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type of therapy is not widely practiced, health care providers will have to learn how to effectively use it. In another survey, researchers looked at how
Occupational Therapists and other care givers viewed and used humor with patients as a means of therapy. Many agreed that while they believed it was beneficial to the patients, the proper training was lacking in order to effectively use It. Even though laughter and humor has been used therapeutically in medical conditions, according to Mora-Ripoll, there was not enough data to clearly establish that laughter could be used as an overall means of healing. It did suggest that additional research was still needed since "well-designed randomized controlled trials have not been conducted to date validating the therapeutic efficacy of laughter."
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552:, referred to as "exactness". It is important to note that sometimes the inconsistency may be resolved and there may still be no laugh. Because laughter is a social mechanism, an audience may not feel as if they are in danger, and the laugh may not occur. In addition, the extent of the inconsistency (and aspects of its timing and rhythm) has to do with the amount of danger the audience feels, and how hard or long they laugh.
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895:. His conviction is that there's something sinister in laughter, and that the modern omnipresence of humour and the idolatry of it are signs of societal weakness, as instinctive resort to humour became a sort of escapism from responsibility and action. Ludovici considered laughter to be an evolutionary trait and he offered many examples of different triggers for laughter with their own distinct explanations.
426:. "I made the joyous discovery that ten minutes of genuine belly laughter had an anesthetic effect and would give me at least two hours of pain-free sleep," he reported. "When the pain-killing effect of the laughter wore off, we would switch on the motion picture projector again and not infrequently, it would lead to another pain-free interval."
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it is not coincidental that in about 80% of the times when
Herodotus speaks about laughter it is followed by a retribution. "Men whose laughter deserves report are marked, because laughter connotes scornful disdain, disdain feeling of superiority, and this feeling and the actions which stem from it attract the wrath of the gods."
625:. Those with schizophrenic psychoses seem to experience the opposite—they do not understand humor or get any joy out of it. A fit describes an abnormal time when one cannot control the laughter or one's body, sometimes leading to seizures or a brief period of unconsciousness. Some believe that fits of laughter represent a form of
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In 2017, an institution in Japan conducted an open-label randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of laughter therapy on quality of life in patients with cancer. The study used laughter yoga, comedy, clown and jokes. The result showed that laughter therapy was helpful in improving quality
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Laughter therapy also has some social benefits, such as strengthening relationships, improving teamwork and reducing conflicts, and making oneself more attractive to others. Therefore, whether a person is trying to cope with a terminal illness or just trying to manage their stress or anxiety levels,
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tool for many years because it is a natural form of medicine. Laughter is available to everyone and it provides benefits to a person's physical, emotional, and social well being. Some of the benefits of using laughter therapy are that it can relieve stress and relax the whole body. It can also boost
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A normal laugh has the structure of "ha-ha-ha" or "ho-ho-ho". It is unnatural, and one is physically unable, to have a laugh structure of "ha-ho-ha-ho". The usual variations of a laugh most often occur in the first or final note in a sequence- therefore, "ho-ha-ha" or "ha-ha-ho" laughs are possible.
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that the latter is but an aspect or analogue of the former, so that to the recipient the outcome is suggested." When reporting laughter, Herodotus does so in the conviction that it tells the reader something about the future and/or the character of the person laughing. It is also in this sense that
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stated that laughter therapy is an inexpensive and simple tool that can be used in patient care. It is a tool that is only beneficial when experienced and shared. Care givers need to recognize the importance of laughter and possess the right attitude to pass it on. He went on to say that since this
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that can relieve some physical pain. Laughter also boosts the number of antibody-producing cells and enhances the effectiveness of T-cells, leading to a stronger immune system. A 2000 study found that people with heart disease were 40 percent less likely to laugh and be able to recognize humor in a
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said: "Laughter is a mechanism everyone has; laughter is part of universal human vocabulary. There are thousands of languages, hundreds of thousands of dialects, but everyone speaks laughter in pretty much the same way." Babies have the ability to laugh before they ever speak. Children who are born
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examined laughter in an essay published in New Ideas in
Psychology. He wrote we can strip back laughter to a three-step process. First, it needs a situation that seems odd and induces a sense of incongruity (bewilderment or panic). Second, the worry or stress the incongruous situation has provoked
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There is a wide range of experiences with laughter. A 1999 study by two humor researchers asked 80 people to keep a daily laughter record, and found they laughed an average of 18 times per day. However, their study also found a wide range, with some people laughing as many as 89 times per day, and
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who were separated at birth and only reunited 43 years later, Provine reports that "until they met each other, neither of these exceptionally happy ladies had known anyone who laughed as much as they did." They reported this even though they had been brought together by their adoptive parents, who
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These studies challenge several widely held assumptions about the nature of laughter. Contrary to notions that it is spontaneous and involuntary, research documents that laughter is sequentially organized and precisely placed relative to surrounding talk. Far more than merely a response to humor,
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Laughter appears to stand in need of an echo, Listen to it carefully: it is not an articulate, clear, well-defined sound; it is something which would fain be prolonged by reverberating from one to another, something beginning with a crash, to continue in successive rumblings, like thunder in a
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distinguishes two different purposes for the use of laughter. In a positive sense, "man uses the comical as a therapy against the restraining jacket of logic, morality and reason. He needs from time to time a harmless demotion from reason and hardship and in this sense laughter has a positive
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have documented the systematic workings of laughter in a variety of interactions, from casual conversations to interviews, meetings, and therapy sessions. Working with recorded interactions, researchers have created detailed transcripts that indicate not only the presence of laughter but also
878:, to have a better knowledge of society. One of the theories of the essay is that laughter, as a collective activity, has a social and moral role, in forcing people to eliminate their vices. It is a factor of uniformity of behaviours, as it condemns ludicrous and eccentric behaviours.
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and providing an emotional context to conversations. Laughter is used as a signal for being part of a group—it signals acceptance and positive interactions with others. Laughter is sometimes seen as contagious and the laughter of one person can itself provoke laughter from others as a
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group action is the collective action of such individuals ...the individuals composing...the group become 'carriers,' or media for the expression of such forces; and the interpretative behavior by means of which people form their actions is merely a coerced link in the play of such
874:, tries to determine the laws of the comic and to understand the fundamental causes of comic situations. His method consists in determining the causes of the comic instead of analyzing its effects. He also deals with laughter in relation to human life, collective imagination and
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Imitation exists when the immediate antecedent of an act is the representation of a like act, previously performed by someone else; with no explicit or implicit mental operation which bears upon the intrinsic nature of the act reproduced intervening between representation and
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of life and cancer symptoms in some areas for cancer survivors. Improvements were seen in the area of depression, anxiety and stress levels. There were limited harmful side effects. Laughter therapy should be used in conjunction with other cancer treatment.
598:, and unpleasant laughter spells, excessive elation, and fits of laughter can all be considered negative aspects of laughter. Unpleasant laughter spells, or "sham mirth", usually occur in people who have a neurological condition, including patients with
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A link between laughter and healthy function of blood vessels was first reported in 2005 by researchers at the
University of Maryland Medical Center with the fact that laughter causes the dilatation of the inner lining of blood vessels, the
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206:. One group of researchers speculated that noises from infants as early as 16 days old may be vocal laughing sounds or laughter. However, the weight of the evidence supports the appearance of such sounds at 15 weeks to four months of age.
312:"Although there is no known 'laugh center' in the brain, its neural mechanism has been the subject of much, albeit inconclusive, speculation. It is evident that its expression depends on neural paths arising in close association with the
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summarized it in his theory that laughter releases tension and "psychic energy". This theory is one of the justifications of the beliefs that laughter is beneficial for one's health. This theory explains why laughter can be used as a
387:, and increases blood flow. Drs. Michael Miller (University of Maryland) and William Fry (Stanford) theorize that beta-endorphin-like compounds released by the hypothalamus activate receptors on the endothelial surface to release
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Normal note durations with unusually long or short "inter-note intervals" do not happen due to the result of the limitations of our vocal cords. This basic structure allows one to recognize a laugh despite individual variants.
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Vlachopoulos, C; Xaplanteris, P; Alexopoulos, N; Aznaouridis, K; Vasiliadou, C; Baou, K; Stefanadi, E; Stefanadis, C (2009). "Divergent effects of laughter and mental stress on arterial stiffness and central hemodynamics".
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contains the integrating mechanism for emotional expression. Thus, supranuclear pathways, including those from the limbic system that Papez hypothesised to mediate emotional expressions such as laughter, probably come into
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laughter often works to manage delicate and serious moments. More than simply an external behavior "caused" by an inner state, laughter is highly communicative and helps accomplish actions and regulate relationships.
766:, Herodotus reports about laughter for valid literary and historiological reasons. "Herodotus believes either that both nature (better, the gods' direction of it) and human nature coincide sufficiently,
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wrote, "The passion of laughter is nothing else but sudden glory arising from sudden conception of some eminency in ourselves, by comparison with the infirmity of others, or with our own formerly."
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relation in the reticular core of the brain stem. So while purely emotional responses such as laughter are mediated by subcortical structures, especially the hypothalamus, and are stereotyped, the
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are involved in laughter. This system is involved in emotions and helps us with functions necessary for humans' survival. The structures in the limbic system that are involved in laughter are the
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Thus we yawn, laugh, weep, because we see someone yawn, laugh or weep...The name of imitation must then be reserved solely for such facts if it is to have clear meaning, and we shall say:
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they indicated were "undemonstrative and dour". He indicates that the twins "inherited some aspects of their laugh sound and pattern, readiness to laugh, and maybe even taste in humor".
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Berk, L. S.; Felten, D. L.; Tan, S. A.; Bittman, B. B.; Westengard, J. (2001-03-01). "Modulation of neuroimmune parameters during the eustress of humor-associated mirthful laughter".
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120:. Age, gender, education, language and culture are all indicators as to whether a person will experience laughter in a given situation. Other than humans, some other species of
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character for
Nietzsche." Laughter can, however, also have a negative connotation when it is used for the expression of social conflict. This is expressed, for instance, in
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391:, thereby resulting in dilation of vessels. Other cardioprotective properties of nitric oxide include reduction of inflammation and decreased platelet aggregation.
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Davila-Ross, M.; Allcock, B.; Thomas, C.; Bard, K.A. (2011). "Aping expressions? Chimpanzees produce distinct laugh types when responding to laughter of others".
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Provine argues that "Laughter is primitive, an unconscious vocalization." Provine argues that it probably is genetic. In a study of the "Giggle Twins", two happy
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Bennett, Mary P.; Zeller, Janice M.; Rosenberg, Lisa; McCann, Judith (2003-04-01). "The effect of mirthful laughter on stress and natural killer cell activity".
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mountain. Still, this reverberation cannot go on for ever. It can travel within as wide a circle as you please: the circle remains, none the less, a closed one.
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must be worked out and overcome (resolution). Third, the actual release of laughter acts as an all-clear siren to alert bystanders (relief) that they are safe.
852:"Possibly Nietzsche's works would have had a totally different effect, if the playful, ironical and joking in his writings would have been factored in better."
1979:"Laughter Therapy." Laughter Therapy: Cancer Treatment Centers of America. Cancer Treatment Centers of America, 1 January 2001. Web. accessed 28 February 2014.
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Laughter in literature, although considered understudied by some, is a subject that has received attention in the written word for millennia. The use of
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Dunbar, R. I. M.; Baron, R.; Frangou, A.; Pearce, E.; van
Leeuwen, E. J. C.; Stow, J.; Partridge, G.; MacDonald, I.; Barra, V.; van Vugt, M. (2011).
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or fear, improving overall mood, and adding joy to one's life. Laughter is also known to reduce allergic reactions in a preliminary study related to
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559:. Although most people find it unpleasant, being tickled often causes heavy laughter, thought to be an (often uncontrollable) reflex of the body.
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610:. These patients appear to be laughing out of amusement but report that they are feeling undesirable sensations "at the time of the punch line".
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Chimpanzees and other great apes perform laugh-like vocalizations, and some ultrasonic noises made by rats have been interpreted as laughter.
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Laughter might be thought of as an audible expression or appearance of excitement, an inward feeling of joy and happiness. It may ensue from
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Morishima, T; Miyashiro, I; Inoue, N; Kitasaka, M; Akazawa, T; Higeno, A; Idota, A; Sato, A; Ohira, T; Sakon, M; Matsuura, N (2019-06-27).
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or relief. On some occasions, however, it may be caused by contrary emotional states such as embarrassment, surprise, or confusion such as
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Leber, Vanoli, D. A., E. G. (March–April 2001). "Therapeutic use of humor: occupational therapy clinicians perceptions and practices".
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Bellieni, Carlo V. (1 January 2023). "Laughter: A signal of ceased alarm toward a perceived incongruity between life and stiffness".
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Does laughter hold the key to human consciousness? – Chris Knight | Aeon Essays "Does laughter hold the key to human consciousness?"
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and the audience automatically tries to understand what the inconsistency means; if they are successful in solving this 'cognitive
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or thoughts. Most commonly, it is considered an auditory expression of a number of positive emotional states, such as joy, mirth,
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theorizes that human laughter may have its biological origins as a kind of shared expression of relief at the passing of danger.
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Laughter is not always a pleasant experience and is associated with several negative phenomena. Excessive laughter can lead to
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Laughter has various proven beneficial biochemical effects. It has been shown to lead to reductions in stress hormones such as
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Bergson, Henri (26 July 2009) . "The Comic in
General—The Comic Element in Forms and Movements—Expansive Force of the Comic".
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A very rare neurological condition has been observed whereby the sufferer is unable to laugh out loud, a condition known as
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Gervais, Matthew; Sloan Wilson, David (2005). "The
Evolution and Functions of Laughter and Humor: A Synthetic Approach".
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by increasing blood flow and improving the function of blood vessels. Some of the emotional benefits include diminishing
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245:, another species of animal, was also known as the laughing hyena because of the way it sounds when it communicates.
2089:"Effects of laughter therapy on quality of life in patients with cancer: An open-label, randomized controlled trial"
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Kawakami, Kiyobumi; Takai-Kawakami, Kiyoko; Tomonaga, Masaki; Suzuki, Juri; Kusaka, Tomiyo; Okai, Takashi (2006).
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The study of humor and laughter, and its psychological and physiological effects on the human body, is called
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Olmwake, Louise (1937). "A study of sense of humor: Its relation to sex, age and personal characteristics".
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1134:]. Translated by Spaulding, John A.; Simpson, George. New York, NY: THE FREE PRESS. pp. 125, 129.
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consisting of large doses of
Vitamin C alongside laughter induced by comic films, including those of the
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A research article was published
December 1, 2000, on the psycho-evolution of laughter (Panksepp 2000).
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Late 19th-century or early 20th-century depiction of different stages of laughter on advertising cards
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2365:"Why do we laugh? New study considers possible evolutionary reasons behind this very human behaviour"
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physical reaction and emotion consisting usually of rhythmical, often audible contractions of the
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Anatomy of an illness as perceived by the patient : reflections on healing and regeneration
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It has also been determined that eyes moisten during laughter as a reflex from the tear glands.
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Glenn, P., & Holt, E. (Eds) (2013). Studies of Laughter in Interaction. London: Bloomsbury.
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Hennefeld, Maggie (December 2016). "Death from Laughter, Female Hysteria, and Early Cinema".
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1168:. Translated by Brereton L. ES L., M.A., Cloudesley; Rothwell B.A., Fred. Project Gutenberg.
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Scientists have noted the similarity in forms of laughter induced by tickling among various
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and other parts of the respiratory system. It is a response to certain external or internal
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pointed out: "when the audience is confused, it doesn't laugh." This is one of the basic
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2167:, Transactions of the American Philological Association, Vol. 107. (1977), pp. 173–182.
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2179:"Daily occurrence of laughter: Relationships with age, gender, and Type A personality"
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Smith Lee, B. (1990). Humor relations for nurse managers. Nursing Management, 21, 86.
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Shultz, T. R.; Horibe, F. (1974). "Development of the appreciation of verbal jokes".
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Humor Theory. The formulae of laughter by Igor Krichtafovitch, Outskitspress, 2006,
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238:, which suggests that laughter derives from a common origin among primate species.
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variety of situations, compared to people of the same age without heart disease.
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The functional anatomy of humor: segregating cognitive and affective components.
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Kimata, H. (2001-02-14). "EFfect of humor on allergen-induced wheal reactions".
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Dog Laughter: Recorded playback reduces stress related behavior in shelter dogs
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704:(ἄσβεστος γέλως, ásbestos gélōs, “unceasing laughter”) in Greek epics like the
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324:. Wilson considered the mechanism to be in the region of the mesial thalamus,
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The Courage to Laugh: Humor, Hope and Healing in the Face of Death and Dying.
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On the Problem of the Comic: A Philosophical Study on the Origins of Laughter
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Those who are innocent of wrongdoing, but ignorant of their own vulnerability
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in response to physical contact such as wrestling, play chasing or tickling.
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1099:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. p. 84.
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Laughing: Physiology, Pathology, Psychology, Pathopsychology and Development
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Some drugs are well known for their laughter-facilitating properties (e. g.
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7th International Conference on Environmental Enrichment (2005). petalk.org
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The Riddle of Laughter - Neural and Psychoevolutionary Underpinnings of Joy
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870:, renowned for his philosophical studies on materiality, memory, life and
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2706:"A Chuckle a Day Keeps the Doctor Away: Therapeutic Humor & Laughter"
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Miller, M; Mangano, C; Park, Y; Goel, R; Plotnick, GD; Vogel, RA (2006).
2005:
Mora-Ripoll, R. (2010). "The Therapeutic Value of Laughter in Medicine".
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Miller, M; Mangano, C; Park, Y; Goel, R; Plotnick, GD; Vogel, RA (2005).
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544:. Otherwise, if the inconsistency is not resolved, there is no laugh, as
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202:, and other stimuli completely unrelated to psychological state, such as
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712:) has been studied and analyzed by many thinkers and writers, from the
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Levin, Max (1930-07-16). "Inability to Laugh Audibly: Aphonogelia".
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More information about Gelotology from the University of Washington
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Smith, Melinda, and Jeanne Segal. "Laughter Is the Best Medicine."
1318:"Reconstructing the Evolution of Laughter in Great Apes and Humans"
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517:, by contrast, suggested laughter to be a reaction to the sense of
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laughter therapy can be a significant enhancement to their life.
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2738:"'Laughing' rats and the evolutionary antecedents of human joy?"
1654:"Laughter is Good for Your Heart, According to a New UMMC Study"
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Davila Ross, Marina; j Owren, Michael; Zimmermann, Elke (2009).
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1586:"Social laughter is correlated with an elevated pain threshold"
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Nietzsches lachen: Eine studie über das Komische bei Nietzsche
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devotes the 13th chapter of the first part of his major work,
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Comprehensive summary of research on the benefits of laughter
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Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 110 (1581) 2001
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indicates that laughter is linked with the activation of the
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The Healing Heart : Antidotes to Panic and Helplessness
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Blumer, Herbert (1998) . "Society as Symbolic Interaction".
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Chapman, Antony J.; Foot, Hugh C.; Derks, Peter (editors),
1992:, Helpguide.org, February 2014. Web. accessed 1 March 2014.
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Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services
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Camazine, Deneubourg, Franks, Sneyd, Theraulaz, Bonabeau,
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describes the neurological causes of laughter as follows:
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Fried, I., Wilson, C.L., MacDonald, K.A., and Behnke EJ.
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to relieve pain. Additionally, laughter can help prevent
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Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
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Humor & Laughter: Health Benefits and Online Sources
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480:; however, other situations may cause laughter as well.
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Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
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Humor and Laughter: Theory, Research, and Applications
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Salvinorin—The Psychedelic Essence of Salvia Divinorum
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Excessive elation is a common symptom associated with
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A general theory that explains laughter is called the
371:), can even induce bursts of uncontrollable laughter.
2550:"Impact of cinematic viewing on endothelial function"
2547:
1492:"Impact of cinematic viewing on endothelial function"
1489:
332:. Kelly and co-workers, in turn, postulated that the
2716:"Origins of smile and laughter: A preliminary study"
2385:
Bachorowski, J.-A., Smoski, M.J., & Owren, M.J.
1842:
1185:"Origins of smile and laughter: A preliminary study"
2502:
differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies
2222:, Edition Wissenschaft & literatur, 1982, p. 42
1233:
2669:
2164:No laughing matter: a literary tactic in Herodotus
745:, laughers can be distinguished into three types:
223:blind and deaf still retain the ability to laugh.
96:. Laughter can rise from such activities as being
37:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
2439:Anatomy of an Illness As Perceived by the Patient
1788:
889:developed the thoughts of Hobbes even further in
3690:
2805:Hans-Georg Moeller und Günter Wohlfart (Hrsg.):
728:, 1901) is a notable 20th-century contribution.
700:and laughter in literary works (for example the
521:loneliness and mortality that only humans feel.
2620:
1577:
1097:Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method
2809:. Verlag Karl Alber, Freiburg / München 2010.
2311:"The Secret Of Laughter Preface, Introduction"
2294:Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic
1165:Laughter: an Essay on the Meaning of the Comic
863:Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic
722:Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic
667:The Therapeutic Value Of Laughter In Medicine,
414:developed in 1964 a treatment program for his
2897:
2626:"Hobbes and the Classical Theory of Laughter"
2363:Bellieni, Carlo Valerio (22 September 2022).
2034:
472:Common causes for laughter are sensations of
30:"Snicker" redirects here. For the candy, see
2807:Laughter in Eastern and Western Philosophies
2683:. Oxford University Press. pp. 139–66.
2176:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2069:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2007:Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine
1880:Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine
1845:Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine
1639:
1637:
1005:
2911:
2748:"Don't look now, but is that dog laughing?"
2004:
798:others laughing as few as 0 times per day.
305:Journal of the American Medical Association
2904:
2890:
2792:. New York, New York: Bullish Press, 2008.
2177:Martin, Rod A; Kuiper, Nicholas A (1999).
2099:(6). Public Library of Science: e0219065.
677:
443:features of its production and placement.
287:. Scientists have shown that parts of the
3422:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
2846:Human laughter up to 16 million years old
2573:
2498:
2495:, New York, Dodd, Mead and company, 1923.
2147:
2114:
2104:
1833:. Palo Alto, Ca: Pacific Books Publishers
1634:
1617:
1515:
1335:
3290:Basic interpersonal communicative skills
2544:, Legas Press, Ottawa, 2006. utoronto.ca
2387:The acoustic features of human laughter.
2362:
2327:
2037:American Journal of Occupational Therapy
1383:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1931.02230010169012
1123:
917:Emotions in animals § Vocalizations
784:
687:
577:
561:
454:
267:
259:
178:
69:
57:
3357:
2601:
2392:
1810:
1804:
1161:
1061:Self-Organization in Biological Systems
1032:
974:
14:
3691:
2778:Los Angeles, CA: Tarcher/Putman, 1998.
2488:Nature Neuroscience 3, 237–238 (2001).
1936:
1748:
1432:
1124:Durkheim, Émile (1979) . "Imitation".
1094:
981:. Springfield, Ill., Thomas. pp.
3356:
3278:
3152:High-context and low-context cultures
2923:
2885:
2873:, 99 audio examples of human laughter
2730:Discover (2003) V24, N4. discover.com
2493:The Psychology of Comedy and Laughter
2475:Electric current stimulates laughter.
2297:, Chapter I (II) – online version on
2082:
2080:
2030:
2028:
2000:
1998:
1769:"Physiology of laughter and tickling"
1658:University of Maryland Medical Center
1366:
434:A number of studies using methods of
3501:Computer processing of body language
3279:
2604:Laughter: A Scientific Investigation
1446:. San Francisco, CA: Panther Press.
1370:Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry
824:The World as Will and Representation
402:. When laughing, the brain releases
3516:List of facial expression databases
3506:Emotion recognition in conversation
2711:(2004) V42, 3:18–25. psychnurse.org
1413:
845:: "Laughter – Laughter means to be
589:
555:Laughter can also be brought on by
410:Anecdotally, journalist and author
24:
2790:Laughter and its Effects on Groups
2785:(New York, Free Press, 1994), 13ff
2670:Sorell, Tom; Luc Foisneau (2004).
2379:
2342:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100977
2077:
2025:
1995:
1756:"Humor Research: State of the Art"
1304:"Tickled apes yield laughter clue"
975:Stearns, Frederic Rudolph (1972).
665:Ramon Mora-Ripoll in his study on
118:nervous laughter or courtesy laugh
25:
3725:
3400:Childhood disintegrative disorder
2820:
2753:(2001) V160 4:55. sciencenews.org
459:Laughter is a common response to
2743:(2003) 79:533–547. psych.umn.edu
2426:, Transaction Publishers, 1996.
1789:Robert R. Provine (1950-09-09).
1710:, New York : Norton, 1979.
1685:, New York : Norton, 1983.
1206:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2005.07.011
951:Pathological laughing and crying
910:
429:
2859:Is Laughter just a Human Thing?
2721:(2006) 82, 61–66. kyoto-u.ac.jp
2356:
2321:
2303:
2285:
2265:
2247:
2234:
2225:
2209:
2170:
2131:
1982:
1973:
1930:
1906:
1871:
1836:
1831:Sweet Madness: A Study of Humor
1823:
1811:Provine, R (1996). "Laughter".
1782:
1761:
1754:M.P. Mulder, A. Nijholt (2002)
1730:
1721:
1696:
1675:
1646:
1532:
1483:
1466:
1426:
1407:
1389:
1360:
1309:
1306:, News.BBC.co.uk, June 4, 2009.
1297:
1282:. Men.webmd.com. Archived from
1272:
812:
349:can modulate or suppress them."
2924:
1914:"Humor helps your heart? How?"
1227:
1176:
1155:
1117:
1088:
1053:
1026:
999:
968:
849:, but with clear conscience."
642:the immune system and release
281:ventromedial prefrontal cortex
13:
1:
2871:Recordings of people laughing
2857:WNYC's Radio Lab radio show:
1738:"Laughter: The Best Medicine"
1127:Suicide: A Study in Sociology
1035:Journal of Applied Psychology
961:
2699:Semantic Mechanisms of Humor
2598:, V84, 38:45, 1996. ucla.edu
2484:Goel, V. & Dolan, R. J.
2106:10.1371/journal.pone.0219065
1990:The Health Benefits of Humor
1555:10.1097/PSY.0b013e318198dcd4
830:
736:
637:Laughter has been used as a
536:' and they realize that the
155:clarify their intentions in
7:
3417:Nonverbal learning disorder
2995:Speech-independent gestures
2968:Facial Action Coding System
2827:Did laughter make the mind?
2602:Provine, Robert R. (2001).
2491:Greig, John Young Thomson,
2477:Nature, 391:650, 1998 (see
1480:Accessed October 28th, 2017
1237:Quarterly Review of Biology
924:
898:
881:
758:Those who are overconfident
187:laughing while hugging her
138:laughter-like vocalizations
10:
3730:
3157:Interpersonal relationship
2958:Body-to-body communication
2865:Transcriptions of laughter
2195:10.1515/humr.1999.12.4.355
1396:Why Laughter Feels So Good
1066:Princeton University Press
914:
855:
778:
731:
714:Ancient Greek philosophers
681:
632:
465:
365:(the active ingredient of
361:), while the others, like
36:
29:
3648:
3622:
3562:
3555:
3529:
3493:
3457:
3430:
3367:
3363:
3352:
3285:
3274:
3230:
3207:
3170:
3122:
3057:
2936:
2932:
2919:
2741:Physiology & Behavior
2680:Leviathan After 350 Years
2205:– via Researchgate.
2142:Taking Laughter Seriously
1438:"Effects and Experiences"
1337:10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.028
801:
774:
450:
377:
174:
47:Laughing (disambiguation)
39:Laughter (disambiguation)
3714:Physiological psychology
3572:Behavioral communication
2854:, faculty.Washington.edu
2515:10.1215/10407391-3696631
2404:Indiana University Press
2315:www.anthonymludovici.com
2253:Henri Bergson, Le Rire,
2231:Nietzsche, KSA 3, p. 506
1414:Cardoso, Silvia Helena.
1008:Developmental Psychology
540:was not dangerous, they
255:
3012:Interpersonal synchrony
2913:Nonverbal communication
2833:The Origins of Laughter
2765:Discover Health (2004)
2719:Early Human Development
2566:10.1136/hrt.2005.061424
2330:New Ideas in Psychology
1508:10.1136/hrt.2005.061424
1420:www.cerebromente.org.br
1193:Early Human Development
678:Research and philosophy
320:centers concerned with
51:Giggle (disambiguation)
27:Expression of amusement
3609:Monastic sign lexicons
3300:Emotional intelligence
2727:Emotions and the Brain
2714:Kawakami, K., et al.,
2658:Cite journal requires
2606:. Penguin Publishing.
2399:Rabelais and His World
1951:10.1001/jama.285.6.738
1758:, citeseer.ist.psu.edu
1602:10.1098/rspb.2011.1373
892:The Secret of Laughter
794:
693:
574:
463:
416:ankylosing spondylitis
302:The December 7, 1984,
273:
265:
191:
143:Laughter is a part of
78:
77:Clip of woman laughing
67:
43:Laugh (disambiguation)
3599:Impression management
2756:Simonet, P., et al.,
2049:10.5014/ajot.55.2.221
1744:. September 28, 2020.
915:Further information:
866:, French philosopher
788:
691:
578:Structure and anatomy
565:
458:
436:conversation analysis
271:
263:
182:
76:
61:
3614:Verbal communication
3567:Animal communication
3485:Targeted advertising
3002:Haptic communication
2848:, cosmosmagazine.com
946:Paradoxical laughter
3623:Non-verbal language
3511:Gesture recognition
3358:Further information
3248:Emotion recognition
3199:Silent service code
2842:, chass.utoronto.ca
2783:Subversive laughter
2531:Marteinson, Peter,
1851:(2): 62–72, 74–76.
1829:Fry, W. F. (1963).
1791:"Provine, Laughter"
1771:. www.tomveatch.com
1596:(1731): 1161–1167.
1132:Étude de sociologie
931:Death from laughter
836:Friedrich Nietzsche
819:Arthur Schopenhauer
608:Parkinson's disease
515:Friedrich Nietzsche
496:when one is upset,
338:periaqueductal grey
210:Laughter researcher
3649:Art and literature
3604:Meta-communication
3592:Passive-aggressive
3521:Sentiment analysis
3222:Non-verbal leakage
2867:, writtensound.com
2838:2020-07-16 at the
2668:included in book:
2596:American Scientist
2539:2020-07-16 at the
2434:. Books.google.com
1813:American Scientist
1398:13 September 2011
795:
694:
604:multiple sclerosis
600:pseudobulbar palsy
575:
550:laws of a comedian
464:
440:discourse analysis
274:
266:
192:
183:A young girl from
157:social interaction
79:
68:
49:, and
3686:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3380:Asperger syndrome
3348:
3347:
3330:Social competence
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3072:Emotional prosody
2978:Subtle expression
2963:Facial expression
2815:978-3-495-48385-5
2801:978-1-59800-222-5
2690:978-0-19-926461-2
2437:Cousins, Norman,
2413:978-0-253-34830-2
2299:Project Gutenberg
2242:Nietzsches lachen
1793:. Cogweb.ucla.edu
1702:Cousins, Norman,
1681:Cousins, Norman,
1476:December 1, 2000
1453:978-0-9642636-2-8
1330:(13): 1106–1111.
1141:978-0-684-83632-4
1106:978-0-520-05676-3
781:Theories of humor
656:dust mite allergy
542:laugh with relief
468:Theories of humor
162:positive feedback
147:regulated by the
74:
16:(Redirected from
3721:
3560:
3559:
3537:Ray Birdwhistell
3365:
3364:
3354:
3353:
3280:Broader concepts
3276:
3275:
3253:First impression
2934:
2933:
2921:
2920:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2697:Raskin, Victor,
2694:
2676:
2667:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2637:
2631:. Archived from
2630:
2617:
2590:Provine, R. R.,
2587:
2577:
2518:
2470:
2459:10.1037/a0022594
2453:(5): 1013–1020.
2417:
2394:Bakhtin, Mikhail
2373:
2372:
2369:The Conversation
2360:
2354:
2353:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2307:
2301:
2291:Bergson, Henri.
2289:
2283:
2282:
2271:Bergson, Henri.
2269:
2263:
2262:
2251:
2245:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2223:
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2207:
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2174:
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2159:Lateiner, Donald
2156:
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1669:
1660:. Archived from
1650:
1644:
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1632:
1631:
1621:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1519:
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1472:Jaak Panksepp -
1470:
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1411:
1405:
1404:science section.
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1216:. Archived from
1189:
1180:
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1153:
1152:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1092:
1086:
1057:
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1047:10.1037/h0055199
1030:
1024:
1023:
1020:10.1037/h0035549
1003:
997:
996:
972:
887:Anthony Ludovici
702:homeric laughter
615:bipolar disorder
590:Negative aspects
567:Two laughing men
494:coping mechanism
420:collagen disease
368:Salvia divinorum
283:, that produces
264:A woman laughing
221:
75:
21:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3670:
3661:Mimoplastic art
3644:
3635:Tactile signing
3618:
3551:
3525:
3489:
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3426:
3359:
3344:
3320:Social behavior
3281:
3262:
3226:
3217:Microexpression
3203:
3187:One-bit message
3166:
3118:
3053:
2973:Microexpression
2928:
2915:
2910:
2840:Wayback Machine
2829:, Aeon magazine
2823:
2771:, helpguide.org
2736:, Burgdorf, J.,
2704:MacDonald, C.,
2691:
2674:
2659:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2622:Quentin Skinner
2614:
2541:Wayback Machine
2521:Knight, Chris,
2414:
2402:. Bloomington:
2382:
2380:Further reading
2377:
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2240:Kunnas, Tarmo.
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1543:Psychosom. Med.
1537:
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1454:
1436:(August 1996).
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842:The Gay Science
833:
827:, to laughter.
815:
804:
783:
777:
764:Donald Lateiner
739:
734:
686:
680:
635:
592:
580:
571:Hans von Aachen
524:For example: a
470:
453:
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347:cerebral cortex
277:Neurophysiology
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2660:|journal=
2618:
2613:978-0141002255
2612:
2599:
2588:
2545:
2529:
2528:February 2019.
2519:
2496:
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2442:
2435:
2418:
2412:
2390:
2381:
2378:
2375:
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2355:
2320:
2302:
2284:
2279:on Wikisource
2264:
2259:on Wikisource
2246:
2233:
2224:
2208:
2189:(4): 355–384.
2169:
2146:
2138:Morreall, John
2130:
2076:
2043:(2): 221–226.
2024:
1994:
1981:
1972:
1929:
1905:
1870:
1835:
1822:
1803:
1781:
1760:
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1729:
1720:
1695:
1674:
1645:
1633:
1576:
1531:
1482:
1465:
1452:
1425:
1406:
1401:New York Times
1388:
1359:
1308:
1296:
1271:
1250:10.1086/498281
1244:(4): 395–430.
1226:
1223:on 2011-09-28.
1175:
1154:
1140:
1116:
1105:
1087:
1052:
1041:(6): 688–704.
1025:
998:
992:978-0398024208
991:
966:
965:
963:
960:
959:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
926:
923:
912:
909:
904:Carlo Bellieni
900:
897:
883:
880:
857:
854:
832:
829:
814:
811:
803:
800:
776:
773:
760:
759:
756:
752:Those who are
750:
738:
735:
733:
730:
682:Main article:
679:
676:
634:
631:
617:psychoses and
591:
588:
579:
576:
452:
449:
431:
428:
412:Norman Cousins
379:
376:
351:
350:
272:A man laughing
257:
254:
213:Robert Provine
176:
173:
145:human behavior
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3726:
3715:
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3707:
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3659:
3657:
3654:
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3647:
3641:
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3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Sign language
3628:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3593:
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3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3475:Freudian slip
3473:
3471:
3470:Lie detection
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3449:Mirror neuron
3447:
3445:
3441:
3440:Limbic system
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3405:Rett syndrome
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3355:
3351:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3335:Social skills
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3310:People skills
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:Communication
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3277:
3273:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:Multi-faceted
3229:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
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3188:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3169:
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3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3142:Display rules
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3113:
3112:Voice quality
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
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3018:
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3008:
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2976:
2974:
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2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2949:Body language
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
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2914:
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2760:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2724:Johnson, S.,
2723:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2652:
2638:on 2012-10-18
2634:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
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2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2526:Aeon Magazine
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2433:
2432:1-56000-837-7
2429:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2388:
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2370:
2366:
2359:
2351:
2347:
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2316:
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2300:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2237:
2228:
2221:
2217:
2216:Kunnas, Tarmo
2212:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2081:
2072:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2029:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1991:
1985:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1919:
1918:www.heart.org
1915:
1909:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1792:
1785:
1770:
1764:
1757:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1724:
1717:
1716:0-393-01252-2
1713:
1709:
1706:, introd. by
1705:
1699:
1692:
1691:0-393-01816-4
1688:
1684:
1678:
1664:on 2017-09-06
1663:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1640:
1638:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1549:(4): 446–53.
1548:
1545:
1544:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1478:Sage Journals
1475:
1469:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1286:on 2011-12-22
1285:
1281:
1275:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1085:(pbk.) p. 18.
1084:
1083:0-691-01211-3
1080:
1076:
1075:0-691-11624-5
1072:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
994:
988:
984:
980:
979:
971:
967:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
941:Laughter yoga
939:
937:
936:Evil laughter
934:
932:
929:
928:
922:
918:
911:Other animals
908:
905:
896:
894:
893:
888:
879:
877:
873:
872:consciousness
869:
868:Henri Bergson
865:
864:
853:
850:
848:
844:
843:
837:
828:
826:
825:
820:
810:
808:
807:Thomas Hobbes
799:
792:
787:
782:
772:
769:
765:
762:According to
757:
755:
751:
748:
747:
746:
744:
729:
727:
723:
719:
718:Henri Bergson
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
690:
685:
675:
671:
668:
663:
659:
657:
653:
649:
648:heart disease
645:
640:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
587:
584:
572:
568:
564:
560:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:inconsistency
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
511:John Morreall
509:
505:
503:
499:
495:
490:
489:Sigmund Freud
486:
485:relief theory
481:
479:
475:
469:
462:
457:
448:
444:
441:
437:
430:Communication
427:
425:
424:Marx Brothers
421:
417:
413:
408:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
375:
372:
370:
369:
364:
360:
356:
348:
344:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:telencephalic
311:
310:
309:
307:
306:
300:
298:
294:
290:
289:limbic system
286:
282:
278:
270:
262:
253:
251:
246:
244:
243:spotted hyena
239:
237:
232:
229:
224:
219:
214:
211:
207:
205:
204:nitrous oxide
201:
197:
190:
186:
181:
172:
170:
165:
163:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
65:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3465:Cold reading
3458:Applications
3432:Neuroanatomy
3077:Paralanguage
3016:
2806:
2789:
2782:
2781:Ron Jenkins
2775:
2767:
2758:
2751:Science News
2750:
2746:Milius, S.,
2740:
2734:Panksepp, J.
2726:
2718:
2708:
2698:
2679:
2651:cite journal
2640:. Retrieved
2633:the original
2603:
2595:
2560:(2): 261–2.
2557:
2553:
2532:
2525:
2509:(3): 45–92.
2506:
2500:
2492:
2485:
2474:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2422:
2398:
2386:
2368:
2358:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2293:
2287:
2272:
2267:
2256:Avant-Propos
2255:
2249:
2241:
2236:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2163:
2144:(1983) p.ix.
2141:
2133:
2096:
2092:
2065:cite journal
2040:
2036:
2013:(6): 56–64.
2010:
2006:
1989:
1984:
1975:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1921:. Retrieved
1917:
1908:
1886:(2): 38–45.
1883:
1879:
1873:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1830:
1825:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1795:. Retrieved
1784:
1773:. Retrieved
1763:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1703:
1698:
1682:
1677:
1666:. Retrieved
1662:the original
1657:
1648:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1546:
1541:
1534:
1502:(2): 261–2.
1499:
1495:
1485:
1468:
1457:. Retrieved
1442:
1434:Turner, D.M.
1428:
1419:
1409:
1399:
1391:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1327:
1321:
1311:
1299:
1288:. Retrieved
1284:the original
1280:"WebMD 2002"
1274:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1218:the original
1200:(1): 61–66.
1197:
1191:
1178:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1110:
1096:
1090:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1011:
1007:
1001:
977:
970:
920:
902:
890:
885:
861:
859:
851:
840:
834:
822:
817:Philosopher
816:
813:Schopenhauer
805:
796:
791:Harold Lloyd
767:
761:
740:
725:
721:
709:
705:
695:
672:
666:
664:
660:
636:
612:
593:
585:
581:
573:, circa 1574
566:
554:
546:Mack Sennett
523:
506:
484:
482:
471:
445:
433:
409:
393:
389:nitric oxide
381:
373:
366:
363:salvinorin A
352:
326:hypothalamus
318:diencephalic
303:
301:
275:
247:
240:
233:
225:
208:
193:
166:
142:
81:
80:
55:
3444:Limbic lobe
3209:Unconscious
3192:Missed call
3162:Social norm
3137:Conventions
3027:Eye contact
2788:Bogard, M.
2281:(in French)
2261:(in French)
847:schadenfroh
658:sufferers.
639:therapeutic
528:creates an
519:existential
508:Philosopher
400:epinephrine
385:endothelium
330:subthalamus
322:respiration
293:hippocampus
250:aphonogelia
216: [
126:chimpanzees
3693:Categories
3577:Aggressive
3547:Paul Ekman
3530:Key people
3494:Technology
3480:Poker tell
3325:Social cue
3132:Chronemics
3082:Intonation
2926:Modalities
2861:, wnyc.org
2774:Klein, A.
2642:2006-10-23
2592:"Laughter"
2479:patient AK
2336:: 100977.
1945:(6): 738.
1923:2019-03-30
1797:2011-12-26
1775:2010-08-03
1708:René Dubos
1668:2014-11-04
1459:2007-05-20
1416:"laughter"
1377:(1): 157.
1290:2011-12-26
1149:execution.
962:References
779:See also:
684:Gelotology
644:endorphins
466:See also:
404:endorphins
285:endorphins
169:gelotology
151:, helping
134:orangutans
100:, or from
3709:Happiness
3582:Assertive
3390:Fragile X
3375:Aprosodia
3368:Disorders
3315:Semiotics
3243:Deception
3049:Proxemics
3039:Olfaction
3022:Oculesics
3007:Imitation
2350:251826870
2277:"Préface"
2203:144221387
1959:0098-7484
1892:1078-6791
1857:1078-6791
1610:0962-8452
1014:: 13–20.
831:Nietzsche
793:laughing.
789:Comedian
743:Herodotus
737:Herodotus
623:hypomania
596:cataplexy
336:near the
334:tegmentum
114:happiness
104:stories,
90:diaphragm
3699:Laughter
3412:Dyssemia
3258:Intimacy
3178:Emoticon
3087:Loudness
3017:Laughter
2953:Kinesics
2944:Blushing
2937:Physical
2836:Archived
2624:(2004).
2584:16415199
2537:Archived
2467:21355640
2396:(1941).
2244:, p.149.
2125:31247017
2093:PLOS ONE
2057:11761140
2019:21280463
1967:11176910
1900:12652882
1865:11253418
1819:: 38–47.
1628:21920973
1571:36768384
1563:19251872
1526:16415199
1354:17892549
1346:19500987
1266:22275729
1258:16519138
1214:16185829
1069:, 2003.
925:See also
899:Bellieni
882:Ludovici
716:onward.
627:epilepsy
557:tickling
538:surprise
461:tickling
396:cortisol
359:cannabis
343:synaptic
297:amygdala
295:and the
236:primates
200:tickling
130:gorillas
102:humorous
86:pleasant
82:Laughter
66:laughing
32:Snickers
3704:Emotion
3666:Subtext
3587:Passive
3556:Related
3147:Habitus
3092:Prosody
3044:Posture
2985:Gesture
2701:(1985).
2575:1860773
2447:Emotion
2441:, 1979.
2273:Le Rire
2116:6597115
1742:NPR.org
1619:3267132
1517:1860773
1112:forces.
856:Bergson
732:Ancient
726:Le rire
710:Odyssey
652:anxiety
633:Therapy
355:ethanol
136:) show
122:primate
106:imagery
98:tickled
94:stimuli
18:Laughed
3640:Tadoma
3385:Autism
3340:Unsaid
3305:Nunchi
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