Lambda phage - Knowledge

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The Q gene is a regulator gene found on this operon, which will control the expression of later genes for rightward transcription. Once the gene's regulatory proteins allow for expression, the Q protein will then act as an anti-terminator. This will then allow for the rest of the operon to be read through until it reaches the transcription terminator. Thus allowing expression of later genes in the operon, and leading to the expression of the lytic cycle.

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competitive inhibitor to the relevant proteases. This means that a cell "in trouble", i.e. lacking in nutrients and in a more dormant state, is more likely to lysogenise. This would be selected for because the phage can now lie dormant in the bacterium until it falls on better times, and so the phage can create more copies of itself with the additional resources available and with the more likely proximity of further infectable cells.

121: 25: 1077: 1055: 859: 813: 804: 658: 2960:. The 48 kb DNA fragment of lambda phage is not essential for productive infection and can be replaced by foreign DNA, which can then be replicated by the phage. Lambda phage will enter bacteria more easily than plasmids, making it a useful vector that can either destroy or become part of the host's DNA. Lambda phage can also be manipulated and used as an anti-cancer vaccine that targets human 66: 2860:, DNA binding protein and RNApol cofactor, binds DNA (at Qut sites) and transfers onto the initiating RNApol. This RNApol modification alters its recognition of termination sequences, so normal ones are ignored; special Q termination sequences some 20,000 bp away are effective. Q-extended transcripts include phage structural proteins (A-F, Z-J) and lysis genes ( 2836:, RNA-binding protein and RNA polymerase cofactor, binds RNA (at Nut sites) and transfers onto the nascent RNApol that just transcribed the nut site. This RNApol modification prevents its recognition of termination sites, so normal RNA polymerase termination signals are ignored and RNA synthesis continues into distal phage genes ( 957:, an enzyme that escapes through the S holes and cleaves the cell wall. Rz and Rz1 are membrane proteins that form a complex that somehow destroys the outer membrane, after the endolysin has degraded the cell wall. For wild-type lambda, lysis occurs at about 50 minutes after the start of infection and releases around 100 virions. 2148: 551: 2923:

A full biophysical model for lambda's lysis-lysogeny decision remains to be developed. Computer modeling and simulation suggest that random processes during infection drive the selection of lysis or lysogeny within individual cells. However, recent experiments suggest that physical differences among

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In cells with sufficient nutrients, protease activity is high, which breaks down cII. This leads to the lytic lifestyle. In cells with limited nutrients, protease activity is low, making cII stable. This leads to the lysogenic lifestyle. cIII appears to stabilize cII, both directly and by acting as a

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The prophage is duplicated with every subsequent cell division of the host. The phage genes expressed in this dormant state code for proteins that repress expression of other phage genes (such as the structural and lysis genes) in order to prevent entry into the lytic cycle. These repressive proteins

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Pr promoter has been found to activate the origin in the use of rightward transcription, but the whole picture of this is still somewhat misunderstood. Given there are some caveats to this, for instance this process is different for other phages such as N15 phage, which may encode for DNA polymerase.

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Pr is the promoter for rightward transcription, and the cro gene is a regulator gene. The cro gene will encode for the Cro protein that will then repress Prm promoter. Once Pr transcription is underway the Q gene will then be transcribed at the far end of the operon for rightward transcription.

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Lambda phage is a non-contractile tailed phage, meaning during an infection event it cannot 'force' its DNA through a bacterial cell membrane. It must instead use an existing pathway to invade the host cell, having evolved the tip of its tail to interact with a specific pore to allow entry of its DNA

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The virus particle consists of a head and a tail that can have tail fibers. The whole particle consists of 12–14 different proteins with more than 1000 protein molecules total and one DNA molecule located in the phage head. However, it is still not entirely clear whether the L and M proteins are part

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An important distinction here is that between the two decisions; lysogeny and lysis on infection, and continuing lysogeny or lysis from a prophage. The latter is determined solely by the activation of RecA in the SOS response of the cell, as detailed in the section on induction. The former will also

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The tail of lambda phages is made of at least 6 proteins (H, J, U, V, Stf, Tfa) and requires 7 more for assembly (I, K, L, M, Z, G/T). This assembly process begins with protein J, which then recruits proteins I, L, K, and G/T to add protein H. Once G and G/T leave the complex, protein V can assemble

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Multiplicity reactivation (MR) is the process by which multiple viral genomes, each containing inactivating genome damage, interact within an infected cell to form a viable viral genome. MR was originally discovered with phage T4, but was subsequently found in phage λ (as well as in numerous other

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N protein binds to boxB in each transcript, and contacts the transcribing RNA polymerase via RNA looping. The N-RNAP complex is stabilized by subsequent binding of several host Nus (N utilisation substance) proteins (which include transcription termination/antitermination factors and, bizarrely, a

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The Q protein modifies the RNA polymerase at the promoter region and is recruited to RNA polymerase. The Q protein turns into a RNA polymerase subunit after it is recruitment to RNAP and modifies the enzyme into a processive state. Note that NusA can stimulate the activity of the Q

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Survival of UV-irradiated phage λ is increased when the E. coli host is lysogenic for an homologous prophage, a phenomenon termed prophage reactivation. Prophage reactivation in phage λ appears to occur by a recombinational repair process similar to that of MR.

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promoter's reading frame, so no lytic or structural proteins are made. Elevated levels of int (much higher than that of xis) result in the insertion of the lambda genome into the hosts genome (see diagram). Production of cI leads to the binding of cI to the

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genes. Gam proteins are involved in recombination. Gam is also important in that it inhibits the host RecBCD nuclease from degrading the 3’ ends in rolling circle replication. Int and xis are integration and excision proteins vital to lysogeny.

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result in no insertion or excision of phage genomes, the evolutionarily favoured action - leaving any pre-inserted phage genomes inserted (so reducing competition) and preventing the insertion of the phage genome into the genome of a doomed

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phase, during which it kills and lyses the cell to produce offspring. Lambda strains, mutated at specific sites, are unable to lysogenize cells; instead, they grow and enter the lytic cycle after superinfecting an already lysogenized cell.

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be affected by this; a cell undergoing an SOS response will always be lysed, as no cI protein will be allowed to build up. However, the initial lytic/lysogenic decision on infection is also dependent on the cII and cIII proteins.

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Iwagami, Yoshifumi; Casulli, Sarah; Nagaoka, Katsuya; Kim, Miran; Carlson, Rolf I.; Ogawa, Kosuke; Lebowitz, Michael S.; Fuller, Steve; Biswas, Biswajit; Stewart, Solomon; Dong, Xiaoqun; Ghanbari, Hossein; Wands, Jack R. (2017).

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Lysogen repression all 3 sites bound is a low occurrence due to OR3 weak binding affinity. OR1 repression increases binding affinity to OR2 due to repressor-repressor interaction. Increased concentrations of repressor increase

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The life cycle of lambda phages is controlled by cI and Cro proteins. The lambda phage will remain in the lysogenic state if cI proteins predominate, but will be transformed into the lytic cycle if cro proteins predominate.

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found in the phage lambda is a notable example of the level of control possible over gene expression by a very simple system. It forms a 'binary switch' with two genes under mutually exclusive expression, as discovered by

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bacterial and mammalian viruses). MR of phage λ inactivated by UV light depends on the recombination function of either the host or of the infecting phage. Absence of both recombination systems leads to a loss of MR.

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similar to that used by phage M13. The DNA is nicked and the 3’ end serves as a primer. Note that this does not release single copies of the phage genome but rather one long molecule with many copies of the genome: a

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transcribes these regions, it recruits N and forms a complex with several host Nus proteins. This complex skips through most termination sequences. The extended transcripts (the 'late early' transcripts) include the

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promoters are no longer repressed and switch on, and the cell returns to the lytic sequence of expression events (note that cII is not stable in cells undergoing the SOS response). There is however one notable

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N Antitermination requires the assembly of a large ribonucleoprotein complex to effectively prolong the anti-termination process, without the full complex the RNA polymerase is able to bypass only a single

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Diagram showing the retro-regulation process that yields a higher concentration of xis compared to int. The mRNA transcript is digested by bacterial RNase starting from the cleaved hairpin loop at sib.

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onto the J/H scaffold. Then, protein U is added to the head-proximal end of the tail. Protein Z is able to connect the tail to the head. Protein H is cleaved due to the actions of proteins U and Z.

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This is the lifecycle that the phage follows following most infections, where the cII protein does not reach a high enough concentration due to degradation, so does not activate its promoters.

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This occurs without the N protein interacting with the DNA; the protein instead binds to the freshly transcribed mRNA. Nut sites contain 3 conserved "boxes", of which only BoxB is essential.

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contains 48,502 base pairs of double-stranded, linear DNA, with 12-base single-strand segments at both 5' ends. These two single-stranded segments are the "sticky ends" of what is called the

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Forms a membrane protein complex that destroys the outer cell membrane following the cell wall degradation by endolysin. Spanin, Rz1(outer membrane subunit) and Rz(inner membrane subunit).

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Bacteriophage lambda virion (schematic). Protein names and their copy numbers in the virion particle are shown. The presence of the L and M proteins in the virion is still unclear.

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gene resulting in a lack of growth of lambda phage. This is due to RNA polymerase attaching to pL promoter site instead of the pR promotor site. Leftward transcription results in

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The boxB RNA sequences are located close to the 5' end of the pL and pR transcripts. When transcribed, each sequence forms a hairpin loop structure that the N protein can bind to.

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sites and the resulting complex can ignore terminators, however the mechanism is very different; the Q protein first associates with a DNA sequence rather than an mRNA sequence.

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site circularizes the DNA in the host cytoplasm. In its circular form, the phage genome, therefore, is 48,502 base pairs in length. The lambda genome can be inserted into the

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Burz DS, Beckett D, Benson N, Ackers GK (July 1994). "Self-assembly of bacteriophage lambda cI repressor: effects of single-site mutations on the monomer-dimer equilibrium".

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promoters are left active, the former producing cI protein and the latter a short inactive transcript. The genome remains inserted into the host genome in a dormant state.

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Another example is the P22 phage may replace the p gene, which encodes for an essential replication protein for something that is capable of encoding for a DnaB helices.

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proteins. In lysogenic cells, this response is hijacked, and RecA* stimulates cI autocleavage. This is because cI mimics the structure of LexA at the autocleavage site.

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operator is very similar, except that it has no direct effect on cI transcription. As an additional repression of its own expression, however, cI dimers bound to

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of the phage and host DNA. The original B-O-B' sequence is changed by the integration to B-O-P'-phage DNA-P-O-B'. The phage DNA is now part of the host's genome.

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of the virion. All characterized lambdoid phages possess an N protein-mediated transcription antitermination mechanism, with the exception of phage HK022.

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genes. O and P are responsible for initiating replication, and Q is another antiterminator that allows the expression of head, tail, and lysis genes from

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regulation ensures a stable minimum concentration of the repressor molecule and, should SOS signals arise, allows for more efficient prophage induction.

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site, and P protein binds the DnaB subunit of the host replication machinery as well as binding O. This effectively commandeers the host DNA polymerase.

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gene, resulting in high concentrations of Int protein. This int protein integrates the phage DNA into the host chromosome (see "Prophage Integration").

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The lysogenic lifecycle begins once the cI protein reaches a high enough concentration to activate its promoters, after a small number of infections.

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Lambda phage DNA injection into the cell membrane using Mannose PTS permease (a sugar transporting system) as a mechanism of entry into the cytoplasm

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The classic induction of a lysogen involved irradiating the infected cells with UV light. Any situation where a lysogen undergoes DNA damage or the

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Equal concentrations of xis and int result in the excision of the inserted genome from the host genome for replication and later phage production.

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The DNA passes through the mannose permease complex in the inner membrane (encoded by the manXYZ genes) and immediately circularises using the

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gene is absent. The lack of growth of lambda phage is believed to occur due to a temperature sensitivity resulting in inhibition of growth.

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Blanco M, Devoret R (March 1973). "Repair mechanisms involved in prophage reactivation and UV reactivation of UV-irradiated phage lambda".

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The host cell, containing a dormant phage genome, experiences DNA damage due to a high stress environment, and starts to undergo the

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are broken down when the host cell is under stress, resulting in the expression of the repressed phage genes. Stress can be from

4951: 4023: 3130: 2001:. It binds DNA in the helix-turn-helix binding motif. It regulates the transcription of the cI protein and the Cro protein. 469:" ensues, where the lambda DNA is replicated and new phage particles are produced within the cell. This is followed by cell 465:, causing DNA in the head of the phage to be ejected through the tail into the cytoplasm of the bacterial cell. Usually, a " 4147:

Pitre, Emmanuelle; te Velthuis, Aartjan J. W. (2021-01-01), Cameron, Craig E.; Arnold, Jamie J.; Kaguni, Laurie S. (eds.),

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Visual representation of repressor tetramer/octamer binding to phage lambda L and R operator sites (stable lysogenic state)

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promoter mRNA results in no hairpin loop on the 3' end, and the transcript is no longer targeted for RNAaseIII degradation.

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have high (and approximately equal) concentrations this leads to the excision of phage genomes from the host's genome.

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2 a loop is induced in the DNA, allowing these dimers to bind together to form an octamer. This is a phenomenon called

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operons, and consists of the parts B-O-B', whereas the complementary sequence in the circular phage genome is called

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Gene N acts a regulatory gene that results in RNA polymerase to be unable to recognize translation-termination sites.

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RecA (a cellular protein) detects DNA damage and becomes activated. It is now RecA*, a highly specific co-protease.

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and hence cI stimulates its own transcription. When it is present at a much higher concentration, it also binds to

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when a prophage is present. This prophage may enter the lytic cycle when the lysogen enters a stressed condition.

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2 are almost always simultaneously occupied by cI. However, this does not increase the affinity between cI and O

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The function of LexA in the SOS response. LexA expression leads to inhibition of various genes including LexA.

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The integration of phage λ takes place at a special attachment site in the bacterial and phage genomes, called

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Transcription of the phage chromosome proceeds leftward when the host RNA polymerase attaches to promotor site

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promoter, close enough that the σ factor has not been released from the RNA polymerase holoenzyme. Part of the

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proteins are produced. This results (initially) in the excision of any inserted genomes from the host genome.

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The phage genome is still inserted in the host genome and needs excision for DNA replication to occur. The

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repressor), activating LexA auto-protease activity, which destroys LexA repressor, allowing production of

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Lysogen repressors and polymerase bound to OR1 and recruits OR2, which will activate PRM and shutdown PR.

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is degraded the phage will go into the lytic pathway. Low temperature, starvation of the cells and high

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cell by means of its J protein in the tail tip. The J protein interacts with the maltose outer membrane

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promoter (preventing cro production). At high concentrations downregulates its own production through O

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sites as they are packaged. Packaging cannot occur from circular phage DNA, only from concatomeric DNA.

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Friedman DI, Court DL (April 2001). "Bacteriophage lambda: alive and well and still doing its thing".

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The presence of cI causes immunity to superinfection by other lambda phages, as it will inhibit their

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The cIII protein acts to protect the cII protein from proteolysis by FtsH (a membrane-bound essential

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Some base pairs with serve a dual function with promoter and operator for either cl and cro proteins.

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sites, 12-base G-C-rich cohesive "sticky ends". The single-strand viral DNA ends are ligated by host

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Protein cl turned ON, with repressor bound to OR2 polymerase binding is increased and turn OFF OR1.

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Linear layout of lambda phage genome with major operons, promoter regions and capsid coding genes.

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Dodd IB, Shearwin KE, Egan JB (April 2005). "Revisited gene regulation in bacteriophage lambda".

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cells, that exist prior to infection, predetermine whether a cell will lyse or become a lysogen.

1260:) end of the mRNA for RNAaseIII degradation, which results in a lower effective concentration of 782:

determines the lifestyle of the phage; stable cII will lead to the lysogenic pathway, whereas if

131: 4695:"Evolutionary relationships among diverse bacteriophages and prophages: all the world's a phage" 5587: 5496: 5479: 5172: 5057: 5008: 4867:(illustrates infection and lytic/lysogenic pathways with some protein and transcription detail) 3837:

Michod RE, Bernstein H, Nedelcu AM (May 2008). "Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens".

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Brammar WJ, Hadfield C (November 1984). "A programme for the construction of a lambda phage".

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A simplified representation of the integration/excision paradigm and the major genes involved.

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Thomason LC, Schiltz CJ, Court C, Hosford CJ, Adams MC, Chappie JS, Court DL (October 2021).

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The O and P proteins initiate replication of the phage chromosome (see "Lytic Replication").

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Huskey RJ (April 1969). "Multiplicity reactivation as a test for recombination function".

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protein regulator, manages excision and insertion of phage genome into the host's genome.

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promoter transcript is, however, no longer included in this reading frame (see diagram).

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and consists of the parts P-O-P'. The integration itself is a sequential exchange (see

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Q protein then binds and displaces part of the σ factor and transcription re-initiates.

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in the circular chromosome, causing A-T-rich regions to unwind and drive transcription.

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2 (which are over 2 kb downstream from the R operators). When cI dimers are bound to O

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site on the mRNA) continues transcription, and can skip through termination sequences.

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The lambda repressor gene system consists of (from left to right on the chromosome):

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The phage chromosome is inserted to the host bacterial chromosome through DNA ligase.

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The head and tail genes are transcribed and the corresponding proteins self-assemble.

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promoter can now extend to produce mRNA for the lysis and the head and tail proteins.

44: 4898: 3909: 1591: 5190: 5038: 4807: 4783: 4763: 4724: 4714: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4630: 4601: 4570: 4535: 4525: 4482: 4472: 4378: 4368: 4347:"Lambda phage-based vaccine induces antitumor immunity in hepatocellular carcinoma" 4302: 4228: 4212: 4160: 4119: 4109: 4060: 4052: 3988: 3932: 3889: 3846: 3811: 3774: 3766: 3698: 3657: 3649: 3608: 3600: 3531: 3521: 3472: 3464: 3423: 3382: 3374: 3286: 3278: 3232: 3222: 3166: 3091: 3083: 3030: 2977: 1945: 1935:

Protein interactions that lead to either Lytic or Lysogenic cycles for Lambda phage

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DNA repair protein, functions as a co-protease during SOS response, auto-cleaving

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Groth AC, Calos MP (January 2004). "Phage integrases: biology and applications".

3770: 3526: 3453:"Structure of the mannose transporter of the bacterial phosphotransferase system" 2945: 2768:, manages insertion of phage genome into the host's genome. In Conditions of low 1314: 1210:

II transcription on the left operon. Bar positive phenotype is present when the

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genome. During infections, the phage particle recognizes and binds to its host,

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Diagram of temperate phage life cycle, showing both lytic and lysogenic cycles.

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Henkin, Tina M.; Peters, Joseph E. (2020). "Bacteriophages and Transduction".

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production). At high concentrations downregulates its own production through O

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promoter transcript, turning down cro production, and has a transcript of the

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are found on the same piece of mRNA, so approximately equal concentrations of

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Lambda phage inserts chromosome into the cytoplasm of the host bacterial cell.

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Replication protein O. Initiates Phage Lambda DNA replication by binding at

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Structural proteins and phage genomes self-assemble into new phage particles.

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state, which favours lysogeny. cIII also directly stabilises the cII protein.

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protease) by acting as a competitive inhibitor. This inhibition can induce a

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Leftward transcription is believed to result in a deletion mutation of the

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Cleaved cI can no longer dimerise, and loses its affinity for DNA binding.

601: 5528: 5336: 5182: 5049: 4965: 4258:"Bacteriophage Lambda Terminase and the Mechanism of Viral DNA Packaging" 3331:

Campbell AM (1996). "Bacteriophages". In Neidhardt FC, Curtiss R (eds.).

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producing the 'immediate early' transcripts. At first, these express the

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chromosome and is then called a prophage. See section below for details.

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Ptashne, M. "A Genetic Switch: Phage Lambda Revisited", 3rd edition 2003

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will push the phage toward integration and lysogeny while low levels of

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At high concentration of cI, transcriptions of both genes are repressed.

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promoter regions during a lysogenic state vs induced, early lytic state.

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and requires both the phage protein Int and the bacterial protein IHF (

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subunit. These bindings provide control over the host DNA polymerase.

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At high concentrations of cI, the dimers will also bind to operators O

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Lysogeny is maintained solely by cI. cI represses transcription from

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provides insufficient context for those unfamiliar with the subject

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Hendrix RW, Smith MC, Burns RN, Ford ME, Hatfull GF (March 1999).

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3, which will be occupied only when the cI concentration is high.

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The lambda repressor is a self assembling dimer also known as the

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binding. This activates transcription in the other direction from

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For the first few replication cycles, the lambda genome undergoes

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gene. This is expressed, turning on cI repressor production. The

580: 486: 2469:, a membrane protein that perforates the membrane during lysis. 1864: 1621:. It is therefore the only protein expressed by lysogenic phage. 1480:

As cII and cIII concentrations decrease, transcription from the

858: 5434: 5429: 5379: 4879:(basic visual demonstration of Lambda bacteriophage life cycle) 3119:

Griffiths A, Miller J, Suzuki D, Lewontin R, Gelbart W (2000).

2953: 2441: 1528: 1323:

The 'late early' transcripts continue being written, including

876:

The 'late early' transcripts continue being written, including

586:

The linear phage genome is injected through the outer membrane.

518: 482: 454: 438: 3678: 2780:

high then this leads to the insertion of the phage genome. If

2376:

1 binding. No cooperative binding (c.f. below for cI binding)

2364:

3). At low concentrations blocks the pRM promoter (preventing

5237: 4988: 3118: 2466: 1380:

promoter transcript, thereby switching off Q production. The

950: 470: 446: 279: 4746:

Kitano H (March 2002). "Systems biology: a brief overview".

4199:

Reece-Hoyes, John S.; Walhout, Albertha J. M. (2018-01-01).

3155:"Structural basis of bacteriophage lambda capsid maturation" 3027:"Bacteriophage Lambda Structural Model at Atomic Resolution" 657: 246: 4895:(3D display of protein structures for bacteriophage Lambda) 3963: 3635: 2961: 2875: 2314: 2308:

3 binding. Repressor also inhibits transcription from the P

1648:

operators. Both operators have three binding sites for cI:

1614:

while upregulating and controlling its own expression from

1387:

promoter produces antisense mRNA to the cro section of the

4506:"Lambda repressor turns off transcription of its own gene" 1338:

The stabilized cII acts to promote transcription from the

790:(MOI) are known to favor lysogeny (see later discussion). 718:

at specific sites of the nascently transcribed mRNA. When

392:

Bacteriophage Lambda Structural Model at Atomic Resolution

5299: 5120: 4155:, Viral Replication Enzymes and their Inhibitors Part A, 3361:

Werts C, Michel V, Hofnung M, Charbit A (February 1994).

3360: 1579:

and form an intasome, a DNA-protein-complex designed for

1477:

promoters leads to no further production of cII and cIII.

485:

without apparent harm to the host. The host is termed a

458: 4873:

from MIT showing both lysis and lysogeny by phage lambda

4796:"Regulation of transcription: from lambda to eukaryotes" 4453:"The operators controlled by the lambda phage repressor" 4343: 3271:"Bacteriophage lambda: Early pioneer and still relevant" 1809:

of the host is otherwise stimulated leads to induction.

1308: 4435:

Watson J, Baker T, Bell S, Gann A, Levine M, Losick R.

3978: 1704:

greatly increases the affinity of the binding of cI to

903:

promoter (which is a promoter of the lysogenic cycle).

453:

The phage particle consists of a head (also known as a

3836: 3586: 3499: 1439:

and other early gene expression. cI also binds to the

554:

Lambda phage J protein interaction with the LamB porin

437:

life cycle that allows it to either reside within the

4928: 4852:(illustrates genes active at all stages in lifecycle) 4692: 4437:

Molecular Biology of the Gene (International Edition)

3211:"The protein interaction map of bacteriophage lambda" 3208: 3072:"Genetic Studies of Lysogenicity in Escherichia Coli" 2848:

Antitermination for Transcription of Late Lytic Genes

2824:

Antitermination for Transcription of Late Early Genes

2414:

Initiates Phage Lambda DNA replication by binding to

653:

genes, producing N, Cro and a short inactive protein.

1501:

stop being promoted since they are no longer needed.

3561:

Snyder and Champness molecular genetics of bacteria

3209:Rajagopala SV, Casjens S, Uetz P (September 2011). 1914:

Multiplicity reactivation and prophage reactivation

1547:. The sequence of the bacterial att site is called 1248:promoter forms a stable secondary structure with a 1193: 254:Electron micrograph of a virus particle of species 145:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4198: 3409: 3069: 2239:. Low stability due to susceptibility to cellular 2008:The cI dimer may bind to any of three operators, O 4649: 4503: 4407:"7.14E: Bacteriophage Lambda as a Cloning Vector" 4256:Feiss, Michael; Catalano, Carlos Enrique (2013), 3728:Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology 3684: 2185:Regulatory protein CIII. Lysogeny, cII Stability 1165: 5602: 4591: 4146: 4038: 3500:Kobiler O, Rokney A, Oppenheim AB (April 2007). 3450: 1898:The new intact transcript has one copy of both 1218:xis and int regulation of insertion and excision 888:and genes for replication of the lambda genome ( 4828: 4504:Meyer BJ, Kleid DG, Ptashne M (December 1975). 4434: 3752: 3725: 3582: 3580: 3326: 3324: 3024: 1700:. As cI easily dimerises, the binding of cI to 1335:and genes for replication of the lambda genome. 4556: 4443: 3451:Liu X, Zeng J, Huang K, Wang J (August 2019). 3268: 1446:promoter, turning off transcription there too. 477:pathway. In this state, the λ DNA is called a 5065: 4914: 4620: 4594:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 4255: 4087: 3922: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3054:Lederberg E (January 1950). "Lysogenicity in 1865:Control of phage genome excision in induction 1460:promoter may occur, maintaining levels of cI. 714:, and functions by engaging the transcribing 4888:Lambda Phage Reference Proteome from UniProt 3577: 3558: 3410:Erni B, Zanolari B, Kocher HP (April 1987). 3321: 3152: 2219:(Clear 2) Activates transcription from the P 2160: 2036:1 enhances binding of a second cI dimer to O 1708:, and this happens almost immediately after 1092:Q is similar to N in its effect: Q binds to 4650:Gottesman ME, Weisberg RA (December 2004). 4039:Arkin A, Ross J, McAdams HH (August 1998). 3972: 3719: 3315:"Escherichia phage Lambda, complete genome" 1693:; binding here inhibits transcription from 661:Early activation events involving N protein 621:Transcription starts from the constitutive 433:in 1950. The wild type of this virus has a 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 16:Bacteriophage that infects Escherichia coli 5079: 5072: 5058: 4921: 4907: 4656:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 3801: 3587:Santangelo TJ, Artsimovitch I (May 2011). 3195: 3070:Lederberg EM, Lederberg J (January 1953). 2272:(Clear 1) Transcription inhibitor, binds O 1723:tightens the binding of RNA polymerase to 1586: 1256:section of the mRNA. This targets the 3' ( 961: 245: 4811: 4728: 4718: 4675: 4574: 4539: 4529: 4486: 4476: 4382: 4372: 4232: 4123: 4113: 4064: 3778: 3702: 3685:Deighan P, Hochschild A (February 2007). 3661: 3612: 3535: 3525: 3476: 3427: 3386: 3290: 3236: 3226: 3170: 3125:(7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman. 3095: 3053: 2110:In the presence of cI proteins, only the 1763:bend the DNA between them to tetramerise. 1284:sequence), so a higher concentrations of 1133: 892:). Cro dominates the repressor site (see 579:, a porin molecule, which is part of the 223:Learn how and when to remove this message 205:Learn how and when to remove this message 103:Learn how and when to remove this message 4893:Lambda Phage Protein Structures in NCBI 4016:A genetic switch: phage lambda revisited 3330: 2936:and has been an excellent tool first in 2932:Lambda phage has been used heavily as a 2906: 2095:3, repressing transcription of cI. This 1950: 1930: 1855: 1788: 1624: 1590: 1453:site unbound, so transcription from the 1369:promoter produces antisense mRNA to the 1137: 857: 839:The entire complex (including the bound 656: 600: 549: 508: 496: 387: 4793: 4013: 2176: 2170: 2167: 1538: 1181:L resulting in the translation of gene 1036:These concatemers are cleaved at their 778:On initial infection, the stability of 677:promoter, preventing expression of the 5603: 4745: 4557:Brüssow H, Hendrix RW (January 2002). 3871: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 2902: 2445:nuclease from degrading 3' ends—allow 2327:Lysis, Control of Repressor's Operator 2319:in cells undergoing the SOS response. 2300:1). At low concentrations blocks the P 2173: 1741:, thus regulating its own levels in a 966:Rightward transcription expresses the 5495: 5494: 5053: 4902: 4280: 4088:St-Pierre F, Endy D (December 2008). 3153:Wang C, Zeng J, Wang J (April 2022). 2772:concentration there is no effect. If 2312:promoter. Susceptible to cleavage by 1309:Lysogenic (or lysenogenic) life cycle 1146:Leftward transcription expresses the 481:and stays resident within the host's 419:, that infects the bacterial species 85:providing more context for the reader 4865:Basic Animation of Lambda Lifecyecle 4559:"Phage genomics: small is beautiful" 3753:Guzmán P, Guarneros G (March 1989). 2962:aspartyl (asparaginyl) β-hydroxylase 2927: 1719:, as the N terminal domain of cI on 1412:No Q results in no extension of the 1044: 996: 793: 143:adding citations to reliable sources 114: 59: 18: 3416:The Journal of Biological Chemistry 3269:Casjens SR, Hendrix RW (May 2015). 3253: 3122:An Introduction to Genetic Analysis 2103:In the absence of cI proteins, the 847: 13: 4427: 2259:Repressor, Maintenance of Lysogeny 1123:, causing the holoenzyme to pause. 685:(N utilisation) sites, one in the 14: 5632: 5196:Micro 4857: 4262:Madame Curie Bioscience Database 4201:"Gateway Recombinational Cloning" 3839:Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2952:; and the application of its Red 2210:Lysogeny, Transcription activator 2198:(FtsH) binding protein, protects 896:), repressing synthesis from the 862:Lysis plaques of lambda phage on 563:Bacteriophage Lambda binds to an 34:This article has multiple issues. 5475: 5474: 4840:"Bacteriophage Lambda Infection" 3704:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05563.x 3340:: Cellular and Molecular Biology 3025:Padilla-Sanchez V (2021-07-16). 2870:antisense mRNA during lysogeny. 2336:Transcription inhibitor, binds O 2147: 2135: 2123: 1734:, inhibiting transcription from 1194:Leftward Transcription mutations 1075: 1064: 1053: 811: 802: 266: 119: 64: 23: 5151:precursor, heterogenous nuclear 4652:"Little lambda, who made thee?" 4623:Current Opinion in Microbiology 4399: 4337: 4274: 4249: 4192: 4140: 4081: 4032: 4007: 3951: 3916: 3865: 3830: 3795: 3746: 3629: 3552: 3493: 3444: 3403: 2202:from degradation by proteases. 1463:Lack of transcription from the 130:needs additional citations for 42:or discuss these issues on the 5281:Trans-acting small interfering 5245:Enhancer RNAs 5163:Transfer 4883:Lambda Phage genome in GenBank 4831:Molecular Genetics of Bacteria 4829:Snyder L, Champness W (2007). 4800:Trends in Biochemical Sciences 4668:10.1128/MMBR.68.4.796-813.2004 3354: 3307: 3146: 3112: 3047: 3018: 2360:1, i.e. preferentially binds O 2296:3, i.e. preferentially binds O 1793:Transcriptional state of the P 1166:Leftward transcription process 1024:Soon, the phage switches to a 893: 696:reading frame, and one in the 1: 5168:Ribosomal 5146:Messenger 4635:10.1016/S1369-5274(00)00189-2 4576:10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00637-7 4374:10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00407 3429:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)61180-9 3379:10.1128/jb.176.4.941-947.1994 3342:. Washington, DC: ASM Press. 3012: 2744:Tail fiber assembly protein. 2676:Tail tape measure protein H. 2032:3. Binding of a cI dimer to O 1823:Normally RecA* binds LexA (a 540: 4205:Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 3937:10.1016/0027-5107(73)90001-8 3894:10.1126/science.164.3877.319 3851:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.01.002 3804:Journal of Molecular Biology 3593:Nature Reviews. Microbiology 3527:10.1371/journal.pone.0000363 2988:Molecular weight size marker 2838:cII, cIII, xis, int, O, P, Q 2776:is low in concentration and 2752:Genome Integration, Excision 2625:Host specificity protein J. 2523:Phage capsid head proteins. 1926: 1784: 1575:). Both Int and IHF bind to 545: 7: 5505:Enterobacteria phage lambda 4871:Time-lapse microscopy video 4057:10.1093/genetics/149.4.1633 3283:10.1016/j.virol.2015.02.010 3060:Microbial Genetics Bulletin 2971: 1689:cI binds most favorably to 1634:This is coordinated by the 1581:site-specific recombination 670:, preventing access to the 415:) is a bacterial virus, or 10: 5637: 5347:Multicopy single-stranded 5191:Interferential 4813:10.1016/j.tibs.2005.04.003 4165:10.1016/bs.enz.2021.07.005 4159:, Academic Press: 83–113, 3771:10.1093/genetics/121.3.401 2447:rolling circle replication 1874:section beyond the normal 1312: 1108:site is very close to the 1026:rolling circle replication 1017:gene. O protein binds the 851: 492: 5503: 5470: 5405: 5355: 5298: 5261:Guide 5253: 5181: 5136: 5119: 5088: 4941: 4606:10.1016/j.gde.2005.02.001 4281:Smith, George P. (1985). 3816:10.1016/j.jmb.2003.09.082 3469:10.1038/s41422-019-0194-z 3172:10.1016/j.str.2021.12.009 2727:Tail attachment protein. 2693:Tail assembly protein I. 2608:Large terminase protein. 2540:Head decoration protein. 2161:Protein function overview 1295:Higher concentrations of 1272:cistron is nearer to the 1009:This is initiated at the 949:cause cell lysis. S is a 788:multiplicity of infection 681:gene. N binds to the two 429:). It was discovered by 261: 253: 244: 237: 5535:Escherichia virus Lambda 5223:Small nuclear 3228:10.1186/1471-2180-11-213 3088:10.1093/genetics/38.1.51 2966:specialized transduction 2896:and facilitating lysis. 2710:DNA-packing protein FI. 2659:Probable endopeptidase. 2231:promoters, transcribing 2114:gene may be transcribed. 2107:gene may be transcribed. 2085:long-range cooperativity 412:Escherichia virus Lambda 379:Escherichia virus Lambda 256:Escherichia virus Lambda 239:Escherichia virus Lambda 5337:Genomic 4877:Lambda Phage Life cycle 4794:Ptashne M (June 2005). 4768:10.1126/science.1069492 4531:10.1073/pnas.72.12.4785 4307:10.1126/science.4001944 4115:10.1073/pnas.0808831105 3367:Journal of Bacteriology 2171:Function in life cycle 1587:Maintenance of lysogeny 1573:integration host factor 1449:Lack of cro leaves the 1435:promoter, turning off 1405:promoter expresses the 1119:site resembles the -10 962:Rightward transcription 920:Transcription from the 5440:Artificial chromosomes 5228:Small nucleolar 4720:10.1073/pnas.96.5.2192 4478:10.1073/pnas.60.4.1282 3691:Molecular Microbiology 3642:Molecular Microbiology 3338:Salmonella typhimurium 3035:10.5281/zenodo.5134493 2912: 2642:Minor tail protein M. 2574:Minor capsid protein. 2430:Lysis, DNA replication 2405:Lysis, DNA Replication 2384:Lysis, DNA replication 2251:will result in lysis. 1956: 1936: 1861: 1802: 1630: 1596: 1143: 1134:Leftward transcription 933:Products of the genes 869: 759:genes discussed later. 662: 606: 555: 514: 502: 398:Enterobacteria phage λ 393: 5233:Small Cajal Body RNAs 4217:10.1101/pdb.top094912 2910: 2864:). Downregulated by P 1954: 1934: 1859: 1792: 1628: 1594: 1565:genetic recombination 1141: 861: 660: 604: 553: 512: 500: 391: 5286:Subgenomic messenger 5201:Small interfering 5173:Transfer-messenger 4211:(1): pdb.top094912. 3277:. 479–480: 310–330. 3003:Corynebacteriophages 2940:, and then later in 2557:Major head protein. 2040:2, an effect called 1539:Prophage integration 1373:gene message of the 1013:site located in the 710:The N protein is an 571:(the product of the 441:of its host through 263:Virus classification 139:improve this article 5611:Genetics techniques 5002:Medicago truncatula 4760:2002Sci...295.1662K 4754:(5560): 1662–1664. 4711:1999PNAS...96.2192H 4522:1975PNAS...72.4785M 4469:1968PNAS...60.1282P 4365:2017Heliy...300407I 4299:1985Sci...228.1315S 4293:(4705): 1315–1317. 4264:, Landes Bioscience 4106:2008PNAS..10520705S 4100:(52): 20705–20710. 3993:10.1021/bi00194a003 3886:1969Sci...164..319H 3605:10.1038/nrmicro2560 3518:2007PLoSO...2..363K 2983:Lambda holin family 2903:Lytic vs. lysogenic 1006:(circle-to-circle). 894:"Repressor" section 81:improve the article 5315:Chloroplast 5158:modified Messenger 5121:Ribonucleic acids 4411:Biology LibreTexts 4014:Ptashne M (2004). 3959:"Barbara J. Meyer" 2942:molecular genetics 2938:microbial genetics 2913: 2591:Portal protein B. 1957: 1937: 1862: 1803: 1748:cI binding to the 1631: 1597: 1280:cistron is to the 1276:sequence than the 1241:The mRNA from the 1144: 870: 836:ribosome subunit). 663: 607: 556: 515: 503: 394: 5598: 5597: 5497:Taxon identifiers 5488: 5487: 5365:Xeno 5327:Complementary 5300:Deoxyribonucleic 5294: 5293: 5271:Small hairpin 5047: 5046: 4850:on 19 March 2014. 4025:978-0-87969-716-7 3987:(28): 8399–8405. 3925:Mutation Research 3880:(3877): 319–320. 3654:10.1111/mmi.14792 3422:(11): 5238–5247. 3317:. 6 January 2020. 3165:(4): 637–645.e3. 3132:978-0-7167-3520-5 2998:Zygotic induction 2928:As a genetic tool 2900: 2899: 2020:3, in the order O 1743:negative feedback 1569:Holliday junction 1045:Q antitermination 997:Lytic replication 794:N antitermination 731:genes along with 386: 385: 233: 232: 225: 215: 214: 207: 189: 113: 112: 105: 57: 5628: 5591: 5590: 5578: 5577: 5565: 5564: 5552: 5551: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5492: 5491: 5478: 5477: 5455:Yeast 5276:Small temporal 5206:Piwi-interacting 5134: 5133: 5130: 5111:Deoxynucleotides 5074: 5067: 5060: 5051: 5050: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4900: 4899: 4851: 4846:. Archived from 4834: 4825: 4815: 4787: 4742: 4732: 4722: 4705:(5): 2192–2197. 4689: 4679: 4646: 4617: 4588: 4578: 4553: 4543: 4533: 4500: 4490: 4480: 4440: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4386: 4376: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4236: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4127: 4117: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4068: 4051:(4): 1633–1648. 4036: 4030: 4029: 4011: 4005: 4004: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3799: 3793: 3792: 3782: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3734:(Suppl): 75–88. 3723: 3717: 3716: 3706: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3665: 3648:(4): 1044–1063. 3633: 3627: 3626: 3616: 3584: 3575: 3574: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3539: 3529: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3480: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3431: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3390: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3334:Escherichia coli 3328: 3319: 3318: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3294: 3266: 3251: 3250: 3240: 3230: 3215:BMC Microbiology 3206: 3193: 3192: 3174: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3099: 3067: 3056:Escherichia coli 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3022: 2978:Esther Lederberg 2862:S, R, Rz and Rz1 2174:Promoter region 2165: 2164: 2151: 2139: 2127: 1946:Barbara J. Meyer 1079: 1068: 1057: 848:Lytic life cycle 815: 806: 445:or enter into a 431:Esther Lederberg 422:Escherichia coli 271: 270: 249: 235: 234: 228: 221: 210: 203: 199: 196: 190: 188: 147: 123: 115: 108: 101: 97: 94: 88: 68: 67: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5616:Model organisms 5601: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5586: 5581: 5573: 5568: 5560: 5555: 5547: 5542: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5518: 5517: 5512: 5499: 5489: 5484: 5466: 5407:Cloning vectors 5401: 5387:Locked 5351: 5301: 5290: 5249: 5177: 5124: 5123: 5115: 5084: 5078: 5048: 5043: 4937: 4931:model organisms 4927: 4860: 4855: 4838: 4833:(3rd ed.). 4516:(12): 4785–89. 4451:(August 1968). 4439:(6th ed.). 4430: 4428:Further reading 4425: 4416: 4414: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4342: 4338: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4265: 4254: 4250: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4183: 4145: 4141: 4086: 4082: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4012: 4008: 3977: 3973: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3921: 3917: 3870: 3866: 3835: 3831: 3800: 3796: 3751: 3747: 3724: 3720: 3683: 3679: 3634: 3630: 3585: 3578: 3571: 3557: 3553: 3498: 3494: 3449: 3445: 3408: 3404: 3359: 3355: 3329: 3322: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3267: 3254: 3207: 3196: 3151: 3147: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3117: 3113: 3052: 3048: 3039: 3037: 3023: 3019: 3015: 2974: 2946:recombinant DNA 2930: 2905: 2868: 2854: 2830: 2806: 2802: 2796:Genome Excision 2762: 2758: 2741: 2724: 2707: 2690: 2673: 2656: 2639: 2622: 2605: 2588: 2571: 2554: 2537: 2520: 2503: 2483: 2463: 2436: 2411: 2390: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2265: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2191: 2163: 2156: 2152: 2143: 2140: 2131: 2128: 2094: 2090: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 1986: 1979: 1972: 1929: 1916: 1893: 1879: 1867: 1849: 1842: 1800: 1796: 1787: 1778: 1771: 1753: 1739: 1728: 1717: 1698: 1684: 1665: 1646: 1639: 1619: 1612: 1605: 1589: 1541: 1516: 1509: 1499: 1492: 1485: 1475: 1468: 1458: 1444: 1433: 1417: 1403: 1392: 1385: 1378: 1367: 1357: 1350: 1343: 1317: 1315:Lysogenic cycle 1311: 1246: 1220: 1196: 1168: 1136: 1113: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1047: 999: 983: 964: 925: 901: 856: 850: 826: 825: 824: 823: 818: 817: 816: 808: 807: 796: 705: 694: 675: 640: 633: 626: 548: 543: 495: 382: 265: 229: 218: 217: 216: 211: 200: 194: 191: 148: 146: 136: 124: 109: 98: 92: 89: 78: 69: 65: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5634: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5579: 5566: 5553: 5540: 5525: 5509: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5411: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5394: 5392:Peptide 5389: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5370:Glycol 5361: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5306: 5304: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5215: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5187: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5142: 5140: 5131: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5082:nucleic acids 5077: 5076: 5069: 5062: 5054: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5019: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4986: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4962: 4955: 4948: 4942: 4939: 4938: 4926: 4925: 4918: 4911: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4874: 4868: 4859: 4858:External links 4856: 4854: 4853: 4836: 4826: 4806:(6): 275–279. 4791: 4788: 4743: 4690: 4662:(4): 796–813. 4647: 4629:(2): 201–207. 4618: 4600:(2): 145–152. 4589: 4554: 4501: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4423: 4398: 4336: 4273: 4248: 4191: 4139: 4080: 4031: 4024: 4006: 3971: 3950: 3931:(3): 293–305. 3915: 3864: 3845:(3): 267–285. 3829: 3810:(3): 667–678. 3794: 3765:(3): 401–409. 3745: 3718: 3697:(3): 911–920. 3677: 3628: 3599:(5): 319–329. 3576: 3569: 3551: 3492: 3463:(8): 680–682. 3443: 3402: 3373:(4): 941–947. 3353: 3320: 3306: 3252: 3194: 3145: 3131: 3111: 3068:; followed by 3058:strain K-12". 3046: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3009: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2973: 2970: 2958:recombineering 2950:gateway method 2934:model organism 2929: 2926: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2886: 2883: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2866: 2858:Antiterminator 2855: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2834:Antiterminator 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2644: 2643: 2640: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2450: 2439:Inhibits host 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2424: 2423: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2203: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2134: 2132: 2129: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2115: 2108: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 1995: 1994: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1967: 1928: 1925: 1915: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1896: 1891: 1888:domain on the 1882: 1877: 1866: 1863: 1854: 1853: 1847: 1840: 1835: 1832: 1821: 1818: 1798: 1794: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1769: 1764: 1751: 1746: 1737: 1726: 1715: 1696: 1687: 1682: 1663: 1644: 1637: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1610: 1603: 1588: 1585: 1551:, between the 1540: 1537: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1490: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1447: 1442: 1431: 1415: 1410: 1401: 1390: 1383: 1376: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1348: 1341: 1336: 1313:Main article: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1293: 1244: 1239: 1219: 1216: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1175: 1172: 1167: 1164: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1111: 1094:RNA polymerase 1084: 1083: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1063: 1062: 1061: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1034: 1022: 1007: 998: 995: 981: 963: 960: 959: 958: 931: 928: 923: 918: 911:antiterminator 907: 904: 899: 852:Main article: 849: 846: 845: 844: 837: 833: 820: 819: 810: 809: 801: 800: 799: 798: 797: 795: 792: 776: 775: 772:bacteriostatic 760: 720:RNA polymerase 716:RNA polymerase 712:antiterminator 708: 707:reading frame. 703: 692: 673: 655: 654: 638: 631: 624: 619: 614:puts negative 599: 598: 587: 584: 559:to the hosts. 547: 544: 542: 539: 494: 491: 384: 383: 376: 374: 370: 369: 362: 358: 357: 350: 346: 345: 338: 334: 333: 330:Caudoviricetes 326: 322: 321: 314: 310: 309: 306:Heunggongvirae 302: 298: 297: 290: 283: 282: 277: 273: 272: 259: 258: 251: 250: 242: 241: 231: 230: 213: 212: 154:"Lambda phage" 127: 125: 118: 111: 110: 93:September 2013 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5633: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5545: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5493: 5481: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5375:Threose 5373: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5332:Deoxyribozyme 5330: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5320:Mitochondrial 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5297: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5138:Translational 5135: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5070: 5068: 5063: 5061: 5056: 5055: 5052: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4978: 4977:Fission yeast 4975: 4973: 4972:Budding yeast 4970: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4959:Chlamydomonas 4956: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4924: 4919: 4917: 4912: 4910: 4905: 4904: 4901: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4463:(4): 1282–7. 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4359:(9): e00407. 4358: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4195: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4143: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4035: 4027: 4021: 4017: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3967: 3965: 3960: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3581: 3572: 3570:9781555819750 3566: 3562: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3457:Cell Research 3454: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3325: 3316: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3149: 3134: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3050: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3017: 3008: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2859: 2856: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2808: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2630:M V U G L T Z 2629: 2628: 2624: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2386: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2367: 2348:1 (affinity O 2335: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2316: 2284:3 (affinity O 2271: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2166: 2150: 2145: 2138: 2133: 2126: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2098: 2086: 2057: 2043: 2042:cooperativity 2006: 2002: 2000: 1992: 1989: 1982: 1975: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1953: 1949: 1947: 1942: 1933: 1924: 1920: 1908: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1858: 1850: 1843: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1825:transcription 1822: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1791: 1779: 1772: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1733: 1729: 1722: 1718: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1640: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1620: 1613: 1606: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1517: 1510: 1503: 1500: 1493: 1486: 1479: 1476: 1469: 1462: 1459: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1438: 1434: 1428:sites in the 1427: 1423: 1418: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1397: 1393: 1386: 1379: 1372: 1368: 1361: 1358: 1351: 1344: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1268:mRNA (as the 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1186: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1140: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1107: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1078: 1067: 1056: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1005: 1004:θ replication 1001: 1000: 994: 990: 986: 984: 977: 973: 969: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 929: 926: 919: 916: 912: 908: 905: 902: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 874: 873: 867: 866: 860: 855: 842: 838: 834: 831: 830: 829: 814: 805: 791: 789: 785: 781: 773: 769: 765: 761: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 721: 717: 713: 709: 706: 699: 695: 688: 684: 680: 676: 669: 666:Cro binds to 665: 664: 659: 652: 648: 644: 641: 634: 627: 620: 617: 613: 609: 608: 603: 596: 592: 588: 585: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 561: 560: 552: 538: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 511: 507: 499: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 451: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 423: 418: 417:bacteriophage 414: 413: 409:, officially 408: 404: 400: 399: 390: 381: 380: 375: 372: 371: 368: 367: 363: 360: 359: 356: 355: 351: 348: 347: 344: 343: 339: 336: 335: 332: 331: 327: 324: 323: 320: 319: 315: 312: 311: 308: 307: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 294:Duplodnaviria 291: 288: 285: 284: 281: 278: 275: 274: 269: 264: 260: 257: 252: 248: 243: 240: 236: 227: 224: 209: 206: 198: 187: 184: 180: 177: 173: 170: 166: 163: 159: 156: – 155: 151: 150:Find sources: 144: 140: 134: 133: 128:This article 126: 122: 117: 116: 107: 104: 96: 86: 82: 76: 73:This article 71: 62: 61: 56: 54: 47: 46: 41: 40: 35: 30: 21: 20: 5621:Siphoviridae 5504: 5450:Bacterial 5425:Lambda phage 5424: 5089:Constituents 5021: 5014: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4981: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4946:Lambda phage 4945: 4863:Life Cycle, 4848:the original 4843: 4830: 4803: 4799: 4751: 4747: 4702: 4698: 4659: 4655: 4626: 4622: 4597: 4593: 4569:(1): 13–16. 4566: 4562: 4513: 4509: 4460: 4456: 4436: 4415:. Retrieved 4413:. 2017-05-17 4410: 4401: 4356: 4350: 4339: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4266:, retrieved 4261: 4251: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4184:, retrieved 4156: 4152: 4142: 4097: 4093: 4083: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4015: 4009: 3984: 3981:Biochemistry 3980: 3974: 3962: 3953: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3877: 3873: 3867: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3762: 3758: 3748: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3694: 3690: 3680: 3645: 3641: 3631: 3596: 3592: 3560: 3554: 3509: 3505: 3495: 3460: 3456: 3446: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3339: 3335: 3332: 3309: 3274: 3218: 3214: 3162: 3158: 3148: 3136:. Retrieved 3121: 3114: 3082:(1): 51–64. 3079: 3075: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3049: 3038:. Retrieved 3020: 3006: 2993:Sankar Adhya 2931: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2893: 2889: 2885:Host protein 2881:SOS Response 2865: 2861: 2837: 2813: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2449:to proceed. 2440: 2419: 2415: 2394: 2365: 2313: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2199: 2195: 2177:Description 2111: 2104: 2097:autonegative 2096: 2084: 2058: 2007: 2003: 1996: 1990: 1963: 1958: 1938: 1921: 1917: 1903: 1899: 1889: 1885: 1875: 1871: 1845: 1838: 1815:SOS response 1807:SOS response 1804: 1774: 1767: 1760: 1756: 1749: 1735: 1731: 1724: 1720: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1690: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1642: 1635: 1615: 1608: 1601: 1576: 1572: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1542: 1521: 1512: 1505: 1495: 1488: 1481: 1471: 1464: 1454: 1450: 1440: 1436: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1413: 1406: 1399: 1395: 1388: 1381: 1374: 1370: 1363: 1353: 1346: 1339: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1318: 1300: 1296: 1292:is observed. 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1242: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1182: 1178: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1116: 1109: 1105: 1097: 1091: 1037: 1018: 1014: 1010: 991: 987: 979: 975: 971: 967: 965: 946: 942: 938: 934: 921: 914: 897: 889: 885: 881: 877: 871: 863: 840: 827: 777: 767: 763: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 701: 700:gene in the 697: 690: 689:gene in the 686: 682: 678: 671: 667: 650: 646: 636: 629: 622: 590: 576: 572: 564: 557: 535: 530: 526: 522: 516: 504: 462: 452: 426: 420: 411: 410: 406: 403:lambda phage 402: 397: 396: 395: 378: 377: 365: 354:Siphoviridae 353: 342:Caudovirales 341: 329: 317: 305: 293: 286: 276:(unranked): 255: 238: 219: 201: 195:January 2012 192: 182: 175: 168: 161: 149: 137:Please help 132:verification 129: 99: 90: 79:Please help 74: 50: 43: 37: 36:Please help 33: 5529:Wikispecies 5445:P1-derived 5213:Antisense 5106:Nucleotides 5101:Nucleosides 5096:Nucleobases 4995:Arabidopsis 4966:Tetrahymena 4153:The Enzymes 3966:Interactive 3512:(4): e363. 3007:Lambdavirus 2810:Excisionase 1852:difference. 1533:antibiotics 1121:Pribnow box 913:, binds to 909:Q, another 854:Lytic cycle 739:genes, and 467:lytic cycle 407:coliphage λ 366:Lambdavirus 318:Uroviricota 5605:Categories 5397:Morpholino 5310:Organellar 5218:Processual 5183:Regulatory 5127:non-coding 5016:Drosophila 5009:C. elegans 4983:Neurospora 4417:2023-11-28 4268:2023-11-28 4186:2023-11-28 3348:1156862867 3040:2021-07-24 3013:References 2494:Rz and Rz1 2194:(Clear 3) 2044:. Thus, O 1999:cI protein 1829:DNA repair 1780:promoters. 1525:starvation 1359:promoters. 1264:mRNA than 1031:concatemer 822:terminator 616:supercoils 612:DNA gyrase 595:DNA ligase 541:Life cycle 525:site. The 165:newspapers 39:improve it 5357:Analogues 5342:Hachimoji 5125:(coding, 5080:Types of 5029:Zebrafish 4449:Hopkins N 4445:Ptashne M 4315:0036-8075 4225:1940-3402 4181:239573473 3189:245933331 3159:Structure 2766:Integrase 2487:Endolysin 1941:repressor 1927:Repressor 1785:Induction 1504:Only the 1250:stem-loop 955:endolysin 643:promoters 575:gene) of 546:Infection 475:lysogenic 435:temperate 373:Species: 301:Kingdom: 45:talk page 5588:11459736 5575:10122231 5549:46699559 5514:Wikidata 5480:Category 5415:Phagemid 5266:Ribozyme 4935:genetics 4822:15950866 4776:11872829 4739:10051617 4686:15590784 4643:11282477 4614:15797197 4585:11792317 4393:28971150 4243:29295908 4173:34696840 4134:19098103 4045:Genetics 3910:27435591 3859:18295550 3824:14687564 3759:Genetics 3713:17302807 3672:34379857 3623:21478900 3546:17426811 3506:PLOS ONE 3487:31209249 3301:25742714 3275:Virology 3247:21943085 3181:35026161 3106:17247421 3076:Genetics 2972:See also 2352:3 > O 2288:1 > O 2168:Protein 2155:binding. 2079:1, and O 2028:2 > O 2024:1 > O 2016:2, and O 1567:) via a 1086:protein. 868:bacteria 479:prophage 443:lysogeny 349:Family: 313:Phylum: 5520:Q615868 5420:Plasmid 5023:Xenopus 4952:E. coli 4844:Splasho 4784:2703843 4756:Bibcode 4748:Science 4707:Bibcode 4550:1061069 4518:Bibcode 4497:5244737 4465:Bibcode 4384:5619992 4361:Bibcode 4352:Heliyon 4331:4001944 4323:1694587 4295:Bibcode 4287:Science 4234:5935001 4125:2605630 4102:Bibcode 4075:9691025 4066:1460268 4001:8031775 3945:4688367 3902:4887562 3882:Bibcode 3874:Science 3789:2523838 3780:1203628 3740:6241940 3663:8541928 3614:3125153 3537:1838920 3514:Bibcode 3478:6796895 3438:2951378 3397:8106335 3292:4424060 3238:3224144 3221:: 213. 3097:1209586 2372:2 and O 2344:2 and O 2280:2 and O 2091:3 and O 2063:1 and O 2048:1 and O 1529:poisons 1252:in the 865:E. coli 583:operon. 581:maltose 577:E. coli 565:E. coli 531:E. coli 493:Anatomy 487:lysogen 463:E. coli 427:E. coli 361:Genus: 337:Order: 325:Class: 179:scholar 5562:BPHALA 5435:Fosmid 5430:Cosmid 5380:Hexose 5302:acids 5254:Others 4929:Major 4820: 4782: 4774: 4737: 4727: 4684: 4677:539004 4674: 4641: 4612: 4583: 4548: 4541:388816 4538: 4495: 4488:224915 4485: 4391: 4381: 4329: 4321: 4313: 4241: 4231: 4223: 4179: 4171: 4132: 4122: 4073: 4063: 4022: 3999: 3943: 3908: 3900: 3857: 3822: 3787: 3777: 3738: 3711: 3670: 3660: 3621: 3611: 3567: 3544: 3534: 3485: 3475: 3436: 3395: 3388:205142 3385: 3346: 3299: 3289: 3245: 3235: 3187: 3179: 3138:19 May 3129: 3104: 3094: 3066:: 5–8. 2954:operon 2442:RecBCD 2397:site. 1667:, and 1656:, and 1531:(like 1206:I and 917:sites. 519:genome 483:genome 455:capsid 439:genome 181: 174: 167: 160: 152: 5583:IRMNG 5460:Human 5238:Y RNA 5039:Mouse 4989:Maize 4780:S2CID 4730:26759 4319:JSTOR 4177:S2CID 3906:S2CID 3185:S2CID 2867:antiq 2735:Lysis 2718:Lysis 2701:Lysis 2684:Lysis 2667:Lysis 2650:Lysis 2633:Lysis 2616:Lysis 2599:Lysis 2582:Lysis 2565:Lysis 2548:Lysis 2531:Lysis 2514:Lysis 2497:Lysis 2477:Lysis 2467:Holin 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