971:
754:
565:
260:
452:, that this legislation was unconstitutional. The province of Manitoba is now overwhelmingly English-speaking and the first language of the courts, government ministries, and schools is English. In order to comply with the court's ruling, the provincial legislature is required to enact all of its statutes in both languages and both languages can be used in the Legislative Assembly and the courts. The provincial government has gone beyond the requirements of s. 23 and the Supreme Court decision and now provides government services in both languages, as summarized in the
1615:
363:
1071:. In isolated fishing villages many minority languages persisted in private use, however, until the coming of standardized education in the 19th, and more so the 20th centuries. When Newfoundland joined Confederation in 1949 it had already used English as the sole language of government for several centuries. Today, Newfoundland is the most linguistically homogeneous province in Canada. In 1999, 98% of the population spoke only English as their sole mother tongue. The
471:
2856:
1629:
2868:
114:. No specific policies were enacted for the other provinces, and no provisions were made for the official languages to be used in other elements of the government such the courts, schools, post offices, and so on. The official language policies of the provinces and territories were initially set when they were created by the federal government, or in the case of provinces that were separate colonies before joining Confederation (
135:
871:
851:. Besides French the government does not offer most services in many other languages, but there are exceptions. Official government toll-free lines related subjects like family violence and gambling are available in 170 languages. The government publishes an educational curriculum to assists teachers of Chinese, German, Italian, Japanese, Latin, Punjabi, Spanish, and Ukrainian, as well as of Cree and
956:(2000), Prince Edward Island made a variety of mostly non-binding commitments to provide services in French, but according to a government report (as of 2005), many sections of the Act have not proclaimed into law, as the province is still in the process of building its capacity to deliver services in French.
660:. It is structured as a list of rights, where everyone in Quebec has the right to be served in French by the government and businesses, and also provides rights for speakers of English and aboriginal languages. Most government services are available in both French and English. Regional institutions in the
286:
However, New
Brunswick remains the only province whose provincial government is able to provide equal access to services for either official languages. In the other cases, the recognition sometimes amounts to a formal recognition of official languages, but limited services in official languages other
886:
Nova Scotia had no legal requirement to provide any services in a language other than
English, which was already well-established as the official language when the province joined Confederation in 1867. However the province has an Office of Gaelic Affairs whose mission is "to work with Nova Scotians
445:
provided that
English or French could be used in the courts and the Legislative Assembly, and that all provincial acts had to be enacted in both languages. However, in 1890, the provincial government passed the Official Language Act by which Manitoba became English-only. Nearly a century later, the
236:
guarantees that
Canadian-born or educated parents (not recent immigrants) have a right to educate their children in their choice of either French or English wherever there are "sufficient numbers". This was a major change in that education is normally considered solely provincial jurisdiction, and
919:
During the first half of the 20th century, there were 60 French language schools in Prince Edward Island. However, due to a consolidation of the school system, the number of French schools declined to only one by the late 70s. A second school opened in 1980 and, 20 years later, three new French
83:
included a right of minority-language education that has resulted in policy changes in all of the provinces. Quebec is unique in requiring private businesses to use French and requiring immigrants to send their children to French-language schools. In other provinces there is no requirement that
1595:
First it stated that linguistic minorities were only of a significant size in three provinces, either in absolute numbers (Quebec and
Ontario ) or as a proportion (New Brunswick ), while in the other seven provinces minority communities are quite small, as low as 1.3% in British Columbia
798:
sees a need for French, including tourism and immigration, or where the federal government has provided funding. There is no official policy requiring municipalities in
Alberta to provide services in French, but the Alberta Bilingual Municipalities Network includes the communities of
995:
provides that all acts and regulations can be enacted, printed and published in
English or in English and French. The Act also provides that both English and French may be used in the Legislative Assembly and in Saskatchewan courts. However, the rules of court must be in both
777:
recognizes a right to instruction in French for the official language minority (1988) and right of
Francophones to manage their own schools (1993). Laws may be drafted solely in English and there is no legal requirement that they be translated into French. French may be used
492:
Ontario has a regionalized language policy, where part of the province is
English-only and other areas are bilingual. Province-wide services (such as websites and toll-free telephone numbers) are provided in both English and French. However individuals only have a
1603:(i.e. education). In three provinces (Manitoba, New Brunswick, and Quebec) there are other constitutional rights that come into play, over and above Section 23. In Ontario, there is a developed policy of statutory (not constitutional) minority language rights.
411:
539:
However, Ontario's legislature and judicial systems are officially bilingual, with French made an official language of the legislature in 1970, and the judiciary in 1984. The official languages of the provincial courts was set in s. 125 of the
527:, as well as many other cities, counties, districts, townships, and towns. For the purposes of the policy, the definition of a "Francophone" was broadened in 2009. Previously it included only mother-tongue speakers, however it now includes
628:
1269:
382:
1032:
rights under
Section 23, but also by a provincial policy decision to extend French-language schooling to francophone non-citizens living in British Columbia. There are 59 regional English language school boards in the province and
1119:
speakers. Today the Government offers minimal French-language services through its French-language website, in all other respects, it is English-only, including in the legislature, the courts, the schools, and the civil service.
1062:
Many Aboriginal and European languages were once widely spoken in Newfoundland and Labrador. However, Britain eventually gained firm and unchallenged control of the island and adjacent coast following the French defeat in the
1264:
544:, with s. 126 of the same act outlining the specific rights afforded to a French-speaking party. French-language access within Ontario's judicial administrative offices is also required in designated communities under the
1426:
738:
Most provinces have laws that make either English or both English and French the official language(s) of the legislature and the courts, but may also have separate policies in regards to education and the bureaucracy.
535:
is neither French or English) who "have particular knowledge of French as an official language and use French at home, including many recent immigrants to Ontario for whom French is the language of integration".
2544:
585:
Until 1969, Quebec was the only officially bilingual province in Canada and most public institutions functioned in both languages. English was also used in the legislature, government commissions and courts.
895:
to offer advice and support to provincial government departments, offices, agencies and Crown corporations so that they can develop and adapt policies, programs, and services that reflect the needs of the
1991:
275:
In addition to the federal government, English and French are formally the official languages of the province of Manitoba, New Brunswick, and three territories. In addition to English and French,
214:
By the time Alberta was made a province in 1905, the French language had been dealt a series of aggressive blows, and the use of French in government, the courts and schools was made illegal.
2095:
2789:
1351:
986:
permitted the establishment of designated French schools. Prior to this date, English was the only language which could be used as a language of instruction in Saskatchewan schools. The
786:
in Alberta. There is no requirement that healthcare services be provided in French, and it is left up to the initiative of individual hospitals and clinics. There is no requirement that
690:
233:
1345:
503:(1986). There are 26 regions so designated. These are: areas with 10% or more Francophones; urban centres with 5,000 or more Francophones; and areas previously designated by the
1357:
126:) were inherited from their own histories. Language policies in all provinces have evolved over time in response to changing demographics, public attitudes, and legal rulings.
1363:
1274:
400:
859:
2632:
2570:
2809:
1304:
187:
757:
Map of Alberta Bilingual Municipalities Association (ABMA) communities. The ABMA communities provide services in English and French, although are not required to do so.
2836:
1308:
2548:
1418:
429:
Manitoba stands out amongst the provinces as a province with a small Francophone linguistic minority but above-average constitutional protection of this minority.
1371:
1034:
2351:
1599:
Second, the report suggested that in six of the provinces, governments only offer those minority-language services they are obliged to under Section 23 of the
1874:
1315:
601:
243:
2784:
2753:
2002:
2824:
2774:
2769:
45:
588:
2625:
196:
84:
businesses use a particular language, but English predominates, and immigrants may send their children to English, French or third-language schools.
1558:
Francophone Affairs Branch (French-language Service Centre) / Direction des affaires francophones (Centre de services en langue française Bonjour!).
1592:, identified several potential methods for classifying the provinces based on language circumstances and policies (territories were not included).
2841:
2143:
93:
1491:
2814:
988:
680:
287:
than English. Manitoba was officially bilingual at its creation, became officially Anglophone only, but this was later reversed by the courts.
1006:
In 2010, the Government of Saskatchewan launched a bilingual website that indexes all the services it provides in French: bonjour.gov.sk.ca
2904:
2860:
2829:
2804:
2618:
2099:
1944:
33:, providing services in English and French, several provincial governments have also instituted or legislated their own language policies.
2493:
376:
1918:
862:
aimed at improving services for Franco-Albertans. The province maintains a partial French version of its website, bonjour.alberta.ca.
40:(which was functionally bilingual) and using French in the courts or in schools was often illegal. These developments led to fears by
2742:
832:
694:
1459:
264:
76:
2574:
689:
that the ban on outdoor signs in languages other than French was unconstitutional. The government of Quebec choose to invoke the "
1072:
794:
and charities that work with the provincial government. Other government services are provided in English only, except where the
932:
The French Language School Board was created on July 1, 1990. This was followed by the opening of new French-language school in
1258:
406:
2377:
552:, French-language rights for resident elementary and secondary school students in Ontario are afforded through its provincial
178:
from being overpowered by the incoming English speaking settlers. This guarantee failed, however, and in the aftermath of the
1700:
1673:
1227:
836:
475:
448:
182:, that province was allowed to become officially English-only, until these policies were declared unconstitutional in 1985.
2779:
761:
Alberta inherited its English-only status from the Northwest Territories in 1905, and this was strengthened over time. The
2641:
2529:
2515:
2479:
2465:
941:
53:
36:
From the 1890s until the 1960s, English was the only language in which most government services were provided outside of
26:
44:
nationalists that French speakers would be assimilated into the increasingly Anglophone culture of Ontario, leading the
2899:
1584:
In its January 2012 report on the costs and benefits of official bilingualism at the provincial level in Canada, the
1048:
Outside of education, there is no legal framework for minority language services by the civil service or the courts.
2355:
933:
520:
2070:
63:) ahead of other languages, while the other provinces have begun to offer more and more services in French and in
2747:
1893:
1642:
766:
765:(1988), reaffirmed the unilingual English nature of the province, while recognizing a right to use French in the
119:
30:
1716:
612:
freedom of choice in deciding in which language to educate their children. This was considered too weak by many
1830:
1484:
1104:
632:
631:
investigated how to strengthen the position of French in Quebec. Its recommendations led to the passage of the
617:
577:
60:
2504:
2044:
753:
68:
1412:
970:
791:
2894:
1406:
949:
795:
499:
484:
248:
1738:
783:
653:
123:
564:
404:
that New Brunswick's official bilingualism also applied to municipalities in the province. In 2002 the
338:
2329:
1786:
An Act to Provide that the English Language shall be the Official Language of the Province of Manitoba
715:
2819:
2675:
978:. French has been permitted as an instructional language in Saskatchewan's public schools since 1968.
179:
2799:
593:
115:
2147:
1772:
175:
1042:
512:
395:
207:
394:
was amended in 1993 to clarify that the two language communities are legally equal. In 1999 the
259:
2030:
99:
80:
2121:
1663:
2716:
1690:
1539:
Executive Council and Office of the Premier / Conseil exécutif et Bureau du premier ministre.
1076:
1057:
629:
Commission of Inquiry on the Situation of the French Language and Linguistic Rights in Quebec
609:
597:
504:
318:
306:
280:
268:
2690:
2305:
1520:
French is required for some businesses, no French is required by law for private citizens.
1448:
1270:
An Act Recognizing the Equality of the Two Official Linguistic Communities in New Brunswick
1075:
has no statutory language policy, simply having inherited English from colonial times. The
840:
727:
723:
638:
621:
516:
383:
An Act Recognizing the Equality of the Two Official Linguistic Communities in New Brunswick
374:
New Brunswick has been officially bilingual in English and French since the passing of the
107:
49:
2432:"Office of French Services - Bureau des services en français - Human Resource Secretariat"
882:. The province has attempted to support the language through the Office of Gaelic Affairs.
645:. This made French the sole official language of Quebec and required its use in business.
8:
1374:, Inuit Uqausinginnik Taiguusiliuqtiit and the Federal Commissioner of Official Languages
1100:
1084:
1067:, and English then became the language of administration and commerce, as in most of the
1064:
1038:
820:
699:
482:. Provincial services may be accessed in French or English in designated areas under the
171:
167:
64:
719:
2571:"Direction des affaires francophones (Centre de services en langue française Bonjour!)"
1501:
1220:
852:
812:
770:
685:
657:
613:
569:
528:
441:
310:
203:
155:
154:, where French and Aboriginal languages were more common. The arrival of settlers from
111:
72:
2610:
2867:
2021:
1696:
1669:
974:
Aerial view of École monseigneur de Laval, a public francophone elementary school in
952:
in 2003. The Francophone Affairs Division was established on April 1, 1989 Under the
925:
824:
800:
151:
143:
103:
37:
665:
511:, the provincial capital and Canada's largest municipality (although not all of the
497:
to French-language services in certain designated regions of the province under the
59:
Since that time, Quebec has used provincial law to encourage the use of French (see
2660:
1798:
1634:
1589:
1023:
848:
423:
300:
139:
2408:
1028:
Access to French-language education in British Columbia is determined not only by
296:
2261:
1852:
1378:
1116:
1112:
888:
875:
844:
787:
748:
733:
642:
605:
465:
362:
334:
150:
Prior to becoming part of Canada in 1869, English was a minority language in the
41:
2283:
1853:"Government of Ontario - Office of Francophone Affairs: Map of Designated Areas"
1185:
1068:
804:
773:
to establish French programs at the request of a local advisory committee. The
532:
479:
192:
2352:"The Language Act - Justice and Attorney General - Government of Saskatchewan"
2888:
2872:
2670:
1620:
1252:
945:
673:
367:
314:
254:
238:
163:
159:
2217:
2195:
1831:"Profile of Ontario's Francophone Community, 2009: Concepts and Definitions"
910:
The province also maintains a French-language web portal, gov.ns.ca/bonjour
769:
and before certain courts. The Language Policy in Education (1978) requires
386:
in 1981. New Brunswick's bilingualism was constitutionally enshrined in the
2700:
2431:
1743:
Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages for New Brunswick (OCOLNB)
1525:
975:
330:
251:
that demands timely and sufficient action from the provincial governments.
679:
Several legal challenges have been raised against Bill 101 in the ongoing
2680:
2453:
1552:
1297:
1179:
1099:
languages. Newfoundland was also home to unique regional dialects of the
1041:), no French-language universities but some French-medium instruction at
965:
879:
608:
was taught to all English-speakers and immigrants in Quebec, but allowed
470:
322:
224:
410:
became New Brunswick's new language law, leading to the creation of the
1585:
1092:
828:
816:
191:
of 1891 made English and French official languages in the rest of the
2449:
2284:"Executive Council Office: Executive Council Office Department Guide"
1945:"Language law Bill 96 adopted, promising sweeping changes for Quebec"
1717:"Alberta Online Encyclopedia - Saint Vincent and St. Paul - Language"
1108:
937:
669:
326:
166:
changed the demographic balance, however. One of the outcomes of the
703:
in 1993. The ban on non-French signs was lifted with the passage of
174:
as an officially bilingual province, to protect the French-speaking
2665:
1628:
1210:
1088:
897:
576:. French was named the official language of the province under the
234:
Section Twenty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
2330:"Multicultural Education and Heritage Language Education policies"
412:
Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages for New Brunswick
2721:
2685:
2655:
2196:"About Us - Office of Gaelic Affairs - Government of Nova Scotia"
2170:
1496:
1400:
1339:
1166:
1096:
1080:
870:
839:
Francophone school boards in Alberta in addition to the existing
711:
704:
661:
508:
344:
276:
1692:
Is Quebec Nationalism Just?: Perspectives from Anglophone Canada
370:. The province is one of only two bilingual provinces in Canada.
2695:
1478:
891:
and culture in the Province" and an Office of Acadian Affairs:
808:
779:
573:
524:
134:
734:
Officially English with services in French and other languages
2726:
2545:"Francophone Affairs Branch (French-language Service Centre)"
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
350:
283:
have additional languages legislated as official languages.
202:
This trend continued to the creation of the new provinces of
2239:
1875:"French as an Official Language of the Legislative Assembly"
1161:
Language policies affecting businesses and private citizens
656:
in August 1977, under the Parti Québécois government led by
2494:
Saskatchewan: Executive Council and Office of the Premier.
1579:
1387:
English (predominantly, some Inuit language, rarely French)
1384:
English (predominantly, some Inuit language, rarely French)
1001:- Ministry of Justice and Attorney General of Saskatchewan.
1972:
255:
Officially bilingual or multilingual provinces/territories
2146:. Education.alberta.ca. December 28, 2006. Archived from
790:
be provided in French and this is left up to individual
146:
in 1869, English was a minority language in that region.
2640:
2448:
The Inuit language is not used often and it is usually
1992:"Municipal Affairs: Error Message - 404 Page Not Found"
1137:
Ministry or department responsible for language policy
271:
featuring several of the territory's official languages
2122:"Alberta Education - International Languages Programs"
23:
language policies of Canada's province and territories
1107:
languages, now extinct, as well as smaller groups of
459:
244:
Doucet-Boudreau v Nova Scotia (Minister of Education)
1661:
1610:
1427:
Office of the French Language Services Commissioner
2071:"Alberta unveils first French policy | Alberta.ca"
926:http://www.gov.pe.ca/focus/segment.php3?number=813
46:Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
2168:
693:" to shield the legislation from the courts. The
559:
439:When Manitoba was established, section 23 of the
29:. Although the federal government operates as an
2886:
1688:
1665:Law, Politics and the Judicial Process in Canada
683:. In 1988, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in
1892:Dupuis, Serge; Cooper, Celine (June 13, 2019).
589:An Act to promote the French language in Québec
94:Timeline of official languages policy in Canada
2505:Conseil exécutif et Bureau du premier ministre
2409:"Language: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage"
2378:"About - Bonjour - Government of Saskatchewan"
2098:. Alberta.ca. October 31, 2008. Archived from
347:: English, Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun, and French.
2626:
714:is adopted, with 78 MNAs in favour (from the
507:between 1978 and 1985. Notably this includes
2754:Proposed provinces and territories of Canada
1925:. Queen's Printer for Ontario. June 25, 2012
1891:
1825:
1823:
1668:. University of Calgary Press. p. 509.
1190:Francophone Secretariat of Municipal Affairs
1051:
2240:"Bonjour! | Government of Nova Scotia"
681:legal dispute over Quebec's language policy
377:New Brunswick Official Languages Act (1969)
2633:
2619:
1193:English (French official, but rarely used)
102:in 1867, English and French were made the
2743:Former colonies and territories in Canada
2124:. Education.alberta.ca. December 28, 2006
1820:
1682:
1655:
1238:English (French official but rarely used)
1235:English (French official but rarely used)
1196:English (French official but rarely used)
982:In Saskatchewan, a 1968 amendment to the
710:On May 24 2022, Quebec's French Language
695:United Nations Commission on Human Rights
2456:and French are official but rarely used.
2045:"Canadian Heritage - Services - Alberta"
1913:
1911:
1894:"French Language Services Act (Ontario)"
1580:Evaluation of provincial language policy
1134:Legislation on official language policy
1037:. There is one French language college (
1009:
969:
869:
752:
563:
469:
361:
265:Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre
258:
197:Legislature of the Northwest Territories
133:
87:
2144:"Alberta Education - Programs of Study"
1492:Office québécois de la langue française
1073:Government of Newfoundland and Labrador
913:
550:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
388:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
2887:
1989:
835:. Since 1993 there have been distinct
2614:
2064:
2062:
1908:
1228:Reference Re Manitoba Language Rights
858:In June 2017 the province unveiled a
476:Ministry of Transportation of Ontario
449:Reference Re Manitoba Language Rights
1695:. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 61.
1241:English (predominantly, some French)
2905:Provinces and territories of Canada
2642:Provinces and territories of Canada
2354:. Justice.gov.sk.ca. Archived from
2068:
1123:
1115:, Spanish, Portuguese, German, and
1035:one province-wide francophone board
1017:
548:. In addition to section 23 of the
27:provinces and territories of Canada
13:
2059:
1352:Languages Commissioner for Nunavut
1265:Commissioner of Official Languages
620:and increased support for the new
460:Regionalized bilingualism: Ontario
290:
48:(1963–1969) to recommend that the
14:
2916:
2306:"French Language Services Report"
1799:"French-Language Services Policy"
1719:. Abheritage.ca. December 8, 2010
1155:Language(s) of the Civil Service
616:, leading to the creation of the
446:Supreme Court of Canada held, in
2866:
2855:
2854:
1923:Ministry of the Attorney General
1627:
1613:
1437:English (French in some regions)
357:
229:on the provinces and territories
31:officially bilingual institution
2748:Territorial evolution of Canada
2598:
2589:
2563:
2537:
2523:
2509:
2498:
2487:
2473:
2459:
2442:
2423:
2401:
2392:
2370:
2344:
2322:
2298:
2276:
2254:
2232:
2210:
2188:
2162:
2136:
2114:
2088:
2037:
1963:
1937:
1885:
1867:
1845:
1739:"History of Official Languages"
1643:Official bilingualism in Canada
1149:Language(s) of the Legislature
959:
920:schools opened in the province.
767:Legislative Assembly of Alberta
568:A French-language road sign in
454:French Language Services Policy
129:
65:other languages besides English
56:offer more services in French.
2429:
1999:www.municipalaffairs.gov.ab.ca
1881:. Queen's Printer for Ontario.
1791:
1779:
1765:
1756:
1731:
1709:
1485:Charter of the French Language
865:
833:Smoky River Municipal District
650:Charter of the French Language
560:Officially French-only: Quebec
456:, last updated in March 1999.
247:have indicated that this is a
199:declared itself English-only.
61:Charter of the French Language
1:
2047:. Pch.gc.ca. December 9, 2008
1919:"Access to justice in French"
1662:Frederick Lee Morton (2002).
1648:
1413:Office of Francophone Affairs
1394:Inuit Language Protection Act
1358:Inuit Language Protection Act
1083:language, and also seen some
1079:was once the homeland of the
366:A bilingual welcome sign for
1407:French Language Services Act
1381:(sometimes), French (rarely)
1275:Moncton (City) v. Charlebois
954:French Language Services Act
648:Bill 22 was replaced by the
637:or "Bill 22" in 1974 by the
546:French Language Services Act
500:French Language Services Act
485:French Language Services Act
401:Moncton (City) v. Charlebois
170:of 1870 was the creation of
7:
2531:Loi de 1995 sur l'Ă©ducation
1606:
1547:Loi de 1995 sur l'Ă©ducation
1158:Language(s) of the Schools
722:) and 29 against (from the
604:to ensure that French as a
417:
380:. This was complemented by
219:Alberta Online Encyclopedia
16:Language policies in Canada
10:
2921:
2286:. Gov.pe.ca. April 1, 1989
2242:. Gov.ns.ca. July 25, 2011
1969:Vaillancourt, et al., viii
1152:Language(s) of the Courts
1055:
1021:
963:
900:and francophone community.
746:
742:
592:was passed in 1969 by the
463:
421:
294:
91:
2900:Language policy in Canada
2850:
2762:
2735:
2709:
2676:Newfoundland and Labrador
2648:
2029:Cite uses generic title (
1689:Joseph H. Carens (1995).
1305:Office of Acadian Affairs
1130:
1052:Newfoundland and Labrador
905:Office of Acadian Affairs
618:Mouvement Québec français
474:A bilingual sign for the
188:Northwest Territories Act
180:Manitoba Schools Question
2604:Vaillancourt, et al., vi
2218:"Acadian Affairs - Home"
2069:Alberta, Government of.
1776:, SC 1870, c. 3, s. 23.
1762:Vallincourt et al., viii
1309:Office of Gaelic Affairs
874:A bilingual English and
847:boards which also offer
2595:Vaillancourt, et al., v
2483:, LS 1988-89, c. L-6,1.
2169:Government of Alberta.
2096:"Government of Alberta"
1043:Simon Fraser University
652:(Bill 101) by Quebec's
627:From 1968 to 1973, the
521:National Capital Region
519:are included), and the
513:regional municipalities
396:Supreme Court of Canada
2469:, SS 1988-89, c. L-6.1
2175:www.bonjour.alberta.ca
1346:Official Languages Act
1259:Official Languages Act
1131:Province or Territory
1077:island of Newfoundland
1004:
979:
930:
908:
883:
758:
691:notwithstanding clause
582:
489:
437:
407:Official Languages Act
371:
272:
241:. Court cases such as
222:
147:
81:Constitution of Canada
2717:Northwest Territories
2398:Vallincourt et al., 9
1990:Government, Alberta.
1372:Minister of Languages
1328:English (some French)
1091:coast is home to the
1058:Franco-Newfoundlander
993:
973:
917:
893:
873:
796:provincial government
756:
634:Official Language Act
598:Jean-Jacques Bertrand
579:Official Language Act
567:
542:Courts of Justice Act
505:Government of Ontario
473:
427:
365:
353:: English and French.
307:Northwest Territories
281:Northwest Territories
269:Northwest Territories
262:
212:
210:in 1905, and beyond.
137:
92:Further information:
88:History (before 1982)
2691:Prince Edward Island
2533:, LS 1995, c. E-0,2.
2519:, SS 1995, c. E-0.2.
1449:Prince Edward Island
914:Prince Edward Island
639:Quebec Liberal Party
337:, South Slavey, and
120:Prince Edward Island
112:Parliament of Quebec
108:Parliament of Canada
69:aboriginal languages
50:Government of Canada
2895:Languages of Canada
2517:Education Act, 1995
2380:. Bonjour.gov.sk.ca
2150:on January 19, 2011
1543:Education Act, 1995
1039:Educacentre College
837:separate and public
700:Ballantyne v Canada
697:ruled similarly in
614:Quebec nationalists
317:, English, French,
168:Red River Rebellion
73:immigrant languages
2436:www.exec.gov.nl.ca
2332:. Sasked.gov.sk.ca
2102:on October 6, 2011
1896:. Historica Canada
1773:Manitoba Act, 1870
1570:English and French
1564:English and French
1561:English and French
1517:French and English
1511:English and French
1508:English and French
1440:English and French
1434:English and French
1431:English and French
1331:English and French
1290:English and French
1287:English and French
1284:English and French
1281:English and French
1244:English and French
1221:Manitoba Act, 1870
1202:English and French
1140:Other legislation
980:
887:in the renewal of
884:
759:
686:Ford v Quebec (AG)
668:offer services in
602:education ministry
600:. It required the
583:
490:
442:Manitoba Act, 1870
372:
273:
195:. But in 1892 the
148:
144:transfer to Canada
104:official languages
2882:
2881:
2795:Language policies
2551:on April 13, 2018
2171:"Bonjour Alberta"
1788:, SM 1890, c. 14.
1702:978-0-7735-1342-6
1675:978-1-55238-046-8
1577:
1576:
1460:Arsenault-Cameron
860:new French Policy
784:provincial courts
654:National Assembly
106:of debate in the
25:vary between the
2912:
2870:
2858:
2857:
2661:British Columbia
2635:
2628:
2621:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2573:. Archived from
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2547:. Archived from
2541:
2535:
2527:
2521:
2513:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2481:Loi linguistique
2477:
2471:
2463:
2457:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2411:. Heritage.nf.ca
2405:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2358:on July 20, 2011
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2008:on March 7, 2012
2007:
2001:. Archived from
1996:
1987:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1827:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1659:
1637:
1635:Languages portal
1632:
1631:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1590:Fraser Institute
1535:Loi linguistique
1390:Varies by school
1128:
1127:
1124:Comparison table
1065:Seven Years' War
1024:Franco-Columbian
1018:British Columbia
1002:
928:
906:
849:French immersion
720:Québec solidaire
435:
434:Fraser Institute
424:Franco-Manitoban
339:Tłįchǫ or Dogrib
301:Franco-Yukonnais
237:policy had been
220:
124:British Columbia
2920:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2846:
2758:
2731:
2705:
2644:
2639:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2599:
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2564:
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2552:
2543:
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2538:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2499:
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2460:
2447:
2443:
2428:
2424:
2414:
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2407:
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2402:
2397:
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2381:
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2335:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2311:
2308:
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2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2067:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1994:
1988:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1890:
1886:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1855:. Ofa.gov.on.ca
1851:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1797:
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1792:
1784:
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1660:
1656:
1651:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1582:
1316:Doucet-Boudreau
1146:Other agencies
1126:
1060:
1054:
1026:
1020:
1015:
1003:
1000:
968:
962:
929:
924:
916:
907:
904:
889:Gaelic language
876:Canadian Gaelic
868:
845:separate school
788:social services
751:
749:Franco-Albertan
745:
736:
728:Parti Québécois
666:northern Quebec
643:Robert Bourassa
622:Parti Québécois
606:second language
594:Union Nationale
562:
468:
466:Franco-Ontarian
462:
436:
433:
426:
420:
360:
303:
293:
291:The territories
263:Signage at the
257:
231:
221:
218:
142:. Prior to its
132:
98:At the time of
96:
90:
77:1982 amendments
42:French-Canadian
17:
12:
11:
5:
2918:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2876:
2864:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2780:Extreme points
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2597:
2588:
2577:on May 5, 2018
2562:
2536:
2522:
2508:
2497:
2486:
2472:
2458:
2441:
2422:
2400:
2391:
2369:
2343:
2321:
2297:
2275:
2253:
2231:
2209:
2187:
2161:
2135:
2113:
2087:
2075:www.alberta.ca
2058:
2036:
1971:
1962:
1951:. May 24, 2022
1936:
1907:
1884:
1866:
1844:
1819:
1790:
1778:
1764:
1755:
1730:
1708:
1701:
1681:
1674:
1653:
1652:
1650:
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1639:
1638:
1624:
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1605:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
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1549:
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1528:
1522:
1521:
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1509:
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1504:
1499:
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1489:
1481:
1475:
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1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1455:
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1451:
1445:
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1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:Inuit language
1375:
1369:
1367:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
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1313:
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1125:
1122:
1087:speakers. The
1069:British Empire
1053:
1050:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1008:
998:
961:
958:
922:
915:
912:
902:
867:
864:
744:
741:
735:
732:
641:government of
596:government of
561:
558:
533:first language
531:(people whose
480:St. Catharines
461:
458:
431:
419:
416:
359:
356:
355:
354:
348:
342:
292:
289:
256:
253:
249:positive right
230:
225:Effect of the
223:
216:
131:
128:
89:
86:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2917:
2906:
2903:
2901:
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2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
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2687:
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2671:New Brunswick
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1621:Canada portal
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1419:Education Act
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1364:Education Act
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1172:Languages Act
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1007:
997:
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967:
957:
955:
951:
948:in 2000, and
947:
943:
939:
935:
927:
921:
911:
901:
899:
892:
890:
881:
878:road sign in
877:
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818:
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810:
806:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
776:
772:
771:school boards
768:
764:
763:Languages Act
755:
750:
740:
731:
729:
725:
724:Liberal Party
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
701:
696:
692:
688:
687:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:René Lévesque
655:
651:
646:
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636:
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630:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
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580:
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571:
566:
557:
555:
554:Education Act
551:
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502:
501:
496:
487:
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2290:November 2,
2268:November 2,
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2224:November 2,
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2128:November 2,
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2051:November 2,
2012:December 8,
1879:www.ola.org
1859:November 2,
1837:November 2,
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1723:November 2,
1553:R v Mercure
1298:Nova Scotia
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942:West Prince
880:Nova Scotia
866:Nova Scotia
775:Schools Act
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2889:Categories
2815:Population
2750:after 1867
2736:Historical
1808:. May 2017
1649:References
1586:think tank
1488:"Bill 101"
1180:School Act
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