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One of the defining events of Hong Taiji's reign was the official adoption of the name "Man" (满) for the united
Jurchen people in November 1635. In 1635, the Manchus' Mongol allies were fully incorporated into a separate Banner hierarchy under direct Manchu command. Hong Taiji conquered the territory
2719:
Although Hong Taiji was an experienced leader and the commander of two
Banners at the time of his succession, his reign did not start well on the military front. The Jurchens suffered yet another defeat in 1627 at the hands of Yuan Chonghuan. As before, this defeat was in part due to the Ming's newly
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domains on the plains of
Mongolia. Although by this time the once-united Mongol nation had long since fragmented into individual and hostile tribes, these tribes still presented a serious security threat to the Ming borders. Nurhaci's policy towards the Khorchins was to seek their friendship and
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Nurhaci broke three of the four Ming armies, forcing the survivors and the fourth to retreat in disorder. This caused the power sphere of the Later Jin to extend over the entire eastern part of
Liaoyang.
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This was followed by the creation of the first two Han
Banners in 1637 (increased to eight in 1642). Together these military reforms enabled Hong Taiji to resoundingly defeat Ming forces in a
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With the establishment of the Later Jin dynasty, Nurhaci took a hostile attitude towards the Ming for favoritism and meddling in the affairs of the
Jurchen tribes. In 1618, he proclaimed his
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stunned the Ming court. In 1619, he attacked the Yehe (葉赫) in an attempt to provoke the Ming. The Ming responded by dispatching expeditionary forces led by
Military Commissioner
2597:(a military subdivision during the Ming dynasty), collectively known as the "Three Wei of Jianzhou". The leaders of the Jurchen tribes were usually chosen as commanders of the
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Originally a Ming vassal who officially considered himself a guardian of the Ming border and a local representative of imperial Ming power, the
Jianzhou Jurchen leader
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2787:. This final victory resulted in the surrender of many of the Ming dynasty's most battle-hardened troops, the death of Yuan Chonghuan at the hands of the
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sent military commissions to gain control of the
Jurchen tribes in Manchuria. The Ming government divided the Jianzhou Jurchens into three
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acquired cannons. To redress his technological and numerical disparity, Hong Taiji in 1634 created his own artillery corps, the
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2724:(Chinese: 重軍) from among his existing Han troops who cast their own cannons with the help of defector Chinese metallurgists.
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The
Cambridge History of China: Volume 9, The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, Part 1, by Denis C. Twitchett, John K. Fairbank, p. 29
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Hong Taiji died suddenly in September 1643 without a designated heir. His five-year-old son, Fulin, was installed as the
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promoted the unification of the Jurchens living in Manchuria at the beginning of the 17th century. He organized "
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was also dedicated to the emperor (Bogd Sécén Khaan) by nobility. When he was said to be presented with the
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The unbroken series of military successes by Nurhaci came to an end in January 1626 when he was defeated by
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officially renamed the realm to "Great Qing", thus marking the start of the Qing dynasty. During the
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claimants and loyalists, going on to rule an empire comprising all of China, stretching as far as
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refused to serve Li's Shun forces. Wu instead made an alliance with the Qing and opened the
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Hong Taiji mediator wood letter card, have three languages of Manchu, Mongolian and Chinese
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cooperation against the Ming, securing his western border from a powerful potential enemy.
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provided Nurhaci access to more resources; it also brought him in close contact with the
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and were then divided into three tribes, the most powerful of which during the
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3031:"The Myth of the Seal Transmitting the State in the Yuan and Qing Dynasties"
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Bernard Hung-Kay Luk, Amir Harrak-Contacts between cultures, Volume 4, p.25
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to the Banner armies led by Dorgon, who defeated Li and the rebels at the
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and seized the capital. Zhang Xianzhong and enfeoffed princes of the
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clan which had ruled northern China in the 12th and 13th centuries.
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2712:. He died a few months later and was succeeded by his eighth son,
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were strong at that time, and attacked the Jianzhou Jurchens.
23:, a dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
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1807:
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4233:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
3722:
2684:. In a series of winter battles known collectively as the
2441:
formally submitted to the Later Jin. The following year,
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624:
610:
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1472:
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Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
2806:as regent and de facto leader of the Qing dynasty.
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2648:. This marks the start of the Later Jin dynasty.
4494:
2623:
3638:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
2728:north of Shanhai Pass by the Ming dynasty and
4058:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
4029:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
3097:
2837:remained in control of southern China as the
2664:; 七大恨) which effectively declared war on the
2518:
2504:
2127:
2093:
1655:
549:
530:
2739:of Inner Mongolia, Manchu nobility, and the
2550:
3028:
168:Later Jin (后金) c. 1626 shown in light green
3104:
3090:
2134:
2120:
2100:
2086:
1662:
1648:
162:
3718:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
2779:from 1640 to 1642 for the territories of
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
3567:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
3007:(in Chinese). 2008-02-18. Archived from
2422:, its name was derived from the earlier
2141:
2033:Korean People's Association in Manchuria
4174:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
3111:
2882:, the founder of the Later Jin dynasty.
2499:Historians debate whether the official
713:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4495:
3057:(滿洲實錄). Zhonghua Book Company, p. 283.
2692:Relocating his court from Jianzhou to
2585:. In order to attack and suppress the
4472:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
3713:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
3085:
2115:
3693:Ministry of Posts and Communications
3048:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
4523:Former countries in Chinese history
4441:History of Qing (People's Republic)
2538:form of the name was ᠠᡳ᠌ᠰᡳᠨ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (
2420:reunification of the Jurchen tribes
13:
4158:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
3527:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
3520:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
3400:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
3224:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
2542:), meaning simply "Golden State".
14:
4534:
4447:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
4288:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
4163:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
3315:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
2802:, with Hong Taiji's half brother
4258:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
3574:Articles of Favourable Treatment
3330:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
3033:. New History Journal (新史學雜誌) -
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2929:
2907:
2887:
2871:
2851:
1698:
743:
693:
468:
443:
429:
415:
30:
16:Jurchen-led dynasty in Manchuria
3305:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
3191:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
2360:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
1865:Medieval to Early Modern period
41:needs additional citations for
3959:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
3249:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
3060:
2991:
1602:Science and technology history
641:
625:
611:
595:
550:
531:
1:
4393:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
4168:Islam during the Qing dynasty
4024:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
3708:Provincial military commander
3698:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
3683:Imperial Household Department
3510:Preparative Constitutionalism
3214:Sino-Russian border conflicts
2984:
2680:along four routes to besiege
2503:name of the state was "Jin" (
2410:. Established in 1616 by the
1951:Sino-Russian border conflicts
972:
931:
907:
884:
860:
801:
4518:Transition from Ming to Qing
4152:Researches on Manchu Origins
3557:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
3167:Transition from Ming to Qing
3157:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
2770:
2651:
2624:Establishment of the Khanate
7:
4052:Changzhou School of Thought
3562:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
3537:Railway Protection Movement
3515:1909 Parliamentary election
3500:British expedition to Tibet
3410:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
3370:Self-Strengthening Movement
3345:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
2922:
2858:Later Jin cavalry charging
2817:captured the Ming capital,
2569:had traditionally lived in
1727:Ancient to Classical period
325:• Proclamation of the
312:• Enthronement of the
10:
4539:
4452:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
3340:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
3279:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
3269:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
3239:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
2844:
2554:
2545:
665:
143:
137:
65:"Later Jin" 1616–1636
21:Later Jin (Five Dynasties)
18:
4462:Names of the Qing dynasty
4405:
4373:
4330:
4323:
4192:
4110:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
4037:
3969:
3890:
3795:
3591:
3482:
3440:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
3435:Gongche Shangshu movement
3380:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
3292:
3229:Chinese Rites controversy
3199:
3129:
3120:
2753:Yuan dynasty's jade seals
2557:Manchuria under Ming rule
2551:Rise of Jianzhou Jurchens
2519:
2505:
2406:and the precursor to the
2335:Manchuria under Ming rule
2153:
2023:Kwantung Leased Territory
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1398:
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351:• Annexation of the
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4383:Great Qing Treasure Note
4203:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
3913:Administrative divisions
3730:Administrative divisions
3658:Flag of the Qing dynasty
2999:
1871:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
526:Traditional Chinese
19:Not to be confused with
3979:Chengde Mountain Resort
3780:Three Eastern Provinces
3430:First Sino-Japanese War
3405:Northern Chinese Famine
3264:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
3162:Qing invasion of Joseon
2964:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
2759:of the Yuan dynasty by
2494:
2433:In 1635, the lingering
545:Simplified Chinese
4360:Great Qing Copper Coin
4248:Convention of Tientsin
4181:Annotated Bibliography
4129:Qing official headwear
3172:Battle of Shanhai Pass
3055:Manju i Yargiyan Kooli
2831:Battle of Shanhai Pass
2708:while laying siege to
2400:royal dynasty of China
2386:, officially known as
2350:2nd invasion of Joseon
2345:1st invasion of Joseon
2028:Nationalist government
701:This article contains
366:Elevation to an empire
4434:Draft History of Qing
4293:Treaty of Shimonoseki
4074:performance criticism
3678:Imperial Commissioner
3668:Great Qing Legal Code
3467:Eight-Nation Alliance
3450:Third plague pandemic
3360:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
3284:White Lotus Rebellion
2894:Official portrait of
2878:Official portrait of
2587:Northern Yuan dynasty
2555:Further information:
2449:, the Qing conquered
2435:Northern Yuan dynasty
1467:(mainland, 1912–1949)
213:Common languages
4365:Great Qing Gold Coin
4298:Treaty of Tarbagatai
4243:Convention of Peking
4123:Pentaglot Dictionary
4105:Literary inquisition
3815:Ever Victorious Army
3648:Deliberative Council
3552:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
3505:1905 Batang uprising
3445:Hundred Days' Reform
3335:Small Swords Society
3029:Kai-lung Ho (2012).
2835:Ming imperial family
2581:, living around the
2447:Ming–Qing transition
2145:Ming−Qing transition
2013:Far Eastern Republic
1783:Yan (Three Kingdoms)
1758:Yan (Warring States)
567:Later Gold(en) State
291:Deliberative Council
50:improve this article
4418:Anti-Qing sentiment
4268:Treaty of the Bogue
4208:Treaty of Nerchinsk
4140:Complete Tang Poems
3820:Green Standard Army
3703:Provincial governor
3673:Imperial Clan Court
3653:Diplomatic missions
3628:Consultative Bureau
3375:Tongzhi Restoration
3254:Afaqi Khoja revolts
3234:Ten Great Campaigns
3142:Jurchen unification
2732:in Inner Mongolia.
2612:, commander of the
2604:The northern tribe
2561:Jurchen unification
2340:Jurchen unification
1921:Jurchen Jin dynasty
1880:Andong Protectorate
681:(Amaga) Aisin Gurun
4513:Dynasties of China
4303:Treaty of Tientsin
4014:Western Qing tombs
4009:Eastern Qing tombs
3835:Peking Field Force
3579:Manchu Restoration
3472:Declaration of war
3425:Jindandao incident
3244:Lhasa riot of 1750
2583:Changbai Mountains
2534:clan in 1115. The
2193:Peasant rebellions
2003:Beiyang government
1709:Prehistoric period
1482:
1292:Five Dynasties and
1284:
1219:Southern dynasties
1147:
1046:Chu–Han Contention
1038:(206 BCE – 220 CE)
4490:
4489:
4401:
4400:
4313:Treaty of Whampoa
4308:Treaty of Wanghia
4283:Treaty of Nanking
4253:Li–Lobanov Treaty
4228:Chefoo Convention
4223:Burlingame Treaty
4094:Kangxi Dictionary
3999:Old Summer Palace
3830:Firearm Battalion
3633:Cup of Solid Gold
3587:
3586:
3532:Manchurian plague
3495:Late Qing reforms
3486:(1901–1912)
3420:Sikkim expedition
3350:Panthay Rebellion
3320:Taiping Rebellion
3296:(1801–1900)
3274:Sino-Nepalese War
3219:Dzungar–Qing Wars
3205:(1683–1799)
3133:(1616–1683)
2969:Jianzhou Jurchens
2917:, the Prince Rui.
2789:Chongzhen Emperor
2777:series of battles
2579:Jianzhou Jurchens
2487:Republic of China
2379:
2378:
2110:
2109:
2052:Chinese Civil War
2048:Liaoshen Campaign
2038:Japanese invasion
1993:Russian invasions
1853:Göktürk Khaganate
1715:Liao civilization
1672:
1671:
1629:Transport history
1555:Education history
1527:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1508:Republic of China
1490:People's Republic
1463:Republic of China
1442:
1441:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1271:
1270:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1135:
1134:
968:Spring and Autumn
831:Liao civilization
709:rendering support
689:
688:
650:
649:
583:Standard Mandarin
506:
505:
480:
479:
476:
475:
456:
455:
423:Jianzhou Jurchens
272:• 1626–1636
260:• 1616–1626
239:Absolute monarchy
126:
125:
118:
100:
4530:
4467:New Qing History
4350:Qianlong Tongbao
4328:
4327:
4273:Treaty of Canton
4213:Unequal treaties
4019:Fuling Mausoleum
3618:Advisory Council
3547:Wuchang Uprising
3487:
3390:Tianjin Massacre
3355:Second Opium War
3297:
3259:Sino-Burmese War
3206:
3184:Battle of Penghu
3152:Seven Grievances
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2979:Seven Grievances
2953:
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2933:
2932:
2911:
2891:
2875:
2862:infantry in the
2855:
2674:Battle of Fushun
2658:Seven Grievances
2526:
2524:
2523:
2510:
2509:
2485:established the
2412:Jianzhou Jurchen
2355:Seven Grievances
2210:She–An Rebellion
2148:
2146:
2136:
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2071:Russian Far East
1803:Sima Jin dynasty
1702:
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1650:
1592:Military history
1550:Economic history
1538:Related articles
1515:
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1060:(202 BCE – 9 CE)
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737:History of China
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4482:Willow Palisade
4428:Chuang Guandong
4397:
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4319:
4278:Treaty of Kulja
4263:Treaty of Aigun
4196:
4188:
4087:History of Ming
4039:
4033:
3971:
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3891:Special regions
3886:
3825:Imperial Guards
3791:
3583:
3542:1911 Revolution
3488:
3485:
3478:
3455:Boxer Rebellion
3415:Sino-French War
3365:Amur Annexation
3310:First Opium War
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3288:
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3179:Great Clearance
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3035:Academia Sinica
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3005:Chinese Economy
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2864:Battle of Sarhū
2856:
2847:
2800:Shunzhi Emperor
2773:
2737:Mongol nobility
2735:In April 1636,
2698:Khorchin Mongol
2686:Battle of Sarhū
2662:nadan amba koro
2654:
2626:
2563:
2553:
2548:
2516:
2515:), "Later Jin"
2497:
2483:1911 Revolution
2426:founded by the
2380:
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2370:Great Clearance
2271:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2106:
2077:
2076:
2067:Outer Manchuria
2062:Northeast China
2007:Fengtian Clique
1984:Chuang Guandong
1979:Amur Annexation
1974:
1966:
1965:
1896:Dongdan Kingdom
1891:Little Goguryeo
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1634:Women's history
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892: 1046 BCE
891:
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868: 1600 BCE
867:
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809: 2000 BCE
808:
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779:
722:
721:
720:
717:Manchu alphabet
707:Without proper
698:
694:
669:
667:
643:
636:Tongyong Pinyin
628:Hou⁴ Chin¹ Kuo²
627:
626:Hou⁴-chin¹-kuo²
597:
566:
563:Literal meaning
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355:
342:
340:Battle of Sarhū
329:
316:
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208:
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4218:Boxer Protocol
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3947:General of Ili
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3930:List of ambans
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3395:Margary Affair
3392:
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3385:Mudan incident
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3362:
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3352:
3347:
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3325:Nian Rebellion
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2951:History portal
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2813:forces led by
2772:
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2706:Yuan Chonghuan
2668:. He occupied
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2591:Hongwu Emperor
2567:Jurchen people
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2020:
2015:
2010:
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1998:Russian Dalian
1995:
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1981:
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1565:Jewish history
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987:Warring States
984:
980: 476 BCE
955:
953:(1046–771 BCE)
944:
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939: 256 BCE
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4457:Manchu people
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4038:Society &
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4017:
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4012:
4010:
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4004:Summer Palace
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3997:
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3994:Mukden Palace
3992:
3990:
3987:
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3974:
3970:Palaces &
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3808:
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3663:Grand Council
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3511:
3508:
3506:
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3498:
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3490:
3483:20th century
3481:
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3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
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3302:
3300:
3293:19th century
3291:
3285:
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3145:
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3140:
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3119:
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3095:
3093:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3072:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3011:on 2015-06-18
3010:
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2842:
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2839:Southern Ming
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2757:imperial seal
2754:
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2733:
2731:
2725:
2723:
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2711:
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2687:
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2679:
2675:
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2667:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2640:" in 1635 by
2639:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2606:Wild Jurchens
2602:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2543:
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2537:
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2529:
2522:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2459:Southern Ming
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
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2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2371:
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2306:
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2281:
2279:
2276:
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2265:
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2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:Southern Ming
2167:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2059:
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2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:Green Ukraine
2016:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1973:Modern period
1970:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1931:Northern Yuan
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
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1781:
1779:
1778:Xianbei state
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
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1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1753:Takri Kingdom
1751:
1749:
1746:
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1736:
1734:
1731:
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1724:
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1716:
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1642:
1635:
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1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1597:Naval history
1595:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1580:Music history
1578:
1576:
1575:Media history
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1560:Legal history
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1514:1949–present)
1510:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1494:
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1487:
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1484:
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1480:
1475:
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1432:
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1427:
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1401:
1400:
1397:
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1371:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1355:
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1349:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1329:Southern Song
1326:
1321:
1320:
1319:Northern Song
1316:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1157:
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1140:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:
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1103:
1102:
1098:
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1090:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1068:
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1063:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1050:(206–202 BCE)
1048:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1025:(221–207 BCE)
1023:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1007:
1001:
1000:
990:(475–221 BCE)
988:
985:
969:
966:
965:
963:(771–256 BCE)
961:
960:
956:
951:
950:
946:
945:
928:
927:
923:
922:
904:
903:
899:
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827:
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772:
771:
766:
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753:
752:
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750:
746:
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734:
730:
726:
725:
718:
714:
710:
706:
704:
684:
680:
678:
674:
664:
662:
661:Manchu script
658:
653:
639:
637:
633:
623:
621:
617:
609:
607:
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593:
591:
587:
584:
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546:
542:
537:
534:
529:
527:
523:
518:
514:
509:
502:
498:
494:
490:
487:
485:Today part of
483:
467:
465:
462:
461:
458:
452:
451:Northern Yuan
449:
442:
441:
438:
435:
428:
427:
424:
421:
414:
413:
410:
409:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
393:
390:
385:
382:
378:
374:
370:
367:
361:
357:
354:
353:Northern Yuan
348:
344:
341:
335:
331:
328:
322:
318:
315:
314:Tianming Khan
309:
305:
302:
299:
295:
292:
289:
285:
281:
278:
275:
269:
266:
263:
257:
253:
249:
247:
243:
240:
237:
233:
230:
226:
223:after 1635),
222:
218:
215:
211:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
186:
182:
179:
176:
172:
165:
160:
155:
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129:
120:
117:
109:
106:February 2018
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
4508:Qing dynasty
4477:Treaty ports
4439:
4432:
4406:Other topics
4179:
4172:
4150:
4138:
4121:
4116:Peiwen Yunfu
4114:
4092:
4085:
4056:
3805:Beiyang Army
3787:Zongli Yamen
3643:Da-Qing Bank
3460:Red Lanterns
3146:
3113:Qing dynasty
3071:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3038:. Retrieved
3024:
3013:. Retrieved
3009:the original
3004:
2993:
2959:Qing dynasty
2937:China portal
2900:Qing dynasty
2827:Shanhai Pass
2808:
2797:
2774:
2741:Han mandarin
2734:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2703:
2691:
2666:Ming dynasty
2661:
2655:
2627:
2614:Jianzhou Wei
2613:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2575:Ming dynasty
2564:
2539:
2527:
2512:
2498:
2491:
2457:and various
2455:Shun dynasty
2432:
2408:Qing dynasty
2391:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2365:Great Plague
2318:Shanhai Pass
2185:
2158:Belligerents
1945:
1911:Liao dynasty
1901:Later Balhae
1876:Tang dynasty
1828:Northern Yan
1570:LGBT history
1506:
1488:
1461:
1428:
1415:
1402:
1372:
1359:
1346:
1327:
1317:
1305:
1294:Ten Kingdoms
1290:
1243:
1230:
1217:Northern and
1215:
1185:
1163:
1153:
1121:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1093:(220–280 CE)
1087:
1074:
1064:
1054:
1044:
1032:
1019:
959:Eastern Zhou
957:
949:Western Zhou
947:
924:
900:
877:
853:
829:
823:
817:
794:
784:
700:
677:Romanization
612:ㄏㄡˋ ㄐㄧㄣ ㄍㄨㄛˊ
590:Hanyu Pinyin
520:Chinese name
464:Qing dynasty
437:Ming dynasty
405:Succeeded by
404:
399:
389:Chinese cash
384:Chinese coin
301:Imperial era
149:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
4413:Aisin Gioro
4375:Paper money
4134:Qing poetry
3855:Wuwei Corps
3850:Shuishiying
3611:Family tree
2974:Aisin Gioro
2730:Ligdan Khan
2577:was called
2540:Aisin Gurun
2424:Jin dynasty
1768:Han dynasty
1689:History of
1617:Discoveries
1612:Cartography
1607:Archaeology
1545:Art history
1434:(1644–1912)
1421:(1368–1644)
1408:(1271–1368)
1378:(1115–1234)
1365:(1038–1227)
1361:Western Xia
1333:(1127–1279)
1165:Eastern Jin
1155:Western Jin
1080:(25–220 CE)
1076:Eastern Han
1056:Western Han
935: 1046
915: 1046
911: 1250
888: 1600
864: 2070
805: 8500
786:Paleolithic
777:Prehistoric
655:Manchu name
644:Hòu Jin Guó
598:Hòu Jīn Guó
501:North Korea
400:Preceded by
287:Legislature
205:(1625–1636)
199:(1622–1625)
193:(1616–1622)
150:Aisin gurun
4497:Categories
4081:Four Wangs
3972:mausoleums
3925:Golden Urn
3898:Inner Asia
3875:Xiang Army
3845:Hushenying
3770:Liangguang
3750:Liangjiang
3688:Lifan Yuan
3593:Government
3015:2013-04-28
2985:References
2896:Hong Taiji
2815:Li Zicheng
2793:Great Wall
2722:ujen cooha
2714:Hong Taiji
2642:Hong Taiji
2481:until the
2451:Li Zicheng
2443:Hong Taiji
2414:chieftain
1818:Former Qin
1813:Former Yan
1622:Inventions
1352:(916–1125)
1323:(960–1127)
1311:(960–1279)
978: – c.
976: 770
937: – c.
913: – c.
902:Late Shang
890: – c.
866: – c.
807: – c.
620:Wade–Giles
277:Hong Taiji
235:Government
76:newspapers
3903:Manchuria
3870:Huai Army
3860:Yong Ying
3745:Shaan-Gan
3201:High Qing
3147:Later Jin
2823:Wu Sangui
2809:In 1644,
2771:Aftermath
2761:Ejei Khan
2743:held the
2652:Expansion
2571:Manchuria
2467:Manchuria
2439:Ejei Khan
2418:upon his
2404:Manchuria
2392:Great Jin
2384:Later Jin
2267:Guangning
2262:Zhenjiang
2257:Shen-Liao
2186:Later Jin
2058:Manchuria
2043:Manchukuo
1961:Qing rule
1946:Later Jin
1936:Ming rule
1926:Yuan rule
1823:Later Yan
1691:Manchuria
1298:(907–979)
1259:(690–705)
1249:(618–907)
1236:(581–618)
1223:(420–589)
1191:(304–439)
1169:(317–420)
1159:(266–316)
1127:(266–420)
1070:(9–23 CE)
796:Neolithic
760:Dynasties
642:Hòujinguó
596:Hòujīnguó
511:Later Jin
225:Mongolian
219:(renamed
157:1616–1636
4503:Khanates
4355:Hongqian
4324:Currency
4194:Treaties
4100:Kaozheng
4047:Booi Aha
3989:Hetu Ala
3942:Timeline
3937:Xinjiang
3908:Mongolia
3865:Chu Army
3840:New Army
3797:Military
3735:Viceroys
3040:12 April
2923:See also
2781:Songshan
2749:Shenyang
2745:Kurultai
2710:Ningyuan
2694:Liaodong
2682:Hetu Ala
2678:Yang Hao
2618:Hetu Ala
2610:Mengtemu
2475:Xinjiang
2471:Mongolia
2394:, was a
2308:Song-Jin
2288:Dalinghe
2278:Ning-Jin
2273:Ningyuan
2174:Tungning
1916:Xingliao
1798:Goguryeo
1733:Gojoseon
1680:a series
1678:Part of
1585:Timeline
1512:(Taiwan,
1492:of China
1006:Imperial
755:Timeline
729:a series
727:Part of
606:Bopomofo
493:Mongolia
380:Currency
197:Tungking
191:Hetu Ala
4340:Zhiqian
4332:Coinage
4069:Economy
4040:culture
3775:Yun-Gui
3765:Min-Zhe
3760:Sichuan
3755:Huguang
3601:Emperor
3122:History
2880:Nurhaci
2845:Gallery
2819:Beijing
2785:Jinzhou
2765:Emperor
2634:Banners
2630:Nurhaci
2546:History
2528:Hòu Jīn
2501:Chinese
2416:Nurhaci
2396:Jurchen
2390:or the
2329:Related
2313:Beijing
2247:Xicheng
2242:Tieling
2237:Kaiyuan
2216:Battles
1906:Jeongan
1833:Kumo Xi
1788:Cao Wei
1763:Xiongnu
1256:Wu Zhou
846:Ancient
825:Yangtze
364:•
338:•
265:Nurhaci
229:Chinese
217:Jurchen
184:Capital
178:Khanate
90:scholar
3954:Taiwan
3130:Early
3115:topics
2915:Dorgon
2804:Dorgon
2670:Fushun
2638:Manchu
2589:, the
2536:Manchu
2532:Wanyan
2479:Taiwan
2477:, and
2437:under
2428:Wanyan
2323:Penghu
2298:Lüshun
2293:Wuqiao
2252:Chahar
2227:Qinghe
2222:Fushun
1989:Korean
1940:Nurgan
1886:Balhae
1848:Shiwei
1838:Khitan
1773:Wuhuan
1748:Yemaek
1743:Donghu
1738:Sushen
1682:on the
1454:Modern
1110:, and
828:, and
819:Yellow
731:on the
703:Manchu
497:Russia
250:
221:Manchu
203:Mukden
174:Status
144:ᠠᡳ᠌ᠰᡳᠨ
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
4146:Queue
4064:Dibao
3920:Tibet
3740:Zhili
3623:Amban
2463:Tibet
2398:-led
2232:Sarhū
1808:Yuwen
1793:Buyeo
879:Shang
705:text.
670:ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
668:ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ
666:ᠠᠮᠠᡤᠠ
489:China
146:ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
140:ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
138:ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ
97:JSTOR
83:books
3882:Navy
3723:Ejen
3606:List
3042:2023
2860:Ming
2811:Shun
2783:and
2646:khan
2565:The
2559:and
2495:Name
2382:The
2303:Amur
2283:Jisi
2198:Shun
2181:Qing
2164:Ming
2069:(in
1991:and
1955:Jaxa
1843:Mohe
1430:Qing
1417:Ming
1404:Yuan
1348:Liao
1307:Song
1245:Tang
926:Zhou
917:BCE)
371:1636
358:1635
345:1619
332:1618
319:1616
246:Khan
69:news
2747:in
2599:wei
2595:wei
2513:Jīn
2453:'s
2402:in
2388:Jin
1374:Jin
1232:Sui
1123:Jin
1107:Shu
1101:Wei
1066:Xin
1034:Han
1021:Qin
855:Xia
142:or
132:Jin
52:by
4499::
3003:.
2795:.
2620:.
2601:.
2521:後金
2511:,
2489:.
2473:,
2469:,
2465:,
2203:Xi
1113:Wu
1104:,
973:c.
932:c.
908:c.
885:c.
861:c.
822:,
802:c.
552:后金
533:後金
227:,
3105:e
3098:t
3091:v
3044:.
3018:.
2902:.
2866:.
2660:(
2525:,
2517:(
2507:金
2135:e
2128:t
2121:v
2101:e
2094:t
2087:v
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2060:/
2054:)
2050:(
2009:)
2005:(
1957:)
1953:(
1942:)
1938:(
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1878:(
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971:(
941:)
930:(
906:(
894:)
883:(
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859:(
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800:(
719:.
555:国
536:國
386:,
135:金
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
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