246:, problem-solving therapy, and interpersonal therapy. Life review therapy is another type of therapy with evidence supporting its usefulness in older adults with moderate depression. The potential benefit of psychotherapy is not diminished by increasing age. Older adults often have better treatment compliance, lower dropout rates, and more positive responses to psychotherapy than younger patients. While therapy can be beneficial, it is not always provided due to factors such as lack of trained therapists or lack of coverage by health insurance.
255:
can be used differently to additionally help those on top of mental health issues but cognitive, physical, and behavioral/emotional disabilities as well. Art therapy has been seen to help those in their late life, engage, and support healthy habits. Specifically, those with depression have been seen to relax, hit physical and emotional distress, and overall increase well-being over time, the longer the participation. Patients are able to express themselves in ways where it may be hard to communicate.
358:
course of ECT treatment ranges from 6 to 12 treatments, with some requiring more or less. A normal treatment schedule in the United States might include three treatments a week on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Two treatments a week compares favorably with three and can also be used. Maintenance ECT, which is ECT given longitudinally after the initial set of acute treatments, also helps depression in late life and helps prevent reoccurring depression.
91:, a patient must have five of the nine symptoms listed below nearly every day for at least two weeks and must have at least either a depressed mood or anhedonia. The symptoms they are facing must also harm their ability to function in daily life and must not be better explained by a medical illness or a substance. To further meet criteria for
387:, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. Nearly five million of the 31 million Americans who are 65 years or older are clinically depressed, and one million have major depression. Approximately 3% of healthy elderly persons living in the community have major depression. Recurrence may be as high as 40%.
202:
dementia causes late life depression. Studies that have directly tried to determine whether depression is an independent risk factor for dementia have led to inconclusive results. Guidelines exist to help clinicians distinguish dementia versus a primary psychiatric disorder as the cause of a late-life depression diagnosis.
361:
If an older person requires hospitalization for their depression, ECT has been shown in multiple studies to work faster than medicine and reduce mortality associated with depression. Even in cases such as depression following a stroke, ECT can be efficacious; however, the evidence is not as strong on
308:
are no longer the first line therapy for depression, but can still benefit patients who do not respond to initial therapies. TCAs have also demonstrated a unique ability to prevent re-occurrence of depression following electroconvulsive therapy. TCAs are typically not used initially due to their side
598:
Lebowitz, Barry D.; Pearson, Jane L.; Schneider, Lon S.; Reynolds, Charles F. III; Alexopoulos, George S.; Bruce, Martha
Livingston; Conwell, Yeates; Katz, Ira R.; Meyers, Barnett S.; Morrison, Mary F.; Mossey, Jana; Niederehe, George; Parmelee, Patricia (8 October 1997). "Diagnosis and Treatment of
422:
is a clinically significant depressive disorder that does not fulfill the duration criterion or the number of symptoms necessary for the diagnosis of major depression. Minor depression, which is more common than major depression in elderly patients, may follow a major depressive episode. It also can
201:
Research suggests that individuals with late life depression are more likely to develop
Alzheimer's Disease, vascular dementia, and all-cause dementia. Dementia, however, can present early in its disease course with depressive symptoms, meaning that this association could actually be reflecting that
32:
Late-life depression is often underdiagnosed, which is due to numerous reasons, including that depressed mood is commonly not as prominent as other somatic and psychotic symptoms such as loss of appetite, disruptions in sleep, lack of energy or anergia, fatigue, and loss of interest and enjoyment in
357:
that does not respond well to the above treatments. In the geriatric population specifically, including patients over the age of 85, ECT provides a safe and effective treatment option. Compared to treatment with younger patients, ECT appears to work more effectively in the older patients. A typical
337:
A 2016 Cochrane review provided limited evidence that continuing antidepressant medication for one year seems to reduce the risk of depression recurrence with no additional harm. However, a robust recommendation can not be drawn about psychological treatments or combination treatments in preventing
48:
does not specifically define diagnostic criteria for late-life depression and concludes that the characteristics of major depressive disorder do not vary by age, although research suggests that late life depression can present differently, as described above. Broadly speaking, however, diagnosis is
254:
Art therapy can be suggested to those with depression, Alzheimer's, dementia, anxiety, and other mental health issues. Up to 27% of older adults have been diagnosed with depression in the U.S. Thus art therapy and its several uses, whether physical(dancing), auditory (music), or visual (painting),
270:
for acute episodes of depression usually is effective and free of complications. Antidepressant medications are often the first treatment choice for adults with moderate or severe depression, sometimes along with psychotherapy. The most promising therapeutic effect is achieved when the treatment
258:
It has also been found that patients do not even need to partake in the use of art, as "studies have found that a landscape picture in a hospital room had reduced need for narcotic pain killers and less time in recovery at the hospital." The use of art as a form of therapy helps patients who are
37:
as an acceptable response to life stress or a normal part of aging. Additional reasons for the difficulty in diagnosis include: medical illnesses and medication side effects that present similarly to depression, difficulty communicating with providers, lack of time in an appointment, and beliefs
328:
lowers glutamate sensitivity, providing protection against the glutamate overwhelming and exciting key brain areas related to depression. Although antidepressants may not cure depression, they can lead to remission, which is the disappearance or nearly complete reduction of depression symptoms.
172:
and function that cause either late-life or earlier-onset depression are unknown. Certain theories claim that late-life depression may result from dopamine and norepinephrine misregulation. Additionally, pituitary and adrenal imbalances accompany typical cases of late-life depression. The exact
56:
The
American Psychological Association and other clinical recommendations also recognize the spectrum of depressive symptoms that extend beyond the formal criteria for major depressive disorder, including subthreshold/minor depression and dysthymic disorder; these diagnoses that fall under the
24:
refers to depression occurring in older adults and has diverse presentations, including as a recurrence of early-onset depression, a new diagnosis of late-onset depression, and a mood disorder resulting from a separate medical condition, substance use, or medication regimen. Research regarding
226:, and lower health care costs. Improvement should be evident as early as two weeks after the start of therapy, but full therapeutic effects may require several months of treatment. Therapy for older patients should be continued for longer periods than are typically used in younger patients.
391:
rates are nearly twice as high in depressed patients as in the general population. Major depression is more common in medically ill patients who are older than 70 years and hospitalized or institutionalized. Severe or chronic diseases associated with high rates of depression include
293:
have not been studied extensively in older adults but appear to offer some benefit. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) similarly have been shown to offer some benefit, but have not been studied extensively MAOIs must be used with caution to prevent side effects such as
177:
and function that cause either late-life or earlier onset depression are unclear. It is known, however, that brain changes can be triggered by the stresses of certain life events such as illness, childbirth, death of a loved one, life transitions (such as retirement),
3115:
Slotema CW, Blom JD, Hoek HW, Sommer IE (July 2010). "Should we expand the toolbox of psychiatric treatment methods to include
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)? A meta-analysis of the efficacy of rTMS in psychiatric disorders".
1432:
Ducharme, Simon; Pearl-Dowler, Leora; Gossink, Flora; McCarthy, Jillian; Lai, Jimmy; Dickerson, Bradford C.; Chertkow, Howard; Rapin, Lucile; Vijverberg, Everard; Krudop, Welmoed; Dols, Annemieke; Pijnenburg, Yolande (1 January 2019).
446:, and SLC6A4 may be attributed to an increased risk. Regions of the brain that have been associated with these genes are hippocampal remodeling and the endocrine pathway of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal axis when managing stress.
439:) may help direct the search for microscopic abnormalities in brain structure and function responsible for late life depression. Ultimately, imaging technologies may serve as tools for early diagnosis and subtyping of depression.
33:
normal life activities. Concurrent medical problems and lower functional expectations of elderly patients also often obscure the degree of impairment caused by late-life depression. Elderly persons sometimes dismiss less severe
2892:
van Schaik AM, Comijs HC, Sonnenberg CM, Beekman AT, Sienaert P, Stek ML (January 2012). "Efficacy and safety of continuation and maintenance electroconvulsive therapy in depressed elderly patients: a systematic review".
3068:"Efficacy and acceptability of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) versus electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for major depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials"
198:, use of certain medications, stressful life events, and specific cardiovascular complications. These complications most notably include hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking tendencies, and hypercholesterolemia.
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Rhebergen D, Huisman A, Bouckaert F, Kho K, Kok R, Sienaert P, et al. (March 2015). "Older age is associated with rapid remission of depression after electroconvulsive therapy: a latent class growth analysis".
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Mittmann N, Herrmann N, Shulman KI, Silver IL, Busto UE, Borden EK, et al. (October 1999). "The effectiveness of antidepressants in elderly depressed outpatients: a prospective case series study".
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Genetics research studying late life depression is focused on identifying associated genetic markers linked to the development of late life depression. It is understood that genetic variants of APOE,
1435:"The Frontotemporal Dementia versus Primary Psychiatric Disorder (FTD versus PPD) Checklist: A Bedside Clinical Tool to Identify Behavioral Variant FTD in Patients with Late-Onset Behavioral Changes"
1704:
Dunphy, Kim; Baker, Felicity A.; Dumaresq, Ella; Carroll-Haskins, Katrina; Eickholt, Jasmin; Ercole, Maya; Kaimal, Girija; Meyer, Kirsten; Sajnani, Nisha; Shamir, Opher Y.; Wosch, Thomas (2019).
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and prescribing inadequate dosages are the most common mistakes physicians make when treating elderly patients for depression. Only 10% to 40% of depressed elderly patients are given medication.
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65:, along with lifestyle changes such as exercise, bright light therapy, and family support. In patients who do not respond to initial treatments, neurostimulation techniques such as
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Tsang, Ruby S. M.; Mather, Karen A.; Sachdev, Perminder S.; Reppermund, Simone (April 2017). "Systematic review and meta-analysis of genetic studies of late-life depression".
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engaged with it physically or visually. Those within their late life, diagnosed with depression can participate regardless of age, gender, or physical/mental disability.
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role in how they relieve anxiety and depression. It's thought that antidepressants may increase the effects of brain receptors that help nerve cells keep sensitivity to
38:
about mental illness and treatment from the patient, friends, family members, and society. Even when diagnosed, late-life depression is frequently undertreated as well.
281:, commonly referred to as SSRIs, are considered first line pharmacotherapy for depression in late life as they are more tolerable and safer than other antidepressants.
2397:
2047:
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be a reaction to routine stressors in older populations. 15–50% of patients with minor depression develop major depression within two years.
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Appetite disturbance (increased or decreased appetite) typically with weight change
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1524:
1481:
1356:Sekhon, Sandeep; Patel, Jason; Sapra, Amit.
1355:
1212:
1182:Lichtenberg, Pesach; Belmaker, R.H. (2010).
1102:
1096:
948:
922:The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
913:
494:
283:Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
113:(loss of interest in pleasurable activities)
3157:Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series
2620:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2080:
2078:
1961:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
954:
791:
748:
708:"Research advances in geriatric depression"
699:
3235:
2275:
1948:
163:
3168:
3083:
2972:
2863:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2731:
2639:
2590:
2514:
2504:
2441:
2439:
2336:
2219:
2178:
1980:
1931:
1848:
1739:
1721:
1556:
1408:
1246:
1148:
1071:
731:
706:Alexopoulos GS, Kelly RE (October 2009).
682:
528:
72:
53:criteria for major depressive disorder.
2614:Wilkinson P, Izmeth Z (September 2016).
2075:
1531:Smith GS, Alexopoulos GS (August 2009).
1219:The Psychiatric Clinics of North America
919:
2858:
279:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
3329:
3281:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
2445:
2436:
1764:"Aging: What's Art Got To Do With It?"
1533:"Neuroimaging in geriatric psychiatry"
554:
2456:10.1176/appi.books.9781615371624.as09
1871:
1184:"Subtyping Major Depressive Disorder"
1130:
1128:
1126:
1024:
1022:
996:
994:
2706:Kerner N, Prudic J (February 2014).
1029:American Psychological Association.
854:
852:
850:
848:
644:
642:
640:
638:
550:
548:
490:
488:
486:
152:Thoughts of wishing they were dead;
16:Depression occurring in older adults
557:The New England Journal of Medicine
341:
13:
3203:The American Journal of Psychiatry
3118:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
2930:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
2540:The American Journal of Psychiatry
2363:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
2171:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00198.x
1794:Population Health Learning Network
1502:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2005.tb06849.x
1315:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1123:
1019:
991:
934:10.1097/01.JGP.0000224600.37387.4b
887:The American Journal of Psychiatry
800:The American Journal of Psychiatry
724:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2009.tb00234.x
262:
14:
3353:
2961:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1821:American Journal of Public Health
845:
635:
545:
483:
366:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
3151:Health Quality, Ontario (2016).
2677:10.1097/00124509-200403000-00004
2153:Anttila SA, Leinonen EV (2001).
2018:10.2165/00002512-200118050-00006
1872:Flood, Matthew (1 August 2019).
1490:The Medical Journal of Australia
1188:Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
1159:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
613:10.1001/jama.1997.03550140078045
229:
3293:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.028
3272:
3229:
3194:
3185:
3144:
3108:
3059:
3024:
2989:
2921:
2885:
2861:Brain Stimulation in Psychiatry
2852:
2827:
2791:
2748:
2699:
2656:
2607:
2389:
2353:
2312:
2269:
2244:
2195:
2146:
2103:
2040:
1997:
1904:Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry
1891:
1865:
1808:
1781:
1756:
1619:
1425:
1368:
1349:
1306:
1263:
1206:
1175:
1047:
877:
371:
351:electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
67:electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
2632:10.1002/14651858.cd006727.pub3
1439:Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
1272:Journal of Affective Disorders
826:
591:
249:
1:
3250:10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00006-6
2402:Journal of Psychopharmacology
969:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66665-2
476:
214:, combining pharmacotherapy,
205:
2907:10.1097/JGP.0b013e31820dcbf9
2552:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.10.1830
2506:10.1371/journal.pone.0003267
2221:10.1016/0006-3223(86)90222-2
1362:National Library of Medicine
240:cognitive behavioral therapy
7:
1916:10.1590/1516-4446-2017-2250
1768:todaysgeriatricmedicine.com
1327:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.6.1147
812:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1588
667:10.1176/appi.focus.20210006
471:Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
449:
426:
10:
3358:
3215:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.637
2813:10.1016/j.jagp.2014.05.002
2757:Current Psychiatry Reports
2592:10.1182/blood-2002-07-2044
2061:10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.3.227
1796:. Annals of Long Term Care
899:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.3.479
3342:Major depressive disorder
3337:Aging-associated diseases
3010:10.1176/appi.ajgp.13.2.88
2974:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148213
2769:10.1007/s11920-016-0674-5
1973:10.1002/14651858.CD000561
1647:10.1017/S0033291711002042
1393:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.118307
1284:10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.010
1231:10.1016/j.psc.2013.08.001
1105:American Family Physician
769:10.1017/S003329170700102X
513:10.1016/j.psc.2013.08.001
466:Major depressive disorder
306:Tricyclic antidepressants
93:Major Depressive Disorder
79:Major Depressive Disorder
2869:10.1017/cbo9780511736216
2414:10.1177/0269881107088441
2338:10.1001/jama.285.10.1299
1833:10.2105/AJPH.2008.156497
1723:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02655
244:supportive psychotherapy
212:biopsychosocial approach
89:major depressive episode
27:major depressive episode
3130:10.4088/JCP.08m04872gre
1710:Frontiers in Psychology
456:Clinical geropsychology
188:chronic medical illness
180:interpersonal conflicts
164:Causes and Risk Factors
143:Psychomotor retardation
87:To meet criteria for a
3072:Depression and Anxiety
1635:Psychological Medicine
1358:"Late-Life Depression"
757:Psychological Medicine
461:Deep brain stimulation
398:coronary heart disease
73:Symptoms and diagnosis
3238:Biological Psychiatry
2208:Biological Psychiatry
569:10.1056/NEJMcp1402180
168:The exact changes in
107:Depressed or sad mood
2375:10.4088/jcp.v60n1008
196:alcohol use disorder
22:Late-life depression
3045:10.1176/jnp.4.2.140
2859:Kellner CH (2012).
2497:2008PLoSO...3.3267T
501:Psychiatric Clinics
410:Alzheimer's disease
406:Parkinson's disease
338:recurrence.
2665:The Journal of ECT
1451:10.3233/JAD-180839
296:serotonin syndrome
2878:978-0-511-73621-6
2465:978-1-58562-523-9
2006:Drugs & Aging
1200:10.1159/000286957
1168:978-0-89042-555-8
963:(9475): 1961–70.
835:Psychiatric Times
607:(14): 1186–1190.
300:adrenergic crisis
154:suicidal ideation
3349:
3321:
3320:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3172:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3087:
3085:10.1002/da.22060
3063:
3057:
3056:
3028:
3022:
3021:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2976:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2724:10.2217/npy.14.3
2703:
2697:
2696:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2643:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2594:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2508:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2443:
2434:
2433:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2331:(10): 1299–307.
2316:
2310:
2309:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2223:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2182:
2159:CNS Drug Reviews
2150:
2144:
2143:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1935:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1852:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1743:
1725:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1632:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1597:10.1002/gps.1988
1580:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1549:10.1002/gps.2335
1528:
1522:
1521:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1412:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1321:(6): 1147–1156.
1310:
1304:
1303:
1278:(1–3): 172–179.
1267:
1261:
1260:
1250:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1152:
1142:
1132:
1121:
1120:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1075:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1026:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1012:
998:
989:
988:
952:
946:
945:
917:
911:
910:
881:
875:
874:
872:
870:
856:
843:
842:
830:
824:
823:
795:
789:
788:
752:
746:
745:
735:
712:World Psychiatry
703:
697:
696:
686:
646:
633:
632:
595:
589:
588:
552:
543:
542:
532:
492:
420:Minor depression
377:Major depression
355:major depression
347:Neurostimulation
342:Neurostimulation
184:social isolation
158:suicide attempts
139:or worthlessness
101:bipolar disorder
3357:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3277:
3273:
3234:
3230:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3149:
3145:
3113:
3109:
3064:
3060:
3029:
3025:
2994:
2990:
2953:
2949:
2926:
2922:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2841:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2796:
2792:
2753:
2749:
2712:Neuropsychiatry
2704:
2700:
2661:
2657:
2626:(9): CD006727.
2612:
2608:
2571:
2567:
2536:
2532:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2444:
2437:
2394:
2390:
2358:
2354:
2317:
2313:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2214:(12): 1155–66.
2200:
2196:
2151:
2147:
2124:10.1002/gps.424
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2076:
2045:
2041:
2002:
1998:
1967:(2): CD000561.
1953:
1949:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1870:
1866:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1797:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1702:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1581:
1574:
1529:
1525:
1486:
1482:
1430:
1426:
1373:
1369:
1354:
1350:
1311:
1307:
1268:
1264:
1211:
1207:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1150:10.1.1.988.5627
1133:
1124:
1111:(10): 2375–82.
1101:
1097:
1073:10.1002/gps.944
1066:(10): 894–904.
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1000:
999:
992:
953:
949:
918:
914:
882:
878:
868:
866:
858:
857:
846:
831:
827:
806:(9): 1588–601.
796:
792:
753:
749:
704:
700:
647:
636:
596:
592:
563:(13): 1228–36.
553:
546:
493:
484:
479:
452:
431:Brain imaging (
429:
381:mental disorder
374:
349:, specifically
344:
318:neuroprotective
273:antidepressants
268:Pharmacotherapy
265:
263:Pharmacotherapy
252:
236:adverse effects
232:
220:quality of life
208:
175:brain chemistry
170:brain chemistry
166:
75:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3355:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3323:
3322:
3271:
3228:
3193:
3184:
3143:
3107:
3058:
3023:
2988:
2947:
2920:
2884:
2877:
2851:
2826:
2790:
2747:
2698:
2655:
2606:
2565:
2546:(10): 1830–5.
2530:
2471:
2464:
2435:
2388:
2352:
2311:
2268:
2243:
2194:
2145:
2102:
2074:
2039:
1996:
1947:
1910:(3): 256–263.
1890:
1864:
1827:(2): 254–263.
1807:
1780:
1755:
1693:
1668:
1641:(6): 1163–73.
1618:
1572:
1523:
1496:(12): 627–32.
1480:
1445:(1): 113–124.
1424:
1387:(5): 329–335.
1367:
1348:
1305:
1262:
1225:(4): 497–516.
1205:
1194:(3): 132-133.
1174:
1167:
1122:
1095:
1046:
1018:
990:
947:
912:
876:
844:
825:
790:
747:
698:
661:(3): 282–293.
634:
590:
544:
507:(4): 497–516.
481:
480:
478:
475:
474:
473:
468:
463:
458:
451:
448:
428:
425:
412:(20–40%), and
373:
370:
343:
340:
264:
261:
251:
248:
231:
228:
207:
204:
165:
162:
161:
160:
150:
140:
133:
123:
120:
117:
114:
108:
74:
71:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3354:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3244:(1): 86–106.
3243:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3209:(4): 637–43.
3208:
3204:
3197:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3124:(7): 873–84.
3123:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3078:(7): 614–23.
3077:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2807:(3): 274–82.
2806:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2585:(8): 3212–9.
2584:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2440:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2408:(4): 343–96.
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2369:(10): 690–7.
2368:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:(3): 249–64.
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2055:(3): 227–35.
2054:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2012:(5): 355–68.
2011:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1879:
1878:Complete Care
1875:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1698:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1577:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
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