1128:
346:
the copper objects found at
Lamanai are distinctly Mesoamerican in form and design and based on metallurgical analyses it appears that manufacturing technologies were distinctly Mesoamerican as well. The presence of production materials and mis-cast pieces along with the results of chemical compositional and micro structural analysis support the idea that the Mayas at Lamanai were engaged in the on-site production of copper objects by late pre- Columbian times.(cite scott article). Objects are classified and examined in the contexts, forms, styles, uses, and sources of copper objects dating from the Buk ceramic phase, which coincides with the Early Postclassic period (A.D. 950–1200).
43:
532:
354:
the most highvalued luxury good in this region of the
Postclassic Maya world" (2003: 279). The inclusion of copper bells, elaborate rings, and button like ornaments in Early and Middle Postclassic elite burials shows that at least some residents of the site displayed such items in certain social and ritual settings. Copper bells worn during performances acted as auditory reminders of the high social standing of those who displayed them, and the lustrous copper finger rings and elaborate clothing ornaments served as visual indicators of elevated status.
50:
520:
592:
604:
385:
semi-standardized shapes or sizes. The discussion of the forms and styles of copper artifacts from
Lamanai follows Pendergast's (1962) typology of metal artifacts in Mesoamerica. This classification is based on the division of objects into one of three major functional categories: utilitarian objects, objects of personal adornment, and ceremonial objects Dating of these metal artifacts is based primarily on their association with stylistically diagnostic ceramic forms. (Pendergast 1962: 521).
544:
556:
413:
24:
568:
79:
580:
436:. Previously mercury had been found at Copan, Quirigua, and at Kaminaljuyo and lake Amtitlan, but not in such large quantity. This large amount of mercury found at the site of Lamanai had been probably collected for ritual use. Ceramics were also found at the site and gradually adopted new styles. Unfortunately, by the end of the Classic period, the norm here for burial custom was to smash vessels prior to interment.
508:
367:
objects whose sounds and colors made them particularly important for use in ritual performances and as ornaments reflecting social status. More copper artifacts have been recovered at
Lamanai than at any other site in the ancient Maya world. To date, a total of 187 copper artifacts have been excavated, including bells, rings, tweezers, various clothing ornaments, pins, axes, chisels, needles, and fish hooks.
409:
elements. The headdress of the mask represents a crocodile. These masks are construed of stone armature covered with thick stucco into which the details are carved. The masks date to the late fifth to the early sixth century. At
Lamanai, ceremonialism was strongly developed, providing evidence of ruling authority with tight control over the populace.
303:. "Lamanai" comes from the Maya term for "submerged crocodile", a nod to the toothy reptiles who live along the banks of the New River. Lamanai Belize jungle brims with exotic birds and hydrophilic iguanas. There is evidence on Maya life that dates from about 1500 B.C. through Postclassic (A.D. 950–1544) and Spanish colonial times (A.D. 1544–1700).
353:
The number and variety of copper objects recovered at
Lamanai indicate that, as a new commodity with remarkably unique aural and visual properties, metal artifacts played an important role for at least some members of Postclassic and later contact period society. Masson notes that "metal was probably
408:
The most interesting features at the structure are two masks that decorate the west facade of the temple. The masks are on two levels on the south side of a central stairway, on the lower level the masks more than 15 feet high. It represents a rather humanized face and is bordered by decorative
366:
Lamanai's key location on the New River Lagoon provided the site's inhabitants with access to a variety of
Mesoamerican trade goods throughout of the site's 3500-year occupation. Copper objects such as bells, rings, and tweezers not only had great economic value but were also highly charged symbolic
341:
Among the many important aspects of
Postclassic and early Spanish colonial period Maya life at Lamanai is shown by the presence of significant numbers of copper artifacts. Copper indicates broader trade relations in the southern Maya lowlands, and as a reflection of technological change, the history
349:
There were copper objects recovered at
Lamanai beginning, with the appearance of metal at the site by around A.D. 1150. The term "copper" is used to describe the metal found at the site; however, all of the copper artifacts found at Lamanai were alloyed with other metals such as tin or arsenic and
345:
The archaeological contexts in which copper objects have been recovered at the ancient Maya site of
Lamanai in northern Belize have great significance in that these objects served great purpose for the residents of the community during Postclassic time that dates from A.D. 950–1544. Nearly all of
322:
It is positioned on Western Lagoon near its outlet into Spanish Creek. Chau Hiix is 15 km east of Lamanai, and is accessible by waterways travel. Altun Ha lies another 25 km further to the east. The material culture of Chau Hiix shows close ties with both Lamanai and Altun Ha, as well as
287:
A significant portion of the Temple of the Jaguar Masks remains under grassy earth or is covered in dense jungle growth. Fully excavated, it would be significantly taller than the High Temple. In the jaguar temple there is a legend that you can find an ancient spear called the heart of the jaguar,
362:
Trade was an essential component of Mesoamerican life in the Postclassic period and the Maya were active participants in a vast macro regional trade network. The movement of commodities as well as information and ideas into interior areas of the peninsula was facilitated by canoe travel along the
363:
coast and the extensive river systems in Belize. The importation of finished copper objects into the Maya area during Postclassic times was made possible by a vibrant, well-established exchange network that included Lamanai and a number of smaller Postclassic sites in northern Belize.
384:
Evidence for onsite copper metallurgy at Lamanai consists of ingots, pigs, blanks, sheet pieces, mis-cast objects, and casting debris. Pigs are the product of pouring remainder metal from a cast out to cool; in contrast to ingots, pigs are usually not formed into standardized or even
342:
of metal artifact use at Lamanai is an invaluable element in the reconstruction of Postclassic and early historical dynamics. The archaeological contexts of copper objects recovered at Lamanai beginning, with the appearance of metal at the site by around A.D. 1150.
375:
Lamanai copper objects all were found associated with elite burials except for one object found in a cache and one found in a midden. Copper objects were found in six of the 97 burials excavated in these two structures.
519:
591:
472:). Since 2006 research at the site has been directed mostly towards artifact analysis. Major excavations will resume when funding for more artifact processing, analyses and storage is acquired.
268:
The vast majority of the site remained unexcavated until the mid-1970s. Archaeological work has concentrated on the investigation and restoration of the larger structures, most notably the
260:
churches here, but a Maya revolt drove the Spanish out. The site was subsequently incorporated by the British in British Honduras, passing with that colony's independence to Belize.
1935:
456:, which continued through 1988. Further excavations and restoration work is being conducted as of 2004. The ruins are being excavated by a team from the nearby villages of
420:
At the large temple there was a single ball court, where an offering had been placed under its giant central marker. A lidded bowl contained 100 g of crystalline
531:
555:
315:
presents evidence of a very long continuous occupation from Early Preclassic (ca 1200 BC) to Late Post Classic (ca 1600 AD). It lies between Lamanai and
1127:
525:
Detail of carving on right-hand (facing temple) wall of Mask Temple. A similarly sized panel on the left-hand side is covered up for its protection.
312:
603:
1930:
469:
330:
There are considerable ancient irrigation works at Chau Hiix, so it was probably an agricultural community supplying food for Lamanai.
232:
period and continuing through the Spanish and British Colonial periods, into the 20th century. Unlike most Classic-period sites in the
154:
770:
Simmons, Scott (March 2009). "The Context and Significance of Copper Artifacts in Postclassic and Early Historic Lamanai, Belize".
496:. A small museum exhibits local artifacts and provides a historical overview. Tourist facilities and small shops are available.
567:
597:
Temple of the Jaguar Masks - detail of what is believed to be a jaguar head, left-hand side of temple (when facing its front).
42:
701:
248:, from the 4th century BC through the 1st century AD. In 625 AD, "Stele 9" was erected there in the Yucatec language of the
106:
942:
754:
333:
Earliest cultural activity at Chau Hiix has been traced to the early Middle Preclassic Swasey phase (ca 1000-500 BC).
886:
858:
673:
Pendergast, David M. (1986). "Stability through Change: Lamanai, Belize, from the ninth to the seventeenth century".
649:
1620:
158:
1857:
280:. The summit of this latter structure affords a view across the surrounding jungle to a nearby lagoon, part of
253:
1925:
1920:
1836:
1434:
620:
228:. Lamanai is renowned for its exceptionally long occupation spanning three millennia, beginning in the Early
1344:
1164:
1735:
1379:
1877:
915:
543:
465:
1414:
910:
792:
1862:
1755:
935:
233:
1409:
1229:
1092:
273:
245:
244:
Lamanai was occupied as early as the 16th century BC. The site became a prominent centre in the
1770:
850:
844:
579:
1224:
1517:
967:
779:
457:
1149:
453:
296:
277:
269:
207:
94:
72:
29:
1349:
507:
8:
1915:
1097:
928:
449:
195:
1705:
1645:
1042:
951:
461:
281:
1404:
1895:
1670:
1179:
982:
882:
854:
678:
655:
645:
433:
199:
168:
561:
Detail from front wall (right side facing front) of the High Temple. Heavily eroded.
464:. The current project is co-directed by Elizabeth Graham (Institute of Archaeology,
1384:
1314:
1154:
493:
485:
1872:
1077:
705:
1740:
229:
1540:
726:
1057:
257:
324:
1909:
1710:
1630:
1199:
1007:
659:
394:
211:
121:
108:
682:
1660:
1595:
1494:
1424:
1102:
1067:
249:
188:
1640:
1610:
1394:
1022:
881:. Smithsonian Institution: British Library Cataloguing. pp. 129–226.
412:
1849:
1600:
1555:
1464:
1429:
1339:
1294:
1174:
1117:
1047:
537:
5 ft 8 in tall person in front of Mask Temple wall, for perspective.
445:
402:
398:
252:. Lamanai continued to be occupied up to the 17th century AD. During the
219:
192:
58:
1867:
1585:
1399:
1389:
1304:
677:. School of American Research, University of New Mexico Press: 223–249.
288:
even though the temple got its name from the jaguar masks on each side.
23:
1590:
1575:
1449:
1334:
1324:
1234:
1219:
1194:
1184:
1002:
987:
977:
489:
184:
1830:
1750:
1720:
1580:
1249:
1209:
1189:
1169:
1815:
1745:
1680:
1625:
1605:
1329:
1319:
1309:
1239:
1204:
1136:
1052:
336:
292:
1820:
1765:
1665:
1027:
905:
756:
Architecture and Sociopolitical Transformation at Chau Hiix, Belize.
1730:
1725:
1570:
1565:
1504:
1484:
1454:
1354:
1284:
1159:
1144:
1082:
1032:
1017:
972:
425:
421:
401:, adorned by a 13-foot stone mask of an ancient Maya king; and the
316:
1512:
1882:
1810:
1700:
1685:
1550:
1535:
1489:
1444:
1374:
1369:
1269:
1244:
1214:
1107:
1087:
1062:
992:
481:
444:
The first detailed description of the ruins was made in 1917 by
1805:
1800:
1790:
1695:
1650:
1527:
1474:
1469:
1459:
1419:
1289:
1259:
1254:
1112:
1072:
1012:
997:
959:
642:
Maya Christians and Their Churches in Sixteenth-Century, Belize
350:
could technically be considered bronze (Hosler 1994: 210–213).
300:
236:, Lamanai was not abandoned at the end of the 10th century AD.
203:
84:
1795:
1780:
1775:
1760:
1715:
1690:
1675:
1655:
1635:
1560:
1479:
1439:
1364:
1359:
1299:
1274:
1264:
920:
810:. New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 54–61.
448:. Archaeological excavations at the site began in 1974 under
215:
488:
along the New River, or by dirt and gravel road through the
1825:
1785:
1615:
1279:
872:
870:
573:
View from the top of the High Temple, to illustrate height.
429:
218:
missionaries, and documented over a millennium earlier in
1545:
743:. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 35–44.
609:
Unexplored temple mound south of the High Temple, Lamanai
867:
1936:
Maya sites that survived the end of the Classic Period
675:
Late Lowland Maya Civilization: Classic to Postclassic
405:, offering visitors a panoramic view from its summit.
393:
At the site are structures that date from AD 625: The
823:
821:
819:
817:
291:
The Maya ruins of Lamanai once belonged to a sizable
1837:
for more articles see Category:Maya sites in Mexico
849:. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp.
832:. California: Academic Press Inc. pp. 271–272.
814:
741:An Archeological Guide to Northern Central America
337:Copper artifacts and their significance at Lamanai
428:in a miniature vessel, and other objects such as
1907:
439:
388:
936:
644:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
397:, named for its boxy jaguar decoration; the
876:
760:Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 34, 2009
943:
929:
672:
475:
470:University of North Carolina at Wilmington
432:, shell, and pearl, all atop of a pool of
696:
694:
692:
830:The Aztecs, Maya, and their Predecessors
411:
323:evidence of interaction with centers in
769:
1908:
827:
729:, Lamanai, Belize, Retrieved 6/26/2009
689:
639:
924:
842:
738:
911:Lamanai Archaeological Project (LAP)
805:
379:
319:, another site further to the east.
263:
198:, and was once a major city of the
13:
719:
14:
1947:
1931:Former populated places in Belize
899:
484:by organized day boat trips from
1126:
916:Lamanai on Tales of a Backpacker
727:The Hieroglyphic Text of Stela 9
702:"Lamanai Archaeological Project"
602:
590:
578:
566:
554:
542:
530:
518:
506:
77:
48:
41:
22:
836:
256:Spanish friars established two
49:
950:
799:
763:
747:
732:
666:
633:
1:
877:Whittington, Stephen (1997).
640:Graham, Elizabeth A. (2011).
626:
621:List of Mesoamerican pyramids
440:Archaeological investigations
416:Temple of the jaguar, Lamanai
389:Jaguar, Mask and High temples
311:Nearby ancient Maya site of
306:
7:
614:
254:Spanish conquest of Yucatán
10:
1952:
1893:
585:Temple of the Jaguar Masks
499:
370:
239:
202:, located in the north of
1891:
1848:
1526:
1503:
1135:
1124:
958:
480:Lamanai is accessible to
466:University College London
164:
150:
142:
137:
100:
90:
68:
36:
21:
906:Lamanai on mayaruins.com
357:
828:Weaver, Muriel (1993).
753:Christopher R. Andres,
476:Modern site and tourism
808:The Sowing and Dawning
806:Mock, Shirley (1998).
787:Cite journal requires
417:
234:southern Maya lowlands
30:High Temple of Lamanai
968:Actun Tunichil Muknal
843:Chase, Diane (1992).
739:Joyce, Kelly (1996).
513:Mask Temple - Lamanai
468:) and Scott Simmons (
415:
210:. The site's name is
122:17.75250°N 88.65444°W
1926:Orange Walk District
1921:Maya sites in Belize
1150:Altar de Sacrificios
549:High Temple, Lamanai
454:Royal Ontario Museum
297:Orange Walk District
214:, recorded by early
208:Orange Walk District
95:Orange Walk District
73:Orange Walk District
846:Mesoamerican Elites
450:David M. Pendergast
196:archaeological site
127:17.75250; -88.65444
118: /
18:
418:
246:Pre-Classic Period
16:
1903:
1902:
1896:Pre-Columbian era
1841:
1350:Motul de San José
983:Barton Creek Cave
879:Bones of the Maya
725:Michael P. Closs
380:Copper metallurgy
220:Maya inscriptions
200:Maya civilization
174:
173:
169:Maya civilization
1943:
1833:
1385:Punta de Chimino
1155:Arroyo de Piedra
1130:
945:
938:
931:
922:
921:
893:
892:
874:
865:
864:
840:
834:
833:
825:
812:
811:
803:
797:
796:
790:
785:
783:
775:
767:
761:
751:
745:
744:
736:
730:
723:
717:
716:
714:
713:
704:. Archived from
698:
687:
686:
670:
664:
663:
637:
606:
594:
582:
570:
558:
546:
534:
522:
510:
486:Orange Walk Town
264:Site description
133:
132:
130:
129:
128:
123:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
83:
81:
80:
57:Location within
52:
51:
45:
26:
19:
15:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1887:
1844:
1522:
1499:
1131:
1122:
954:
949:
902:
897:
896:
889:
875:
868:
861:
841:
837:
826:
815:
804:
800:
788:
786:
777:
776:
768:
764:
752:
748:
737:
733:
724:
720:
711:
709:
700:
699:
690:
671:
667:
652:
638:
634:
629:
617:
610:
607:
598:
595:
586:
583:
574:
571:
562:
559:
550:
547:
538:
535:
526:
523:
514:
511:
502:
478:
442:
424:, 19 g of
391:
382:
373:
360:
339:
309:
266:
242:
230:Preclassic Maya
146:16th century BC
126:
124:
120:
117:
112:
109:
107:
105:
104:
78:
76:
64:
63:
62:
61:
55:
54:
53:
32:
12:
11:
5:
1949:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1736:Plan de Ayutla
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1380:Piedras Negras
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1058:Marco Gonzalez
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
964:
962:
956:
955:
948:
947:
940:
933:
925:
919:
918:
913:
908:
901:
900:External links
898:
895:
894:
887:
866:
859:
835:
813:
798:
789:|journal=
762:
746:
731:
718:
688:
665:
650:
631:
630:
628:
625:
624:
623:
616:
613:
612:
611:
608:
601:
599:
596:
589:
587:
584:
577:
575:
572:
565:
563:
560:
553:
551:
548:
541:
539:
536:
529:
527:
524:
517:
515:
512:
505:
501:
498:
477:
474:
441:
438:
390:
387:
381:
378:
372:
369:
359:
356:
338:
335:
308:
305:
265:
262:
258:Roman Catholic
241:
238:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
135:
134:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
70:
66:
65:
56:
47:
46:
40:
39:
38:
37:
34:
33:
27:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1948:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1897:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:Joya de Cerén
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1839:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:Moral Reforma
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1631:Dzibilchaltun
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1200:Cotzumalhuapa
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1078:Nohoch CheĘĽen
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
963:
961:
957:
953:
946:
941:
939:
934:
932:
927:
926:
923:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
890:
888:1-56098-684-0
884:
880:
873:
871:
862:
860:0-8061-2371-0
856:
852:
848:
847:
839:
831:
824:
822:
820:
818:
809:
802:
794:
781:
773:
766:
759:
757:
750:
742:
735:
728:
722:
708:on 2010-02-28
707:
703:
697:
695:
693:
684:
680:
676:
669:
661:
657:
653:
651:9780813040721
647:
643:
636:
632:
622:
619:
618:
605:
600:
593:
588:
581:
576:
569:
564:
557:
552:
545:
540:
533:
528:
521:
516:
509:
504:
503:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:Indian Church
455:
451:
447:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
414:
410:
406:
404:
400:
396:
395:Jaguar Temple
386:
377:
368:
364:
355:
351:
347:
343:
334:
331:
328:
326:
320:
318:
314:
304:
302:
298:
294:
289:
285:
283:
279:
275:
274:Jaguar Temple
271:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
237:
235:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
213:
212:pre-Columbian
209:
205:
201:
197:
194:
190:
186:
183:, "submerged
182:
178:
170:
167:
163:
160:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
131:
103:
99:
96:
93:
89:
86:
74:
71:
67:
60:
44:
35:
31:
25:
20:
1835:
1756:San Gervasio
1596:Chichen Itza
1541:Aguada FĂ©nix
1495:Zapote Bobal
1425:Takalik Abaj
1415:San Clemente
1068:Nim Li Punit
1037:
878:
845:
838:
829:
807:
801:
780:cite journal
771:
765:
755:
749:
740:
734:
721:
710:. Retrieved
706:the original
674:
668:
641:
635:
479:
443:
419:
407:
392:
383:
374:
365:
361:
352:
348:
344:
340:
332:
329:
321:
310:
290:
286:
267:
243:
224:
223:
193:Mesoamerican
189:Yucatec Maya
180:
176:
175:
1863:Casa Blanca
1850:El Salvador
1601:Chunchucmil
1556:Balankanche
1465:Wajxaklajun
1430:Tamarindito
1410:San Bartolo
1340:Mixco Viejo
1295:Kaminaljuyu
1230:El Porvenir
1175:Cerro Quiac
1118:Xunantunich
1093:San Estevan
1048:Lower Dover
774:(1): 57–75.
446:Thomas Gann
403:High Temple
399:Mask Temple
325:Petén Basin
278:High Temple
270:Mask Temple
181:Lama'anayin
159:Postclassic
125: /
101:Coordinates
59:Mesoamerica
1916:Maya sites
1910:Categories
1894:See also:
1878:San Andrés
1858:Cara Sucia
1771:Tortuguero
1646:Hormiguero
1621:Comalcalco
1591:Chinkultic
1576:Chacchoben
1450:Tres Islas
1335:Machaquila
1325:La Joyanca
1235:El Temblor
1220:El Mirador
1195:Chutixtiox
1185:Chitinamit
1098:Santa Rita
1043:Louisville
1003:Chaa Creek
988:Cahal Pech
978:Baking Pot
952:Maya sites
712:2009-06-26
627:References
462:San Carlos
225:Lam'an'ain
155:Preclassic
113:88°39′16″W
1816:Yaxchilan
1746:Punta Sur
1681:Kohunlich
1641:EkĘĽ Balam
1626:Dzibanche
1611:ChunlimĂłn
1606:Chunhuhub
1518:El Puente
1395:QĘĽumarkaj
1330:La Muerta
1320:La Corona
1315:La Blanca
1310:La Amelia
1240:El Tintal
1205:Dos Pilas
1137:Guatemala
1053:Lubaantun
1023:KaĘĽKabish
660:758668809
490:Mennonite
313:Chau Hiix
307:Chau Hiix
293:Maya city
282:New River
185:crocodile
110:17°45′9″N
1868:Cihuatán
1831:YoĘĽokop
1731:Palenque
1726:Oxkintok
1586:Chicanná
1571:Calakmul
1566:Bonampak
1505:Honduras
1485:Zacpeten
1455:Uaxactun
1400:RĂo Azul
1390:Quiriguá
1355:Naachtun
1305:KĘĽatepan
1285:Ixtonton
1160:Balberta
1145:Aguateca
1083:Pacbitun
1033:La Milpa
1018:El Pilar
973:Altun Ha
683:12420464
615:See also
494:Shipyard
492:area of
482:tourists
426:cinnabar
422:hematite
317:Altun Ha
165:Cultures
69:Location
1883:Tazumal
1811:Xtampak
1751:RĂo Bec
1721:OcomtĂşn
1701:Mayapan
1686:Komchen
1581:ChactĂşn
1551:Balamku
1536:Acanceh
1490:Zaculeu
1445:Topoxte
1435:Tayasal
1375:Pajaral
1370:Naranjo
1345:Montana
1270:Iximche
1250:Guaytán
1245:El Zotz
1225:El PerĂş
1215:El Chal
1210:El BaĂşl
1190:Chocolá
1170:Cancuén
1165:Bejucal
1108:Uxbenka
1088:Pusilha
1063:Minanha
1038:Lamanai
993:Caracol
500:Gallery
452:of the
434:mercury
371:Burials
295:in the
240:History
216:Spanish
191:) is a
177:Lamanai
151:Periods
143:Founded
138:History
75:,
17:Lamanai
1821:Yaxuná
1806:Xpuhil
1801:Xlapak
1791:Xcaret
1766:Toniná
1741:Pomona
1696:La Mar
1666:JoljaĘĽ
1651:Izamal
1528:Mexico
1475:Xultun
1470:Witzna
1460:Ucanal
1420:Seibal
1290:Ixtutz
1260:Holtun
1255:Holmul
1113:Xnaheb
1073:Nohmul
1028:KĘĽaxob
1013:Cuello
998:Cerros
960:Belize
885:
857:
681:
658:
648:
301:Belize
276:, and
204:Belize
179:(from
91:Region
85:Belize
82:
1796:Xelha
1781:Uxmal
1776:Tulum
1761:Sayil
1716:Muyil
1691:Labna
1676:Kiuic
1671:Kabah
1661:Jaina
1656:Izapa
1636:Edzna
1561:Becan
1513:Copán
1480:Yaxha
1440:Tikal
1405:Sacul
1365:Nakum
1360:Nakbe
1300:Kinal
1275:Ixkun
1265:Itzan
1180:Chama
1008:Colha
851:61–79
758:(PDF)
358:Trade
206:, in
187:" in
1826:Yula
1786:Uxul
1706:ManĂ
1616:Coba
1280:Ixlu
1103:Tipu
883:ISBN
855:ISBN
793:help
679:OCLC
656:OCLC
646:ISBN
460:and
430:jade
250:Maya
28:The
1546:Aké
299:of
222:as
157:to
1912::
869:^
853:.
816:^
784::
782:}}
778:{{
772:34
691:^
654:.
327:.
284:.
272:,
1840:)
1834:(
944:e
937:t
930:v
891:.
863:.
795:)
791:(
715:.
685:.
662:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
