28:
957:
member John Horne Miles was called on a proselyting mission back to
England. While in Utah, Miles had written to his childhood sweetheart Caroline Owen proposing marriage, but never received a reply. By the time he left for his church mission, he was engaged to Emily and Julia Spencer, the young daughters of the widow he and his brothers boarded with in Utah. On his mission in England, Miles ran into Caroline Owen, who had accepted his proposal in a letter that Miles had never received. The marriage proposal was renewed and Caroline was baptized into the LDS Church. Back in Utah, younger Julia Spencer backed out of the engagement at Miles's request, but Emily Spencer would not. The day after Miles's wedding to both Emily and Caroline, Caroline had Miles arrested for
3378:
292:
1042:, president of the church, began privately refusing the permission that was required to contract new plural marriages. In October 1889, Woodruff publicly admitted that he was no longer approving new polygamous marriages, and in answer to a reporter's question of what the LDS Church's attitude was toward the law against polygamy, Woodruff stated, "we mean to obey it. We have no thought of evading it or ignoring it." Because it had been Mormon practice for over 25 years to either evade or ignore anti-polygamy laws, Woodruff's statement was a signal that a change in church policy was developing.
1107:
explained at the general conference where the
Manifesto was accepted by the church, "his Manifesto only refers to future marriages, and does not affect past conditions. I did not, I could not, and would not promise that you would desert your wives and children. This you cannot do in honor." Despite Woodruff's explanation, some church leaders and members who were polygamous did begin to live with only one wife. However, the majority of Mormon polygamists continued to cohabit with their plural wives in violation of the
2116:
their subsistence; observing temperance, and loving truth and virtue; then would the women be cared for, be nourished, honored and blest, becoming honorable mothers of a race of men and women farther advanced in physical and mental perfection than their fathers. This would create a revolution in our country, and would produce results that would be of incalculable good. If they would do this, the Elders of this Church would not be under the necessity of taking so many wives."
561:
establishment. The Wade Bill initiated in 1866 would have destroyed local government if it had passed. Three years later, the Cragin Bill was proposed, but within a few days it was substituted by the Cullom Bill, which was more radical than the Wade or Cragin bills. Members of the church worked for the defeat of the bill, including women of the church, who held mass meetings throughout the territory in
January 1870 in opposition to the bill.
923:"You are sent out as shepherds to gather the sheep together; and remember that they are not your sheep: they belong to Him that sends you. Then do not make a choice of any of those sheep; do not make selections before they are brought home and put into the fold." Critics of Mormonism interpret this to be a statement of "selecting" converts for plural marriages. In the paragraph immediately following the above quote, Kimball went on to say:
1214:" in 1904 which reaffirmed the church's opposition to the creation of new plural marriages and threatened excommunication for Latter-day Saints who continued to enter into or solemnize new plural marriages. Polygamy was gradually discontinued after the 1904 manifesto as no new plural marriages were allowed and older polygamists eventually died, though, these polygamous LDS families cohabitated into the 1940s and 1950s.
675:. These restrictions were enforced regardless of whether an individual was actually practicing polygamy, or merely believed in the Mormon doctrine of plural marriage without actually participating in it. All elected offices in the Utah Territory were vacated, an election board was formed to issue certificates to those who both denied polygamy and did not practice it, and new elections were held territory-wide.
881:
1163:
because of an erroneous belief that such marriages were legal in those jurisdictions. However, a significant minority were performed in Utah and other western
American states and territories. The estimates of the number of post-Manifesto plural marriages performed range from scores to thousands, with
1106:
The
Manifesto was the end of official church authorization for the creation of new plural marriages that violated local laws. It had no effect on the status of already existing plural marriages, and plural marriages continued to be performed in locations where it was believed to be legal. As Woodruff
828:
Philip
Stewart Robinson was a traveling journalist for the Telegraph of London. In his "Sinners and Saints", he notes "I had expected to see men with long whips, sitting on fences, swearing at their gangs of wives at work in the fields. I expected every now and then to hear of drunken saints beating
2624:
Those involved in plural marriages after 1904 were excommunicated; and those married between 1890 and 1904 were not to have church callings where other members would have to sustain them. Although the Mormon church officially prohibited new plural marriages after 1904, many plural husbands and wives
2115:
vol. 12, p194: Brigham Young stated, "let every man in the land over eighteen years of age take a wife, and then go to work with your hands and cultivate the earth, or labor at some mechanical business, or some honest trade to provide an honest living for yourselves and those who depend upon you for
909:
Brethren, I want you to understand that it is not to be as it has been heretofore. The brother missionaries have been in the habit of picking out the prettiest women for themselves before they get here, and bringing on the ugly ones for us; hereafter you have to bring them all here before taking any
876:
Brigham Young attempted to stamp out the practice of men being sealed to excessively young girls. In 1857, he stated, "I shall not seal the people as I have done. Old Father Alread brought three young girls 12 & 13 years old. I would not seal them to him. They would not be equally yoked together
482:
held that the governor, federal judges, and other important territorial positions were to be filled by appointees chosen by the
President with the advice and consent of the Senate, but without any reference to the will of Utah's population. Many of these federally appointed officers were appalled by
956:
have documented several cases where deception and coercion were used to induce marriage; for example, the case of Joseph Smith warning some potential spouses of eternal damnation if they did not consent to be his wife is often cited as an example. In 1876, English-born and Utah-immigrant LDS Church
833:
Utah-born girls, the offspring of plural wives, have figures that would make Paris envious; and they carry themselves with almost oriental dignity. There is nothing, so far as I have seen, in the manners of Salt Lake City to make me suspect the existence of that licentiousness of which so much has
1017:
It would be quite impossible, with any regard to propriety, to relate all the horrible results of this disgraceful system .... Marriages have been contracted between the nearest of relatives; and old men tottering on the brink of the grave have been united to little girls scarcely in their teens;
1275:
Currently, the LDS Church does not sanction polygamy and considers practitioners to be apostate and worthy of membership removal. Polygamists, including monogamous individuals belonging to fundamentalist groups, have to get special authorisations to be baptisized in the church. The church still
1647:
Emma Squire made him a 'Mother
Hubbard' dress and sunbonnet, similar to the ones she wore. He put them on when he went back and forth from the house so people passing could not recognize him. ... Years later, Emma met one of Woodruff's granddaughters and learned that they still had the 'Mother
943:
The precise number who participated in plural marriage is not known, but studies indicate a maximum of 20–25 percent of adults in the church were members of polygamist households. One third of the women of marriageable age and nearly all of the church leadership were involved in the practice.
1628:
Woodruff often hid in southern Utah, though his notoriety led to suspicions cast on anyone nearby. ... Seemingly benign requests for eggs or flour became, once
Woodruff was around, indicators that the neighbors were potential spies. Yet Squire does not report any action which verified this
784:
The church was losing control of the territorial government, and many members and leaders were being actively pursued as fugitives. Without being able to appear publicly, in the 1880s the leadership was left to navigate "underground". For example, then apostle (and later church president)
560:
In the following years, several bills aimed at strengthening the anti-bigamy laws failed to pass the United States
Congress. These included the Wade, Cragin, and Cullom bills which had their origin in the territory of Utah and were initiated by men who were bitterly opposed to the Mormon
483:
the practice of polygamy and the Mormon belief system in general, and would harangue the Mormons for their "lack of morality" in public addresses. This already tense situation was further exacerbated by a period of intense religious revival starting in late 1856 dubbed the "
1164:
the actual figure probably close to 250. Today, the LDS Church officially acknowledges that although the Manifesto officially ended the practice of plural marriage in the church, "on an exceptional basis, some new plural marriages were performed between 1890 and 1904".
1009:. Opposition to the church, especially among former Mormons, frequently focused, not upon the drawbacks of polygamy as a marriage system, but upon polygamy as a symptom of the depravity of Mormonism and Mormons in general. Former LDS Church member and prominent critic
1193:
legislature in 1903. The hearings began in 1904 and continued until 1907, when the Senate finally voted to seat him. During the hearings, Smoot was given a provisional seat on the Senate and was allowed to vote. Smoot's chief opponents in the Senate were Senators
1905:
1202:
of Michigan, who heavily criticized the church for its practice of polygamy. However, the opposition against Smoot was not universal among the senators with Senators such as Boies Penrose of Pennsylvania making sympathetic remarks on the issue.
432:
had burned it. To this, Emma Smith replied that she had never seen such a document, and concerning the story that she had destroyed the original: "It is false in all its parts, made out of whole cloth, without any foundation in truth."
1352:"Minutes of conference : a special conference of the elders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints assembled in the Tabernacle, Great Salt Lake City, August 28th, 1852, 10 o'clock, a.m., pursuant to public notice"
935:
Mormon apologists dispute that there was a shortage of women, and advocate that polygamy was used at least in part to care for women who did not have husbands or were widows. LDS historians George L. Mitton and Rhett S. James of
555:
777:
868:
reported in 1857 cases of girls aged 10 and 11 being married to old men, and noting that marriages of girls aged 14 was "a very common occurrence". Historian Stanley Hirshson also noted these practices and cites the
988:
Critics of polygamy in the early LDS Church claim that polygamy was used to justify marriage of close relatives that would otherwise be considered immoral. In 1843, Joseph Smith's diary records the marriage of
219:
849:
has claimed that church leaders sometimes used polygamy to take advantage of young girls for immoral purposes. Mormon historian George D. Smith studied 153 men who took plural wives in the early years of
884:
Bar chart showing age differences at the time of polygamous marriage between teenage brides and early Mormon church leaders. The average age of first marriage for white US women from 1850 to 1880 was 23.
2931:
2012:
1855:
The sheer variety of Brigham Young's marriages makes it difficult to make sense of them. He married — was sealed to, in Mormon parlance — young (Clarissa Decker, 15) and old (Hannah Tapfield King, 65).
927:
The principle of plurality of wives never will be done away. Some sisters have had revelations that when this time passes away and they go through the veil every woman will have a husband to herself.
969:
had the lower courts' ruling overturned, as Emily's testimony was required to prove Miles's marriage to her, and she had fled to St. George, Utah. This became a significant case in polygamy law.
655:, a prominent leader in the church, was denied a non-voting seat in the House of Representatives due to his multiple marriages. This revived the issue in national politics. One month later, the
2071:
There were few economic opportunities for women. What could they do? They could sew or they could teach, but those were low-paying positions. If you were a midwife, you did a little better.
2800:
931:; go-ahead upon the right principle young gentlemen and God bless you forever and ever and make you fruitful, that we may fill the mountains and then the earth with righteous inhabitants.
1351:
1929:
Wilford Woodfruff & (Emma Smith born March 1st 1838 at Diahman Davis County Missouri) was Sealed for time & Eternity by President Brigham Young at 7 oclock P.M. March 13, 1853.
1892:
The name of each wife is followed by her age at marriage, the place of marriage, and the year the couple married. ... Lorenzo Snow ... Sarah Minnie Jensen, 16, Salt Lake City, 1871
3008:
630:
to two years hard labor in prison and a fine of five hundred dollars for his practice of polygamy. In 1876, the Utah Territorial Supreme Court upheld the sentence. His 1878
364:
In the years after members of the LDS Church began practicing polygamy, it drew intense scrutiny and criticism from the United States government. This criticism led to the
623:. By removing Latter-day Saints from positions of authority in the Utah justice system, the Act was intended to allow for successful prosecutions of Mormon polygamists.
1270:
1258:
134:
130:
914:
Mormon scholars dispute the accuracy of the quote, as it cannot be corroborated by a second source such as the extensive (though incomplete) record of sermons in the
854:, and found that two of the girls were thirteen years old, 13 girls were fourteen years old, 21 were fifteen years old, and 53 were sixteen years old. LDS historian
2573:
2487:
Proclamation 369 - Granting Amnesty and Pardon for the Offenses of Polygamy, Bigamy, Adultery, or Unlawful Cohabitation to Members of the Church of Latter-Day Saints
1018:
while unnatural alliances of every description, which in any other community would be regarded with disgust and abhorrence, are here entered into in the name of God.
264:
468:
was a pledge "to prohibit in the territories those twin relics of barbarism, polygamy and slavery". The authorship of this phrase has generally been attribuated to
2538:
Riess, Jana (2015). "Polygamy in the Nation's Capitol: Protestant Women And The 1899 Campaign Against B. H. Roberts". In Balmer, Randall; Riess, Jana (eds.).
1504:
1290:
3152:
Wife No. 19, or the story of a life in bondage. Being a complete exposé of Mormonism, and revealing the sorrows, sacrifices and sufferings of women in polygamy
2718:
1648:
Hubbard' dress and bonnet in the family. They had often wondered who made them for him. They knew the items had been used for many years when he was in hiding.
2084:
3112:
2356:
1137:
issued a general pardon (with one condition) to everyone still imprisoned for polygamy offenses. Within six years of the announcement of the 1890 Manifesto,
1470:, page 501. A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: US Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875. The Library of Congress. Accessed 18 May 2006.
712:. The act prohibited the practice of polygamy and punished it with a fine of from $ 500 to $ 800 and imprisonment of up to five years. It dissolved the
2020:
626:
Immediately, under the act, the United States Attorney tried to bring leading church officials to trial. These efforts culminated in the sentencing of
523:
1085:
that the church should cease the practice of plural marriage. Woodruff announced the Manifesto on September 25 by publishing it in the church-owned
973:, nineteenth wife of Brigham Young, claimed that Young coerced her to marry him by threatening financial ruin of her brother. However, LDS scholar
2801:"That 'Same Old Question of Polygamy and Polygamous Living:' Some Recent Findings Regarding Nineteenth and Early Twentieth-Century Mormon Polygamy"
385:
2845:
1586:
1310:
997:
stated that the day would come when brothers and sisters could get married in the Church, and that Brigham Young purportedly shared these views.
953:
354:
280:
73:
1793:
1766:
993:
to his sister, Maria, in what appears to be a symbolic sealing. In 1886, Abraham H. Cannon (an apostle at the time) claimed that fellow apostle
825:—a polygamous wife of Brigham Young—went on speaking tours as part of the suffrage movement touting the joys and benefits of plural marriage.
1868:
640:, and in January 1879 that body ruled the anti-polygamy legislation constitutional and upheld Reynolds's prison sentence (it struck down the
1361:
2013:"Criticism of Mormonism/Books/The Lion of the Lord/Use of sources/Heber C. Kimball says missionaries are "picking out the prettiest women""
1535:
1231:
due to disagreement with the church's position on plural marriage. Involvement in or teaching plural marriage continues to be grounds for
2766:
Woman, Church, and State: A Historical Account of the Status of Woman Through the Christian Ages, With Reminiscences of the Matriarchate
805:
Critics of polygamy in the early LDS Church claim that plural marriages often produced extreme unhappiness in some wives. LDS historian
1228:
1183:
829:
seven or eight wives all at once," but found no such thing. While continuing to disagree with the practice of polygamy, he found that
391:
719:
In July of the same year, the U.S. Attorney General filed suit to seize the church and all of its assets. The act was enforced by the
498:, Republican majorities in Congress were able to pass legislation meant to curb the Mormon practice of polygamy. One such act was the
416:
the following day. The announcement came nine years after the purported original revelation by Joseph Smith, and five years after the
2857:
2978:
2908:
Peck, David D. (2006). "The Lord Gave, and the Lord Hath Taken Away: A History of Mormon Polygamy". In Robertson, C. K. (ed.).
678:
Electoral obstacles to prosecution were now removed, and the new territorial officials began criminal prosecutions in ernest. Judge
3210:
518:. The measure had no funds allocated for enforcement, and thus it was not rigorously enforced. The Mormons, believing that the law
256:
1286:
The FLDS Church and other Mormon fundamentalists still adhere to the commandment as practiced in the early days of the movement.
929:
I wish more of our young men would take to themselves wives of the daughters of Zion and not wait for us old men to take them all
27:
716:
of the church and directed the confiscation by the federal government of all church properties valued over a limit of $ 50,000.
2280:
980:
Mormon apologists claim that these were isolated cases, and the vast majority of wives consented willingly to plural marriage.
962:
1404:
2983:
2557:
2290:
1776:
1712:
1596:
494:, in which the President of the United States dispatched an army to Utah to quell a perceived rebellion. In the midst of the
320:
142:
1810:
1467:
2054:
58:
2521:
1839:
3321:
3294:
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1915:
1878:
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portions). Reynolds was released from prison in January 1881, having served eighteen months of his original sentence.
3348:
3170:
3162:
3027:
2964:
2921:
2871:
1629:
assumption; instead, Woodruff concealed himself in a 'mother hubbard' dress, and avoided anyone he did already trust.
1324:
940:
cite Brigham Young as encouraging single men to marry, stating that the incidence of polygamy would thus be reduced.
225:
146:
1276:
confirms that polygamy may be approved by God, but that observation of the practice is currently prohibited by him.
767:
Removed local control in school textbook choice, by searching whether sectarian books have been employed in schools.
3382:
2092:
461:
457:
353:. The practice was attributed posthumously to Smith and it began among Mormons at large, principally in Utah where
82:
2400:
3403:
3398:
1588:
An Ordered Love: Sex Roles and Sexuality in Victorian Utopias--The Shakers, the Mormons, and the Oneida Community
1096:
475:
247:
54:
2464:
Kenneth L. Cannon II, "Beyond the Manifesto: Polygamous Cohabitation among LDS General Authorities after 1890",
3191:
3101:
3079:
2773:
2754:
2728:
2705:
2225:
1551:
1078:
720:
604:
490:
The issue of polygamy among the Latter-day Saints in Utah was one of the contributing factors that lead to the
1050:
1064:
would be disenfranchised, not just those practicing plural marriage. The Supreme Court had already ruled in
893:
Richard Abanes argues that polygamy may have caused a shortage of brides in the early Mormon community. The
2863:
592:
236:
126:
2956:
2636:
Victor W. Jorgensen and B. Carmon Hardy, "The Taylor-Cowley Affair and the Watershed of Mormon History",
1217:
1152:
687:
637:
138:
2783:
792:
Following the Edmunds-Tucker Act, the LDS Church found it difficult to operate as a viable institution.
3368:
1186:
920:. FairWiki suggests that it may be a paraphrase of the following quoted statement, which is authentic:
821:
claim that many women were very satisfied with polygamous marriages, and note that individuals such as
1826:
married Helen Mar Kimball, a daughter of two close friends, 'several months before her 15th birthday'.
1330:
201:
2808:
2388:
2265:
2126:
728:
705:
632:
543:
403:
334:
313:
276:
195:
118:
90:
2539:
1155:
covertly sanctioned plural marriages after the Manifesto. This practice was especially prevalent in
3089:
2156:"Collection: Henry Landon Miles collection on John Horne Miles | BYU Library - Special Collections"
1543:
1074:
which disenfranchised individuals who practiced or believed in plural marriage was constitutional.
862:
was sealed to two girls of age 14 and two girls of age 16. During the era of polygamy in Utah, the
838:
He believed that the negative representations of Mormons came universally "rom anti-Mormons only".
713:
627:
296:
272:
260:
207:
3049:"The 'Mormon Question' Revisited: Anti-polygamy Laws and the Free Exercise Clause" (LL.M. thesis)
3019:
Sinners and Saints, A Tour Across the States, and Round them, with Three Months among the Mormons
569:
499:
451:
168:
815:, described many instances where some wives in polygamous marriages were unhappy with polygamy.
3133:
2913:
2405:
1565:
701:
697:
608:
596:
551:
180:
19:
3039:
Punishing the Saints for Their "Peculiar Institution": Congress on the Constitutional Dilemmas
2948:
1167:
However, Congress still refused to seat representatives-elect who were polygamists, including
603:
cases. The Act also eliminated the territorial marshal and attorney, giving their duties to a
3227:
2669:
2360:
2155:
2040:
1619:
1254:
1236:
1220:
961:. Miles was tried and found guilty by local courts, but appealed his case all the way to the
916:
877:.... Many get their endowments who are not worthy and this is the way that devils are made."
122:
113:
3287:
The Persistence of Polygamy: from Joseph Smith's Martyrdom to the First Manifesto, 1844-1890
2949:"Part 2: Family and Interpersonal Relationships – Plural Marriage and Mormon Fundamentalism"
456:
Polygamy was roundly condemned by virtually all sections of the American public. During the
3114:
Testimony of Important Witnesses as Given in the Proceedings Before the Reed Smoot Hearings
2615:
1232:
1179:
811:
577:
511:
407:
306:
2877:
8:
3181:
3150:
2436:
1907:
A House Full of Females: Plural Marriage and Women's Rights in Early Mormonism, 1835-1870
1280:
1253:
The shift in practice regarding polygamy by the LDS Church gave rise to several sects of
1235:
from the LDS Church. The cessation of plural marriage within LDS Church gave rise to the
1046:
880:
754:
527:
358:
98:
572:
by eliminating the control members of the LDS Church exerted over the justice system of
556:
The Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v. United States
3222:
3000:
2837:
2829:
2363:
2190:
1959:
1942:
1450:
1224:
818:
772:
495:
484:
425:
379:
252:
3354:
3344:
3327:
3317:
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3273:
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2769:
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2701:
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1964:
1911:
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1557:
1547:
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1199:
1130:
902:
748:
683:
519:
510:
and limited church and non-profit ownership in any territory of the United States to
2085:"A Response to D. Michael Quinn's Homosexual Distortion of Latter-day Saint History"
1077:
Woodruff would later recount that on the night of September 23, 1890, he received a
977:
disputed this claim, arguing that Ann Eliza and her mother had sought the marriage.
841:
778:
Late Corporation of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States
568:(18 Stat. 253) of 1874 was passed which sought to facilitate prosecutions under the
428:. Young was unable to produce the original document and declared that Smith's widow
2992:
2974:
2944:
2821:
2545:
2481:
1954:
1748:
1434:
1401:
1293:
does not practice polygamy, but recognizes it as a legitimate historical doctrine.
1211:
1148:
1134:
1124:
1039:
898:
786:
741:
734:
Required an anti-polygamy oath for prospective voters, jurors and public officials.
672:
652:
421:
373:
349:, the doctrine was officially announced in Utah Territory in 1852 by Mormon leader
150:
102:
62:
789:
fled to southern Utah in 1885 and often wore a dress and sunbonnet as a disguise.
3250:
3177:
3146:
3067:
3017:
2895:
2746:
2544:. Religion, Culture, and Public Life. Columbia University Press. pp. 32–52.
1615:
The last shall be first and the first shall be last: Discourse and Mormon history
1408:
1375:
1314:
1248:
1207:
1174:
Rumors of post-Manifesto marriages surfaced and were examined in detail during a
1071:
1066:
1010:
970:
822:
679:
507:
503:
417:
231:
213:
2499:
Numerous marriages also were performed in international waters on the high seas.
1623:
2953:
Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education
2817:
2693:
2485:
1175:
1120:
1092:
1045:
By September 1890, federal officials were preparing to seize the church's four
1033:
990:
864:
846:
690:
641:
580:
573:
515:
469:
465:
369:
94:
1943:"Nuptiality Measures for the White Population of the United States, 1850–1880"
1870:
Civil Disobedience: An Encyclopedic History of Dissidence in the United States
3392:
3358:
3331:
3304:
3277:
2455:, who would succeed Woodruff as president of the church, was one such leader.
1613:
1446:
1168:
761:
664:
436:
399:
350:
268:
78:
3341:
Modern Polygamy in the United States: Historical, Cultural, and Legal Issues
3260:
The Persistence of Polygamy: Joseph Smith and the Origins of Mormon Polygamy
1561:
3240:
3218:
2714:
2665:
2452:
1968:
1356:
1087:
994:
859:
855:
806:
600:
588:
412:
390:
The Mormon doctrine of plural wives was officially announced by one of the
346:
50:
3244:
2549:
1114:
478:" federal appointees and the Utah territorial leadership. The territory's
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1108:
1054:
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656:
612:
547:
479:
395:
176:
3004:
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1454:
1422:
3285:
Bringhurst, Newell G.; Foster, Craig L.; Hardy, B Carmon, eds. (2013).
3125:"George Reynolds: Secretary, Sacrificial Lamb, and Seventy" Ph.D. diss.
1142:
645:
616:
565:
539:
429:
172:
2743:
An American Prophet's Record: The Diaries and Journals of Joseph Smith
775:
upheld the seizure of church property under the Edmunds–Tucker Act in
2996:
2825:
2399:(Salt Lake City, Utah) 1891-11-14; excerpts reprinted in LDS Church,
1438:
851:
338:
154:
2282:
Mormons and Mormonism: An Introduction to an American World Religion
947:
737:
Annulled territorial laws allowing illegitimate children to inherit.
704:
and the LDS Church. The act disincorporated both the church and its
380:
Official sanction by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
757:(who had been enfranchised by the territorial legislature in 1870).
709:
491:
447:
386:
Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy § 1850s: official sanction
365:
342:
1242:
1061:
842:
Plural marriage used to justify immoral behavior with young girls
584:
368:, and eventually the abandonment of the practice pursuant to the
686:, handed down harsh sentences to church leaders, beginning with
2625:
continued to cohabit until their deaths in the 1940s and 1950s.
1160:
1156:
958:
800:
660:
1681:
1000:
888:
533:
3211:"Gospel Topics: The Manifesto and the End of Plural Marriage"
1941:
Hacker, J. David; Hilde, Libra; Jones, James Holland (2010).
1665:
1427:
Historical Society of Southern California, Los Angeles (1890)
1151:
and other Mormon historians have documented that some church
1082:
937:
731:, with assets to be used for public schools in the territory.
659:
was passed, amending the Morrill Act by declaring polygamy a
1283:
does not, nor has ever adhered to the practice of polygamy.
1190:
1138:
1005:
Opponents of the LDS Church found in polygamy a convenient
668:
620:
441:
3223:"Demographic Limits of Nineteenth-Century Mormon Polygyny"
2979:"LDS Church Authority and New Plural Marriages, 1890–1904"
1271:
Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement
1259:
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
437:
Controversy and opposition by the United States government
1641:"Early LDS prophet goes undercover in dress, sunbonnet".
760:
Replaced local judges (including the previously powerful
502:, which was signed into law on July 8, 1862 by President
3289:. Volume 2. Independence, Missouri: John Whitmer Books.
3262:. Volume 1. Independence, Missouri: John Whitmer Books.
1768:
Waiting for World's End: The Diaries of Wilford Woodruff
1145:
and federal prosecution of Mormon polygamists subsided.
1022:
345:
or "plural marriage". After the death of church founder
2395:, 1891-11-01; reported at Wilford Woodruff, "Remarks",
1291:
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)
1115:
Aftermath: The Smoot Hearings, and the Second Manifesto
3258:
Bringhurst, Newell G.; Foster, Craig L., eds. (2010).
3117:, Salt Lake City: Salt Lake Tribune Publishing Company
3110:
2720:
In Sacred Loneliness: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith
2590:
1672:
1670:
1668:
700:
of 1887 touched all the issues at dispute between the
474:
Further tension grew due to the relationship between "
3366:
3284:
3140:(2nd ed.), Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books
2698:
One Nation Under Gods: A History of the Mormon Church
1980:
1978:
514:
50,000. The act targeted the LDS Church's control of
3312:
Bringhurst, Newell G.; Hamer, John C., eds. (2007).
2055:"Mormon Apologists Paint Pretty Picture of Polygamy"
2955:. The Fundamentalism Project. Chicago and London:
2930:
2782:
2021:Foundation for Apologetic Information and Research
2000:
1975:
1811:"It's Official: Mormon Founder Had Up to 40 Wives"
1725:
1645:. St. George, UT. Gannett Co., Inc. 12 July 2006.
751:to require wives to testify against their husbands
595:exclusive jurisdiction in Utah Territory over all
3339:Jacobson, Cardell K.; Burton, Lara, eds. (2011).
3314:Scattering of the Saints: Schism within Mormonism
2951:. In Marty, Martin E.; Appleby, R. Scott (eds.).
1095:. On October 6, 1890, during the 60th Semiannual
948:Coercion and deception related to plural marriage
333:Possibly as early as the 1830s, followers of the
3390:
3257:
2480:
1940:
1494:, pp. 53, 57–62, 71, 76–77, 80–86, 103, 108
3311:
3061:(27 ed.), Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co.
2749:in association with Smith Research Associates,
1764:
1618:(PhD). University of Pennsylvania. p. 77.
1360:. 14 September 1852. p. 14. Archived from
1264:
1243:Fundamentalist reactions to the end of polygamy
1129:Building on a limited pardon issued in 1893 by
355:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
281:Timeline of civil marriage in the United States
3338:
3316:. Independence, Missouri: John Whitmer Books.
3186:, Hartford, Conn.: Kensinger Publishing, LLC,
2859:Solemn Covenant: The Mormon Polygamous Passage
1411:from the Independence Hall Association website
1206:In response to the hearings, church president
3217:
3165:(Hardcover, 1978); Kessinger Publishing, LLC
2439:, 1890-10-06 (LDS Church archives), cited in
2191:"Miles v. United States, 103 U.S. 304 (1880)"
1468:Statutes at Large, 37th Congress, 2nd Session
410:on 28 August 1852, and reprinted in the
314:
2522:"Plural Marriage and Families in Early Utah"
2285:. University of Illinois Press. p. 69.
801:Unhappiness associated with plural marriages
3155:, Hartford, Conn.: Dustin, Oilman & Co.
3132:
2332:
2316:
1904:Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher (10 January 2017).
1765:Clawson, Rudger; Woodruff, Wilford (1993).
1001:Public opposition and anti-Mormon agitation
889:Shortage of wives caused by plural marriage
671:service, and prohibiting them from holding
534:Aftermath and further legislation (1858–90)
2910:Religion and Sexuality: Passionate Debates
2418:Wilford Woodruff, "Official Declaration",
1953:(1). National Institute of Health: 39–70.
1840:"Polygamy, Brigham Young and His 55 Wives"
1099:of the church, the Manifesto was formally
910:of them, and let us all have a fair shake.
321:
307:
3246:The Four Major Periods of Mormon Polygamy
3122:
3072:"Tell it All": A Woman's Life in Polygamy
3066:
2381:
2305:
1958:
1866:
1808:
1491:
619:empaneling rules to keep polygamists off
3015:
2884:
2737:
2664:
2252:
1996:
1873:(1st ed.). Rootledge. p. 220.
1736:
1687:
879:
795:
764:judges) with federally appointed judges.
744:(to aid in the prosecution of polygamy).
442:Early tension and the Utah War (1852–58)
3239:
3011:from the original on November 10, 2021.
2894:
2723:, Salt Lake City, UT: Signature Books,
2713:
2278:
2139:
1710:George D. Smith, “Nauvoo Polygamists",
1676:
1308:
1053:had debated whether to extend the 1882
3391:
3088:
2784:"Graphic Narrative of Mormon Outrages"
2692:
2387:Remaraks of Wilford Woodruff at Cache
1984:
1903:
1837:
1809:Goodstein, Laurie (10 November 2014).
1791:
1698:
1659:
1402:GOP Convention of 1856 in Philadelphia
873:and several other sources as support.
3343:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3176:
3145:
3056:
3046:
3036:
2984:Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought
2973:
2943:
2855:
2798:
2613:
2537:
2508:
2440:
2375:
2344:
2240:
2213:
2150:
2148:
1867:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (15 May 2009).
1713:Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought
1611:
1533:
1521:
1479:
1420:
1023:The end of polygamy in the LDS Church
357:(LDS Church) had relocated after the
2907:
2763:
2652:
2178:
1584:
2584:
1838:Turner, John G. (27 October 2012).
901:stated (in an address to departing
406:of the LDS Church assembled in the
341:), were practicing the doctrine of
59:Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy
13:
3202:
2658:
2511:, pp. 167–335 and appendix II
2145:
2044:; August 28, 1852; vol. 6, p. 256.
708:on the grounds that they fostered
220:Late Corp. of the LDS Church v. US
14:
3415:
3016:Robinson, Philip Stewart (1883),
2622:. Utah State Historical Society.
1027:
952:Critics of polygamy in the early
729:Perpetual Emigrating Fund Company
727:Dissolved the LDS Church and the
723:and a host of deputies. The act:
87:Late-19th century Mormon polygamy
3376:
2574:"B. H. Roberts Tells Some Facts"
1771:. Signature Books. p. 194.
1591:. UNC Press Books. p. 298.
1423:""The Twin Relics of Barbarism""
1176:series of congressional hearings
460:a key plank of the newly formed
290:
26:
3111:United States Congress (1905),
3094:The Changing World of Mormonism
3057:Smith, Joseph Fielding (1974),
2646:
2630:
2607:
2595:
2580:. November 20, 1899. p. 3.
2566:
2541:Mormonism and American Politics
2531:
2514:
2502:
2493:
2474:
2458:
2446:
2429:
2412:
2369:
2350:
2338:
2322:
2310:
2299:
2272:
2258:
2246:
2234:
2219:
2207:
2183:
2172:
2133:
2119:
2106:
2076:
2047:
2033:
2005:
1990:
1947:The Journal of Southern History
1934:
1897:
1860:
1831:
1802:
1785:
1758:
1742:
1730:
1719:
1704:
1692:
1653:
1634:
1605:
1578:
1538:, in Powell, Allan Kent (ed.),
1527:
1515:
1497:
402:in a special conference of the
1505:"POLYGAMIST CLAWSON SENTENCED"
1485:
1473:
1461:
1414:
1395:
1383:
1368:
1344:
1302:
897:reported in 1860 that apostle
682:, the Republican appointee of
528:freely practice their religion
1:
3047:Smith, Stephen Eliot (2005),
2885:Hirshson, Stanley P. (1969),
2764:Gage, Matilda Joslyn (1972),
2685:
1792:Steele, Linda Allred (1995).
1612:Smith, Daymon Mickel (2007).
1585:Kern, Louis J. (2014-07-01).
1229:Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
667:, making them ineligible for
593:United States district courts
591:of Utah courts by giving the
458:presidential election of 1856
257:Freedom of religion in the US
3123:Van Orden, Bruce A. (1986),
3059:Essentials in Church History
2864:University of Illinois Press
2670:"A Response from the Author"
2279:Eliason, Eric Alden (2001).
1319:, University of Utah Press,
1309:Stewart, D. Michael (1994),
1265:Polygamy in the 20th century
297:Latter Day Saints portal
237:List of polygamy court cases
7:
2957:University of Chicago Press
2591:United States Congress 1905
2130:. MacMillan (1992) p. 1095.
1798:. L.A. Steele. p. 166.
1311:"The Legal History of Utah"
1111:until the 1940s and 1950s.
638:United States Supreme Court
530:, chose to ignore the law.
424:following Smith's death in
10:
3420:
3138:Mormon Polygamy: A History
3127:, Brigham Young University
1795:James and Elizabeth Allred
1753:Wilford Woodruff's Journal
1268:
1261:(FLDS Church) and others.
1246:
1118:
1103:by the church membership.
1031:
663:, revoking a polygamist's
537:
445:
383:
33:A Mormon "Saint" and Wives
3383:Latter Day Saint movement
3090:Tanner, Jerald and Sandra
2932:"Polygamy and its Fruits"
2896:Ostling, Richard and Joan
2856:Hardy, B. Carmon (1992).
2809:Utah Historical Quarterly
2799:Hardy, B. Carmon (2005).
2700:, Thunder's Mouth Press,
2638:Utah Historical Quarterly
2616:"The History of Polygamy"
2614:Embry, Jessie L. (1994).
2466:Utah Historical Quarterly
2266:Journal of Mormon History
2127:Encyclopedia of Mormonism
1540:Utah History Encyclopedia
1534:Embry, Jessie L. (1994),
1316:Utah History Encyclopedia
1189:, who was elected by the
983:
747:Abrogated the common law
706:Perpetual Emigration Fund
633:Reynolds v. United States
544:Reynolds v. United States
335:Latter Day Saint movement
277:Polygamy in North America
131:Current state of polygamy
91:Mormon colonies in Mexico
3074:, Kessinger Publishing,
2401:"Official Declaration 1"
2331:, 1889-10-27, quoted in
1544:University of Utah Press
1542:, Salt Lake City, Utah:
1296:
1133:, on September 25, 1894
587:, the Act redefined the
273:Polygamy in Christianity
261:Legal status of polygamy
3251:Signature Books Library
3221:; Lambson, Val (2012).
3134:Van Wagoner, Richard S.
2862:. Champaign, Illinois:
2001:The New York Times 1860
1726:The New York Times 1857
1421:WILLS, JOHN A. (1890).
1227:each resigned from the
611:. The Act also altered
570:Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act
522:deprived them of their
500:Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act
452:Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act
398:, and church president
169:Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act
3404:19th-century Mormonism
3399:Mormonism and polygamy
3037:Sears, L. Rex (2001),
2526:Church of Jesus Christ
2484:(September 25, 1894),
2406:Doctrine and Covenants
1910:. Knopf. p. 274.
1020:
933:
912:
885:
836:
702:United States Congress
83:Wives of Brigham Young
35:by Charles Weitfle (c.
20:Mormonism and polygamy
3228:BYU Studies Quarterly
3157:; Ayer Co Publishing
2550:10.7312/balm16598-005
2113:Journal of Discourses
2059:The Salt Lake Tribune
2041:Journal of Discourses
1716:, Spring 1994, p. ix.
1255:Mormon fundamentalism
1237:Mormon fundamentalist
1015:
925:
917:Journal of Discourses
907:
883:
831:
796:Criticism of polygamy
265:List of practitioners
123:Centennial Park group
114:Mormon fundamentalism
55:Wives of Joseph Smith
3051:, Harvard Law School
3022:, Roberts Brothers,
2959:. pp. 240–293.
2887:The Lion of the Lord
2602:Congressional Record
2160:archives.lib.byu.edu
1999:, pp. 129–130,
1380:, Volume 15, page 30
1180:United States Senate
812:In Sacred Loneliness
408:Salt Lake Tabernacle
2604:, December 13, 1906
2437:Marriner W. Merrill
1844:The Huffington Post
1333:on November 3, 2022
1281:Community of Christ
755:Disfranchised women
636:appeal reached the
359:Illinois Mormon War
99:Reed Smoot hearings
3173:(Paperback, 2003).
2936:The New York Times
2916:. pp. 77–94.
2791:The New York Times
2745:, Salt Lake City:
2739:Faulring, Scott H.
2426::476 (1890-09-25).
2243:, pp. 306–319
1815:The New York Times
1739:, pp. 126–127
1662:, pp. 226–228
1511:. 4 November 1884.
1509:The New York Times
1407:2007-10-10 at the
1357:Deseret News Extra
1225:Matthias F. Cowley
1097:General Conference
886:
773:U.S. Supreme Court
698:Edmunds–Tucker Act
651:In February 1882,
552:Edmunds–Tucker Act
520:unconstitutionally
496:American Civil War
485:Mormon Reformation
426:Carthage, Illinois
413:Deseret News Extra
279: •
275: •
271: •
267: •
263: •
259: •
255: •
253:Celestial marriage
235: •
229: •
223: •
217: •
211: •
205: •
199: •
181:Edmunds–Tucker Act
179: •
175: •
171: •
153: •
149: •
145: •
141: •
137: •
133: •
129: •
127:Council of Friends
125: •
121: •
101: •
97: •
93: •
89: •
85: •
81: •
61: •
57: •
53: •
2975:Quinn, D. Michael
2945:Quinn, D. Michael
2889:, Alfred A. Knopf
2620:heritage.utah.gov
2559:978-0-231-54089-6
2422:(Salt Lake City)
2292:978-0-252-06912-3
2216:, pp. 440–54
2089:FARMS Review 10:1
2061:. August 10, 2002
1778:978-0-941214-92-6
1598:978-1-4696-2042-8
1392:, vol. 3, p, 352.
1200:Julius C. Burrows
1131:Benjamin Harrison
819:Mormon apologists
749:spousal privilege
742:marriage licenses
684:Chester A. Arthur
506:. The act banned
331:
330:
165:Antipolygamy laws
74:Latter-day Saints
3411:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3372:
3362:
3335:
3308:
3281:
3254:
3241:Compton, Todd M.
3236:
3214:
3196:
3178:Young, Ann Eliza
3156:
3147:Young, Ann Eliza
3141:
3128:
3118:
3106:
3084:
3068:Stenhouse, Fanny
3062:
3052:
3042:
3032:
3012:
2997:10.2307/45225323
2970:
2939:
2938:, April 17, 1860
2927:
2903:
2902:, Harper Collins
2890:
2881:
2876:. Archived from
2852:
2850:
2844:. Archived from
2826:10.2307/45062934
2805:
2794:
2788:
2778:
2759:
2733:
2710:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2578:The Deseret News
2570:
2564:
2563:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2482:Grover Cleveland
2478:
2472:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2433:
2427:
2416:
2410:
2385:
2379:
2378:, pp. 63–64
2373:
2367:
2354:
2348:
2347:, pp. 62–63
2342:
2336:
2333:Van Wagoner 1989
2329:Salt Lake Herald
2326:
2320:
2317:Van Wagoner 1989
2314:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2276:
2270:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:Hugh W. Nibley,
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2187:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2152:
2143:
2142:, pp. 60–63
2137:
2131:
2123:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2091:. Archived from
2080:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2051:
2045:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2009:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1762:
1756:
1749:Wilford Woodruff
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1674:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1564:, archived from
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1439:10.2307/41167826
1418:
1412:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1364:on 11 June 2011.
1348:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1329:, archived from
1306:
1257:, including the
1212:Second Manifesto
1149:D. Michael Quinn
1135:Grover Cleveland
1125:Second Manifesto
1040:Wilford Woodruff
899:Heber C. Kimball
858:documented that
787:Wilford Woodruff
673:political office
653:George Q. Cannon
462:Republican Party
422:Salt Lake Valley
374:Wilford Woodruff
323:
316:
309:
295:
294:
293:
248:Related articles
151:Short Creek raid
63:Spiritual wifery
38:
30:
16:
15:
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3418:
3414:
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3410:
3409:
3408:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3367:
3365:
3351:
3324:
3297:
3270:
3209:
3205:
3203:Further reading
3200:
3194:
3104:
3096:, Moody Press,
3082:
3030:
2977:(Spring 1985).
2967:
2924:
2874:
2848:
2803:
2786:
2776:
2757:
2747:Signature Books
2731:
2708:
2694:Abanes, Richard
2688:
2683:
2674:
2672:
2663:
2659:
2651:
2647:
2635:
2631:
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2608:
2600:
2596:
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2572:
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2515:
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2498:
2494:
2479:
2475:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2435:Diary entry of
2434:
2430:
2417:
2413:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2277:
2273:
2269:, 1992, p. 106.
2263:
2259:
2251:
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1415:
1409:Wayback Machine
1400:
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1376:Millennial Star
1373:
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1267:
1251:
1249:1886 Revelation
1245:
1233:excommunication
1208:Joseph F. Smith
1178:on whether the
1127:
1117:
1072:Idaho Territory
1067:Davis v. Beason
1038:In April 1889,
1036:
1030:
1025:
1013:wrote in 1875:
1011:Fanny Stenhouse
1003:
986:
971:Ann Eliza Young
950:
891:
844:
823:Zina Huntington
803:
798:
740:Required civil
680:Charles S. Zane
628:George Reynolds
576:. Sponsored by
558:
536:
524:First Amendment
508:plural marriage
504:Abraham Lincoln
454:
444:
439:
392:Twelve Apostles
388:
382:
366:Utah Mormon War
337:(also known as
327:
291:
289:
284:
283:
250:
240:
239:
232:Brown v. Buhman
226:Cleveland v. US
214:Davis v. Beason
192:
184:
183:
166:
158:
157:
143:List of leaders
116:
106:
105:
76:
66:
65:
48:
47:Early Mormonism
40:
36:
12:
11:
5:
3417:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3386:
3385:
3364:
3363:
3349:
3336:
3323:978-1934901021
3322:
3309:
3296:978-1934901144
3295:
3282:
3269:978-1934901137
3268:
3255:
3237:
3215:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3174:
3143:
3130:
3120:
3108:
3102:
3086:
3080:
3064:
3054:
3044:
3041:, Utah L. Rev.
3034:
3028:
3013:
2971:
2965:
2941:
2928:
2922:
2905:
2900:Mormon America
2892:
2882:
2880:on 2005-08-31.
2872:
2853:
2851:on 2008-06-26.
2818:Salt Lake City
2796:
2793:, May 19, 1857
2780:
2774:
2761:
2755:
2735:
2729:
2711:
2706:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2657:
2645:
2629:
2606:
2594:
2583:
2565:
2558:
2530:
2513:
2501:
2492:
2473:
2457:
2445:
2428:
2420:Deseret Weekly
2411:
2397:Deseret Weekly
2380:
2368:
2349:
2337:
2321:
2309:
2306:Stenhouse 1875
2298:
2291:
2271:
2257:
2245:
2233:
2230:, Part 4. link
2228:Sounding Brass
2218:
2206:
2182:
2171:
2144:
2132:
2118:
2105:
2075:
2046:
2032:
2004:
1989:
1987:, pp. 297
1974:
1933:
1917:978-0307594907
1916:
1896:
1880:978-0765681270
1879:
1859:
1830:
1801:
1784:
1777:
1757:
1741:
1729:
1718:
1703:
1691:
1680:
1664:
1652:
1633:
1604:
1597:
1577:
1552:
1526:
1514:
1496:
1492:Van Orden 1986
1484:
1472:
1460:
1413:
1394:
1390:Church History
1382:
1367:
1343:
1325:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1269:Main article:
1266:
1263:
1244:
1241:
1221:John W. Taylor
1184:Mormon Apostle
1121:Smoot Hearings
1116:
1113:
1093:Salt Lake City
1088:Deseret Weekly
1070:that a law in
1034:1890 Manifesto
1032:Main article:
1029:
1028:1890 Manifesto
1026:
1024:
1021:
1002:
999:
991:John Bernhisel
985:
982:
949:
946:
895:New York Times
890:
887:
871:New York Times
865:New York Times
847:Richard Abanes
843:
840:
809:, in his book
802:
799:
797:
794:
769:
768:
765:
758:
752:
745:
738:
735:
732:
691:Rudger Clawson
581:Luke P. Poland
574:Utah Territory
535:
532:
516:Utah Territory
470:John A. Willis
443:
440:
438:
435:
384:Main article:
381:
378:
370:1890 Manifesto
329:
328:
326:
325:
318:
311:
303:
300:
299:
286:
285:
251:
246:
245:
242:
241:
196:Reynolds v. US
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
139:Kingston Group
117:
112:
111:
108:
107:
103:1904 Manifesto
95:1890 Manifesto
77:
72:
71:
68:
67:
49:
46:
45:
42:
41:
31:
23:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3416:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3384:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3350:9780199746378
3346:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3219:Bitton, Davis
3216:
3213:. LDS Church.
3212:
3208:
3207:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:0-7661-4048-2
3168:
3164:
3163:0-405-04488-7
3160:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3029:9780598285294
3025:
3021:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2966:9780226508818
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2923:0-8204-7424-X
2919:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2873:0-252-01833-8
2869:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2854:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2715:Compton, Todd
2712:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2655:, p. 90.
2654:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2534:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2510:
2505:
2496:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2477:
2470:
2467:
2461:
2454:
2449:
2443:, p. 141
2442:
2438:
2432:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2346:
2341:
2335:, p. 136
2334:
2330:
2325:
2319:, p. 135
2318:
2313:
2307:
2302:
2294:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2275:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2255:, p. 424
2254:
2253:Faulring 1987
2249:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2175:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2141:
2136:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2114:
2109:
2095:on 2011-07-19
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2022:
2018:
2017:The FAIR Wiki
2014:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1997:Hirshson 1969
1993:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1893:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1856:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1780:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1761:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1737:Hirshson 1969
1733:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1701:, p. 294
1700:
1695:
1689:
1688:Robinson 1883
1684:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1568:on 2017-04-17
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1524:, p. 581
1523:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1482:, p. 444
1481:
1476:
1469:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1379:
1377:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1332:
1328:
1326:9780874804256
1322:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1198:of Idaho and
1197:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1169:B. H. Roberts
1165:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1141:had become a
1140:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:U.S. Congress
1048:
1043:
1041:
1035:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1007:cause célèbre
998:
996:
992:
981:
978:
976:
972:
968:
967:Supreme Court
964:
963:federal level
960:
955:
945:
941:
939:
932:
930:
924:
921:
919:
918:
911:
906:
904:
900:
896:
882:
878:
874:
872:
867:
866:
861:
857:
853:
848:
839:
835:
834:been written.
830:
826:
824:
820:
816:
814:
813:
808:
793:
790:
788:
782:
780:
779:
774:
771:In 1890, the
766:
763:
762:Probate Court
759:
756:
753:
750:
746:
743:
739:
736:
733:
730:
726:
725:
724:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
696:Finally, the
694:
692:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
665:right to vote
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
634:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
609:U.S. Attorney
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
579:
575:
571:
567:
564:Finally, the
562:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
481:
477:
472:
471:
467:
463:
459:
453:
449:
434:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:Mormon exodus
415:
414:
409:
405:
401:
400:Brigham Young
397:
393:
387:
377:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
351:Brigham Young
348:
344:
340:
336:
324:
319:
317:
312:
310:
305:
304:
302:
301:
298:
288:
287:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:Polygamy czar
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
244:
243:
238:
234:
233:
228:
227:
222:
221:
216:
215:
210:
209:
208:Clawson v. US
204:
203:
198:
197:
188:
187:
182:
178:
174:
170:
162:
161:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
110:
109:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:Brigham Young
75:
70:
69:
64:
60:
56:
52:
44:
43:
34:
29:
25:
24:
21:
18:
17:
3340:
3313:
3286:
3259:
3245:
3232:
3226:
3182:
3151:
3137:
3124:
3113:
3093:
3071:
3058:
3048:
3038:
3018:
2991:(1): 9–105.
2988:
2982:
2952:
2935:
2909:
2899:
2886:
2878:the original
2858:
2846:the original
2813:
2807:
2790:
2765:
2742:
2719:
2697:
2673:. Retrieved
2666:Jon Krakauer
2660:
2648:
2640:
2637:
2632:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2540:
2533:
2525:
2516:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2476:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2453:Lorenzo Snow
2448:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2404:
2396:
2391:Conference,
2383:
2371:
2366: (1890).
2352:
2340:
2328:
2324:
2312:
2301:
2281:
2274:
2264:
2260:
2248:
2236:
2227:
2221:
2209:
2198:. Retrieved
2194:
2185:
2174:
2163:. Retrieved
2159:
2140:Ostling 1999
2135:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2108:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:the original
2078:
2070:
2065:February 10,
2063:. Retrieved
2058:
2049:
2039:
2035:
2024:. Retrieved
2016:
2007:
1992:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1928:
1921:. Retrieved
1906:
1899:
1891:
1884:. Retrieved
1869:
1862:
1854:
1847:. Retrieved
1843:
1833:
1825:
1818:. Retrieved
1814:
1804:
1794:
1787:
1767:
1760:
1752:
1744:
1732:
1721:
1711:
1706:
1694:
1683:
1677:Compton 1997
1655:
1646:
1643:The Spectrum
1642:
1636:
1627:
1614:
1607:
1587:
1580:
1570:, retrieved
1566:the original
1539:
1529:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1433:(5): 40–44.
1430:
1426:
1416:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1374:
1370:
1362:the original
1355:
1346:
1335:, retrieved
1331:the original
1315:
1304:
1288:
1285:
1278:
1274:
1252:
1216:
1205:
1182:should seat
1173:
1166:
1147:
1128:
1105:
1086:
1076:
1065:
1058:
1044:
1037:
1016:
1006:
1004:
995:Lorenzo Snow
987:
979:
951:
942:
934:
928:
926:
922:
915:
913:
908:
903:missionaries
894:
892:
875:
870:
863:
860:Joseph Smith
856:Todd Compton
845:
837:
832:
827:
817:
810:
807:Todd Compton
804:
791:
783:
776:
770:
721:U.S. marshal
718:
695:
677:
650:
631:
625:
605:U.S. Marshal
589:jurisdiction
563:
559:
489:
473:
455:
411:
389:
363:
347:Joseph Smith
332:
230:
224:
218:
212:
206:
202:Cannon v. US
200:
194:
86:
51:Joseph Smith
32:
3183:Wife No. 19
2820:: 212–224.
2471::24 (1978).
2393:Logan, Utah
1985:Abanes 2003
1699:Abanes 2003
1660:Tanner 1979
1196:Fred Dubois
1109:Edmunds Act
1055:Edmunds Act
975:Hugh Nibley
714:corporation
657:Edmunds Act
548:Edmunds Act
480:Organic Act
396:Orson Pratt
177:Edmunds Act
135:FLDS Church
3393:Categories
3235:(4): 7–26.
3193:0766140482
3103:0962096326
3081:0766128113
2914:Peter Lang
2775:0405044585
2756:0941214559
2730:156085085X
2707:1568582838
2686:References
2675:2008-07-08
2643::4 (1980).
2509:Hardy 1992
2441:Hardy 1992
2376:Smith 2005
2345:Smith 2005
2241:Young 1875
2214:Young 1875
2200:2021-11-29
2195:Justia Law
2165:2021-11-18
2099:2011-03-28
2026:2012-09-11
1572:2013-10-30
1553:0874804256
1536:"Polygamy"
1522:Sears 2001
1480:Smith 1974
1378:Supplement
1247:See also:
1239:movement.
1210:issued a "
1187:Reed Smoot
1119:See also:
1079:revelation
954:LDS Church
646:hard labor
617:grand jury
566:Poland Act
540:Poland Act
538:See also:
446:See also:
430:Emma Smith
372:issued by
173:Poland Act
39:1878–1885)
3359:466084007
3332:225910256
3305:874165313
3278:728666005
2842:254439450
2653:Peck 2006
2179:Gage 1972
1624:304833179
1447:2163-2995
852:Mormonism
526:right to
339:Mormonism
155:YFZ Ranch
147:Lost boys
3243:(n.d.).
3180:(1875),
3149:(1876),
3136:(1989),
3092:(1979),
3070:(1875),
3009:Archived
3005:45225323
2947:(1997).
2898:(1999),
2834:45062934
2768:, Arno,
2741:(1987),
2717:(1997),
2696:(2003),
1969:21170276
1620:ProQuest
1562:30473917
1455:41167826
1405:Archived
1337:June 20,
1218:Apostles
1153:apostles
1101:accepted
1057:so that
1049:and the
710:polygamy
601:criminal
492:Utah War
466:platform
448:Utah War
343:polygamy
191:Case law
1960:3002115
1755:, 5:58.
1062:Mormons
1047:temples
688:apostle
585:Vermont
578:Senator
476:Gentile
420:to the
3369:Portal
3357:
3347:
3330:
3320:
3303:
3293:
3276:
3266:
3190:
3169:
3161:
3100:
3078:
3026:
3003:
2963:
2920:
2870:
2840:
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