivasa, T. S. (1996), "Annual Waterbird Census in and around Bangalore and Maddur",

8911: 17664: 17623: 17382: 16875: 16157: 16142: 15756: 12725: 9406: 1087: 15525: 14091: 12844: 17689: 17544: 17397: 17387: 15967: 15957: 14449: 12274: 11649:, Birdwatchers' Field Club of Bangalore and Bangalore Urban Division, Karnataka State Forest Department, pp. 59–79 10648: 9211: 7931: 1083: 346:, and the Minor Irrigations department depending on the size of the lake. Others forms of participation in the form of 301: 15581: 15526: 14415: 13004: 12449: 10450: 9551: 17433: 17377: 16361: 15262:. Vol. 4. Convenors Vinod Vyasulu and Amulya Kumar N. Reddy. Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology. 15248:. Vol. 2. Convenors Vinod Vyasulu and Amulya Kumar N. Reddy. Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology. 15142: 15121: 14290: 10222: 14316: 10674: 1102: 767:

which had twenty or more species such as Hebbal, Hosakote and Kalkere. 25 lakes were found with over 500 birds. The

208:. The Vanniyakula Kshtriya or Thigala were horticulturists associated with lakes such as Sampangi. They brought the 17725: 17679: 17458: 16356: 16162: 12937:

Ramachandra T V, Vinay S, Asulabha K S, Sincy V, Sudarshan Bhat, Durga Madhab Mahapatra, Bharath H. Aithal, 2017. "

8747: 17674: 14967: 14474: 13820: 12911:"Lakes of Bengaluru: Pollution in Amruthahalli lake affects economic dependency of people live near the waterbody" 17720: 17420: 16817: 16137: 15894: 13029: 12374: 11834: 10699: 10559: 898: 416: 347: 13207: 12678:(Master Thesis in Social-Ecological Resilience for Sustainable Development thesis). Stockholm Resilience Centre. 1039:

has been planted at various tanks. Floral diversity of wetlands include types of flowering and fruiting plants.

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Sastry, Aishwarya; Patel, Niqat; Arora, Shubhda (3–5 December 2017). Ekstrand, Eva Åsén; Findahl, Olle (eds.).

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Centre for Lake Conservation (EMPRI), Inventorisation of Water Bodies in Bengaluru Metropolitan Area II.4 2018

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Centre for Lake Conservation (EMPRI), Inventorisation of Water Bodies in Bengaluru Metropolitan Area II.2 2018

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Centre for Lake Conservation (EMPRI), Inventorisation of Water Bodies in Bengaluru Metropolitan Area II.2 2018

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Centre for Lake Conservation (EMPRI), Inventorisation of Water Bodies in Bengaluru Metropolitan Area II.2 2018

8382: 17659: 17628: 17597: 17443: 17362: 16988: 16346: 15837: 14590:"Concretisation of Storm Water Drains and encroachment of lakes leading to flooding in Bengaluru: CAG report" 13153: 12952: 12938: 11149:

Benjamin, Ranjeev; Chakrapani, B. K.; Devashish, Kar; Nagarathna, A. V.; Ramachandra, T. V. (December 1996).

9185: 8415:"From lakes as urban commons to integrated lake-water governance: The case of Bengaluru's urban water bodies" 8114: 5358: 326: 13793: 13521: 10561:

Creating Urban Water Resilience in India: A Water Balance Study of Chennai, Bengaluru, Coimbatore, and Delhi

828:, a species of heron. Bird poaching and hunting was rampant in 1989. It now occurs to a much lesser extent. 41:

are reservoirs of varying sizes constructed over a number of centuries by various empires and dynasties for

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