Redback spider - Knowledge

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spiders each year across Australia range from 2,000 to 10,000. The larger female spider is responsible for almost all cases of redback spider bites. The smaller male was thought to be unable to envenomate a human, although some cases have been reported; their rarity is probably due to the male's smaller size and proportionally smaller fangs, rather than its being incapable of biting or lacking potent venom. The bite from both juvenile and mature females appears to have similar potency. The male bite usually only produces short-lived, mild pain. Most bites occur in the warmer months between December and April, in the afternoon or evening. As the female redback is slow-moving and rarely leaves her web, bites generally occur as a result of placing a hand or other body part too close to the spider, such as when reaching into dark holes or wall cavities. Bites often also occur when a hidden spider is disturbed in items such as clothes, shoes, gloves, building materials, garden tools or children's outdoor toys.

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conducted a randomized controlled trial of intravenous antivenom versus placebo for Redback envenomation, finding the addition of antivenom did not significantly improve pain or systemic effects, while antivenom resulted in acute hypersensitivity reactions in 3.6 per cent of those receiving it. The question of abandoning the antivenom on the basis of this and previous studies came up in the Annals of Emergency Medicine in 2015 where White and Weinstein argued that if the recommendations in the 2014 Isbister et al. paper were followed it would lead to abandonment of antivenom as a treatment option, an outcome White and Weinstein considered undesirable. Authors of the 2014 Isbister et al. paper responded in the same issue by suggesting patients for whom antivenom is considered should be fully informed "there is considerable weight of evidence to suggest it is no better than placebo", and in light of a risk of anaphylaxis and serum sickness, "routine use of the antivenom is therefore not recommended".

857:. In the process of mating, the much smaller male somersaults to place his abdomen over the female's mouthparts. In about two of three cases, the female fully consumes the male while mating continues. Males which are not eaten die of their injuries soon after mating. Sacrifice during mating is thought to confer two advantages to the species. The first is the eating process allows for a longer period of copulation and thus fertilisation of more eggs. The second is females which have eaten a male are more likely to reject subsequent males. Although this prohibits future mating for the males, this is not a serious disadvantage, because the spiders are sufficiently sparse that less than 20% of males ever find a potential mate during their lifetimes, and in any case, the male is functionally sterile if he has used the contents of both of his palps in the first mating. 928:. It is wide spread throughout urban Australia, with most suburban backyards in the city of Canberra (for instance) having one or more nesting females in such places as firewood piles, stored brick stacks and around unused or restoring motor vehicles as well as generally behind the shed - as observed since at least the 1970s and probably earlier. The redback spider is commonly found in close proximity to human residences. Webs are usually built in dry, dark, sheltered sites, such as among rocks, in logs, tree hollows, shrubs, old tyres, sheds, outhouses, empty tins and boxes, children's toys or under rubbish or litter. Letterboxes and the undersurface of toilet seats are common sites. Populations can be controlled by clearing these habitats, squashing the spiders and their egg sacs, and using pesticide in outhouses. The 751:. Food scraps and lighting attract insect prey to areas of human activity, which brings the redbacks. Once alerted to a creature becoming ensnared in a trap line, the redback advances to around a leg's length from its target, touching it and squirting a liquid glutinous silk over it to immobilise it. It then bites its victim repeatedly on the head, body and leg joints and wraps it in sticky and dry silk. Unlike other spiders, it does not rotate its prey while wrapping in silk, but like other spiders, it then injects a venom that liquefies its victim's innards. Once it has trussed the prey, the redback takes it to its retreat and begins sucking out the liquefied insides, generally 5 to 20 minutes after first attacking it. Redback spiders do not usually drink, except when starved. 1121: 822:(copulatory organs), because the gonads and palps are not internally connected. After it moults into its last instar, it sets off wandering to seek a female. The male spider does not eat during this period. How males find females is unclear, and it is possible they may balloon like juveniles. A Western Australian field study found that most males took 6 to 8 weeks to travel around 3 to 3.5 metres (9.8 to 11.5 ft) with occasional journeys of over 8 m (26 ft), but that only around 11–13% successfully found a mate. They are attracted by 807: 768: 42: 74: 1434:(goosebumps)—these three symptoms together are a classic presentation of redback spider envenomation. Pain, swelling and redness can spread proximally up a limb or away from the bite site and regional lymph nodes may become painful. Some subjects with delayed symptoms may present with a characteristic sweating and pain in the lower limbs, generally below the knees, or a burning sensation in the soles of the feet. This may eventuate even if the person was bitten somewhere else on their body. 781:

food, those starved at 10 °C (50 °F) faring better than those kept without food at 25 °C (77 °F). Spiders are known to reduce their metabolic rates in response to starvation, and can distend their abdomens to store large amounts of food. Redbacks can survive temperatures from below freezing point to 40 °C (104 °F), though they do need relatively warm summers, with temperatures of 15 to 25 °C (59 to 77 °F) for two to three months, to survive and breed.

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threads seem random, they are strategically placed for support and entrapment of prey. The rear portion of the web forms a funnel-like retreat area where the spider and egg sacs are found. This area has vertical, sticky catching threads that run to ground attachments. The vertical strands act as trip wires to initially alert the spider to the presence of prey or threats. They also snare and haul prey into the air when weaker horizontal strands that hold them down, known as

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trusses the victim with silk. Once its prey is restrained, it is bitten repeatedly on the head, body and leg segments and is then hauled back to the redback spider's retreat. Sometimes a potentially dangerous victim can be left to struggle for hours until it is exhausted enough to approach safely. Male spiders and spiderlings often live on the periphery of the female spiders' web and steal leftovers. Other species of spider and

1442:. Other non-specific systemic effects such as malaise and lethargy are also common. Rarely, other effects are reported such as neurological manifestations, fever and priapism (uncontrolled erection of the penis). Severe pain usually persists for over 24 hours after being bitten. Symptoms of envenomation may linger for weeks or even months. Rare complications include localised skin infection, seizure, coma, 1510:). A significant proportion of bites will not result in envenomation or any symptoms developing; around 2–20% of bite victims have been treated with antivenom. In an Australian study of 750 emergency hospital admissions for spider bites where the spider was definitively identified, 56 were from redbacks. Of these, 37 had significant pain lasting over 24 hours. Only six were treated with the antivenom. 7044: 402:, organs of the female reproductive tract, and can be used up to two years later to fertilise several clutches of eggs. Each clutch averages 250 eggs and is housed in a round white silken egg sac. The redback spider has a widespread distribution in Australia, and inadvertent introductions have led to established colonies in New Zealand, the United Arab Emirates, Japan and greenhouses in Belgium. 1221:. Excess neurotransmitter activity leads to clinical manifestations of envenomation, although the precise mechanisms are not well understood. Acetylcholine release accounts for neuromuscular manifestations, and norepinephrine release accounts for the cardiovascular manifestations. Female redbacks have an average of around 0.08–0.10 mg of venom, and experiments indicate that the 1283: 370:, the widow spiders. The adult female is easily recognised by her spherical black body with a prominent red stripe on the upper side of her abdomen and an hourglass-shaped red/orange streak on the underside. Females usually have a body length of about 10 millimetres (0.4 in), while the male is much smaller, being only 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) long. 1426:. A small but significant percentage of people bitten develop significant pain or systemic symptoms. The diagnosis is made from the clinical condition, often based on the victim being aware of a bite and ideally with identification of the spider. Laboratory tests are rarely needed and there is no specific test for the venom or latrodectism. 1514:

history, symptoms and signs consistent with systemic envenoming, and severe pain unresponsive to oral analgesics ... however recent trials show antivenom has a low response rate little better than placebo, and any effect is less than might be achieved with optimal use of standard analgesics. The antivenom can be given by injection

1016:, Fukuoka City. Dispersal mechanisms within Japan are unclear, but redbacks are thought to have spread by walking or by being carried on vehicles. In September 2012, after being bitten a woman was hospitalised in the Higashi Ward of Fukuoka City. Signs warning about redback spiders have been posted in parks around the city. 865:

advertising her sexual availability about three months after mating. A female spider may lay four to ten egg sacs, each of which is around 1 cm (0.39 in) in diameter and contains on average around 250 eggs, though can be as few as 40 or as many as 500. She prepares a shallow concave disc around 3 mm (

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in about 45–90 days. Females mature through seven–eight instars in about 75–120 days. Males live for up to six or seven months, while females may live between two and three years. Laboratory tests have shown that redbacks may survive for an average of 100 days, and sometimes over 300 days without any

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through its two fangs when it bites, before wrapping them in silk and sucking out the liquefied insides. Often, it first squirts its victim with what resembles 'superglue' from its spinnerets, immobilising the prey by sticking the victim's limbs and appendages to its own body. The redback spider then

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be ready and available in case it is needed to treat a severe anaphylactic reaction, and also that the antivenom from the vial be administered diluted in a 100 ml bag of intravenous solution for infusion over 30 minutes. While it is rare that patients report symptoms of envenomation lasting weeks or

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analgesics may be necessary to relieve pain. Antivenom has been historically given for adults suffering severe local pain or systemic symptoms consistent with latrodectism, which include pain and swelling spreading proximally from site, distressing local or systemic pain, chest pain, abdominal pain,

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The redback spider is widespread across Australia. The current distribution reported by the World Spider Catalogue includes Southeast Asia and New Zealand. Colonies and individuals have been found elsewhere, including Japan, England, Belgium, the United Arab Emirates and Iran. It was believed at one

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Published studies specifically looking at effects in children have been retrospective only and too limited to draw conclusive results. A ten-year retrospective study of children bitten and admitted to hospital in Perth found that the clinical features resemble those of adult cases, and 21% required

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occurs where larger females take food items stored in other spiders' webs. When they encounter other spiders of the same species, often including those of the opposite sex, they engage in battle, and the defeated spider is eaten. If a male redback is accepted by a female, it is permitted to feed on

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The exact fraction of bites that require antivenom is difficult to quantify, because many bites are unreported. Figures from the manufacturer show that 344 cases required antivenom treatment in 1995, and in 2011 the figure was around 200. Estimates for the total number of bites range from 2,000 to

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Redback spider bites are difficult to diagnose in pets unless witnessed. Dogs appear to have some resistance. They are at serious risk only if bitten many times, and rarely need antivenom. Cats are likely to be more susceptible and require antivenom, which can reverse symptoms very quickly. Guinea

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fragments are separated and purified. Each vial contains 500 units of redback antivenom in approximately 1.5 ml, which is enough to inactivate 5 mg of redback spider venom in a test tube. The antivenom has been safely administered to women in various stages of pregnancy. Redback antivenom has

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concluded that the colour variations were largely continuous across the world and were not suitable for distinguishing the individual species. Instead, he focussed on differences in the morphology of the female sexual organs, and revised the number of recognised species from 22 to 6. This included

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also show that it was present well before European settlement. Its original range is thought to be a relatively small arid part of South Australia and Western Australia. Its spread has been inadvertently aided by modern buildings, which often provide habitats conducive to redback populations. The

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Some redback males have been observed using an alternative tactic that also ensures more of their genetic material is passed on. Juvenile female redbacks nearing their final moulting and adulthood have fully formed reproductive organs, but lack openings in the exoskeleton that allow access to the

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as its closest relative. A 2004 molecular study supports the redback's status as a distinct species, as does the unique abdomen-presenting behaviour of the male during mating. The close relationship between the two species is shown when mating: the male redback is able to successfully mate with a

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Spiderlings hatch from their eggs after about 8 days and can emerge from the egg sac as early as 11 days after being laid, although cooler temperatures can significantly slow their development so that emergence does not occur for months. After hatching they spend about a week inside the egg sac,

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The redback is mainly nocturnal; the female remains concealed during the day, and spins her web during the night, usually remaining in the same location for most of her adult life. Classified as a gum-footed tangle web, the web is an irregular-looking tangle of fine but strong silk. Although the

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were superseded by plumbed indoor toilets. Conversely, bites on the head and neck have increased with use of safety helmets and ear muffs. Precautions to avoid being bitten include wearing gloves and shoes while gardening, not leaving clothes on the floor, and shaking out gloves or shoes before

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The redback spider has been historically responsible for more envenomations requiring antivenom than any other creature in Australia. However, by 2017 the spider was blamed for only 250 envenomations requiring antivenom annually. Estimates of the number of people thought to be bitten by redback

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The redback spider's affinity for human-modified habitat has enabled it to spread to several countries via international shipping and trade. Furthermore, its tolerance to cold means that it has the ability to colonise many temperate countries with a winter climate cooler than Australia. This is

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The antivenom manufacturer's product information recommends one vial, although more has been used. Past guidelines indicated two vials, with a further two vials recommended if symptoms did not resolve within two hours, however recent guidelines state "antivenom is sometimes given if there is a

701:, break when prey thrash around. These webs are usually placed between two flat surfaces, one beneath the other. The female spends more time in the funnel and less time moving around during cooler weather. The individual web filaments are quite strong, able to entangle and hold small reptiles. 1529:

These concerns led two handbooks to recommend IV in preference to IM administration in Australian practice. Despite a long history of usage and anecdotal evidence of effectiveness, there is a lack of data from controlled studies confirming the antivenom's benefits. In 2014 Isbister and others

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in humans; this starts with pain around the bite site, which typically becomes severe and progresses up the bitten limb and persists for over 24 hours. Sweating in localised patches of skin occasionally occurs and is highly indicative of latrodectism. Generalised symptoms of nausea, vomiting,

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Once the female has mated, the sperm is stored in one or both of her spermathecae. The sperm can be used to fertilise several batches of eggs, over a period of up to two years (estimated from observations of closely related species), but typically restarts the female's pheromone production

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The redback's small size means that swelling or puncture marks at the bite site are uncommon. The bite may be painful from the start, but more often only feels like a pinprick or mild burning sensation. Within an hour, a more severe local pain may develop with local sweating and sometimes

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has been lacking. Recent trials show antivenom has a low response rate little better than placebo, and any effect is less than might be achieved with optimal use of standard analgesics. Further studies are needed to confirm or refute its effectiveness. It appears clinically active against

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have similarities; there is some evidence there is a higher incidence of sweating, and local and radiating pain with the redback, while black widow envenomation results in more back and abdominal pain, and abdominal rigidity is a feature common with bites from the west coast button spider

875: in) in diameter before laying eggs into it over a period of around five minutes before laying more silk to complete the sac, which becomes spherical, the whole process taking around one and a quarter hours. She can produce a new egg sac as early as one to three weeks after her last. 6082:

Atakuziev, Bakhadir U.; Wright, Christine E.; Graudins, Andis; Nicholson, Graham M.; Winkel, Kenneth D. (2014). "Efficacy of Australian red-back spider (Latrodectus hasselti) antivenom in the treatment of clinical envenomation by the cupboard spider Steatoda capensis (Theridiidae)".

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in 1973. Newton recalled an occasion when a friend used his outside toilet where the light globe had blown and reported he was lucky there was not a redback spider on the toilet seat. The phrase inspired him to write the song. A sculpture of an impossibly large redback, one of

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offspring. However, the male katipō is too heavy to mate with the female redback, as it triggers a predatory response in the female when it approaches the web, causing the female to eat it. There is evidence of interbreeding between female katipō and male redbacks in the wild.

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the victims snared in the female's web. Baby spiders also steal food from their mother, which she tries to prevent. They also consume sticky silk as well as small midges and flies. Spiderlings are cannibalistic, more active ones sometimes eating their less active siblings.

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or kiting. Eventually, the silken thread will adhere to an object where the young spider will establish its own web. They sometimes work cooperatively, climbing, releasing silk and being carried off in clusters. Juvenile spiders build webs, sometimes with other spiders.

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months following a bite, there are case reports from the 1990s in which antivenom was reported to be effective in the relief of chronic symptoms when administered weeks or months after a bite. However, in the vast majority of cases, it is administered within 24 hours.

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from a redback spider bite was widely reported. In this case, the death occurred from secondary infection; and the man in question had just recovered from a serious car accident. Apart from that, there have been no deaths due to redback bite since the introduction of

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in the North Island. Authorities in the United Arab Emirates warn residents and visitors of redback spiders, which have been present since 1990. Colonies have also been established in greenhouses in Belgium, and isolated observations indicate possible presence in

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time that the redback may have been introduced to Australia, because when it was first formally described in 1870, it appeared to be concentrated around sea ports. However, an earlier informal description (1850) from the Adelaide Hills is now known, and names in

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Redback spiders are also found in small colonies in areas of New Zealand. They are frequently intercepted by quarantine authorities, often among steel or car shipments. They were introduced into New Zealand in the early 1980s, and now are found around Central

853:, each of which has its own insemination orifice. It then tries and often succeeds in inserting the other palp into the female's second orifice. The redback spider is one of only two animals known where the male has been found to actively assist the female in 373:

Mainly nocturnal, the female redback lives in an untidy web in a warm sheltered location, commonly near or inside human residences. It preys on insects, spiders and small vertebrates that become ensnared in its web. It kills its prey by injecting a complex

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10,000. These estimates correspond to a broad range of about 2–17%, and reports have generally expressed this as "around" or "under" 20%. Two studies of redback victims who attended hospitals found that 6/23 (26%) and 32/150 (21%) received antivenom.

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is often observed. They then leave by being carried on the wind. They follow light and climb to the top of nearby logs or rocks before extending their abdomens high in the air and producing a droplet of silk. The liquid silk is drawn out into a long

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The common name "redback" is derived from the distinctive red stripe along the dorsal aspect of its abdomen. Other common names include red-striped spider, red-spot spider, jockey spider, Murra-ngura spider, Kapara spider and the Kanna-jeri spider.

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is an Australian workboot manufacturing company, which uses the spider in its name and logo. In 2006 a redback spider postage stamp was designed as part of a "Dangerous Australians" stamp series, but was withheld from general circulation by

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Around one in three subjects develops systemic symptoms; after a number of hours, or rarely, delayed for more than 24 hours. Symptoms typically include nausea, vomiting, abdominal or chest pain, agitation, headache, generalised sweating and

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with very small fangs. Small compared to the female, the male redback is 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) long and is light brown, with white markings on the upper side of the abdomen and a pale hourglass marking on the underside.

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antivenom—a rate similar to adult use, while a ten-year retrospective study from Alice Springs Hospital found that 83% required antivenom therapy, with irritability, hypertension and sweating as the most common clinical symptoms.

1101:(upper arms and thighs), 21% on the trunk, and 7% on the head or neck. In some cases the same spider bites a victim multiple times. Historically, victims were often bitten on the genitalia, though this phenomenon disappeared as 1489:

Treatment is based on the severity of the envenomation. The majority of cases do not require medical care, and patients with localised pain, swelling and redness usually require only local application of ice and simple oral

1331:, then a government body involved with discovering antivenoms for many venomous Australian creatures. Production involves the milking of venom from redbacks and repeatedly inoculating horses with non-lethal doses. The horse 4229: 861:

organs. Males will bite through the exoskeleton and deliver sperm without performing the somersault seen in males mating with adult females. The females then moult within a few days and deliver a clutch of fertilised eggs.

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Graudins, Andis; Little, Michelle J.; Pineda, Sandy S.; Hains, Peter G.; King, Glenn F.; Broady, Kevin W.; Nicholson, Graham M. (1 January 2012). "Cloning and Activity of a Novel α-latrotoxin from Red-back Spider Venom".

1450:. Children, the elderly, or those with serious medical conditions are at much higher risk of severe effects resulting from a bite. Infants have died within hours of a bite, but adult fatalities have taken up to 30 days. 1453:

Children and infants may be unable to report being bitten, making it difficult to associate their symptoms with a spider bite. Symptoms seen in infants include inconsolable crying, refusing to feed and a general

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A 2006 questionnaire found that of 218 Emergency physicians, 34 used the antivenom IM exclusively, 36 used IM then IV, 63 IV exclusively and 80 had no preference—that is, there was no consensus for preferred

916:. It became much more common in urban areas in the early decades of the 20th century, and is now found in all but the most inhospitable environments in Australia and its cities. It is particularly common in 1170:(mouth parts). Venom accumulates in the lumen of the glands and passes through paired ducts into the spider's two hollow fangs. The venom of the redback spider is thought to be similar to that of the other 1376:

spiders; however, as these cases are often mild and the evidence of its effectiveness is limited, this treatment is not recommended. Similarly, the antivenom has been reported as effective with bites of

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distinct enough to warrant recognition. Subsequently, more reliable genetic studies have split the genus into about 30 species, and the redback has no recognised subspecies in modern classifications.

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The redback is one of the few spider species that can be seriously harmful to humans, and its liking for habitats in built structures has led it to being responsible for a large number of serious

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Modanu, Maria; Li, Lucy Dong Xuan; Said, Hosay; Rathitharan, Nizanthan; Andrade, Maydianne C.B. (2014). "Sibling cannibalism in a web-building spider: Effects of density and shared environment".

6013: 5737: 2570: 4452: 989:, England, after a container of parts arrived from Australia; some may have escaped into the countryside before pest controllers could destroy them. One redback was found in a back garden in 6817:

Brown, Simon A.; Isbister, Geoffrey K. (2007). "Route of administration of redback spider bite antivenom: Determining clinician beliefs to facilitate Bayesian analysis of a clinical trial".

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concerning due to the risks to people being bitten who are unaware of its venomous nature, and also to the conservation of local threatened insect species that the redback might prey upon.

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in which the title character picks up and plays with a spider was banned from Australian television due to fears that it would encourage children to pick up and play with redback spiders.

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Vink, Cor J.; Sirvid, Phil J.; Malumbres-Olarte, Jagoba; Griffiths, James W.; Paquin, Pierre; Paterson, Adrian M. (2008). "Species Status and Conservation Issues of New Zealand's Endemic

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to determine subdivisions within the genus. Substantial interest in their systematics was most likely prompted by the medical importance of these venomous spiders. Swedish arachnologist

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Stoltz, Jeffrey A.; McNeil, Jeremy N.; Andrade, Maydianne C. B. (1 December 2007). "Males Assess Chemical Signals to Discriminate Just-mated Females from Virgins in Redback Spiders".

1578:. Before this, redback spider bites had been implicated in at least 14 deaths in Australia, however these cases cannot be definitively linked to the redback bite as the sole cause. 4259: 943:

in 1920, based on morphology. Their behaviour differs from Australian redbacks, as they do not engage in sexual cannibalism and are less prone to biting humans. The first recorded

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Most traditional or historical first-aid treatments for redback spider bites are either useless or dangerous. These include making incisions and promoting bleeding, using

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Before a juvenile male leaves its mother's web, it builds a small sperm web on which it deposits its sperm from its gonads and then collects it back into each of its two

731:) is a particularly common food item. Developing spiderlings need size-appropriate prey, and laboratory studies show that they are willing to consume common fruit flies ( 7640: 7317: 5867:

Isbister, Geoffrey K.; Page, Colin B.; Buckley, Nicholas A.; Fatovich, Daniel M.; Pascu, Ovidiu; MacDonald, Stephen P.J.; Calver, Leonie A.; Brown, Simon G.A. (2014).

3735: 846:-serine). This is thought to be the sole method by which males assess a female's reproductive status, and their courtship dismantles much of the pheremone-marked web. 2762:

Wiener, Saul (5 May 1956). "The Australian Red Back Spider (Latrodectus Hasseltii): I. Preparation of Antiserum by the Use of Venom Adsorbed on Aluminium Phosphate".

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Forster, L. M. (1992). "The Stereotyped Behavior of Sexual Cannibalism in Latrodectus-Hasselti Thorell (Araneae, Theridiidae), the Australian Redback Spider".

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Espino-Solis, G.P.; Riaño-Umbarila, L.; Becerril, B.; Possani, L.D. (6 March 2009). "Antidotes against Venomous Animals: State of the Art and Prospectives".

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Nicholson, Graham M.; Graudins, Andis (2002). "Spiders of Medical Importance in the Asia-Pacific: Atracotoxin, Latrotoxin and Related Spider Neurotoxins".

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MAF Biosecurity Pest Risk Assessment: Spiders Associated With Table Grapes From United States of America (State of California), Australia, Mexico and Chile

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The adult female redback has a body around 1 centimetre (0.4 in) long, with slender legs, the first pair of which are longer than the rest. The round

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Young, Anna R.; Pincus, Steven J. (February–March 2001). "Comparison of Enzymatic Activity from Three Species of Necrotising Arachnids in Australia:

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Perampaladas, Kuhan; Stoltz, J. A.; Andrade, M. C. B. (1 June 2008). "Mated Redback Spider Females Re-Advertise Receptivity Months after Mating".

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Division of Entomology recommends against the use of spider pesticides due to their toxicity, and because redbacks are rapid recolonists anyway.

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feeding on the yolk and molting once. Baby spiders appear from September to January (spring to early summer). Male spiders mature through five

5869:"Randomized Controlled Trial of Intravenous Antivenom Versus Placebo for Latrodectism: The Second Redback Antivenom Evaluation (RAVE-II) Study" 2539: 7752: 7663: 7360: 1541:

were used to relieve symptoms of pain and distress, although calcium is not recommended as its benefit has not been shown in clinical trials.

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on what he considered minor anatomical details but Dahl dismissed Pickard-Cambridge as an "ignoramus". Pickard-Cambridge was unsure whether

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The specific variant of the vertebrate toxin found in the redback was cloned and sequenced in 2012, and was found to be a sequence of 1180

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is a deep black (occasionally brownish), with a red (sometimes orange) longitudinal stripe on the upper surface and an hourglass-shaped

6717:"A comparison of serum antivenom concentrations after intravenous and intramuscular administration of redback (widow) spider antivenom" 6402:

Trethewy, Christopher E.; Bolisetty, Srinivas; Wheaton, Gavin (2003). "Red-back Spider Envenomation in Children in Central Australia".

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produces a wheat beer called Redback, with the distinctive red stripe as the logo. The redback appears in the name and emblem of the

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reported that a doctor noticed that a severely ill benumbed victim got much better overnight following treatment using injections of

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Isbister, Geoffrey K.; White, Julian (April 2004). "Clinical Consequences of Spider Bites: Recent Advances in our Understanding".

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in New South Wales mixed the spiders' bodies with the venom of snakes and pine tree gum to form a broth used to coat spear tips.

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reclassifying the redback and several other species as subspecies of the best-known member of the group, the black widow spider (

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Ushkaryov, Y. A. (2004). "The multiple actions of black widow spider toxins and their selective use in neurosecretion studies".

7168: 6654: 5236: 1098: 1094: 1042:) are known to prey on the redback spider, and redbacks are often absent if these species are present in significant numbers. 655:

red colours may serve as a warning to potential predators. Each spider has a pair of venom glands, one attached to each of its

7525: 7199: 7946: 7927: 7632: 7535: 6545: 5833: 5803: 3807: 1959: 1926: 17: 8236: 7325: 5823: 3832: 2950:

Andrade, Maydianne C. B.; Banta, Erin M. (May 2002). "Value of Male Remating and Functional Sterility in Redback Spiders".

2124:

Advances in Spider Taxonomy, 1981–1987. A Supplement to Brignoli's "a Catalogue of the Araneae Described Between 1940–1981"

1566: 522: 260: 6157:

Daly, Frank; Hill, Robert E.; Bogdan, Gregory M.; Dart, Richard C.; Dart, Richard C. (1 January 2001). "Neutralization of

647:

is much smaller than the abdomen, and is black. Redback spiderlings are grey with dark spots, and become darker with each

8318: 6764:

Isbister GK, Brown SG, Miller M, Tankel A, Macdonald E, Stokes B, Ellis R, Nagree Y, Wilkes GJ, James R, Short A (2008).

4757:

Sutherland, S.; Trinca, J. (1978). "Survey of 2144 Cases of Redback Spider Bites: Australia and New Zealand, 1963–1976".

3028: 2378: 1727: 3001: 669:, has been termed the "false redback spider", but it is uniformly black (or plum), and does not display the red stripe. 8153: 7229: 1751:

These likely make the venom stronger by altering the victim's physiology. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors, or

7440: 4230:"The Occurrence of Red-Back Spider Latrodectus hasselti (Araneae: Theridiidae) in Bandar Abbas, Southern Part of Iran" 4057:

Maillaud, Claude; Jourdan, Hervé; Winkel, Ken; Arnaud, Gaëlle; Lafforgue, Patrick; Durand, Francis (1 December 2009).

1615:

solutions, providing warmth, and sucking the venom out. In modern first aid, incising, sucking, applying bandages and

7908: 7880: 7508: 6933:

Banham, N.; Jelinek, G.; Finch, P. (1994). "Late Treatment with Antivenom in Prolonged Redback Spider Envenomation".

5246: 2131: 1987: 1661: 487: 8171: 2012: 849:

During mating, the male redback attempts to copulate by inserting one of its palps into the one of the female's two

8249: 7472: 5001: 3997: 3904:

Raven, R.J. & Gallon, J.A. (1987). "The redback spider". In Covacevich, J.; Davie, P. & Pearns, J. (eds.).

3106:

Thorell, 1870 (Aranea: Araneomorpha: Theridiidae) in an Autochthonous Mesic Habitat in Coastal Southeast Australia"

1843: 1501:

Hospital assessment is recommended if simple pain relief does not resolve local pain, or systemic symptoms occur.

8184: 5868: 5433:"Molecular Evolution of α-Latrotoxin, the Exceptionally Potent Vertebrate Neurotoxin in Black Widow Spider Venom" 3837: 2285: 1498:. Pressure immobilisation of the wound site is not recommended. Keeping the victim still and calm is beneficial. 897: 4944: 4927: 3343:

Vink, C. J.; Derraik, J. G. B.; Phillips, C. B.; Sirvid, P. J. (2010). "The Invasive Australian Redback Spider,

1633:; strychnine had been popular as a snake bite antidote, but it was not effective. As of 2011, administration of 8083: 8033: 6272:

Jelinek, G. A.; Banham, N. D.; Dunjey, S. J. (1989). "Red-back Spider-bites at Fremantle Hospital, 1982–1987".

4591:

Nicholson, Graham M.; Graudins, Andis (1 January 2003). "Antivenoms for the Treatment of Spider Envenomation".

3879: 2161: 1653: 545:

noting the differences to be inconsistent. The redback was also considered by some to be conspecific with the

8328: 6715:

Isbister, G. K.; O'Leary, M.; Miller, M.; Brown, S. G. A.; Ramasamy, S.; James, R.; Schneider, J. S. (2008).

1670: 1271: 717:

Redbacks usually prey on insects, but can capture larger animals that become entangled in the web, including

7109: 5703: 2434: 4198: 1688: 1674: 1397: 204: 6766:"A randomised controlled trial of intramuscular vs. intravenous antivenom for latrodectism—the RAVE study" 293: 8101: 8055: 7920:

A Clinician's Guide to Australian Venomous Bites and Stings: Incorporating the Updated Antivenom Handbook

7564: 6588: 6118:

Graudins, Andis; Padula, Matthew; Broady, Kevin; Nicholson, Graham M. (February 2001). "Red-back Spider (

5040: 2906:"Female Hunger can Explain Variation in Cannibalistic Behavior Despite Male Sacrifice in Redback Spiders" 1911:

Recent Insights in Latrodectus ("Black Widow" Spider) Envenomation: Toxins and Their Mechanisms of Action

1684: 1591:

in nature alongside pain at the bite site. Dogs may also suffer vomiting and diarrhea, muscle tremors or

8295: 7782: 7414: 3556:

Breaking an Entry: Male Redback spiders Inseminate Juvenile Females by Ripping through their Exoskeleton

643:

streak on the underside. Females with incomplete markings or all-black abdomens occasionally occur. The

73: 8106: 6976:

Wells, C. L.; Spring, W. J. (1996). "Delayed but Effective Treatment of Red-back Spider Envenomation".

3941: 3384:"Acylated Serine Derivatives: A Unique Class of Arthropod Pheromones of the Australian Redback Spider, 542: 7019: 5767: 4400: 8259: 7984: 5586: 4422: 2063: 1666: 1259: 888: 826:, which are secreted by unmated sexually mature female redback spiders onto their webs and include a 361: 6035:

Graudins, Andis; Gunja, Narendra; Broady, Kevin W.; Nicholson, Graham M. (June 2002). "Clinical and

2543: 725:, and even on rare occasion snakes. One web was recorded as containing a dead mouse. The woodlouse ( 7701: 7348: 2408: 1621: 1588: 969: 2629: 1008:, Japan, thought to have arrived in cargoes of wood chips. In 2008, redback spiders were found in 7387: 1515: 1218: 1044: 733: 7731: 5352: 5063: 2435:

Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (25 October 2012).

1458:

rash. Muscle aches and pains, and neck spasm are often seen in children over four years of age.

8223: 7995: 7565:"Oz invaders: who they are, how they sound. (Australian musical acts) (Spotlight on Australia)" 3347:

Thorell 1870 (Araneae: Theridiidae): Current and Potential Distributions, and Likely Impacts".

1645: 1544:

Studies support the safety of antivenom, with around a 5% chance of an acute reaction, 1–2% of

965: 3381: 784:

Redback spiderlings cohabit on the maternal web for several days to a week, during which time

501:

from New Guinea, which was later regarded as a subspecies of the redback. Another subspecies,

8282: 8272: 8060: 8047: 7260: 4973: 4868:. Ipswich (Qld.): National Library of Australia. 26 February 1940. p. 6 Edition: Daily. 2798: 1587:

pigs, horses and camels are very susceptible. As with humans, the symptoms are predominantly

1120: 1032: 249: 188: 4550: 3382:

Jerhot, Elena; Stoltz, Jeffrey A.; Andrade, Maydianne C. B.; Schulz, Stefan (8 March 2010).

8323: 8290: 8127: 8042: 6680:

Isbister, Geoff (2002). "Failure of Intramuscular Antivenom in Redback Spider Envenoming".

6320: 6034: 5480:

Maretić, Zvonimir (1983). "Latrodectism: Variations in Clinical Manifestations Provoked by

4363: 3505: 1732: 1391: 459: 395: 7110:"Latrodectism: a Prospective Cohort Study of Bites by Formally Identified Redback Spiders" 7048: 6861: 5937:

White, Julian; Weinstein, Scott A. (2015). "Latrodectism and Effectiveness of Antivenom".

5384: 4693:"Latrodectism: a Prospective Cohort Study of Bites by Formally Identified Redback Spiders" 3490: 2294:

Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities: Species Bank

8: 6401: 2095: 1608: 1519: 1447: 1258:

One crustacean-specific and two insect-specific neurotoxins have been recovered from the

990: 986: 794: 567: 561: 479: 6989: 6946: 6359:

Mead, H.J.; Jelinek, G.A. (1993). "Red-back Spider Bites to Perth Children, 1979–1988".

6285: 6117: 5993: 4770: 3509: 7137: 7125: 7001: 6958: 6842: 6741: 6716: 6384: 6372: 6297: 6194: 6005: 5668: 5651: 5617: 5567: 5457: 5432: 5333: 5321: 5214: 5155: 5130: 5088: 4782: 4720: 4708: 4618: 4344: 4246: 3830: 3650: 3625: 3594: 3521: 3444: 3364: 3262: 3216: 2967: 2872: 2775: 2347: 2225: 1634: 1474: 1402: 1360: 1222: 1178:

and a number of high-molecular-weight toxins, including insect toxins and a vertebrate

854: 806: 449: 388: 213: 68: 6462: 6060: 5950: 5887: 5555: 4658: 4503:

Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) with the First Record of a Spider Wasp Parasitizing

406: 8267: 8114: 7960: 7952: 7942: 7923: 7904: 7876: 7843: 7727: 7572: 7531: 7504: 7129: 7078: 6993: 6950: 6876: 6834: 6830: 6787: 6746: 6732: 6697: 6693: 6633: 6612:"A Prospective Study of 750 Definite Spider Bites, with Expert Spider Identification" 6541: 6466: 6419: 6415: 6376: 6301: 6289: 6186: 6139: 6100: 6064: 5997: 5954: 5901: 5829: 5799: 5673: 5609: 5559: 5501: 5497: 5462: 5413: 5325: 5242: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5160: 5106: 4949: 4841: 4774: 4712: 4662: 4523: 4498: 4456: 4336: 4251: 4118: 4084: 3956: 3846: 3803: 3709: 3655: 3409: 3254: 3078: 2779: 2702: 2520: 2512: 2464: 2188: 2127: 1993: 1983: 1955: 1922: 1891: 1538: 665: 478:

in honour of colleague A.W.M. van Hasselt. In the same paper, he named a female from

471: 319: 7383:"The Aborigines of New South Wales – their Habits, Laws, and Customs" 7176: 7141: 7005: 6962: 6388: 6198: 6009: 5621: 5571: 5337: 5218: 4786: 4724: 4622: 4106: 3525: 3448: 3266: 908:

Outside urban areas, the redback is more often found in drier habitats ranging from

767: 8119: 7207: 7121: 6985: 6942: 6826: 6777: 6736: 6728: 6689: 6623: 6458: 6411: 6368: 6324:. Rockhampton, Queensland: National Library of Australia. 2 March 1954. p. 6. 6281: 6230: 6178: 6131: 6092: 6056: 5989: 5946: 5891: 5883: 5663: 5601: 5551: 5493: 5452: 5444: 5403: 5395: 5317: 5190: 5150: 5142: 5098: 4939: 4864: 4833: 4766: 4704: 4654: 4608: 4600: 4518: 4348: 4326: 4286: 4241: 4126: 4079: 4074: 4058: 3705: 3645: 3637: 3586: 3513: 3471: 3436: 3399: 3368: 3356: 3310: 3300: 3246: 2971: 2959: 2917: 2771: 2747: 2742: 2726: 2694: 2504: 2366: 2339: 2180: 1947: 1914: 1883: 1696: 1692: 1443: 1206: 1183: 1026: 793:

thread that, when long enough, carries the spider away. This behaviour is known as

755: 739: 727: 678: 609: 463: 227: 6846: 6096: 5146: 4837: 3440: 1887: 458:

had been unclear—changes in the number of species reflect the difficulty of using

6235: 6218: 4034:. Alice Springs, NT: National Library of Australia. 26 January 1951. p. 13. 3250: 1951: 1918: 1806:

Division of Entomology told a news reporter that he had heard of one other death.

1466: 718: 652: 640: 7836:"Peppa Pig 'spiders can't hurt you' episode pulled off air in Australia – again" 7294:. Burnie, Tasmania: National Library of Australia. 7 September 1929. p. 5. 5102: 3854: 3517: 2184: 1637:

was reported to have had some benefit though evidence of effectiveness is weak.

1274:; the venom of the redback, although little-studied, likely has similar agents. 571:), found in North America and other regions. He did not consider the subspecies 518: 238: 8179: 8166: 4331: 4310: 4056: 3426: 2412:. Camperdown, Victoria: National Library of Australia. 1 June 1893. p. 3. 2367:"Über algebrochene Copulationsorgane männlicher Spinnen im Körper der Weibchen" 1942:

Nentwig, N. (2017). "Impact of Non-native Animals and Plants on Human Health".

1705: 1679: 1592: 1549: 1534: 1344: 1314: 1214: 1038: 913: 622: 494: 353: 271: 6628: 6611: 5605: 5399: 4859: 4227: 3360: 3024: 2997: 2867: 2698: 1708:

due to concerns that the realistic depiction would scare people opening their

1465:. Latrodectism has been misdiagnosed as various medical conditions including 887:

A distribution map of the records of redback spider specimens reported to the

41: 8312: 8158: 7964: 7847: 7576: 7467: 7382: 7287: 7255: 7020:"Snakebite and Spiderbite Clinical Management Guidelines 2013, Third Edition" 6315: 5828:(2nd ed.). Chatswood, New South Wales: Elsevier Australia. p. 607. 5584: 5202: 4891: 4122: 4027: 3992: 3082: 2516: 2403: 2090: 2058: 1997: 1802:

No deaths since 1956 have been formally reported, but a spider expert at the

1760: 1752: 1700: 1657: 1523: 1478: 1364: 1332: 1251: 1210: 1198: 1194: 1065: 936: 925: 883: 651:. Juvenile females have additional white markings on the abdomen. The bright 644: 506: 282: 145: 6135: 5448: 4898:. Toowoomba, Qld.: National Library of Australia. 25 March 1936. p. 2. 4130: 3871:

Reed, C.; Newland, S.; Downs, J.; Forbes, V.; Gilbert, S. (September 2002).

3305: 3288: 3069:(Thorell), the Australian Redback Spider (Araneae: Theridiidae): a Review". 2922: 2905: 2567:"Katipo faces challenges from Australian and South African spider relatives" 2524: 683: 418:

headache, and agitation may also occur and indicate severe envenomation. An

55: 8018: 7523: 7444: 7346: 7133: 6880: 6838: 6791: 6782: 6765: 6750: 6701: 6637: 6470: 6423: 6190: 6143: 6104: 6068: 5958: 5905: 5677: 5613: 5563: 5466: 5417: 5329: 5210: 5164: 5110: 4953: 4845: 4716: 4340: 4255: 4088: 3960: 3850: 3659: 3641: 3413: 3404: 3383: 3258: 2963: 2783: 2192: 1895: 1756: 1439: 1431: 1423: 1417: 1340: 998: 977: 944: 850: 414: 399: 8093: 6997: 6954: 6380: 6293: 6182: 6001: 5821: 5505: 4666: 4604: 4199:"Deadly spider that can kill with one bite found in a back garden in KENT" 3695: 2706: 553:), which is native to New Zealand, though Koch regarded them as distinct. 8205: 8027: 4778: 4309:

Nihei, N.; Yoshida, M.; Kaneta, H.; Shimamura, R.; Kobayashi, M. (2004).

4102: 4059:"Latrodectism in New Caledonia: First Report of Presumed Redback Spider ( 1649: 1545: 1507: 1495: 1369: 1328: 1190: 1073: 1061: 1057: 1049: 909: 790: 744: 596: 467: 454: 366: 357: 165: 155: 115: 7256:"Don't Panic, But Treat Red-back Spider with Caution, Say Venom Experts" 6271: 4551:"Redback Spider Envenomation: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology" 2159: 8197: 7264:. Melbourne: National Library of Australia. 6 January 1951. p. 3. 5408: 4291: 4274: 3598: 3220: 3147:"Spider v snake: Redback spider wins, snake dies from likely poisoning" 3102:(De Vis, 1888) (Sauria: Scincidae: Lygosominae) by the Red-back Spider 2351: 1831: 1709: 1626: 1616: 1553: 1352: 1295: 1237: 1179: 1167: 1158: 1152: 1140: 1115: 1069: 1053: 1013: 982: 905:

also supports the native status of both in their respective countries.

656: 410: 380: 8210: 5896: 5704:"Snakebite & Spiderbite Clinical Management Guidelines 2007 – NSW" 4613: 3870: 3831:

Slaughter, R. J.; Beasley, D. M.; Lambie, B. S.; Schep, L. J. (2009).

3626:"Multiple Sperm Storage Organs Facilitate Female Control of Paternity" 3491:"Sexual Selection for Male Sacrifice in the Australian Redback Spider" 3475: 2166:(Araneae: Theridiidae): Phylogeny, Biogeography, and Invasion History" 2160:

Garb, Jessica E.; González, Alda; Gillespie, Rosemary G. (June 2004).

2121: 1106:

putting them on. Also, children can be educated not to touch spiders.

709: 8140: 3315: 2230:Öfversigt Af Kongelige Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar, Stockholm 1714: 1575: 1491: 1422:

Envenomation from a redback spider bite produces a syndrome known as

1322: 1302: 1163: 1146: 823: 785: 748: 419: 105: 85: 8070: 7989: 7903:(2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. 7347:

Pinto, J. E. B.; Rothlin, R. P.; Dagrosa, E. E.; Barrio, A. (1900).

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Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin

2343: 2099:. Perth: National Library of Australia. 8 January 1938. p. 19. 973: 902: 627: 604: 546: 8145: 8012: 7527:

The Dictionary of Performing Arts in Australia: Opera, Music, Dance

6535: 6043:) Antivenom in the Treatment of Envenomation by a Cupboard Spider ( 5974:"Redback Spider Antivenom used to Treat Envenomation by a Juvenile 2486: 1612: 1596: 1462: 1455: 1336: 1287: 1244:

clade. The syndromes caused by bites from any spiders of the genus

1102: 917: 698: 648: 384: 360:, with colonies elsewhere outside Australia. It is a member of the 125: 7956: 5684: 5304:

Wiener, Saul (1 September 1956). "The Australian Red Back Spider (

4272: 4172:"Deadly Australian Spiders 'invading' the UK, one Field at a Time" 4001:. Perth: National Library of Australia. 18 March 1954. p. 3. 1193:, alpha-latrotoxin produces its effect through destabilisation of 7391:. NSW: National Library of Australia. 14 April 1883. p. 14. 7047:

Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

6483: 5541: 4793: 4475: 4393:"Japan's Fukuoka Wipes Out over 4,600 Poisonous Red-back Spiders" 4146:"Redback Spiders are Back: Don't Panic, urges Dubai Municipality" 3575:"Underage Spiders: Males Show Unexpected Interest in Young Mates" 2585: 2296:. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian Government. 1630: 1359:

been widely used in Australia since 1956, although evidence from

1267: 1240:, with a strong similarity to the equivalent molecule across the 1174:

spiders. It contains a complex mixture of cellular constituents,

1012:, Japan. Over 700 have been found near the container terminal in 1009: 636: 526: 466:

described the redback spider in 1870 from specimens collected in

345: 8132: 7353:

Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand

6081: 5798:(3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 262. 3098:"A Case of Web Entanglement and Apparent Predation of the Skink 8078: 5971: 4928:"Widow Spider Envenomation (Latrodectism): a Worldwide Problem" 4645:

White, J. (1998). "Envenoming and Antivenom use in Australia".

3553: 1982:. Clayton, VIC Australia: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 321, 339. 1570: 1502: 1470: 1348: 1291: 1175: 827: 777: 722: 486:, now regarded as the same species. These specimens are in the 349: 135: 95: 7693: 7324:. State Government of Victoria. September 2011. Archived from 6932: 6714: 3939: 3289:"Risky mate search and male self-sacrifice in redback spiders" 3025:"Red Back Spider – Attenborough: Life in the Undergrowth" 2731:

Thorell (Araneae: Theridiidae), the Australian Redback Spider"

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wasps prey on this species. The redback is one of a number of

7774: 7043: 4228:

Shahi, M.; Hosseini, A.; Shemshad, K.; Rafinejad, J. (2011).

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close relationship between the redback and the New Zealand

819: 5585:

Vassilevski, A. A.; Kozlov, S. A.; Grishin, E. V. (2009).

3095: 997:. Two females were discovered in the Iranian port city of 985:, the Philippines, and India. Some redbacks were found in 6975: 6763: 6039:

Evidence for the Efficacy of Australian Red-back Spider (

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Platnick, N.; Merrett, P.; Brignoli, P. M., eds. (1990).

1461:

Unlike those of some other spiders, redback bites do not

1310: 1004:

There is an established population of redback spiders in

445: 7633:"Would the Real First Matilda Bay Beer Please Stand Up?" 7524:

Atkinson, Ann; Knight, Linsay; McPhee, Margaret (1996).

6554: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6246: 5847: 5845: 5308:): II. Effect of Temperature on the Toxicity of Venom". 4756: 4690: 4590: 3679:

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3096:

Metcalfe, Dean C.; Ridgeway, Peter A. (23 August 2013).

2665: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 1599:

excessively, protrude their tongue or be overexcitable.

1132:

are considered dangerous, alongside funnel-web spiders (

413:

to vertebrates, the venom gives rise to the syndrome of

6486:"Funnel Web and Redback Spider Bites: First Aid Advice" 6358: 5822:

Elliott, Doug; Aitken, Leanne; Chaboyer, Wendy (2011).

4311:"Analysis on the Dispersal Pattern of Newly Introduced 3630:

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3236: 2056: 1755:, are a class of widely-prescribed medications used in 1552:. Nevertheless, it is recommended that an injection of 7443:. The Country Music Store. 6 July 2009. Archived from 7049:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

6536:

Murray, L.; Daly, F.; Little, M.; Cadogan, M. (2011).

6436: 4107:"The Australian Redback Spider - an Unwelcome Visitor" 3912: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3181: 3169: 663:

Another species in Australia with a similar physique,

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1944:

Impact of Biological Invasions on Ecosystem Services

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Female (right) with egg sac, note the male at left (

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Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement

3022: 2685:Rauber, Albert (1983). "Black Widow Spider Bites". 7898: 7745:"Boots jobs 'safe' in Adelaide after plant closes" 6540:. Sydney: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 470–79. 6156: 5792:Seifert, Stephen A (2004). Dart, Richard C (ed.). 5791: 5690: 5430: 5234: 4802: 4481: 4315:(Araneae: Theridiadae) in Japan by Spider Diagram" 4017: 2594: 2332:Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 2013:"Hidden housemates: the Australian redback spider" 1652:drew popular attention to redbacks with his song " 5736:. Haymarket, New South Wales: Powerhouse Museum. 5727: 5180: 5171: 5061: 4999: 3987: 3985: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3624:Snow, L. S. E.; Andrade, M. C. B. (7 June 2005). 3065:Forster, Lyn (1995). "The Behavioural Ecology of 2724: 2447:. Canberra: Australian Government. Archived from 2398: 2396: 2251: 2223: 1093:A 2004 review reported 46% of bites occurring on 8310: 7899:Sutherland, Struan K.; Tibballs, James (2001) . 7175:. Australian Venom Research Unit. Archived from 7166: 6212: 6210: 6208: 5380: 5378: 4691:Isbister, Geoffrey K.; Gray, Michael R. (2003). 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 3736:"Venomous Aussie redback spiders invading Japan" 2226:"Araneae Nonnullae Novae Hollandiae, Descriptae" 1602: 631:A juvenile female, showing typical white banding 6679: 6267: 6265: 6219:"Spider bite: a current approach to management" 5431:Garb, J. E.; Hayashi, C. Y. (21 January 2013). 4196: 3908:. Brisbane: Queensland Museum. pp. 307–11. 3766:"Redback spiders found in Tokyo for first time" 2623: 2364: 2326:Levi, Herbert Walter (1959). "The Spider Genus 2279: 2277: 2275: 2262:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1908: 1712:. In 2012 an episode of the children's TV show 1068:parasitise redback eggs, and mantid lacewings ( 541:as a single species, other researchers such as 5936: 5039:. State Government of Victoria. Archived from 5008:. Sydney, New South Wales: Australian Museum. 4921: 4919: 4917: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4496: 3982: 3924: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3232: 3230: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2393: 2252:Pickard-Cambridge, Frederick Octavius (1902). 1595:, and abdominal wall rigidity, while cats may 1124:The distinctive red stripe of the adult female 533:warranted species status, though he confirmed 63:Adult male (considerably smaller than female) 7936: 6574: 6572: 6395: 6205: 5817: 5815: 5375: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4573: 4387: 4385: 3797: 3793: 3791: 3198: 3196: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2627: 1343:, containing the antibodies, is extracted by 1301:fragment and a pFc' fragment. Redback spider 7476:. National Library of Australia. p. 7. 6708: 6609: 6578: 6262: 5578: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5055: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4101: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 2876:. National Library of Australia. p. 1. 2823: 2469:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2272: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2067:. National Library of Australia. p. 6. 1826: 1824: 1822: 1548:and 10% chance of a delayed reaction due to 1019: 352:believed to originate in Australia but now, 7724:World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2003–04 7417:. The Country Music Store. 2 January 1998. 6649: 6647: 6603: 5537: 5535: 5279:accessmedicine.mhmedical.com.acs.hcn.com.au 4914: 4808: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4492: 4490: 4361: 3903: 3798:Whyte, Robert & Anderson, Greg (2017). 3489:Andrade, Maydianne C. B. (5 January 1996). 3273: 3227: 2990: 2930: 2892: 2713: 2680: 2678: 2600: 1128:The redback and its relatives in the genus 878: 7873:Spiderwatch: A Guide to Australian Spiders 7571:. Vol. 104, no. 19. p. A6. 7103: 7101: 7025:. Ministry of Health, NSW. 16 March 2014. 6569: 6531: 6529: 6484:New South Wales Ambulance Service (2008). 5812: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5031:Department of Health (10 September 2013). 4743: 4497:Krogmann, Lars; Austin, Andrew D. (2011). 4415: 4382: 4275:"Introduction of Widow Spiders into Japan" 4197:Clarke-Billings, Lucy (28 November 2014). 3897: 3788: 3193: 2852: 2725:Forster, L. M.; Kavale, J. (1 July 1989). 2219: 2217: 505:, was described by Norwegian entomologist 54: 40: 7639:. Australian Brews News. 2 October 2012. 7459: 7206:. University of Melbourne. Archived from 6862:"Spider bites: Assessment and management" 6859: 6781: 6740: 6627: 6234: 5895: 5667: 5456: 5407: 5154: 5117: 4966: 4943: 4644: 4629: 4612: 4522: 4330: 4290: 4245: 4143: 4078: 3940:Nimorakiotakis, B.; Winkel, K.D. (2004). 3878:(Report). MAF Biosecurity. Archived from 3817: 3649: 3403: 3314: 3304: 3043: 2921: 2746: 2312: 2140: 2057:Rainbow, William Joseph (23 March 1907). 2052: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 1873: 1819: 7941:. Clayton, South VIC: CSIRO Publishing. 7465: 6721:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 6644: 6316:"Nature Notes Red-backs and Black Widow" 6216: 5696: 5649: 5230: 5228: 4892:"General News. Bitten by Redback Spider" 4673: 4487: 4304: 4302: 4050: 3000:. Absolutely Wild Visuals. 4 July 2011. 2675: 2491:Spider Species (Araneae: Theridiidae)". 1281: 1119: 1036:) and the giant daddy-long-legs spider ( 882: 805: 766: 708: 682: 626: 7889: 7716: 7098: 7066: 6657:. Melbourne, Australia: CSL Ltd. 2009. 6655:"Redback Antivenom Product Information" 6526: 6495:. State Government of New South Wales. 6361:Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 5512: 5479: 4932:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 4925: 4423:"Woman Bitten by Deadly Redback Spider" 4067:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 3918: 3722: 3488: 3461: 3392:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 3286: 3187: 3175: 3144: 3064: 2903: 2801:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2796: 2564: 2537: 2531: 2499:(6). Collingwood, Victoria, Australia: 2482: 2480: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2214: 1941: 1619:are strongly discouraged. In 1893, the 1186:, which causes intense pain in humans. 912:forest to desert, even as harsh as the 14: 8311: 7937:Whyte, Robert; Anderson, Greg (2017). 7870: 7775:"Redback 100% Australian Boot Company" 7643:from the original on 28 September 2013 7562: 7421:from the original on 27 September 2013 7197: 7107: 6969: 6661:from the original on 21 September 2013 6016:from the original on 21 September 2013 5932: 5930: 5862: 5860: 5631:from the original on 28 September 2010 5303: 4731:from the original on 21 September 2013 4152:from the original on 27 September 2013 3866: 3864: 3672: 3605:from the original on 21 September 2013 3572: 3202: 3031:from the original on 21 September 2013 3023:Attenborough, David (28 August 2009). 3004:from the original on 21 September 2013 2984: 2865: 2761: 2684: 2669: 2300:from the original on 10 September 2014 2202:from the original on 21 September 2013 2035: 1533:Before the introduction of antivenom, 603:with the black widow spider, with the 425: 7994: 7993: 7939:A Field Guide to Spiders of Australia 7917: 7815:from the original on 30 December 2013 7742: 7722:Bertrand, Noel; Coulon, Rene (2003). 7704:from the original on 30 December 2012 7661: 7583:from the original on 11 November 2013 7498: 7191: 7160: 7148:from the original on 1 September 2011 7060: 7032:from the original on 15 December 2017 6920: 6908: 6804: 6610:Isbister, G. K.; Gray, M. R. (2002). 6563: 6520: 6346: 6256: 5851: 5587:"Molecular Diversity of Spider Venom" 5225: 4537: 4463:from the original on 1 September 2013 4433:from the original on 9 September 2012 4299: 4209:from the original on 28 November 2014 4164: 4144:Al Serkal, Mariam M. (7 March 2013). 3800:A Field Guide to Spiders of Australia 2173:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 1980:A field guide to spiders of Australia 1977: 1411: 8260:427d96a4-97f4-4571-82f8-22ff6c32eded 8185:f9fe3d2f-7dab-4b63-83d0-cbcf7b41e4b3 7894:. Sirius Books: Angus and Robertson. 7833: 7785:from the original on 4 November 2013 7613:from the original on 19 October 2021 7603:"Hoppy Flavors Fit Company for Food" 7544:from the original on 19 October 2021 7480:from the original on 19 October 2021 7395:from the original on 19 October 2021 7363:from the original on 22 October 2013 7298:from the original on 19 October 2021 7268:from the original on 19 October 2021 7236:from the original on 21 October 2013 6890:from the original on 1 November 2013 6579:Booth, Carol (July–September 2008). 6328:from the original on 19 October 2021 5363:from the original on 16 October 2013 5285:from the original on 19 October 2021 4981:from the original on 19 October 2021 4902:from the original on 19 October 2021 4872:from the original on 19 October 2021 4561:from the original on 23 October 2017 4370:from the original on 27 January 2007 4038:from the original on 19 October 2021 4005:from the original on 19 October 2021 3970:from the original on 19 October 2013 2880:from the original on 19 October 2021 2805:from the original on 28 October 2013 2477: 2416:from the original on 19 October 2021 2358: 2325: 2283: 2240: 2103:from the original on 19 October 2021 2071:from the original on 19 October 2021 1973: 1971: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1205:, resulting in excessive release of 713:Female with a lizard it has captured 523:Frederick Octavius Pickard-Cambridge 521:in 1897, but its origin is unclear. 497:revised the genus in 1902 and named 7743:Booth, Meredith (18 January 2007). 7674:from the original on 3 October 2013 7167:Alafaci, Annette (25 August 2007). 7086:from the original on 13 August 2018 7012: 6990:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1996.tb122109.x 6947:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb127492.x 6286:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1989.tb136762.x 5994:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1998.tb123445.x 5927: 5857: 5235:Meier, J.; White, J., eds. (1995). 4967:McIlraith, Shaun (4 January 1979). 4771:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1978.tb131783.x 4355: 4234:Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases 3861: 3776:from the original on 4 January 2021 2998:"Web Design ... Redback Style" 2428: 2023:from the original on 1 October 2017 1728:List of common spiders of Australia 1699:, was also named after the spider. 1581: 1327:Redback antivenom was developed by 935:Spiders in the French territory of 474:in central Queensland. He named it 24: 7726:. Lancaster OK: Pagefast Ltd: 92. 7700:. self-published. 29 August 2013. 7126:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05640.x 6373:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1993.tb00518.x 5758: 5740:from the original on 7 August 2016 5669:10.1161/01.CIR.0000075957.16003.07 5322:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1956.tb56713.x 4709:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05442.x 4399:. 26 December 2012. Archived from 3833:"New Zealand's venomous creatures" 3746:from the original on 30 March 2018 2776:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1956.tb35749.x 2542:. CanterburyNature. Archived from 1846:from the original on 30 April 2016 1640: 1079: 939:in the Pacific were identified as 25: 8340: 7972: 7834:Zhou, Naaman (5 September 2017). 6502:from the original on 6 March 2014 5951:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.08.022 5915:from the original on 20 July 2018 5888:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.06.006 5255:from the original on 12 June 2018 5070:from the original on 13 July 2020 5002:"Spiders in the House and Garden" 4969:"Redbacks Giving Way to Progress" 4178:from the original on 26 June 2010 3535:from the original on 1 April 2011 3207:Thorell (Araneae, Theridiidae)". 3157:from the original on 3 March 2015 2836:. Museum Victoria. Archived from 2797:Delaney, Anne (10 January 2008). 2630:"Animal Species: Redback Spider, 2573:from the original on 10 July 2018 2565:Whittle, Mick (31 October 2016). 2538:Riordan, Hilary Ann (July 2005). 2381:from the original on 6 March 2016 1968: 1935: 1858: 1662:Country Music Awards of Australia 1097:extremities of the limbs, 25% on 8296:urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007810 7922:. Melbourne, Victoria: CSL Ltd. 7827: 7797: 7767: 7736: 7686: 7655: 7625: 7595: 7563:Tulich, Katherine (9 May 1992). 7556: 7530:. Allen & Unwin. p. 9. 7517: 7492: 7433: 7407: 7375: 7340: 7310: 7280: 7248: 7222: 7042: 6926: 6853: 6831:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2007.01014.x 6810: 6757: 6733:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.03004.x 6694:10.1046/j.1442-2026.2002.00356.x 6673: 6477: 6430: 6416:10.1046/j.1442-2026.2003.00435.x 6352: 6150: 6111: 6075: 6028: 5965: 5785: 5752: 5721: 5643: 5473: 5424: 5310:The Medical Journal of Australia 5195:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2002.03741.x 5062:Australian Museum (6 May 2013). 5012:from the original on 6 July 2020 5000:Australian Museum (6 May 2013). 4896:Western Star and Roma Advertiser 4524:10.1111/j.1440-6055.2011.00850.x 4511:Australian Journal of Entomology 3710:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01513.x 3573:Milius, Susan (26 August 2006). 3560:Animal Behaviour Society meeting 3287:Andrade, Maydianne C.B. (2002). 2904:Andrade, Maydianne C.B. (1998). 2866:Warden, Ian (12 February 1987). 2764:The Medical Journal of Australia 2727:"Effects of Food Deprivation on 2640:from the original on 6 July 2020 2540:"Species Profile: Katipo Spider" 2010: 1796: 1786: 1776: 1766: 1745: 1683:takes its name from the spider. 950: 72: 7466:Musgrove, Nan (2 August 1972). 7230:"Clinical Toxicology Resources" 7173:The Australian Venom Compendium 5766:. aomevents.com. Archived from 5437:Molecular Biology and Evolution 5344: 5267: 5082: 5024: 4993: 4960: 4884: 4852: 4543: 4445: 4266: 4221: 4137: 4095: 3838:The New Zealand Medical Journal 3758: 3728: 3689: 3666: 3617: 3566: 3547: 3482: 3455: 3420: 3375: 3138: 3089: 3016: 2817: 2790: 2755: 2558: 2284:Gray, M. R. (7 February 2007). 1842:. Natural History Museum Bern. 1329:Commonwealth Serum Laboratories 1272:angiotensin-1-converting enzyme 898:Australian Aboriginal languages 801: 430: 422:has been available since 1956. 7864: 7609:. 23 August 1988. p. 31. 7318:"Bites and Stings – First Aid" 7204:Australian Venom Research Unit 6819:Emergency Medicine Australasia 6682:Emergency Medicine Australasia 5691:Sutherland & Tibballs 2001 4803:Sutherland & Tibballs 2001 4482:Sutherland & Tibballs 2001 4279:Medical Entomology and Zoology 4080:10.1580/1080-6032-020.004.0339 3145:Malpass, Luke (3 March 2015). 2748:10.1080/03014223.1989.10422906 2735:New Zealand Journal of Zoology 2595:Sutherland & Tibballs 2001 2404:"The Deadly Red-Backed Spider" 2162:"The Black Widow Spider Genus 2115: 2083: 2004: 1902: 1654:The Redback on the Toilet Seat 947:in New Caledonia was in 2007. 616: 290:Latrodectus hasselti ancorifer 13: 1: 7664:"SACA goes in to Bat on Logo" 7503:. Penguin Books. p. 62. 7473:The Australian Women's Weekly 6463:10.1016/S0041-0101(00)00145-8 6217:Isbister, Geoffrey K (2006). 6097:10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.04.011 6061:10.1016/S0041-0101(01)00280-X 5825:ACCCN's Critical Care Nursing 5556:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62230-1 5353:"Redback Spider Envenomation" 5147:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.11.021 4838:10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.002 4659:10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00138-X 4319:Journal of Medical Entomology 3464:Australian Journal of Zoology 3441:10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.03.011 2868:"Red-back Spider that is Not" 2254:"On the Spiders of the Genus 1946:. Springer. pp. 277–93. 1913:. Springer. pp. 333–44. 1888:10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.02.008 1813: 1603:Historical treatment of bites 1347:. The plasma is treated with 1233:in mice of 20–40 μg/kg. 762: 525:questioned Dahl's separating 279:Latrodectus hasselti aruensis 49:Adult female red back spider 7662:Lower, Gavin (6 July 2008). 7468:"Slim Newton and His Spider" 7114:Medical Journal of Australia 6978:Medical Journal of Australia 6935:Medical Journal of Australia 6274:Medical Journal of Australia 6236:10.18773/austprescr.2006.095 6124:Annals of Emergency Medicine 5982:Medical Journal of Australia 5939:Annals of Emergency Medicine 5876:Annals of Emergency Medicine 5498:10.1016/0041-0101(83)90123-X 4759:Medical Journal of Australia 4699:(Prospective cohort study). 4697:Medical Journal of Australia 3993:"Beware the Red-Back spider" 3251:10.1016/j.beproc.2014.03.011 1952:10.1007/978-3-319-45121-3_18 1919:10.1007/978-94-007-6389-0_23 1909:Rodrigues Peres, O. (2016). 1689:South Australia cricket team 1560: 1484: 1277: 1084: 1056:of the adult redback. Other 672: 586: 409:in Australia. Predominantly 316:Latrodectus mactans hasselti 257:Latrodectus hasselti indicus 7: 7890:McKeown, Keith C. (1963) . 7349:"On the Bite of the Katipo" 7198:Brooks, R. (January 2008). 6869:Australian Family Physician 5650:Sweitzer, Nancy K. (2003). 5103:10.1016/j.jprot.2009.01.020 4926:Jelinek, George A. (1997). 4499:"Systematics of Australian 3949:Australian Family Physician 3518:10.1126/science.271.5245.70 2445:Australian Faunal Directory 2185:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.10.012 1721: 1685:Matilda Bay Brewing Company 599:, the redback belongs in a 10: 8345: 8319:Endemic fauna of Australia 7232:. University of Adelaide. 6860:Braitberg, George (2009). 5728:ATSE project team (2001). 4860:"Spider Bite Proves Fatal" 4332:10.1603/0022-2585-41.3.269 4028:"Redback Plague Continues" 2224:Thorell, Tamerlan (1870). 1415: 1320: 1113: 976:) in the South Island and 676: 620: 543:Ludwig Carl Christian Koch 488:Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet 482:with an all-black abdomen 452:of the widow spider genus 439: 235:Latrodectus scelio indicus 8002: 7985:Atlas of Living Australia 7322:The Better Health Channel 6493:Standard Operating Policy 6165:Venom by Redback Spider ( 5606:10.1134/S0006297909130069 5400:10.1016/j.bcp.2011.09.024 4507:Thorell (redback spider)" 3361:10.1007/s10530-010-9885-6 3151:The Sydney Morning Herald 2834:Spider of Victoria series 2699:10.3109/15563658308990435 2330:(Araneae, Theridiidae)". 2064:The Sydney Morning Herald 1260:Mediterranean black widow 1020:Predators and parasitoids 889:Atlas of Living Australia 219: 212: 194: 187: 69:Scientific classification 67: 62: 53: 48: 39: 34: 7901:Australian Animal Toxins 5761:"Antivenom Improvements" 5388:Biochemical Pharmacology 3119:: 375–77. Archived from 2493:Invertebrate Systematics 2409:The Camperdown Chronicle 2365:Dahl, Friedrich (1902). 2059:"The Red-striped Spider" 1738: 1305:contains purified F(ab') 1294:yields two fragments: a 1252:Latrodectus indistinctus 1162:). Venom is produced by 1109: 1076:) prey on redback eggs. 1024:The black house spider ( 879:Distribution and habitat 608:female katipō producing 517:) had been described by 7388:Illustrated Sydney News 6980:(Case report, letter). 6629:10.1093/qjmed/95.11.723 6136:10.1067/mem.2001.113033 5984:(Case report, letter). 5275:"MedicalDirector Login" 5006:Nature Culture Discover 4174:. Metro. 24 June 2010. 1669:, was built in 1996 at 1506:or excessive sweating ( 1166:glands in the spider's 1156:) and recluse spiders ( 1099:proximal areas of limbs 1045:Agenioideus nigricornis 734:Drosophila melanogaster 704: 560:in 1959, arachnologist 394:After mating, sperm is 7918:White, Julian (2013). 4555:emedicine.medscape.com 3673:Kaston, B. J. (1970). 3642:10.1098/rspb.2005.3088 3405:10.1002/anie.200906312 3209:Journal of Arachnology 2964:10.1006/anbe.2002.2003 1978:Whyte, Robert (2017). 1667:Australia's big things 1646:Indigenous Australians 1318: 1150:), wandering spiders ( 1125: 1030:), the cellar spider ( 892: 815: 772: 714: 691: 688: 632: 591:A member of the genus 342:Australian black widow 8061:Latrodectus_hasseltii 7871:Brunet, Bert (1997). 7809:Sydney Morning Herald 7499:Clark, David (2004). 7108:Wiener, Saul (2003). 6585:Australian Geographic 6581:"Along Came A Spider" 6453:(Comparative study). 6223:Australian Prescriber 6183:10.1081/CLT-100103826 6173:(Comparative study). 5594:Biochemistry (Moscow) 5484:Species of Spiders". 5449:10.1093/molbev/mst011 5390:(Comparative study). 5306:Latrodectus Hasseltii 5091:Journal of Proteomics 5037:Better Health Channel 4974:Sydney Morning Herald 4605:10.1081/TXR-120019019 4313:Latrodectus hasseltii 3345:Latrodectus hasseltii 3306:10.1093/beheco/arg015 3239:Behavioural Processes 3104:Latrodectus hasseltii 3100:Lampropholis delicata 2923:10.1093/beheco/9.1.33 2828:Latrodectus hasseltii 2503:Publishing: 589–604. 2439:Latrodectus hasseltii 2290:(Family Theridiidae)" 2288:Latrodectus hasseltii 1321:Further information: 1313:in hyperimmune horse 1285: 1123: 1033:Pholcus phalangioides 891:as of September 2013. 886: 809: 770: 712: 686: 677:Further information: 630: 621:Further information: 493:German arachnologist 476:Latrodectus hasseltii 387:that usually display 340:), also known as the 268:Latrodectus ancorifer 18:Latrodectus hasseltii 8329:Spiders of Australia 8180:Fauna Europaea (new) 8084:latrodectus-hasselti 8048:Latrodectus_hasselti 8034:Latrodectus hasselti 8004:Latrodectus hasselti 7980:Latrodectus hasselti 7447:on 27 September 2013 6783:10.1093/qjmed/hcn048 6439:Loxosceles rufescens 6321:The Morning Bulletin 6120:Latrodectus hasselti 6041:Latrodectus hasselti 4505:Latrodectus hasselti 4403:on 25 September 2013 4061:Latrodectus hasselti 3802:. CSIRO Publishing. 3742:. 25 November 2009. 3386:Latrodectus hasselti 3349:Biological Invasions 3205:Latrodectus hasselti 3067:Latrodectus hasselti 2729:Latrodectus hasselti 2632:Latrodectus hasselti 2451:on 21 September 2013 1840:World Spider Catalog 1834:Latrodectus hasselti 1733:Spiders of Australia 1622:Camperdown Chronicle 747:and early nymphs of 737:), mealworm larvae ( 556:Reviewing the genus 509:in 1911. Subspecies 338:Latrodectus hasselti 198:Latrodectus hasselti 7805:"Spider Stamped On" 7210:on 17 February 2015 7116:(Comment, letter). 6538:Toxicology Handbook 6171:Clinical Toxicology 6159:Latrodectus mactans 5773:on 10 November 2013 5734:Australia Innovates 4262:on 19 October 2013. 4032:Centralian Advocate 3772:. 20 October 2014. 3510:1996Sci...271...70A 2687:Clinical Toxicology 2628:Australian Museum. 2096:The West Australian 2091:"Poisonous Spiders" 1593:clonic contractions 1448:respiratory failure 1398:L. tredecimguttatus 1383:L. tredecimguttatus 1264:L. tredecimguttatus 1255:) of South Africa. 1242:Latrodectus mactans 987:Preston, Lancashire 786:sibling cannibalism 771:Redback spiderlings 568:Latrodectus mactans 562:Herbert Walter Levi 426:Taxonomy and naming 348:of highly venomous 301:Latrodectus cinctus 246:Latrodectus indicus 7892:Australian Spiders 7781:. self-published. 7755:on 8 December 2013 7328:on 21 October 2013 7179:on 15 January 2015 6566:, pp. 203–04. 6447:Lampona cylindrata 6404:Emergency Medicine 5795:Medical Toxicology 5357:Medscape Reference 5043:on 29 October 2013 4397:News.xinhuanet.com 4292:10.7601/mez.47.111 3725:, pp. 190–91. 3293:Behavioral Ecology 3126:on 29 October 2013 2910:Behavioral Ecology 2873:The Canberra Times 2840:on 19 October 2013 2824:Discovery Centre. 1635:magnesium sulphate 1475:testicular torsion 1412:Signs and symptoms 1319: 1223:median lethal dose 1144:), mouse spiders ( 1126: 893: 855:sexual cannibalism 842:)-2-methylbutyryl- 816: 773: 715: 689: 633: 389:sexual cannibalism 224:Latrodectus scelio 8306: 8305: 8268:Open Tree of Life 7996:Taxon identifiers 7948:978-0-643-10707-6 7929:978-0-646-57998-6 7698:West End Redbacks 7537:978-1-86373-898-9 7288:"Red-back Spider" 7169:"Redback Spiders" 7079:The Northern Star 6591:on 6 October 2009 6547:978-0-7295-3939-5 5835:978-0-7295-4068-1 5805:978-0-7817-2845-4 5550:(9808): 2039–47. 4557:. 8 August 2017. 4457:Queensland Museum 4362:Victoria Museum. 3857:on 17 April 2011. 3809:978-0-643-10707-6 3636:(1568): 1139–44. 3476:10.1071/ZO9920001 3113:Herpetology Notes 2826:"Red-back Spider 2011:Saez, Natalie J. 1961:978-3-319-45119-0 1928:978-94-007-6388-3 1671:Eight Mile Plains 1656:", which won the 1539:calcium gluconate 1351:, and the active 1335:makes polyclonal 1266:), as have small 1207:neurotransmitters 845: 834:-3-methylbutyryl- 687:Female in its web 666:Steatoda capensis 330: 329: 261:Pickard-Cambridge 27:Species of spider 16:(Redirected from 8336: 8299: 8298: 8286: 8285: 8276: 8275: 8263: 8262: 8253: 8252: 8240: 8239: 8227: 8226: 8214: 8213: 8201: 8200: 8188: 8187: 8175: 8174: 8162: 8161: 8149: 8148: 8136: 8135: 8123: 8122: 8110: 8109: 8097: 8096: 8087: 8086: 8074: 8073: 8064: 8063: 8051: 8050: 8038: 8037: 8036: 8023: 8022: 8021: 7991: 7990: 7968: 7933: 7914: 7895: 7886: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7831: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7760: 7751:. Archived from 7740: 7734: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7709: 7690: 7684: 7683: 7681: 7679: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7637:Brewsnews.com.au 7629: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7599: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7588: 7560: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7549: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7496: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7441:"Bellbird Music" 7437: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7333: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7275: 7273: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7153: 7105: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7082:. 3 April 2016. 7070: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7031: 7024: 7016: 7010: 7009: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6889: 6866: 6857: 6851: 6850: 6814: 6808: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6785: 6761: 6755: 6754: 6744: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6666: 6651: 6642: 6641: 6631: 6607: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6596: 6587:. Archived from 6576: 6567: 6561: 6552: 6551: 6533: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6501: 6490: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6457:(2–3): 391–400. 6443:Badumna insignis 6434: 6428: 6427: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6269: 6260: 6254: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6214: 6203: 6202: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6115: 6109: 6108: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5934: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5914: 5899: 5873: 5864: 5855: 5849: 5840: 5839: 5819: 5810: 5809: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5772: 5765: 5759:Prowse, Claire. 5756: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5730:"CSL antivenoms" 5725: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5708: 5700: 5694: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5671: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5630: 5591: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5539: 5510: 5509: 5477: 5471: 5470: 5460: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5411: 5382: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5232: 5223: 5222: 5178: 5169: 5168: 5158: 5126: 5115: 5114: 5086: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5017: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4964: 4958: 4957: 4947: 4923: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4865:Queensland Times 4856: 4850: 4849: 4821: 4806: 4800: 4791: 4790: 4754: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4688: 4671: 4670: 4642: 4627: 4626: 4616: 4588: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4494: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4453:"Redback Spider" 4449: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4389: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4364:"Redback Spider" 4359: 4353: 4352: 4334: 4306: 4297: 4296: 4294: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4258:. Archived from 4249: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4105:(October 1982). 4099: 4093: 4092: 4082: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4024: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3989: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3969: 3946: 3937: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3884: 3877: 3868: 3859: 3858: 3853:. Archived from 3828: 3815: 3813: 3795: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3653: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3534: 3495: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3429:Animal Behaviour 3424: 3418: 3417: 3407: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3340: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3308: 3284: 3271: 3270: 3234: 3225: 3224: 3200: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3125: 3110: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3062: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2952:Animal Behaviour 2947: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2901: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2863: 2850: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2722: 2711: 2710: 2682: 2673: 2667: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2625: 2598: 2592: 2583: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2546:on 28 March 2009 2535: 2529: 2528: 2484: 2475: 2474: 2468: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2400: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2323: 2310: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2281: 2270: 2269: 2249: 2238: 2237: 2221: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2201: 2170: 2157: 2138: 2137: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2054: 2033: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2017:The Conversation 2008: 2002: 2001: 1975: 1966: 1965: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1906: 1900: 1899: 1871: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1828: 1807: 1800: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1780: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1749: 1697:ultralight trike 1695:, an Australian 1693:Airborne Redback 1582:Bites to animals 1537:and intravenous 1444:pulmonary oedema 1406:L. lugubris 1363:studies for its 1184:alpha-latrotoxin 1060:of the families 1027:Badumna insignis 874: 873: 869: 843: 740:Tenebrio molitor 728:Porcellio scaber 719:trapdoor spiders 679:Spider behaviour 464:Tamerlan Thorell 323: 312: 297: 286: 275: 264: 253: 242: 231: 200: 180:L. hasselti 77: 76: 58: 44: 32: 31: 21: 8344: 8343: 8339: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8309: 8308: 8307: 8302: 8294: 8289: 8281: 8279: 8271: 8266: 8258: 8256: 8248: 8243: 8235: 8230: 8222: 8217: 8209: 8204: 8196: 8191: 8183: 8178: 8170: 8165: 8157: 8152: 8144: 8139: 8131: 8126: 8118: 8113: 8105: 8100: 8092: 8090: 8082: 8077: 8069: 8067: 8059: 8054: 8046: 8041: 8032: 8031: 8026: 8017: 8016: 8011: 7998: 7975: 7949: 7930: 7911: 7883: 7867: 7862: 7852: 7850: 7832: 7828: 7818: 7816: 7811:. 6 July 2006. 7803: 7802: 7798: 7788: 7786: 7773: 7772: 7768: 7758: 7756: 7741: 7737: 7721: 7717: 7707: 7705: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7677: 7675: 7660: 7656: 7646: 7644: 7631: 7630: 7626: 7616: 7614: 7601: 7600: 7596: 7586: 7584: 7561: 7557: 7547: 7545: 7538: 7522: 7518: 7511: 7497: 7493: 7483: 7481: 7464: 7460: 7450: 7448: 7439: 7438: 7434: 7424: 7422: 7413: 7412: 7408: 7398: 7396: 7381: 7380: 7376: 7366: 7364: 7345: 7341: 7331: 7329: 7316: 7315: 7311: 7301: 7299: 7286: 7285: 7281: 7271: 7269: 7254: 7253: 7249: 7239: 7237: 7228: 7227: 7223: 7213: 7211: 7196: 7192: 7182: 7180: 7165: 7161: 7151: 7149: 7106: 7099: 7089: 7087: 7072: 7071: 7067: 7059: 7055: 7035: 7033: 7029: 7022: 7018: 7017: 7013: 6974: 6970: 6937:(Case report). 6931: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6864: 6858: 6854: 6815: 6811: 6803: 6799: 6762: 6758: 6713: 6709: 6678: 6674: 6664: 6662: 6653: 6652: 6645: 6608: 6604: 6594: 6592: 6577: 6570: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6534: 6527: 6519: 6515: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6488: 6482: 6478: 6435: 6431: 6400: 6396: 6357: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6331: 6329: 6314: 6313: 6309: 6276:(Case report). 6270: 6263: 6255: 6244: 6215: 6206: 6155: 6151: 6116: 6112: 6080: 6076: 6051:(Case report). 6045:Steatoda grossa 6033: 6029: 6019: 6017: 5970: 5966: 5935: 5928: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5882:(6): 620–8.e2. 5871: 5865: 5858: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5820: 5813: 5806: 5790: 5786: 5776: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5757: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5726: 5722: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5689: 5685: 5648: 5644: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5600:(13): 1505–34. 5589: 5583: 5579: 5540: 5513: 5478: 5474: 5443:(5): 999–1014. 5429: 5425: 5383: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5349: 5345: 5302: 5298: 5288: 5286: 5273: 5272: 5268: 5258: 5256: 5249: 5233: 5226: 5179: 5172: 5141:(4–5): 531–49. 5127: 5118: 5087: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5060: 5056: 5046: 5044: 5029: 5025: 5015: 5013: 4998: 4994: 4984: 4982: 4965: 4961: 4924: 4915: 4905: 4903: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4822: 4809: 4801: 4794: 4761:(Case report). 4755: 4744: 4734: 4732: 4689: 4674: 4653:(11): 1483–92. 4643: 4630: 4589: 4574: 4564: 4562: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4536: 4532: 4495: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4466: 4464: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4406: 4404: 4391: 4390: 4383: 4373: 4371: 4360: 4356: 4307: 4300: 4281:(in Japanese). 4271: 4267: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4195: 4191: 4181: 4179: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4142: 4138: 4100: 4096: 4063:) Envenomation" 4055: 4051: 4041: 4039: 4026: 4025: 4018: 4008: 4006: 3991: 3990: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3944: 3938: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3869: 3862: 3845:(1290): 83–97. 3829: 3818: 3810: 3796: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3740:The Independent 3734: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3694: 3690: 3671: 3667: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3591:10.2307/4017121 3571: 3567: 3552: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3504:(5245): 70–72. 3493: 3487: 3483: 3460: 3456: 3425: 3421: 3398:(11): 2037–40. 3380: 3376: 3341: 3324: 3285: 3274: 3235: 3228: 3201: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3143: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3108: 3094: 3090: 3063: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3021: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2948: 2931: 2902: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2864: 2853: 2843: 2841: 2822: 2818: 2808: 2806: 2795: 2791: 2760: 2756: 2723: 2714: 2693:(4–5): 473–85. 2683: 2676: 2668: 2653: 2643: 2641: 2626: 2601: 2593: 2586: 2576: 2574: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2536: 2532: 2509:10.1071/IS08027 2485: 2478: 2462: 2461: 2454: 2452: 2433: 2429: 2419: 2417: 2402: 2401: 2394: 2384: 2382: 2363: 2359: 2344:10.2307/3223799 2324: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2282: 2273: 2250: 2241: 2222: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2168: 2158: 2141: 2134: 2120: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2074: 2072: 2055: 2036: 2026: 2024: 2009: 2005: 1990: 1976: 1969: 1962: 1940: 1936: 1929: 1907: 1903: 1872: 1859: 1849: 1847: 1832:"Taxon details 1830: 1829: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1810: 1801: 1797: 1791: 1787: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1767: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1724: 1643: 1641:Cultural impact 1605: 1584: 1563: 1535:benzodiazepines 1516:intramuscularly 1487: 1467:acute hepatitis 1420: 1414: 1356: 1325: 1308: 1299: 1280: 1232: 1228: 1203:nerve terminals 1118: 1112: 1087: 1082: 1080:Bites to humans 1022: 953: 881: 871: 867: 866: 804: 765: 707: 694: 681: 675: 625: 619: 589: 573:L. h. ancorifer 442: 433: 428: 326: 318: 303: 292: 281: 270: 259: 248: 237: 226: 208: 202: 196: 183: 71: 35:Redback spider 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8342: 8332: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8300: 8287: 8277: 8264: 8254: 8241: 8228: 8215: 8202: 8189: 8176: 8167:Fauna Europaea 8163: 8150: 8137: 8124: 8111: 8098: 8088: 8075: 8065: 8052: 8039: 8024: 8008: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7988: 7987: 7974: 7973:External links 7971: 7970: 7969: 7947: 7934: 7928: 7915: 7909: 7896: 7887: 7881: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7860: 7826: 7796: 7766: 7735: 7715: 7685: 7668:The Advertiser 7654: 7624: 7594: 7555: 7536: 7516: 7509: 7491: 7458: 7432: 7406: 7374: 7339: 7309: 7279: 7247: 7221: 7190: 7159: 7097: 7065: 7063:, p. 181. 7053: 7011: 6968: 6925: 6923:, p. 209. 6913: 6911:, p. 206. 6901: 6875:(11): 862–67. 6852: 6809: 6807:, p. 205. 6797: 6756: 6707: 6672: 6643: 6622:(11): 723–31. 6602: 6568: 6553: 6546: 6525: 6523:, p. 198. 6513: 6476: 6429: 6394: 6351: 6349:, p. 225. 6339: 6307: 6280:(12): 693–95. 6261: 6259:, p. 183. 6242: 6204: 6169:) antivenom". 6149: 6110: 6074: 6027: 5964: 5926: 5856: 5854:, p. 312. 5841: 5834: 5811: 5804: 5784: 5751: 5720: 5695: 5693:, p. 390. 5683: 5642: 5577: 5511: 5472: 5423: 5374: 5343: 5296: 5266: 5247: 5224: 5170: 5116: 5081: 5064:"Spider Facts" 5054: 5023: 4992: 4959: 4913: 4883: 4851: 4807: 4805:, p. 393. 4792: 4765:(14): 620–23. 4742: 4672: 4628: 4572: 4542: 4540:, p. 203. 4530: 4486: 4484:, p. 387. 4474: 4444: 4414: 4381: 4354: 4298: 4265: 4220: 4189: 4163: 4136: 4094: 4049: 4016: 3981: 3923: 3921:, p. 188. 3911: 3896: 3885:on 23 May 2010 3860: 3816: 3808: 3787: 3757: 3727: 3715: 3688: 3665: 3616: 3565: 3546: 3481: 3454: 3435:(6): 1669–74. 3419: 3374: 3355:(4): 1003–19. 3322: 3272: 3226: 3215:(3): 293–301. 3192: 3190:, p. 193. 3180: 3178:, p. 144. 3168: 3137: 3088: 3042: 3015: 2989: 2987:, p. 141. 2977: 2929: 2891: 2851: 2816: 2789: 2770:(15): 739–42. 2754: 2712: 2674: 2672:, p. 148. 2651: 2599: 2597:, p. 385. 2584: 2557: 2530: 2476: 2441:Thorell, 1870" 2427: 2392: 2357: 2311: 2271: 2239: 2213: 2179:(3): 1127–42. 2139: 2132: 2114: 2082: 2034: 2003: 1988: 1967: 1960: 1934: 1927: 1901: 1857: 1836:Thorell, 1870" 1817: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1795: 1785: 1775: 1765: 1753:ACE inhibitors 1743: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1723: 1720: 1706:Australia Post 1680:Red Back Fever 1673:, Queensland. 1642: 1639: 1604: 1601: 1583: 1580: 1562: 1559: 1550:serum sickness 1486: 1483: 1416:Main article: 1413: 1410: 1354: 1345:plasmapheresis 1333:immune systems 1306: 1297: 1279: 1276: 1230: 1226: 1215:norepinephrine 1195:cell membranes 1114:Main article: 1111: 1108: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1039:Artema atlanta 1021: 1018: 952: 949: 914:Simpson Desert 880: 877: 803: 800: 764: 761: 706: 703: 693: 690: 674: 671: 623:Spider anatomy 618: 615: 595:in the family 588: 585: 577:L. h. aruensis 503:L. h. aruensis 495:Friedrich Dahl 490:in Stockholm. 448:analysis, the 441: 438: 432: 429: 427: 424: 391:while mating. 354:Southeast Asia 334:redback spider 328: 327: 325: 324: 313: 298: 287: 276: 265: 254: 243: 232: 220: 217: 216: 210: 209: 203: 192: 191: 185: 184: 177: 175: 171: 170: 163: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 65: 64: 60: 59: 51: 50: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8341: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8297: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8278: 8274: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8255: 8251: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8089: 8085: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8066: 8062: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8044: 8040: 8035: 8029: 8025: 8020: 8014: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7992: 7986: 7982: 7981: 7977: 7976: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7940: 7935: 7931: 7925: 7921: 7916: 7912: 7910:0-19-550643-X 7906: 7902: 7897: 7893: 7888: 7884: 7882:0-7301-0486-9 7878: 7874: 7869: 7868: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7830: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7800: 7784: 7780: 7779:Redback Boots 7776: 7770: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7739: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7719: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7689: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7658: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7628: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7598: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7559: 7543: 7539: 7533: 7529: 7528: 7520: 7512: 7510:0-14-300200-7 7506: 7502: 7495: 7479: 7475: 7474: 7469: 7462: 7446: 7442: 7436: 7420: 7416: 7415:"Slim Newton" 7410: 7394: 7390: 7389: 7384: 7378: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7343: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7313: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7283: 7267: 7263: 7262: 7257: 7251: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7200:"Spider Bite" 7194: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7163: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7120:(8): 455–56. 7119: 7115: 7111: 7104: 7102: 7085: 7081: 7080: 7075: 7069: 7062: 7057: 7050: 7045: 7028: 7021: 7015: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6972: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6941:(6): 379–81. 6940: 6936: 6929: 6922: 6917: 6910: 6905: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6863: 6856: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6825:(5): 458–63. 6824: 6820: 6813: 6806: 6801: 6793: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6776:(7): 557–65. 6775: 6771: 6767: 6760: 6752: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6727:(1): 139–43. 6726: 6722: 6718: 6711: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6688:(4): 436–39. 6687: 6683: 6676: 6660: 6656: 6650: 6648: 6639: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6606: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6575: 6573: 6565: 6560: 6558: 6549: 6543: 6539: 6532: 6530: 6522: 6517: 6498: 6494: 6487: 6480: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6433: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6410:(2): 170–75. 6409: 6405: 6398: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6367:(4): 305–08. 6366: 6362: 6355: 6348: 6343: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6311: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6266: 6258: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6237: 6232: 6229:(6): 156–58. 6228: 6224: 6220: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6177:(2): 119–23. 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6153: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6130:(2): 154–60. 6129: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6078: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6055:(6): 767–75. 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6031: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5977: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5945:(1): 123–24. 5944: 5940: 5933: 5931: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5870: 5863: 5861: 5853: 5848: 5846: 5837: 5831: 5827: 5826: 5818: 5816: 5807: 5801: 5797: 5796: 5788: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5724: 5705: 5699: 5692: 5687: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5662:(3): e16–18. 5661: 5657: 5653: 5646: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5492:(4): 457–66. 5491: 5487: 5483: 5476: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5394:(1): 170–83. 5393: 5389: 5381: 5379: 5362: 5359:. WebMD LLC. 5358: 5354: 5347: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5316:(9): 331–34. 5315: 5311: 5307: 5300: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5254: 5250: 5248:0-8493-4489-1 5244: 5241:. CRC Press. 5240: 5239: 5231: 5229: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5189:(9): 785–94. 5188: 5184: 5177: 5175: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5097:(2): 183–99. 5096: 5092: 5085: 5069: 5065: 5058: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4980: 4977:. p. 3. 4976: 4975: 4970: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4938:(4): 226–31. 4937: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4861: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4832:(5): 477–92. 4831: 4827: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4804: 4799: 4797: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4593:Toxin Reviews 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4539: 4534: 4525: 4520: 4517:(3): 166–74. 4516: 4512: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4493: 4491: 4483: 4478: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4418: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4388: 4386: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4325:(3): 269–76. 4324: 4320: 4316: 4314: 4305: 4303: 4293: 4288: 4285:(2): 111–19. 4284: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4224: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4193: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4073:(4): 339–43. 4072: 4068: 4064: 4062: 4053: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4021: 4004: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3988: 3986: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3955:(3): 153–57. 3954: 3950: 3943: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3920: 3915: 3907: 3900: 3881: 3874: 3867: 3865: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3811: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3792: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3724: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3704:(6): 589–98. 3703: 3699: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3387: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3299:(4): 531–38. 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3231: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3199: 3197: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3172: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3030: 3027:. BBC Earth. 3026: 3019: 3003: 2999: 2993: 2986: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2958:(5): 857–70. 2957: 2953: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2829: 2820: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2749: 2744: 2741:(3): 401–08. 2740: 2736: 2732: 2730: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2681: 2679: 2671: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2639: 2635: 2633: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2596: 2591: 2589: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2481: 2472: 2466: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2440: 2431: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2405: 2399: 2397: 2380: 2376: 2373:(in German). 2372: 2368: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2289: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2257: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2218: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2167: 2165: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2135: 2133:0-7190-2782-9 2129: 2125: 2118: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2086: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2007: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1989:9780643107076 1985: 1981: 1974: 1972: 1963: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1938: 1930: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1905: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1882:(5): 527–42. 1881: 1877: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1835: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1818: 1805: 1799: 1789: 1779: 1769: 1762: 1761:heart failure 1758: 1754: 1748: 1744: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1719: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1701:Redback Boots 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1660:at the first 1659: 1658:Golden Guitar 1655: 1651: 1647: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1617:tourniqueting 1614: 1610: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1579: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1565:According to 1558: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1520:intravenously 1517: 1511: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1482: 1480: 1479:acute abdomen 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1435: 1433: 1427: 1425: 1419: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1365:effectiveness 1362: 1357: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1324: 1316: 1312: 1309:derived from 1304: 1300: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1275: 1273: 1270:that inhibit 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1253: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1211:acetylcholine 1208: 1204: 1200: 1199:degranulation 1196: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1122: 1117: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1066:Ichneumonidae 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 957: 951:Introductions 948: 946: 942: 938: 937:New Caledonia 933: 931: 927: 926:Alice Springs 923: 919: 915: 911: 906: 904: 899: 890: 885: 876: 862: 858: 856: 852: 847: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 813: 808: 799: 796: 792: 787: 782: 779: 769: 760: 757: 756:prey-stealing 752: 750: 746: 745:muscoid flies 742: 741: 736: 735: 730: 729: 724: 720: 711: 702: 700: 685: 680: 670: 668: 667: 661: 658: 654: 650: 646: 645:cephalothorax 642: 638: 629: 624: 614: 611: 606: 602: 598: 594: 584: 582: 581:L. h. indicus 578: 574: 570: 569: 563: 559: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 507:Embrik Strand 504: 500: 496: 491: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 456: 451: 447: 437: 423: 421: 416: 412: 408: 403: 401: 397: 392: 390: 386: 382: 377: 371: 369: 368: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 321: 317: 314: 310: 306: 302: 299: 295: 291: 288: 284: 280: 277: 273: 269: 266: 262: 258: 255: 251: 247: 244: 240: 236: 233: 229: 225: 222: 221: 218: 215: 211: 206: 201: 199: 193: 190: 189:Binomial name 186: 182: 181: 176: 173: 172: 169: 168: 164: 161: 160: 157: 154: 151: 150: 147: 146:Araneomorphae 144: 141: 140: 137: 134: 131: 130: 127: 124: 121: 120: 117: 114: 111: 110: 107: 104: 101: 100: 97: 94: 91: 90: 87: 84: 81: 80: 75: 70: 66: 61: 57: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 8003: 7979: 7938: 7919: 7900: 7891: 7872: 7851:. 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