761:
tiger and leopard skins, 400 bolts of cotton, and 15,000 pieces of cloth was to be extracted and gifted to the Jin Khan. Injo's brother was sent to deliver this tribute. However in later letters to the Joseon king, Hong Taiji would complain that the
Koreans did not behave as if they had lost, and were not abiding by the terms of the agreement. Joseon merchants and markets continued to trade with Ming and actively aided Ming subjects by providing them with grain and rations. Hong Taiji rebuked them, saying that the food of Joseon should only be fed to Joseon subjects.
1116:
41:
665:
764:
The relationship between Joseon and Later Jin remained uncomfortable and bleak. The invasion was bitterly resented by Joseon's statesmen and
Confucian scholars, who believed that it was treacherous and unfilial for Joseon to abandon Ming considering the assistance it had provided against Japan in the
776:
Mao
Wenlong was reported to Ming authorities by Joseon for cowardice and treachery. Mao began acting independently and minted his own coins in 1628, while conducting illicit trading in contravention of Ming law. He was caught by Yuan Chonghuan in 1629 and executed for smuggling on 24 July 1629. Yuan
688:
and Yoto to Joseon with 30,000 troops under the guidance of Gang Hong-rip and Li
Yongfang. The Jurchens met sharp resistance at the border towns but Joseon border garrisons were quickly defeated. On 14 January, the Jurchen army advanced into Uiju where Mao Wenlong was stationed, and Mao quickly fled
760:
In the postwar negotiations, the Later Jin forced Joseon to open markets near the borders because its conflicts with Ming had brought economic hardship and starvation to Jin subjects. Joseon was also forced to transfer suzerainty of the Warka tribe to Jin. Furthermore, a tribute of 100 horses, 100
781:
You were given the authority of a general. But now you, Mao
Wenlong, have treacherously raised yourself to the level of a lord, amassed soldiers, siphoned off rations, slaughtered the refugees of Liaodong, despoiled Korea, harassed Denglai, carried out illicit commerce, looted and plundered
655:
was busy fortifying the border garrisons and training new musketeers. The new Khan, Hong Taiji, was eager for a quick victory to consolidate his position. By invading Joseon he also hoped to extract much needed resources for his army and subjects, who had suffered in the war against Ming.
772:
The Ming general Yuan
Chonghuan was impeached for having been duped by the Jin into entering peace negotiations, and court officials accused him of lack of agency. This was the last time Ming would openly engage in peace negotiations with the Jurchens.
765:
past. This resentment was inflamed in 1636 when the
Manchus demanded changing the terms of diplomatic relationship from equality to sovereign-vassal. The Joseon court, dominated by anti-Manchu hawks, rejected the demand. This led to the
631:
Meanwhile the
Westerners took on an explicitly pro-Ming and anti-Jurchen stance in their relations with the two states. Injo severed relations with the Later Jin on the advice of his advisers. The Ming general
1910:
777:
reported the death of Mao
Wenlong to the Joseon court, stating that it had been done to "properly establish the emperor's awesomeness." Prior to his execution, Yuan Chonghuan addressed him thus:
1974:
218:
2530:
628:
to invade Joseon. General Gang Hong-rip was also led to believe by the survivors that his family had died in the coup, so he pushed for the invasion out of a desire for revenge.
636:'s army of 26,000 men engaged in raids against the Jurchens from an island base off the Korean peninsula. The Westerners aided him by allowing him to station his troops in
1808:
597:
surrendered with his remaining forces and insisted that Joseon did not hold anything against the
Jurchens, having only sent reinforcements to repay an obligation to Ming.
565:. The war ended after three months with the Later Jin establishing itself as sovereign tributary overlord over Joseon. However Joseon continued its relationship with the
2569:
928:
651:, died from his wounds afterwards. Peace negotiations with the Ming after the battle delayed an aggressive Ming response to the Jurchen loss, and the Ming general
211:
708:
By this time, news of the invasion had reached the Ming court, which immediately dispatched a relief contingent to Joseon, slowing the Jurchen advance into
1903:
2574:
2410:
204:
2249:
1390:
748:
underwent several days of looting by the Jurchens before Amin was ordered by Hong Taji to sign the peace agreement. The Jin army then withdrew to
1989:
624:
rebelled against King Injo, but failed in ousting him, and the rebellion was crushed. Its survivors fled to the Jin court where they recommended
129:
117:
782:
commoners' boats, changed people's names, and violated the people's sons and daughters. These are the crimes for which you will be put to death.
2394:
2365:
1984:
1440:
715:
King Injo then dispatched an envoy to negotiate a peace treaty, but by the time the messenger returned, Injo had already fled from Hanseong (
2066:
1132:
1605:
1054:
726:
Despite the Jin invasion's success, Amin was willing to negotiate a peace. The following settlement was agreed upon on Ganghwa Island:
125:
1947:
2054:
2039:
2849:
1741:
1070:
121:
697:. When it became clear that defeat was inevitable, the Anju garrisons committed suicide by blowing up their gunpowder storehouse.
1349:
1213:
849:
2844:
2777:
2116:
2808:
2049:
601:
449:
2278:
2029:
1942:
1666:
1100:
943:
1851:
1681:
803:
28:
2494:
1863:
1736:
1560:
2783:
2624:
2499:
1856:
1433:
1334:
859:
2594:
1173:
1013:
2711:
1954:
1641:
1527:
444:
2864:
2854:
2295:
2161:
1929:
1676:
1615:
1585:
1575:
1124:
1075:
520:
2729:
2504:
2360:
2044:
2034:
2019:
2014:
1846:
1796:
1776:
1716:
1550:
1205:
1041:
929:"Big Heads and Buddhist Demons: The Korean Musketry Revolution and the Northern Expeditions of 1654 and 1658"
2488:
2266:
2133:
1999:
1893:
1503:
1426:
277:
228:
32:
2859:
2405:
2388:
1898:
1873:
1836:
1746:
1706:
1458:
1188:
569:
and showed defiance in solidifying its tributary relationship with the Later Jin. It was followed by the
2839:
2788:
2234:
1090:
2798:
2517:
2446:
2239:
1771:
1696:
1565:
1483:
554:
419:
270:
98:
2719:
2539:
2273:
2244:
1994:
1400:
1395:
1163:
346:
2315:
1781:
1766:
1600:
1498:
1168:
1158:
1153:
1064:
766:
570:
434:
2696:
2584:
2465:
2290:
1508:
1278:
1178:
1137:
402:
971:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China
2869:
2770:
2629:
2589:
2256:
2218:
2106:
2086:
2004:
1803:
1786:
1651:
1620:
1555:
1344:
1223:
605:
534:
2701:
2668:
2634:
2579:
2459:
2441:
2151:
2081:
1888:
1671:
1006:
294:
8:
2754:
2604:
2544:
2476:
2156:
2009:
1964:
1711:
1590:
1570:
1478:
1283:
1253:
694:
677:
558:
424:
351:
341:
258:
145:
2639:
2350:
2345:
2171:
2111:
2101:
2096:
2091:
1915:
1761:
1580:
1369:
1340:
1258:
644:
392:
372:
362:
357:
336:
590:
382:
316:
2649:
2644:
2619:
2564:
2559:
2482:
2430:
2335:
2166:
2071:
1969:
1868:
1831:
1756:
1686:
1656:
1610:
855:
331:
326:
321:
2803:
2686:
2609:
2549:
2355:
2076:
1937:
1883:
1726:
1691:
1595:
1520:
1488:
1405:
1218:
798:
731:
439:
407:
397:
311:
306:
2818:
2764:
2614:
2599:
2423:
1878:
1841:
1791:
1751:
1701:
1646:
1515:
1324:
999:
454:
1049:
589:
in attacking the Later Jin in 1619, which culminated in an allied defeat at the
2681:
2554:
2320:
2283:
1731:
1721:
1661:
1354:
1329:
1115:
720:
709:
652:
617:
2833:
2793:
2759:
2724:
2340:
2330:
2146:
1537:
1319:
1288:
1105:
702:
594:
387:
377:
367:
253:
163:
2813:
2510:
2452:
2141:
2123:
1979:
1449:
1364:
1293:
1080:
693:. The Neunghan Fortress fell on the 21 January. Next the Jurchens attacked
586:
566:
282:
265:
248:
134:
93:
40:
2749:
2470:
2191:
2186:
1195:
1183:
1095:
1085:
637:
633:
159:
140:
2417:
2261:
2211:
2181:
2024:
1359:
1298:
673:
625:
287:
196:
1418:
525:
510:
507:
504:
501:
2206:
2196:
1273:
745:
737:
Joseon offers Yi Gak as a hostage as a substitute for a royal prince.
698:
690:
681:
149:
2691:
2436:
2383:
2325:
2201:
2176:
749:
664:
585:
had previously sent 10,069 musketeers and 3,000 archers to aid the
2676:
1235:
668:
A Korean painting depicting two Jurchen warriors and their horses
648:
621:
1303:
1268:
1263:
1228:
1022:
740:(Later) Jin and Joseon will not violate each other's territory.
609:
582:
562:
477:
111:
89:
2400:
1959:
1374:
716:
685:
613:
493:
153:
64:
2570:
Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet
2059:
991:
539:
892:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
600:
In 1623, a faction at the Joseon court known as the
2575:
Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory
904:
880:
868:
816:
744:While negotiations were taking place, the city of
701:fell without a fight and the Jin army crossed the
2831:
1391:1883 Korean special mission to the United States
984:Hyŏn-hŭi Yi; Sŏng-su Pak; Nae-hyŏn Yun (2005).
1975:Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations
842:
840:
2395:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China
2366:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
1434:
1007:
973:, vol. 1, University of California Press
962:The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty
212:
1133:Political factions during the Joseon dynasty
847:
499:
483:
837:
1441:
1427:
1014:
1000:
219:
205:
39:
2055:Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty
1904:Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi
1071:19th-century peasant rebellions in Korea
752:, ending the three-month-long invasion.
663:
226:
2511:Complete Library of the Four Treasuries
1448:
1350:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty
1055:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
968:
2832:
2809:Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions
2050:Principles of the Constitution (1908)
1422:
995:
959:
910:
898:
886:
874:
831:
200:
2030:Ministry of Posts and Communications
1101:Assassination of Empress Myeongseong
926:
2778:History of Qing (People's Republic)
936:Journal of Chinese Military History
13:
2495:Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor
1864:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)
1857:1909 Provincial Assembly elections
1737:Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)
1561:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)
978:
647:the previous year and their Khan,
16:1627 invasion of Korea by Jurchens
14:
2881:
2784:Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty
2625:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)
2500:Shamanism during the Qing dynasty
1652:Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)
1335:Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty
851:The History of Korea, 2nd Edition
2595:Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking
1911:Articles of Favourable Treatment
1667:Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)
1174:Border Defense Council of Joseon
1114:
553:occurred in early 1627 when the
2850:Wars involving the Qing dynasty
1642:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
1528:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
920:
445:Revolt of the Three Feudatories
2296:Guest House of Imperial Envoys
1586:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
643:The Later Jin had lost at the
500:
484:
1:
2845:Wars involving Imperial China
2730:Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank
2505:Islam during the Qing dynasty
2361:Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)
2045:Provincial military commander
2035:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
2020:Imperial Household Department
1847:Preparative Constitutionalism
1551:Sino-Russian border conflicts
809:
576:
2489:Researches on Manchu Origins
1894:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
1504:Transition from Ming to Qing
1494:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
848:Djun Kil Kim (30 May 2014).
755:
620:as king. The following year
551:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
22:Later Jin invasion of Joseon
7:
2389:Changzhou School of Thought
1899:1911 Revolution in Xinjiang
1874:Railway Protection Movement
1852:1909 Parliamentary election
1837:British expedition to Tibet
1747:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
1707:Self-Strengthening Movement
1682:Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)
1059:Manchu invasions of Korea (
792:
540:
526:
10:
2886:
2789:Legacy of the Qing dynasty
1677:Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)
1616:Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
1606:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa
1576:Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)
1091:Donghak Peasant Revolution
1021:
969:Wakeman, Frederic (1985),
927:Kang, Hyeok Hweon (2013),
2799:Names of the Qing dynasty
2742:
2710:
2667:
2660:
2529:
2447:Manchu Han Imperial Feast
2374:
2306:
2227:
2132:
1928:
1819:
1777:Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)
1772:Gongche Shangshu movement
1717:Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)
1629:
1566:Chinese Rites controversy
1536:
1466:
1457:
1383:
1312:
1246:
1204:
1146:
1123:
1112:
1040:
1029:
730:Joseon abandons the Ming
533:
519:
492:
476:
469:
420:Manchuria under Ming rule
238:
182:
169:
104:
83:
65:Northern Korean Peninsula
47:
38:
26:
21:
2720:Great Qing Treasure Note
2540:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
2250:Administrative divisions
2067:Administrative divisions
1995:Flag of the Qing dynasty
1401:Joseon missions to Japan
1396:Joseon missions to China
1164:Six Ministries of Joseon
1033:Korean state (1392–1897)
29:Korean–Jurchen conflicts
2316:Chengde Mountain Resort
2117:Three Eastern Provinces
1767:First Sino-Japanese War
1742:Northern Chinese Famine
1601:Lin Shuangwen rebellion
1499:Qing invasion of Joseon
1169:Three offices of Joseon
1159:State Council of Joseon
1154:List of kings of Joseon
960:Swope, Kenneth (2014),
767:Qing invasion of Joseon
571:Qing invasion of Joseon
561:led an invasion of the
2697:Great Qing Copper Coin
2585:Convention of Tientsin
2518:Annotated Bibliography
2466:Qing official headwear
1509:Battle of Shanhai Pass
1279:Joseon white porcelain
1179:Secret royal inspector
1138:Korean literati purges
790:
689:with his men into the
669:
659:
435:2nd invasion of Joseon
430:1st invasion of Joseon
105:Commanders and leaders
55:January – 3 March 1627
2865:17th century in Korea
2855:Wars involving Joseon
2771:Draft History of Qing
2630:Treaty of Shimonoseki
2411:performance criticism
2015:Imperial Commissioner
2005:Great Qing Legal Code
1804:Eight-Nation Alliance
1787:Third plague pandemic
1697:Punti–Hakka Clan Wars
1621:White Lotus Rebellion
1224:Caste system in Korea
942:: 151, archived from
779:
667:
616:: 光海君) and installed
593:. The Joseon general
183:Casualties and losses
2702:Great Qing Gold Coin
2635:Treaty of Tarbagatai
2580:Convention of Peking
2460:Pentaglot Dictionary
2442:Literary inquisition
2152:Ever Victorious Army
1985:Deliberative Council
1889:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil
1842:1905 Batang uprising
1782:Hundred Days' Reform
1672:Small Swords Society
986:New history of Korea
521:Revised Romanization
230:Ming−Qing transition
33:Ming-Qing transition
2755:Anti-Qing sentiment
2605:Treaty of the Bogue
2545:Treaty of Nerchinsk
2477:Complete Tang Poems
2157:Green Standard Army
2040:Provincial governor
2010:Imperial Clan Court
1990:Diplomatic missions
1965:Consultative Bureau
1712:Tongzhi Restoration
1591:Afaqi Khoja revolts
1571:Ten Great Campaigns
1479:Jurchen unification
1284:Korean tea ceremony
1254:Education in Joseon
1050:Tsushima expedition
804:Korean-Jurchen wars
425:Jurchen unification
2860:Invasions of Korea
2640:Treaty of Tientsin
2351:Western Qing tombs
2346:Eastern Qing tombs
2172:Peking Field Force
1916:Manchu Restoration
1809:Declaration of war
1762:Jindandao incident
1581:Lhasa riot of 1750
1370:Seungjeongwon ilgi
1313:Cultural heritages
1259:Five Grand Palaces
670:
645:Battle of Ningyuan
278:Peasant rebellions
2840:Conflicts in 1627
2827:
2826:
2738:
2737:
2650:Treaty of Whampoa
2645:Treaty of Wanghia
2620:Treaty of Nanking
2590:Li–Lobanov Treaty
2565:Chefoo Convention
2560:Burlingame Treaty
2431:Kangxi Dictionary
2336:Old Summer Palace
2167:Firearm Battalion
1970:Cup of Solid Gold
1924:
1923:
1869:Manchurian plague
1832:Late Qing reforms
1823:(1901–1912)
1757:Sikkim expedition
1687:Panthay Rebellion
1657:Taiping Rebellion
1633:(1801–1900)
1611:Sino-Nepalese War
1556:Dzungar–Qing Wars
1542:(1683–1799)
1470:(1616–1683)
1416:
1415:
1384:Foreign relations
1214:Styles and titles
1189:late 19th century
1076:Treaty of Ganghwa
547:
546:
535:McCune–Reischauer
464:
463:
195:
194:
99:Later Jin dynasty
79:
78:
75:Later Jin victory
2877:
2804:New Qing History
2687:Qianlong Tongbao
2665:
2664:
2610:Treaty of Canton
2550:Unequal treaties
2356:Fuling Mausoleum
1955:Advisory Council
1884:Wuchang Uprising
1824:
1727:Tianjin Massacre
1692:Second Opium War
1634:
1596:Sino-Burmese War
1543:
1521:Battle of Penghu
1489:Seven Grievances
1471:
1464:
1463:
1443:
1436:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1406:Joseon Tongsinsa
1219:Neo-Confucianism
1118:
1016:
1009:
1002:
993:
992:
974:
965:
956:
955:
954:
948:
933:
914:
908:
902:
901:, p. 65-66.
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
865:
844:
835:
829:
799:History of Korea
788:
543:
529:
514:
513:
487:
486:
467:
466:
440:Seven Grievances
295:She–An Rebellion
233:
231:
221:
214:
207:
198:
197:
49:
48:
43:
19:
18:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2819:Willow Palisade
2765:Chuang Guandong
2734:
2706:
2656:
2615:Treaty of Kulja
2600:Treaty of Aigun
2533:
2525:
2424:History of Ming
2376:
2370:
2308:
2302:
2228:Special regions
2223:
2162:Imperial Guards
2128:
1920:
1879:1911 Revolution
1825:
1822:
1815:
1792:Boxer Rebellion
1752:Sino-French War
1702:Amur Annexation
1647:First Opium War
1635:
1632:
1625:
1544:
1541:
1532:
1516:Great Clearance
1472:
1469:
1453:
1447:
1417:
1412:
1379:
1308:
1242:
1200:
1142:
1119:
1110:
1036:
1025:
1020:
981:
979:Further reading
952:
950:
946:
931:
923:
918:
917:
909:
905:
897:
893:
885:
881:
873:
869:
862:
845:
838:
830:
817:
812:
795:
789:
786:
758:
662:
591:Battle of Sarhū
581:The kingdom of
579:
515:
488:
465:
460:
459:
455:Great Clearance
356:
234:
229:
227:
225:
162:
158:
156:
152:
148:
139:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
92:
67:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2883:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2682:Kangxi Tongbao
2679:
2673:
2671:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2555:Boxer Protocol
2547:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2485:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2403:
2398:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2321:Forbidden City
2318:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2284:General of Ili
2281:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2267:List of ambans
2264:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1934:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1732:Margary Affair
1729:
1724:
1722:Mudan incident
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1662:Nian Rebellion
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1355:Hunminjeongeum
1352:
1347:
1337:
1332:
1330:Namhansanseong
1327:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1004:
996:
990:
989:
980:
977:
976:
975:
966:
957:
922:
919:
916:
915:
903:
891:
879:
867:
860:
836:
814:
813:
811:
808:
807:
806:
801:
794:
791:
787:Yuan Chonghuan
784:
757:
754:
742:
741:
738:
735:
721:Ganghwa Island
661:
658:
653:Yuan Chonghuan
578:
575:
563:Joseon dynasty
545:
544:
541:Chŏngmyo-Horan
537:
531:
530:
527:Jeongmyo-Horan
523:
517:
516:
498:
496:
490:
489:
482:
480:
474:
473:
462:
461:
458:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
416:
415:
411:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
303:
302:
298:
297:
292:
291:
290:
285:
275:
274:
273:
263:
262:
261:
256:
245:
244:
240:
239:
236:
235:
224:
223:
216:
209:
201:
193:
192:
189:
185:
184:
180:
179:
176:
172:
171:
167:
166:
143:
112:Joseon dynasty
107:
106:
102:
101:
96:
90:Joseon dynasty
86:
85:
81:
80:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
63:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
36:
35:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2882:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Manchu people
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:Canton System
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2725:Hubu Guanpiao
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2375:Society &
2373:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:Summer Palace
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2331:Mukden Palace
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2307:Palaces &
2305:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2147:Eight Banners
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
2000:Grand Council
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1820:20th century
1818:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1630:19th century
1628:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1320:Changdeokgung
1318:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:Korean garden
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1107:
1106:Korean Empire
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1005:
1003:
998:
997:
994:
987:
983:
982:
972:
967:
963:
958:
949:on 2020-10-02
945:
941:
937:
930:
925:
924:
913:, p. 82.
912:
907:
900:
895:
889:, p. 64.
888:
883:
877:, p. 23.
876:
871:
863:
861:9781610695824
857:
853:
852:
843:
841:
834:, p. 65.
833:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
815:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
783:
778:
774:
770:
768:
762:
753:
751:
747:
739:
736:
733:
729:
728:
727:
724:
722:
718:
713:
711:
706:
704:
703:Taedong River
700:
696:
692:
687:
683:
679:
675:
666:
657:
654:
650:
646:
641:
639:
635:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
604:deposed King
603:
598:
596:
595:Gang Hong-rip
592:
588:
584:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
542:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
522:
518:
512:
509:
506:
503:
497:
495:
491:
481:
479:
475:
472:
468:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
413:
412:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
300:
299:
296:
293:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
279:
276:
272:
269:
268:
267:
264:
260:
257:
255:
254:Southern Ming
252:
251:
250:
247:
246:
242:
241:
237:
232:
222:
217:
215:
210:
208:
203:
202:
199:
190:
187:
186:
181:
177:
174:
173:
168:
165:
164:Gang Hong-rip
161:
155:
151:
147:
144:
142:
138:
136:
131:
130:Kim Sang-yong
127:
123:
119:
118:Jeong Bong-su
115:
113:
109:
108:
103:
100:
97:
95:
91:
88:
87:
82:
74:
71:
70:
66:
62:
59:
58:
54:
51:
50:
46:
42:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
2870:1627 in Asia
2814:Treaty ports
2776:
2769:
2743:Other topics
2516:
2509:
2487:
2475:
2458:
2453:Peiwen Yunfu
2451:
2429:
2422:
2393:
2142:Beiyang Army
2124:Zongli Yamen
1980:Da-Qing Bank
1797:Red Lanterns
1493:
1450:Qing dynasty
1365:Nanjung ilgi
1339:Villages of
1294:Sungkyunkwan
1236:
1229:
1081:Imo Incident
1060:
988:. Jimoondang
985:
970:
961:
951:, retrieved
944:the original
939:
935:
921:Bibliography
906:
894:
882:
870:
854:. Abc-Clio.
850:
780:
775:
771:
763:
759:
743:
734:Tianqi (天啓).
725:
714:
707:
671:
642:
630:
599:
587:Ming dynasty
580:
567:Ming dynasty
550:
548:
470:
450:Great Plague
429:
403:Shanhai Pass
243:Belligerents
135:Ming dynasty
133:
110:
94:Ming dynasty
84:Belligerents
2750:Aisin Gioro
2712:Paper money
2471:Qing poetry
2192:Wuwei Corps
2187:Shuishiying
1948:Family tree
1196:Joseon Navy
1184:Joseon Army
1096:Gabo Reform
1086:Gapsin Coup
964:, Routledge
676:dispatched
634:Mao Wenlong
606:Gwanghaegun
471:Korean name
160:Li Yongfang
141:Mao Wenlong
2834:Categories
2418:Four Wangs
2309:mausoleums
2262:Golden Urn
2235:Inner Asia
2212:Xiang Army
2182:Hushenying
2107:Liangguang
2087:Liangjiang
2025:Lifan Yuan
1930:Government
1360:Ilseongnok
1299:Chaekgeori
1147:Government
953:2019-09-11
911:Swope 2014
899:Swope 2014
887:Swope 2014
875:Swope 2014
832:Swope 2014
810:References
723:in panic.
674:Hong Taiji
626:Hong Taiji
602:Westerners
577:Background
2240:Manchuria
2207:Huai Army
2197:Yong Ying
2082:Shaan-Gan
1538:High Qing
1484:Later Jin
1274:Buncheong
769:in 1636.
756:Aftermath
746:Pyongyang
699:Pyongyang
691:Bohai Sea
682:Jirgalang
672:In 1627,
573:in 1636.
555:Later Jin
352:Guangning
347:Zhenjiang
342:Shen-Liao
271:Later Jin
150:Jirgalang
2692:Hongqian
2661:Currency
2531:Treaties
2437:Kaozheng
2384:Booi Aha
2326:Hetu Ala
2279:Timeline
2274:Xinjiang
2245:Mongolia
2202:Chu Army
2177:New Army
2134:Military
2072:Viceroys
1345:Yangdong
1125:Politics
793:See also
785:—
732:era name
393:Song-Jin
373:Dalinghe
363:Ning-Jin
358:Ningyuan
259:Tungning
170:Strength
126:Jang Man
60:Location
27:Part of
2677:Zhiqian
2669:Coinage
2406:Economy
2377:culture
2112:Yun-Gui
2102:Min-Zhe
2097:Sichuan
2092:Huguang
1938:Emperor
1459:History
1325:Jongmyo
1247:Culture
1237:kisaeng
1206:Society
1042:History
710:Hwangju
649:Nurhaci
622:Yi Gwal
612:: 광해군,
557:prince
414:Related
398:Beijing
332:Xicheng
327:Tieling
322:Kaiyuan
301:Battles
2291:Taiwan
1467:Early
1452:topics
1304:Minhwa
1269:Hangul
1264:Hanbok
1230:seonbi
1065:Second
1023:Joseon
858:
750:Mukden
610:Hangul
583:Joseon
478:Hangul
408:Penghu
383:Lüshun
378:Wuqiao
337:Chahar
312:Qinghe
307:Fushun
188:10,000
178:30,000
175:50,000
122:Yi Rip
72:Result
2483:Queue
2401:Dibao
2257:Tibet
2077:Zhili
1960:Amban
1375:Uigwe
1341:Hahoe
1061:First
947:(PDF)
932:(PDF)
719:) to
717:Seoul
686:Ajige
614:Hanja
494:Hanja
317:Sarhū
191:3,000
154:Ajige
2219:Navy
2060:Ejen
1943:List
1343:and
856:ISBN
695:Anju
678:Amin
638:Uiju
618:Injo
559:Amin
549:The
485:정묘호란
388:Amur
368:Jisi
283:Shun
266:Qing
249:Ming
157:Yoto
146:Amin
52:Date
660:War
2836::
1063:,
938:,
934:,
846:*
839:^
818:^
712:.
705:.
684:,
680:,
640:.
288:Xi
31:,
1442:e
1435:t
1428:v
1067:)
1015:e
1008:t
1001:v
940:2
864:.
608:(
511:亂
508:胡
505:卯
502:丁
220:e
213:t
206:v
137::
114::
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