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471:. The Cordilleran covered the region from the Pacific Ocean to the eastern front of the Rocky Mountains and the Labrador and Keewatin fields are referred to as the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Central North America has evidence of the numerous lobes and sublobes. The Keewatin covered the western interior plains of North America from the
419:
After the end of the
Younger Dryas, the Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated rapidly to the north, becoming limited to only the Canadian Shield until even it became deglaciated. The ultimate collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet is also suspected to have influenced European agriculture indirectly through
678:
In New York, the ice that covered
Manhattan was about 2,000 feet high before it began to melt in about 16,000 BC. The ice in the area disappeared around 10,000 BC. The ground in the New York area has since risen by more than 150 ft because of the removal of the
40:
167:
The last advance covered most of northern North
America between c. 95,000 and c. 20,000 years before the present day and, among other geomorphological effects, gouged out the five
349:, otherwise a desert, abundant rainfall during ice ages, in extreme contrast to most other parts of the world which became exceedingly dry, though the effect of ice sheets in
1070:
Late
Wisconsinan and Holocene History of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, 10.7202/032681ar; Arthur S. Dyke, Victor K. Prest; Geological Survey of Canada; Ottawa, Ontario; 1987;
911:
Murton, J.B.; Bateman, M.D.; Dallimore, S.R; Teller, J.T.; Yang, Z. (2010). "Identification of
Younger Dryas outburst flood path from Lake Agassiz to the Arctic Ocean".
2174:
2332:
739:. The current ice caps on Baffin Island are thought to be a remnant from this time period, but it was not a part of the Baffin ice flow, but an autonomous flow.
302:
were common in hilly areas. It created much of the surface geology of southern Canada and the northern United States, leaving behind glacially scoured valleys,
828:
Lacelle, D.; Fisher, D. A.; Coulombe, S.; et al. (5 September 2018). "Buried remnants of the
Laurentide Ice Sheet and connections to its surface elevation".
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1872:
1144:
999:"Reconciling records of ice streaming and ice margin retreat to produce a palaeogeographic reconstruction of the deglaciation of the Laurentide Ice Sheet"
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where the air was too dry to form glaciers. It is believed that the
Cordilleran ice melted rapidly, in less than 4000 years. The water created numerous
1176:
314:. It also caused many changes to the shape, size, and drainage of the Great Lakes. As but one of many examples, near the end of the last ice age,
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Geologic
Framework and Glaciation of the Central Area, 1-1-2006; Christopher L. Hill; Boise State University, Boise, Idaho; 2006.
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in the north polar area during the
Pleistocene period included the vast Laurentide ice sheet in eastern North America.
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583:(Kivalliq). Two of the lobes abut the adjacent Labrador and Baffin ice sheets. The primary lobes flow (1) towards
675:. From the Gaspereau center, on the divide crossing New Brunswick flowed into the Bay of Fundy and Chaleur Bay.
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created flow toward Home Bay on the north and
Cumberland Sound on the south. The Amadjuak Ice Divide on the
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711:. Across southern Baffin Island, two divides created four additional lobes. The Penny Ice Divide split the
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1580:
812:
Fulton, R. J. & Prest, V. K. (1987). "Introduction: The Laurentide Ice Sheet and its Significance".
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1951:
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1003:
962:
Broecker, W.S.; Denton, G.H. (1989). "The role of ocean-atmosphere reorganizations in glacial cycles".
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Dyke, A. S.; Prest, V. K. (1987). "Late Wisconsinan and Holocene History of the Laurentide Ice Sheet".
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Its melting also caused major disruptions to the global climate cycle, because the huge influx of low-
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has had four or five primary lobes identified ice divides extending from a dome over west-central
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At times, the ice sheet's southern margin included the present-day sites of coastal towns of the
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539:. Anchored in the mountain backbone of the west coast, the ice sheet dissipated north of the
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258:. The ice coverage extended approximately as far south as 38 degrees latitude mid-continent.
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Baffin ice sheet (Foxe Dome): 2,200 to 2,400 metres (7,200 to 7,900 ft) above sea level
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Canada's oldest ice is a 20,000-year-old remnant of the Laurentide Ice Sheet called the
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515:. The eastern edge abutted the Laurentide ice sheet. The sheet was anchored in the
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cold epoch and a temporary re-advance of the ice sheet, which did not retreat from
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east of the Rocky Mountains. Three major ice centers formed in North America: the
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Keewatin ice sheet (Keewatin Dome): 3,200 metres (10,500 ft) above sea level
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Flint, R.F. 1971. Glacial and Quaternary Geology. Wiley and Sons, NY. p. 892.
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covered up to 2,500,000 square kilometres (970,000 sq mi) at the
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735:. A secondary Hall Ice Divide formed a link to a local ice cap on the
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Its cycles of growth and melting were a decisive influence on global
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Margold, Marin; Stokes, Chris R.; Clark, Chris D. (1 June 2018).
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southward, which would otherwise flow from the relatively warm
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and southeastward, onto the Gaspe, burying the western end of
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during its existence. This is because it served to divert the
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27:
Continental glacier in North America during the last ice age
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and Great Lakes coastal cities and towns as far south as
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that covered millions of square miles, including most of
400:, the very saline, cold, deep water that flows from the
278:, the Laurentide Ice Sheet extended as far south as the
856:. International Stratigraphic Commission. February 2022
286:
valleys. It was up to 2 mi (3.2 km) thick in
843:
643:. The Labrador flow extended across the mouth of the
535:. That is one and a half times the water held in the
961:
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epoch in North America, commonly referred to as the
164:
epochs, from 2.58 million years ago to the present.
551:, often leading to catastrophic floods as with the
318:extended well beyond the boundaries of present-day
996:
380:, containing remnants of the Laurentide Ice Sheet.
1101:the ice was about 2,000 feet thick over Manhattan
179:, through most of northern Canada, and the upper
2789:
1083:
955:
627:. The Appalachian Ice Complex, flowed from the
396:is believed to have disrupted the formation of
1623:Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field
266:This ice sheet was the primary feature of the
246:, and then followed the present course of the
1866:
1170:
1118:"Noah's Flood Kick-started European Farming?"
904:
824:
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443:, the Laurentide ice sheet reached from the
1617:Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area
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353:had an analogous effect on the rainfall in
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491:abutting the Keewatin lobe in the western
1024:
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1142:The Retreat of Glaciers in North America
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298:, but much thinner at its edges, where
14:
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1551:Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail
1515:Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area
1072:http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/032681ar
175:. These lakes extend from the eastern
171:and the hosts of smaller lakes of the
2848:Geological history of the Great Lakes
1854:
1158:
606:
570:
1557:Ice Age National Scientific Reserve
695:was circular and centered over the
655:. From the Escuminac center on the
483:. The Labrador covered spread over
24:
1110:
877:GĂ©ographie Physique et Quaternaire
814:GĂ©ographie physique et Quaternaire
686:
254:, beyond which it merged with the
25:
2869:
1545:Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area
1135:
1086:"How the Ice Age Shaped New York"
681:enormous weight of the melted ice
487:and the northeastern part of the
250:up to the northern slopes of the
115:South – 40 degrees north latitude
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2758:
2746:
2734:
1835:
1834:
1490:Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine
1084:William J. Broad (5 June 2018).
38:
2813:Glaciology of the United States
1077:
1026:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.03.013
964:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
727:sits created a north flow into
420:the rise of global sea levels.
1553:, Idaho, Oregon and Washington
990:
895:
434:
261:
13:
1:
2082:Proglacial lakes of Minnesota
1797:Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal
799:
703:, from an eastward flow over
479:and the upper reaches of the
1218:Glacial history of Minnesota
984:10.1016/0016-7037(89)90123-3
754:Glacial history of Minnesota
555:. Much of the topography of
157:, multiple times during the
7:
2818:Geology of New York (state)
1581:Kettle Moraine State Forest
1484:Lion's Head Provincial Park
742:
153:and a large portion of the
10:
2874:
2858:Northeastern United States
1952:West Siberian Glacial Lake
1727:Penultimate Glacial Period
1454:Big Rock (glacial erratic)
1004:Quaternary Science Reviews
851:"Stratigraphic Chart 2022"
838:10.1038/s41598-018-31166-2
731:and a south flow into the
623:, completely covering the
547:along the margins such as
347:Southwestern United States
228:Northeastern United States
2729:
2721:List of prehistoric lakes
2713:
2705:Great Tehuelche Paleolake
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2090:
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2019:
2003:
1967:
1960:
1929:
1913:
1892:
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1792:Late Glacial Interstadial
1699:
1673:
1642:
1571:, Minnesota and Wisconsin
1505:
1448:Arrowhead Provincial Park
1440:
1424:
1365:
1314:
1273:
1266:
1223:List of prehistoric lakes
1190:
455:, covering nearly all of
398:North Atlantic Deep Water
128:
96:
88:
71:
61:
53:
37:
32:
2853:Midwestern United States
1747:Holocene glacial retreat
1539:Glacial Lakes State Park
1478:Foothills Erratics Train
671:and reached the head of
406:thermohaline circulation
215:into and through all of
181:Midwestern United States
2175:Lake Houghton (glacial)
1787:Bølling–Allerød warming
1527:Devil's Lake State Park
1496:Ovayok Territorial Park
1185:Continental glaciations
416:until 6,500 years ago.
404:. That interrupted the
2417:Kankakee Outwash Plain
2333:Glacial Lake Sammamish
1629:Yosemite National Park
1533:Glacial Lake Wisconsin
1472:Eskers Provincial Park
1460:Cypress Hills (Canada)
1258:Timeline of glaciation
599:, and (4) towards the
381:
365:in winter, as well as
211:, across the northern
155:Northern United States
72:Highest elevation
44:The maximum extent of
2382:Lake Jordan (Montana)
2270:Glacial Lake Missoula
2260:Glacial Lake Columbia
2200:Nipissing Great Lakes
2180:Glacial Lake Iroquois
1772:Quaternary glaciation
1707:Quaternary glaciation
1605:Mill Bluff State Park
1569:Interstate State Park
1383:Giant current ripples
1198:Cordilleran ice sheet
777:Cordilleran ice sheet
773:Laurentide Ice Sheet
615:flowed across all of
509:Cordilleran ice sheet
447:eastward through the
408:, creating the brief
375:
256:Cordilleran Ice Sheet
230:, and cities such as
177:Northwest Territories
89:Lowest elevation
2808:Glaciology of Canada
2741:Geography portal
2511:Lake Nantucket Sound
2328:Glacial Lake Russell
1782:Wisconsin glaciation
1737:Last Glacial Maximum
1253:Post-glacial rebound
1208:Last Glacial Maximum
1203:Laurentide ice sheet
1122:University of Exeter
816:41 (2), pp. 181–186.
769:Wisconsin glaciation
713:Cumberland Peninsula
669:Prince Edward Island
621:Gulf of St. Lawrence
513:Last Glacial Maximum
503:Cordilleran ice flow
143:Laurentide ice sheet
33:Laurentide ice sheet
2833:Geology of Missouri
2823:Geology of Illinois
1767:Pre-Illinoian Stage
1732:Last Glacial Period
1521:Coteau des Prairies
1432:Greenland ice sheet
1017:2018QSRv..189....1M
976:1989GeCoA..53.2465B
933:10.1038/nature08954
925:2010Natur.464..740M
361:, possibly western
276:Pre-Illinoian Stage
244:St. Louis, Missouri
134:Greenland ice sheet
2753:History portal
2206:Early Lake Ontario
1812:4.2 kiloyear event
1807:8.2 kiloyear event
1742:Mousterian Pluvial
1474:, British Columbia
1147:2018-02-26 at the
1090:The New York Times
830:Scientific Reports
787:Labrador ice sheet
782:Keewatin ice sheet
709:Southampton Island
701:Melville Peninsula
659:, flowed onto the
645:St. Lawrence River
625:Maritime Provinces
613:Labrador ice sheet
595:; (3) towards the
577:Keewatin ice sheet
557:Eastern Washington
497:Mississippi valley
382:
2828:Geology of Kansas
2785:
2784:
2777:Oceans portal
2643:
2642:
2313:Glacial Lake Hood
2202:(Multiple basins)
2136:(Multiple basins)
2045:
2044:
1900:Lake Makgadikgadi
1848:
1847:
1817:Piora Oscillation
1777:Sangamonian Stage
1638:
1637:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
970:(10): 2465–2501.
919:(7289): 740–743.
832:8, 13286 (2018).
661:Acadian Peninsula
607:Labrador ice flow
571:Keewatin ice flow
527:, south into the
481:Mississippi River
139:
138:
16:(Redirected from
2865:
2775:
2774:
2765:Lakes portal
2763:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2617:Lake San AgustĂn
2496:Lake Connecticut
2441:Lake Monongahela
2392:Lake Musselshell
2377:Lake Great Falls
2054:
2053:
1965:
1964:
1887:and related seas
1885:proglacial lakes
1875:
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1347:Terminal moraine
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889:10.7202/032681ar
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792:Baffin ice sheet
729:Cumberland Sound
693:Baffin ice sheet
545:Proglacial lakes
521:British Columbia
441:Late Pleistocene
345:. That gave the
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30:
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2289:Lake Bonneville
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2236:Lake Whittlesey
2165:Early Lake Erie
2110:
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2015:
1999:
1980:Baltic Ice Lake
1956:
1925:
1909:
1888:
1879:
1849:
1844:
1826:
1712:Illinoian Stage
1695:
1686:Lambert Glacier
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1655:Killary Harbour
1634:
1587:Lake Bonneville
1507:
1501:
1436:
1412:
1361:
1310:
1306:U-shaped valley
1296:Roche moutonnée
1262:
1228:Proglacial lake
1213:Canadian Shield
1186:
1183:
1149:Wayback Machine
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1126:
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1111:Further reading
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749:Canadian Shield
745:
689:
687:Baffin ice flow
649:Gaspé Peninsula
647:, reaching the
629:Gaspé Peninsula
609:
597:Gulf of Boothia
573:
553:Missoula Floods
517:Coast Mountains
505:
473:Mackenzie River
445:Rocky Mountains
437:
394:Mackenzie River
388:water into the
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173:Canadian Shield
124:
120:Rocky Mountains
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2501:Lake Hitchcock
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2422:Lake Wisconsin
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2338:Lake Skokomish
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2315:
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2037:Lake Pickering
2034:
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2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2005:
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1822:Little Ice Age
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1523:, South Dakota
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1136:External links
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759:Driftless Area
756:
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741:
737:Hall Peninsula
721:Hall Peninsula
688:
685:
657:Magdalen Shelf
637:Magdalen Shelf
608:
605:
572:
569:
567:was affected.
504:
501:
485:eastern Canada
477:Missouri River
436:
433:
425:Barnes Ice Cap
378:Barnes Ice Cap
263:
260:
248:Missouri River
201:Lake Champlain
145:was a massive
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2648:South America
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2608:
2607:Lake Estancia
2605:
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2584:Lake Thompson
2582:
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2569:Lake Panamint
2567:
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2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:Lake Corcoran
2537:
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2534:Lake Cahuilla
2532:
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2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
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2491:Lake Cape Cod
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2413:
2412:Lake Kankakee
2410:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:Lake McKenzie
2385:
2383:
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2375:
2373:
2372:Lake Glendive
2370:
2368:
2367:Lake Cut Bank
2365:
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2357:Lake Chouteau
2355:
2354:
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2339:
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2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:Lake Puyallup
2321:
2319:
2316:
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2311:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2294:Lake Lahontan
2292:
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2178:
2176:
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2168:
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2150:Lake Chippewa
2148:
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2138:
2135:
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2127:
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2124:Champlain Sea
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2050:North America
2048:
2038:
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2032:Lake Lapworth
2030:
2028:
2027:Lake Harrison
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:Great Britain
2018:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:Littorina Sea
1983:
1981:
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1963:
1959:
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1950:
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1921:Lake Washburn
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1599:Lake Missoula
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1593:Lake Lahontan
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1563:Ice Age Trail
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1342:Rogen moraine
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1337:Pulju moraine
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1327:Erratic block
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1301:Tunnel valley
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705:Baffin Island
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665:New Brunswick
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633:New Brunswick
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619:and into the
618:
614:
604:
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598:
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591:; (2) toward
590:
586:
582:
578:
568:
566:
562:
559:and northern
558:
554:
550:
549:Lake Missoula
546:
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529:Cascade Range
526:
522:
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514:
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489:United States
486:
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446:
442:
432:
430:
429:Baffin Island
427:, on central
426:
421:
417:
415:
411:
410:Younger Dryas
407:
403:
402:Greenland Sea
399:
395:
391:
387:
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374:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:Pacific Ocean
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
316:Lake Iroquois
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
274:. During the
273:
269:
259:
257:
253:
252:Cypress Hills
249:
245:
241:
237:
236:New York City
233:
229:
224:
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218:
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210:
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67:
66:North America
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2680:Lake Minchin
2612:Lake Palomas
2602:Lake Alamosa
2574:Lake Russell
2475:Lake Passaic
2255:Lake Allison
2216:Lake Stanley
2211:Lake Saginaw
2145:Lake Chicago
2101:Lake Ojibway
2072:Lake Bassano
2067:Lake Agassiz
2058:Nelson River
1975:Ancylus Lake
1942:Lake Tengger
1937:Lake Bandung
1905:Lake Ptolemy
1752:Oldest Dryas
1722:Interstadial
1717:Interglacial
1700:Time periods
1631:, California
1625:, Washington
1366:Glacifluvial
1315:Depositional
1238:Lake Chicago
1233:Lake Agassiz
1202:
1151:(MPEG-Video)
1125:. Retrieved
1121:
1100:
1093:. Retrieved
1089:
1079:
1008:
1002:
992:
967:
963:
957:
916:
912:
906:
897:
880:
876:
870:
858:. Retrieved
845:
829:
813:
808:
764:Lake Agassiz
690:
677:
673:Bay of Fundy
610:
601:Beaufort Sea
589:Saskatchewan
574:
565:North Dakota
541:Alaska Range
506:
438:
422:
418:
390:Arctic Ocean
383:
367:North Africa
324:
320:Lake Ontario
312:glacial till
265:
225:
213:Appalachians
197:Finger Lakes
166:
147:sheet of ice
142:
140:
105:Arctic Ocean
2843:Pleistocene
2665:Lake Escara
2579:Lake Tecopa
2564:Lake Mojave
2544:Lake Harper
2484:New England
2470:Lake Albany
2451:Teays River
2403:Mississippi
2362:Lake Circle
2304:Puget Sound
2280:Great Basin
2226:Lake Warren
2195:Lake Minong
2190:Lake Maumee
2160:Lake Duluth
2140:Lake Arkona
2116:Great Lakes
2106:Tyrrell Sea
2077:Lake Souris
1882:Pleistocene
1762:Pleistocene
1757:Older Dryas
1619:, Wisconsin
1611:Oneida Lake
1607:, Wisconsin
1583:, Wisconsin
1565:, Wisconsin
1559:, Wisconsin
1547:, Wisconsin
1541:, Minnesota
1535:, Wisconsin
1529:, Wisconsin
1517:, Wisconsin
1403:Outwash fan
1398:Kettle hole
1291:Ribbon lake
1248:Teays River
1095:24 February
717:Pangnirtung
653:Chaleur Bay
651:and across
641:Nova Scotia
493:Great Lakes
469:Cordilleran
453:New England
449:Great Lakes
439:During the
435:Ice centers
357:, parts of
355:Afghanistan
268:Pleistocene
262:Description
221:Nova Scotia
217:New England
205:Lake George
169:Great Lakes
57:Continental
46:glacial ice
2803:Glaciology
2798:Ice sheets
2792:Categories
2700:Lake Tauca
2670:Inca Huasi
2559:Lake Modoc
2554:Lake Manly
2549:Lake Manix
2526:California
2516:Lake Stowe
2446:Lake Tight
2265:Lake Lewis
2231:Lake Wayne
2185:Lake Lundy
1995:Yoldia Sea
1968:Baltic Sea
1914:Antarctica
1681:Antarctica
1674:Antarctica
1660:Monte Rosa
1613:, New York
1393:Kame delta
1352:Till plain
1243:Lake Tight
1127:2007-11-20
800:References
697:Foxe Basin
593:Hudson Bay
533:Washington
331:jet stream
284:Ohio River
199:, through
159:Quaternary
111:Baffin Bay
18:Laurentide
2635:Lake Atna
2155:Lake Dana
2092:James Bay
2011:Lake Komi
1601:, Montana
1498:, Nunavut
1492:, Ontario
1486:, Ontario
1480:, Alberta
1468:, Ontario
1456:, Alberta
1450:, Ontario
1274:Erosional
1267:Landforms
537:Antarctic
343:Minnesota
207:areas of
195:) to the
189:Wisconsin
185:Minnesota
132:Remnant:
92:Sea level
2838:Ice ages
2434:drainage
2405:drainage
2094:drainage
2060:drainage
1947:Mundafan
1840:Category
1665:Svalbard
1595:, Nevada
1373:Diluvium
1145:Archived
1035:53511921
1011:: 1–30.
941:20360738
743:See also
723:, where
715:, where
585:Manitoba
581:Keewatin
465:Keewatin
461:Labrador
392:via the
386:salinity
363:Pakistan
337:through
304:moraines
300:nunataks
280:Missouri
209:New York
193:Michigan
103:North –
97:Terminus
62:Location
2714:Summary
2695:Salinas
1643:Eurasia
1332:Moraine
1322:Drumlin
1191:General
1013:Bibcode
972:Bibcode
949:4425933
921:Bibcode
725:Iqaluit
561:Montana
525:Alberta
475:to the
451:, into
414:Nunavik
339:Montana
327:climate
288:Nunavik
272:ice age
240:Chicago
162:glacial
118:West –
109:East –
2675:Mataro
2660:Cabana
2627:Alaska
2463:valley
2461:Hudson
2401:Upper
2347:Upper
2306:system
2282:system
2248:system
2004:Russia
1961:Europe
1893:Africa
1589:, Utah
1577:, Ohio
1508:States
1506:United
1441:Canada
1408:Sandur
1033:
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913:Nature
860:4 June
639:, and
635:, the
467:, and
457:Canada
351:Europe
308:eskers
296:Canada
292:Quebec
232:Boston
191:, and
151:Canada
129:Status
2690:Sajsi
1378:Esker
1281:Fjord
1031:S2CID
945:S2CID
854:(PDF)
631:over
617:Maine
2685:Ouki
2432:Ohio
1930:Asia
1388:Kame
1097:2019
937:PMID
862:2022
707:and
691:The
611:The
587:and
575:The
563:and
523:and
507:The
495:and
376:The
359:Iran
341:and
310:and
282:and
242:and
234:and
219:and
203:and
141:The
54:Type
1021:doi
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980:doi
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663:of
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