386:
40:
93:
222:
68:
683:
375:
1087:
367:
849:
1716:
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stated that the laurel was not permitted for "profane" uses – lighting it on fire at altars "for the propitiation of divinities" was strictly forbidden, because "it is very evident that the laurel protests against such usage by crackling as it does in the fire, thus, in a manner, giving expression to
937:
wore wreaths of laurel whenever there was stormy weather because it was widely believed that Laurel trees were immune to lightning strikes, affording protection to those who brandished it. One reason for this belief is because laurel crackles loudly when on fire. It led ancient Romans to believe the
2285:
Panza, E; Tersigni, M; Iorizzi, M; Zollo, F; De Marino, S; Festa, C; Napolitano, M; Castello, G; et al. (2011). "Lauroside B, a megastigmane glycoside from Laurus nobilis (bay laurel) leaves, induces apoptosis in human melanoma cell lines by inhibiting NF-κB activation".
916:
after an eagle dropped a hen with the sprig clutched in its beak onto her lap. The sprig grew into a full-size tree which fostered an entire grove of laurel trees, which were in turn added to by subsequent
Emperors when they celebrated a
512:
plant communities familiar today. Most of the last remaining laurel forests around the
Mediterranean are believed to have disappeared approximately ten thousand years ago, although some remnants still persist in the mountains of southern
1192:
Both essential and fatty oils are present in the fruit. The fruit is pressed and water-extracted to obtain these products. The fruit contains up to 30% fatty oils and about 1% essential oils (terpenes, sesquiterpenes,
385:
624:
to create single erect stems with ball-shaped, box-shaped or twisted crowns; also for low hedges. However, it is slow-growing and may take several years to reach the desired height. Together with a gold form,
866:, which held the laurel as a symbol of victory. It was also associated with immortality, with ritual purification, prosperity and health. It is also the source of the words
1066:, which were held around the time of the lunar festival. The similar association in Europe of laurels with victory and success led to its translation into Chinese as the
1485:
2246:
Kilic, Ayben; Hafizoglu, Harzemsah; Kollmannsberger, Hubert; Nitz, Siegfried (2004). "Volatile
Constituents and Key Odorants in Leaves, Buds, Flowers, and Fruits of
900:, which Augustus had built. Thus, the laurels had the dual purpose of advertising Augustus' victory in the Civil Wars and his close association with Apollo.
836:(trance) from which she uttered the oracular prophecies for which she was famous. Some accounts starting in the fourth century BC describe her as shaking a
1923:
578:
of about one year, under normal temperature and humidity. Whole bay leaves are used almost exclusively as flavor agents during the food preparation stage.
2394:
1154:
2358:
840:
while delivering her prophecies. Those who received promising omens from the Pythia were crowned with laurel wreaths as a symbol of Apollo's favor.
3825:
1747:
354:
Worldwide, many other kinds of plants in diverse families are also called "bay" or "laurel", generally due to similarity of foliage or aroma to
2344:
39:
3903:
1206:
4101:
2044:
1991:
929:
from the original tree planted by Livia. It was taken as an omen of the impending end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty that in the reign of
433: in) diameter, and they are borne in pairs beside a leaf. The leaves are glabrous, 6–12 cm (2–5 in) long and 2–4 cm (
3998:
1902:
4181:
3773:
4126:
3838:
3786:
2387:
3926:
1818:
3869:
1850:
1731:
1588:
1463:
3977:
3843:
4156:
1717:"Evaluación de diferentes métodos de control de plagas en cultivo de laurel ornamental e impacto en la fauna útil asociada"
1578:
976:, sentenced to cut at a self-repairing tree as a punishment for varying offenses. The tree was originally identified as a
4136:
4131:
3509:
3711:
2380:
4151:
3501:
2214:
1619:
1370:
1657:
593:. Dried laurel berries and pressed leaf oil can both be used as robust spices, and the wood can be burnt for strong
4166:
4161:
4055:
2131:
3908:
300:
3812:
1453:
1840:
1388:
Composition of scientific words: A manual of methods and a lexicon of materials for the practice of logotechnics
4111:
4050:
3931:
1113:) may have been meant to refer to local flowering, but its origin may also be in the name of the family Bladh (
4016:
3890:
2132:
https://giftsitter.com/it/blog/laurea-perche-si-incorona-il-laureato-con-lalloro "Corona d’alloro fai da te"
3755:
3729:
939:
3651:
2081:
McCartney, Eugene S. (1929). "Why Did
Tiberius Wear Laurel in the Form of a Crown During Thunder Storms".
1763:"Evaluation of wound healing activity of Allamanda cathartica. L. and Laurus nobilis. L. extracts on rats"
1724:
VI Jornadas Ibéricas de
Horticultura Ornamental: Las buenas prácticas agrícolas en horticultura ornamental
961:
involved a great forest or tree which quickly grew and lost its leaves and flowers every month. After the
570:
sauces. They are typically removed from dishes before serving, although they may also be used as a simple
562:
used in a wide variety of recipes, particularly among
Mediterranean cuisines. Most commonly, the aromatic
4024:
3636:
657:, which induces the curling and thickening of the edge of the leaves for the development of the insect's
638:
822:
because the games were in honor of Apollo, and the laurel was one of his symbols. According to the poet
4011:
3791:
3514:
2855:
2805:
1432:, The Plant-Book: A Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants, Cambridge University Press, 19 Jun 1997
897:
1401:
4171:
3918:
3864:
1286:
969:
792:(Mother Earth), and when he tried to seduce her she pleaded for help to Gaia, who transported her to
1053:
1036:") while, in modern Chinese, it has instead become associated with the Mediterranean laurel. By the
4121:
4116:
3617:
3524:
3390:
3104:
1635:
92:
20:
4003:
3882:
1523:
Konstantinidou, E.; Takos, I.; Merou, T. (2008). "Desiccation and storage behavior of bay laurel (
4176:
3750:
3677:
2763:
3742:
4146:
3830:
3724:
3579:
2580:
2533:
1715:
De
Alfonso, M.; Olmeda1, A.; Rodrigo, E.; Xamaní, P.; Sánchez–Domingo, A.; Laborda, R. (2014).
590:
504:
when the climate of the region was more humid. With the drying of the
Mediterranean during the
2148:
3519:
3047:
2987:
2673:
2633:
2595:
2418:
1449:
642:
613:
196:
3957:
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1686:
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era, the laurel forests gradually retreated, and were replaced by the more drought-tolerant
3685:
3241:
3158:
3032:
2930:
2605:
2560:
2497:
2151:. Kelly & Walsh, 1927. Reprinted Routledge (Abingdon), 2011. Accessed 13 November 2013.
1536:
868:
856:
312:
830:
reputedly chewed laurel leaves from a sacred tree growing inside the temple to induce the
740:
listed a variety of conditions which laurel oil was supposed to treat: paralysis, spasms,
8:
4065:
3002:
2945:
2923:
2768:
1222:
1194:
1013:
501:
57:
3990:
3109:
1540:
4106:
4073:
3737:
3341:
3266:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2903:
2835:
2663:
2575:
2570:
2548:
2502:
2429:
2098:
1814:
1789:
1762:
1741:
1552:
1263:
958:
87:
3460:
404:, variable in size and sometimes reaching 7–18 m (23–59 ft) tall. The genus
3952:
3659:
3542:
3420:
3400:
3360:
3306:
3208:
3203:
2790:
2600:
2513:
2451:
2303:
2267:
2210:
2102:
1972:
1917:
1846:
1794:
1727:
1615:
1584:
1459:
1366:
781:
670:
2364:
1556:
1308:
818:, a symbol of highest status. A wreath of bay laurels was given as the prize at the
4078:
3664:
3198:
3183:
3163:
2845:
2726:
2480:
2295:
2259:
2090:
1784:
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1232:
1114:
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954:
945:
In modern Italy, laurel wreaths are worn as a crown by graduating school students.
698:
609:
493:
242:
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3465:
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2658:
1429:
1313:
1242:
1237:
989:
933:
the entire grove died, shortly before he was assassinated. Rome's second
Emperor
881:
878:, as well as the expressions "assume the laurel" and "resting on one's laurels".
737:
729:
709:
694:
658:
617:
304:
130:
4029:
3895:
1069:
1027:
999:
408:
includes three accepted species, whose diagnostic key characters often overlap.
4141:
3985:
3395:
3365:
3271:
3139:
3064:
2888:
2850:
2825:
2783:
2746:
1905:. Translated by Kline, A. S. 2000. Archived from the original on April 19, 2005
1017:
1009:
922:
909:
815:
762:
653:
594:
571:
534:
117:
3425:
1548:
648:
One of the most important pests affecting ornamental laurels is caused by the
4095:
3851:
3716:
3435:
3370:
3348:
3316:
3251:
3119:
3089:
3069:
3057:
3042:
3027:
3017:
2992:
2795:
2543:
1976:
1272:
1162:
1158:
1134:
926:
918:
893:
874:
863:
837:
819:
811:
797:
717:
497:
484:
212:
77:
72:
3967:
3480:
2372:
620:, and as a house plant or greenhouse plant in colder regions. It is used in
4042:
3602:
3415:
3405:
3375:
3311:
3301:
3281:
3261:
3079:
2877:
2820:
2815:
2758:
2518:
2307:
2271:
1798:
1779:
1358:
1227:
1170:
1037:
966:
713:
666:
586:
3944:
1512:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1964. pp. Volume 1 page 246.
1121:; 'leaf'); two members of the family – a father and a son – acquired both
3877:
3799:
3611:
3445:
3440:
3385:
3321:
3286:
3094:
3022:
2982:
2716:
2439:
2186:
1202:
1186:
1138:
1122:
962:
942:", and was therefore "immune" from outer threats like fire or lightning.
913:
796:. In Daphne's place Gaia left a laurel tree, from which Apollo fashioned
581:
Ground bay leaves, however, can be ingested safely and are often used in
509:
458:
348:
3765:
2840:
2163:
1141:, also called eucalyptol. The leaves contain about 1.3% essential oils (
3778:
3552:
3547:
3485:
3470:
3410:
3099:
3007:
2753:
2590:
2585:
2523:
2434:
1146:
1016:. However, in English, it is often associated with the more well-known
848:
725:
721:
705:
575:
423:
on separate plants. Each flower is pale yellow-green, about 1 cm (
221:
143:
2299:
2263:
979:
888:
Laurel was closely associated with the Roman
Emperors, beginning with
682:
3804:
3698:
3562:
3557:
3355:
3326:
3276:
3218:
3124:
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1182:
1047:
901:
649:
416:
397:
374:
308:
292:
163:
3573:
2012:
The Mythology of Plants: Botanical Lore from Ancient Greece and Rome
1761:
Nayak, S; Nalabothu, P; Sandiford, S; Bhogadi, V; Adogwa, A (2006).
1522:
366:
4037:
3596:
3475:
3450:
3168:
3153:
2935:
2862:
2830:
2778:
2731:
2688:
2668:
2653:
2618:
2446:
2094:
1178:
1174:
1098:
1091:
1086:
934:
889:
852:
741:
733:
563:
526:
505:
316:
153:
3817:
3703:
2326:
892:. Two Laurel trees flanked the entrance to Augustus' house on the
3672:
3380:
3331:
3246:
3236:
3178:
3114:
3084:
2773:
2736:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2628:
2470:
2245:
1612:
The Royal Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants
1150:
1102:
1042:
973:
807:, state that Daphne was transformed directly into a laurel tree.
745:
701:
621:
538:
530:
3690:
3336:
3291:
3231:
3188:
3129:
3074:
3037:
2957:
2952:
2913:
2810:
2800:
2721:
2683:
2623:
2613:
2487:
2475:
2465:
1365:(Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
1198:
1166:
904:
relates the story of Augustus' wife, and Rome's first Empress,
827:
823:
785:
777:
514:
420:
412:
173:
1760:
1714:
3455:
3296:
3256:
3226:
3173:
3148:
3134:
2882:
2867:
2741:
2708:
2693:
2678:
2565:
2460:
2424:
905:
831:
803:
Other versions of the myth, including that of the Roman poet
793:
567:
559:
555:
522:
518:
462:
461:(untoothed) margin. On some leaves the margin undulates. The
296:
104:
251:
3193:
2908:
2538:
2528:
2409:
2076:
2074:
1255:
1125:
and the status of staple town for the village at the time.
1090:
The laurel leaves in the right side of the coat of arms of
1063:
930:
804:
789:
662:
582:
401:
254:
1448:
465:
is a small, shiny black drupe-like berry about 1 cm (
268:
2284:
2209:(in Finnish). Suomen Kunnallisliitto. 1982. p. 117.
280:
274:
16:
Species of flowering plant in the laurel family Lauraceae
2145:
The Moon Year: A Record of Chinese Customs and Festivals
2071:
2005:
2003:
1201:). This laurel oil is the characteristic ingredient of
908:, who planted a sprig of laurel on the grounds of her
2000:
283:
265:
257:
277:
271:
248:
1614:. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 614.
1261:
972:, this was sometimes connected to a woodsman named
319:for seasoning in cooking. Its common names include
262:
245:
2023:
2021:
1969:Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe
1842:The Faerie's Guide to Green Magick from the Garden
1390:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
1008:flower"), whose blossoms are still used to flavor
736:soaked in boiled bay leaves. The Roman naturalist
1967:De Cleene, Marcel; Lejeune, Marie Claire (2003).
1838:
1812:
4093:
3346:
2324:
1966:
1922:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1458:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 150.
1287:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T203351A119996864.en
2018:
1971:. Vol. 1. Man & Culture. p. 129.
708:and salve for open wounds. It is also used in
19:"Laurels" redirects here. For other uses, see
2402:
2388:
2187:
2180:
2161:
1067:
1051:
1025:
997:
977:
2058:
2056:
1133:The most abundant component found in laurel
2042:
2027:
1989:
1871:
1746:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1385:
896:in Rome, which itself was connected to the
771:
766:
554:The plant is the source of several popular
2395:
2381:
2252:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2231:Геральдика Великого Княжества Финляндского
1767:BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
589:, as well as being a common addition to a
220:
66:
38:
2080:
2053:
1941:. Princeton University Press. p. 20.
1788:
1778:
1285:
1097:The laurel leaves in the coat of arms of
788:fell in love with Daphne, a priestess of
2009:
1710:
1708:
1609:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1128:
1085:
938:plant was inhabited by a "heavenly fire
847:
681:
384:
373:
365:
2014:. J. Paul Getty Museum. pp. 35–36.
1563:
1353:
1351:
1349:
826:, the priestess of Apollo known as the
677:
475: in) long that contains one seed.
4094:
2369:– Israel Wildflowers and native plants
2137:
1886:
1845:. New York: Random House. p. 43.
1806:
665:. The species is also affected by the
3578:
3577:
2376:
2115:
2062:
1951:
1936:
1821:from the original on 19 November 2010
1754:
1705:
1679:
1603:
1576:
1435:
1357:
4056:90639616-1f23-4888-9134-022801636218
3919:a3a86aa5-3aec-4007-ba84-6952e66f88b6
1891:. Penguin Books. pp. 21.K–21.L.
1346:
988:) and described in the terms of the
500:that originally covered much of the
4102:IUCN Red List least concern species
1839:Wood, Jamie; Steinke, Lisa (2010).
1610:Brickell, Christopher, ed. (2008).
1529:European Journal of Forest Research
1394:
1273:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
885:its abhorrence of such treatment".
810:Bay laurel was used to fashion the
704:of bay laurel have been used as an
13:
1455:The New Oxford Book of Food Plants
776:, after the mythic mountain nymph
748:, ear infections, and rheumatism.
629:'Aurea' and a willow-leaved form
14:
4193:
2318:
1580:Field Guide to Herbs & Spices
689:essential oil in clear glass vial
661:, eventually creating a necrosed
347:figures prominently in classical
4182:Flora of the Mediterranean Basin
4017:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:465049-1
241:
91:
2278:
2239:
2223:
2199:
2174:
2154:
2124:
2109:
2036:
1983:
1960:
1945:
1930:
1895:
1880:
1865:
1832:
1650:
1628:
1516:
1502:
1490:www.missouribotanicalgarden.org
1486:"Laurus nobilis - Plant Finder"
574:. Whole bay leaves have a long
4127:Trees of Mediterranean climate
2759:Peppercorn (black/green/white)
1478:
1452:; Geissler, Catherine (2009).
1423:
1379:
1363:New Flora of the British Isles
1321:
1314:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1301:
1262:Khela, S.; Wilson, B. (2018).
1024:, now known in Chinese as the
996:, now known in Chinese as the
862:The symbolism carried over to
361:
303:(smooth) leaves. It is in the
1:
2193:. Accessed 13 November 2013.
2168:. Accessed 13 November 2013.
1583:. Philadelphia: Quirk Books.
1248:
600:
544:
1815:"Bay Laurel: Laurus nobilis"
1411:. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
948:
832:
751:
7:
4157:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2571:Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)
2288:Journal of Natural Products
1956:. Random House. p. 40.
1216:
855:, laurated poet, father of
772:
639:Royal Horticultural Society
608:is widely cultivated as an
566:are added whole to Italian
10:
4198:
4137:Medicinal plants of Europe
4132:Medicinal plants of Africa
2010:Giesecke, Annette (2014).
1993:Natural History Book XV.39
1409:Plants of the World Online
1081:
925:dynasty all sourced their
898:Temple of Apollo Palatinus
482:
478:
18:
3586:
3535:
3494:
3217:
2707:
2493:Coriander leaf / Cilantro
2408:
2403:Culinary herbs and spices
2325:Hogan, C.Michael (2010).
2188:
2181:
2162:
1549:10.1007/s10342-007-0189-z
1068:
1052:
1026:
998:
978:
767:
756:
457: in) broad, with an
228:
219:
202:
195:
88:Scientific classification
86:
64:
55:
46:
37:
30:
4152:Plants described in 1753
3391:Montreal steak seasoning
2207:Suomen kunnallisvaakunat
2195:(in English and Chinese)
1636:"Laurus nobilis 'Aurea'"
1205:. The chemical compound
1046:"pluck osmanthus in the
1012:and confections for the
419:), with male and female
21:Laurels (disambiguation)
4167:Drought-tolerant plants
4162:Garden plants of Europe
2143:Brendon, Juliet et al.
1937:Scott, Michael (2014).
1889:The Greek Myths: Part 1
1887:Graves, Robert (1955).
1813:Encyclopedia of Herbs.
1280:: e.T203351A119996864.
1209:has been isolated from
843:
549:
323:(esp. United Kingdom),
3347:
2229:Boyko, Dm. A. (2013).
2134:, retrieved April 2018
1780:10.1186/1472-6882-6-12
1450:Vaughan, John Griffith
1118:
1110:
1094:
921:. The emperors in the
859:
765:, the plant is called
744:, bruises, headaches,
690:
393:
382:
371:
311:. It is native to the
51:) leaves and branches
4112:Flora of North Africa
1952:Swahn, J. O. (1991).
1577:Green, Aliza (2006).
1228:California bay laurel
1165:, and other α- and β-
1145:), consisting of 45%
1129:Chemical constituents
1089:
1064:imperial examinations
851:
800:to console himself.
720:for rashes caused by
685:
643:Award of Garden Merit
483:Further information:
388:
377:
369:
3242:Beau monde seasoning
2607:Limnophila aromatica
2333:Encyclopedia of Life
1386:Brown, R.W. (1956).
1062:) meant passing the
678:Alternative medicine
637:, it has gained the
313:Mediterranean region
3366:Jamaican jerk spice
2988:Japanese pricklyash
2130:Gabriella Massara,
2083:Classical Philology
1903:"The Metamorphoses"
1876:. p. XXIII.43.
1658:"RHS Plantfinder –
1541:2008EJFR..127..125K
1329:"Botanary: nobilis"
1014:Mid-Autumn Festival
650:jumping plant louse
502:Mediterranean Basin
58:Conservation status
3342:Herbes de Provence
2973:Grains of paradise
2836:Crushed red pepper
2550:Houttuynia cordata
1954:The Lore of Spices
1817:. AllNatural.net.
1726:. pp. 50–51.
1317:. Merriam-Webster.
1095:
994:Osmanthus fragrans
959:phases of the moon
860:
691:
411:The bay laurel is
394:
383:
372:
4089:
4088:
3953:Open Tree of Life
3580:Taxon identifiers
3571:
3570:
3543:Chinese herbology
3421:Pumpkin pie spice
3401:Old Bay Seasoning
3361:Italian seasoning
3307:Five-spice powder
2609:(rice-paddy herb)
2452:Indian bay leaf (
2300:10.1021/np100688g
2264:10.1021/jf0306237
2043:Pliny the Elder.
2028:Pliny the Elder.
1990:Pliny the Elder.
1872:Pliny the Elder.
1852:978-1-58761-354-8
1733:978-84-617-3020-9
1590:978-1-59474-082-4
1465:978-0-19-954946-7
1022:Cinnamomum cassia
953:An early Chinese
782:Apollo and Daphne
780:. In the myth of
671:Coccus hesperidum
396:The laurel is an
233:
232:
229:Distribution map
81:
4189:
4172:Ornamental trees
4082:
4081:
4069:
4068:
4059:
4058:
4046:
4045:
4033:
4032:
4020:
4019:
4007:
4006:
3994:
3993:
3981:
3980:
3971:
3970:
3961:
3960:
3948:
3947:
3935:
3934:
3922:
3921:
3912:
3911:
3899:
3898:
3896:NBNSYS0000004619
3886:
3885:
3873:
3872:
3860:
3859:
3847:
3846:
3834:
3833:
3821:
3820:
3808:
3807:
3795:
3794:
3782:
3781:
3769:
3768:
3759:
3758:
3746:
3745:
3733:
3732:
3720:
3719:
3707:
3706:
3694:
3693:
3681:
3680:
3668:
3667:
3655:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3632:
3631:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3575:
3574:
3352:
3159:Tasmanian pepper
3140:Sichuan pepper (
3095:Pomegranate seed
2909:Dill / Dill seed
2764:Brazilian pepper
2727:Alligator pepper
2481:garlic / Chinese
2397:
2390:
2383:
2374:
2373:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2312:
2311:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2233:. Zaporizhzhia.
2227:
2221:
2220:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2152:
2141:
2135:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1921:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1792:
1782:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1737:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1574:
1561:
1560:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1446:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1355:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1289:
1259:
1155:terpinyl acetate
1073:
1072:
1060:Chángōng zhé guì
1057:
1056:
1031:
1030:
1003:
1002:
983:
982:
955:etiological myth
835:
778:of the same name
775:
770:
769:
618:oceanic climates
612:in regions with
610:ornamental plant
525:, north-central
492:is a widespread
474:
473:
469:
456:
455:
451:
448:
442:
441:
437:
432:
431:
427:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
260:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
224:
208:
96:
95:
75:
70:
69:
42:
28:
27:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4122:Trees of Europe
4117:Trees of Africa
4092:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4077:
4072:
4064:
4062:
4054:
4049:
4041:
4036:
4028:
4023:
4015:
4010:
4002:
3997:
3989:
3984:
3976:
3974:
3966:
3964:
3956:
3951:
3943:
3940:Observation.org
3938:
3930:
3925:
3917:
3915:
3907:
3902:
3894:
3889:
3881:
3876:
3868:
3863:
3855:
3850:
3842:
3837:
3829:
3824:
3816:
3811:
3803:
3798:
3790:
3785:
3777:
3772:
3764:
3762:
3754:
3749:
3741:
3736:
3728:
3723:
3715:
3710:
3702:
3697:
3689:
3684:
3676:
3671:
3663:
3658:
3650:
3648:
3640:
3635:
3627:
3625:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3588:Dame a argagule
3582:
3572:
3567:
3531:
3490:
3466:Tandoori masala
3213:
3090:Peruvian pepper
2978:Grains of Selim
2963:Aromatic ginger
2896:Bunium persicum
2703:
2404:
2401:
2336:
2334:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2283:
2279:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2159:
2155:
2142:
2138:
2129:
2125:
2114:
2110:
2079:
2072:
2061:
2054:
2046:Natural History
2041:
2037:
2030:Natural History
2026:
2019:
2008:
2001:
1988:
1984:
1965:
1961:
1950:
1946:
1935:
1931:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1885:
1881:
1874:Natural History
1870:
1866:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1837:
1833:
1824:
1822:
1811:
1807:
1759:
1755:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1608:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1575:
1564:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1447:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1414:
1412:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1356:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1233:Mountain laurel
1219:
1143:ol. lauri folii
1131:
1084:
951:
882:Pliny the Elder
846:
759:
754:
738:Pliny the Elder
730:stinging nettle
710:massage therapy
695:herbal medicine
680:
603:
595:smoke flavoring
552:
547:
487:
481:
471:
467:
466:
453:
449:
446:
444:
439:
435:
434:
429:
425:
424:
400:shrub or small
364:
315:and is used as
305:flowering plant
291:is an aromatic
261:
244:
240:
215:
210:
204:
191:
188:L. nobilis
90:
82:
71:
67:
60:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4195:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4177:Flora of Malta
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4087:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4079:wfo-0000364153
4070:
4060:
4047:
4034:
4021:
4008:
3995:
3982:
3972:
3968:Laurus_nobilis
3962:
3949:
3936:
3923:
3913:
3900:
3887:
3874:
3861:
3848:
3835:
3822:
3809:
3796:
3783:
3770:
3760:
3747:
3743:Laurus nobilis
3734:
3721:
3708:
3695:
3682:
3669:
3656:
3646:
3633:
3623:
3618:Laurus nobilis
3608:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3539:
3537:
3536:Related topics
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3504:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3396:Mulling spices
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3272:Cinnamon sugar
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3184:Voatsiperifery
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2889:Nigella sativa
2880:
2875:
2873:Coriander seed
2870:
2865:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2500:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2422:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2366:Laurus nobilis
2362:
2356:
2353:Laurus nobilis
2342:
2329:Laurus Nobilis
2320:
2319:External links
2317:
2314:
2313:
2277:
2238:
2222:
2215:
2198:
2173:
2153:
2136:
2123:
2108:
2095:10.1086/361124
2089:(2): 201–203.
2070:
2052:
2049:. Book XV.135.
2035:
2032:. Book XV, 35.
2017:
1999:
1982:
1959:
1944:
1929:
1894:
1879:
1864:
1851:
1831:
1805:
1753:
1732:
1704:
1689:Laurus nobilis
1678:
1660:Laurus nobilis
1649:
1627:
1620:
1602:
1589:
1562:
1535:(2): 125–131.
1525:Laurus nobilis
1515:
1510:Flora Europaea
1501:
1477:
1464:
1434:
1422:
1393:
1378:
1371:
1345:
1320:
1300:
1266:Laurus nobilis
1253:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1238:Spotted laurel
1235:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1211:Laurus nobilis
1185:. It contains
1159:sesquiterpenes
1130:
1127:
1083:
1080:
950:
947:
927:Laurel wreaths
923:Julio-Claudian
845:
842:
816:ancient Greece
758:
755:
753:
750:
687:Laurus nobilis
679:
676:
654:Trioza alacris
606:Laurus nobilis
602:
599:
551:
548:
546:
543:
535:Canary Islands
498:laurel forests
490:Laurus nobilis
480:
477:
390:Laurus nobilis
379:Laurus nobilis
370:A laurel shrub
363:
360:
356:Laurus nobilis
345:Laurus nobilis
337:Grecian laurel
295:tree or large
237:Laurus nobilis
231:
230:
226:
225:
217:
216:
211:
206:Laurus nobilis
200:
199:
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192:
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84:
83:
65:
62:
61:
56:
53:
52:
49:Laurus nobilis
44:
43:
35:
34:
32:Laurus nobilis
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4194:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4147:Indian spices
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
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4057:
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4044:
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4026:
4022:
4018:
4013:
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4000:
3996:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3564:
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3556:
3554:
3551:
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3534:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3436:Ras el hanout
3434:
3432:
3431:Quatre épices
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3371:Khmeli suneli
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:Garlic powder
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3252:Bouquet garni
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3018:Litsea cubeba
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:Juniper berry
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
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2956:
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2951:
2947:
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2938:
2937:
2934:
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2925:
2922:
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2910:
2907:
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2898:
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2819:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
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2802:
2799:
2797:
2796:Celery powder
2794:
2792:
2789:
2785:
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2781:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
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2640:
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2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2601:Lemon verbena
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
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2393:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2359:PubMed search
2357:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2332:
2330:
2323:
2322:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2294:(2): 228–33.
2293:
2289:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2258:(6): 1601–6.
2257:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2232:
2226:
2218:
2216:951-773-085-3
2212:
2208:
2202:
2192:
2177:
2165:
2160:Zdic (2013).
2157:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2133:
2127:
2119:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2066:
2059:
2057:
2048:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2013:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1904:
1898:
1890:
1883:
1875:
1868:
1854:
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1843:
1835:
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1796:
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1692:
1690:
1682:
1667:
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1661:
1653:
1637:
1631:
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1621:9781405332965
1617:
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1382:
1374:
1372:9780521707725
1368:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1334:
1333:Dave's Garden
1330:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1310:
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1288:
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1279:
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1269:
1267:
1258:
1254:
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1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:Cherry laurel
1221:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:methyleugenol
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:essential oil
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
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920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:Palatine Hill
891:
886:
883:
879:
877:
876:
875:poet laureate
871:
870:
869:baccalaureate
865:
864:Roman culture
858:
854:
850:
841:
839:
838:laurel branch
834:
829:
825:
821:
820:Pythian Games
817:
813:
812:laurel wreath
808:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
764:
749:
747:
743:
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731:
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723:
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664:
660:
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651:
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632:
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623:
619:
615:
614:Mediterranean
611:
607:
598:
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592:
588:
584:
579:
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573:
569:
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542:
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536:
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511:
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499:
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491:
486:
485:Laurel forest
476:
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197:Binomial name
194:
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168:
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159:
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123:
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119:
118:Tracheophytes
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
94:
89:
85:
79:
74:
73:Least Concern
63:
59:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
3587:
3416:Powder-douce
3406:Panch phoron
3376:Lemon pepper
3312:Garam masala
3302:Fines herbes
3282:Curry powder
3262:Chaat masala
3141:
3120:Sarsaparilla
3080:Onion powder
3028:Mango-ginger
2894:
2887:
2821:Chili powder
2606:
2596:Lemon myrtle
2553:
2549:
2504:
2503:Vietnamese (
2453:
2417:
2365:
2355:(Bay Laurel)
2352:
2348:
2335:. Retrieved
2328:
2291:
2287:
2280:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2235:(in Russian)
2230:
2225:
2206:
2201:
2176:
2170:(in Chinese)
2156:
2144:
2139:
2126:
2118:Tiberius, 69
2117:
2111:
2086:
2082:
2067:. Book 7, 1.
2064:
2045:
2038:
2029:
2011:
1992:
1985:
1968:
1962:
1953:
1947:
1938:
1932:
1907:. Retrieved
1897:
1888:
1882:
1873:
1867:
1856:. Retrieved
1841:
1834:
1823:. Retrieved
1808:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1723:
1695:. Retrieved
1688:
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1664:angustifolia
1663:
1659:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1630:
1611:
1605:
1594:. Retrieved
1579:
1532:
1528:
1527:L.) seeds".
1524:
1518:
1509:
1504:
1493:. Retrieved
1489:
1480:
1469:. Retrieved
1454:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1408:
1403:
1396:
1387:
1381:
1362:
1359:Stace, C. A.
1338:December 19,
1336:. Retrieved
1332:
1323:
1312:
1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1277:
1271:
1265:
1257:
1210:
1191:
1171:phellandrene
1149:, 12% other
1142:
1132:
1096:
1075:
1059:
1041:
1038:Qing dynasty
1033:
1021:
1005:
993:
985:
952:
944:
887:
880:
873:
867:
861:
833:enthusiasmos
809:
802:
760:
714:aromatherapy
692:
686:
669:
667:scale insect
652:
647:
635:angustifolia
634:
630:
626:
605:
604:
580:
553:
489:
488:
410:
405:
395:
389:
378:
355:
353:
344:
340:
339:, or simply
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
299:with green,
236:
235:
234:
205:
203:
187:
186:
174:
137:
124:
111:
48:
47:Bay laurel (
31:
25:
3991:kew-2349094
3878:NatureServe
3800:iNaturalist
3612:Wikispecies
3515:Bangladeshi
3446:Sharena sol
3441:Recado rojo
3426:Qâlat daqqa
3386:Mixed spice
3322:Garlic salt
3287:Doubanjiang
3023:Long pepper
2983:Horseradish
2801:Celery seed
2674:Sanshō leaf
2591:Lemon grass
2250:nobilisL".
2189:《红楼梦汉英习语词典》
2116:Suetonius.
2063:Suetonius.
1415:11 February
1293:19 November
1207:lauroside B
1203:Aleppo soap
1187:lauric acid
1139:1,8-cineole
1123:town rights
914:Prima Porta
718:folk remedy
591:Bloody Mary
529:, northern
521:, southern
517:, northern
510:sclerophyll
362:Description
349:Greco-Roman
333:true laurel
131:Angiosperms
4096:Categories
3986:Plant List
3649:Calflora:
3553:Marination
3548:Herbal tea
3510:Australian
3506:By region
3481:Yuzu koshō
3471:Thuna paha
3411:Persillade
3164:Tonka bean
3100:Poppy seed
3008:Dried lime
2931:Fingerroot
2846:New Mexico
2754:Asafoetida
2586:Lemon balm
2544:Hoja santa
2524:Curry leaf
2361:: "Laurus"
2337:2010-12-30
1909:2017-11-17
1858:2010-12-31
1825:2010-12-31
1596:2010-12-31
1495:2023-08-23
1471:2010-12-31
1249:References
1147:eucalyptol
784:, the god
726:poison oak
722:poison ivy
706:astringent
631:L. nobilis
627:L. nobilis
601:Ornamental
576:shelf life
545:Human uses
325:bay laurel
144:Magnoliids
4107:Lauraceae
3756:200008765
3730:200008765
3563:Spice rub
3558:Seasoning
3525:Pakistani
3356:Idli podi
3327:Gochujang
3277:Crab boil
3194:Yuzu zest
3125:Sassafras
3013:Liquorice
2919:Fenugreek
2856:Cultivars
2103:162098134
1977:482791069
1742:cite book
1697:1 October
1642:1 October
1430:Mabberley
1183:terpineol
1074:or "Moon
1050:Palace" (
1032:or "meat
990:osmanthus
970:dynasties
949:East Asia
902:Suetonius
752:Symbolism
417:unisexual
413:dioecious
398:evergreen
351:culture.
329:sweet bay
309:Lauraceae
293:evergreen
182:Species:
164:Lauraceae
101:Kingdom:
4051:VicFlora
4043:17804359
4038:Tropicos
3965:PalDat:
3883:2.153656
3831:10202432
3818:465049-1
3597:Wikidata
3502:Culinary
3476:Vadouvan
3451:Shichimi
3349:Húng lìu
3169:Turmeric
3154:Tamarind
3003:Korarima
2936:Galangal
2904:Deulkkae
2863:Cinnamon
2841:Jalapeño
2831:Chipotle
2779:Cardamom
2732:Allspice
2699:Woodruff
2689:Tarragon
2654:Rosemary
2619:Marjoram
2581:Lavender
2576:Kkaennip
2514:Culantro
2498:Bolivian
2447:Bay leaf
2419:Angelica
2308:21188975
2272:15030218
2185:(2003).
1918:cite web
1819:Archived
1799:16597335
1671:19 March
1557:28898196
1361:(2010).
1309:"Laurus"
1217:See also
1195:alcohols
1179:geraniol
1175:linalool
1153:, 8–12%
1151:terpenes
1099:Kaskinen
1092:Kaskinen
957:for the
935:Tiberius
890:Augustus
857:humanism
853:Petrarch
746:catarrhs
742:sciatica
734:poultice
702:extracts
558:and one
527:Portugal
506:Pliocene
392:in bloom
321:bay tree
317:bay leaf
301:glabrous
160:Family:
154:Laurales
78:IUCN 3.1
3865:MoBotPF
3779:3034015
3673:Ecocrop
3486:Za'atar
3381:Mitmita
3332:Harissa
3247:Berbere
3237:Baharat
3204:Zereshk
3199:Zedoary
3179:Vanilla
3142:huājiāo
3115:Saffron
3105:Radhuni
3085:Paprika
3070:Njangsa
3065:Nigella
3043:Mustard
2941:greater
2851:Tabasco
2826:Cayenne
2806:Charoli
2774:Caraway
2769:Camphor
2737:Amchoor
2649:Perilla
2644:Parsley
2639:Oregano
2634:Mitsuba
2629:Mugwort
2554:giấp cá
2534:Epazote
2505:rau răm
2471:Chervil
1790:1456996
1537:Bibcode
1199:ketones
1167:pinenes
1157:, 3–4%
1115:Swedish
1107:Swedish
1103:Finland
1082:Finland
1043:chengyu
974:Wu Gang
919:triumph
798:wreaths
699:aqueous
622:topiary
572:garnish
539:Madeira
537:and in
531:Morocco
496:of the
479:Ecology
470:⁄
452:⁄
438:⁄
428:⁄
421:flowers
307:family
170:Genus:
150:Order:
105:Plantae
76: (
4004:LANO80
3999:PLANTS
3958:571537
3945:135856
3916:NZOR:
3870:281677
3857:203351
3844:503343
3766:LAUNOB
3763:FoIO:
3717:175247
3691:486835
3626:APDB:
3603:Q26006
3520:Indian
3337:Hawaij
3292:Douchi
3267:Chaunk
3232:Advieh
3227:Adjika
3219:Blends
3189:Wasabi
3130:Sesame
3075:Nutmeg
3038:Mahleb
3033:Mastic
2968:Golpar
2958:Ginger
2953:Garlic
2946:lesser
2914:Fennel
2811:Chenpi
2791:Cassia
2722:Ajwain
2717:Aonori
2709:Spices
2684:Sorrel
2669:Savory
2614:Lovage
2561:Hyssop
2488:Cicely
2476:Chives
2466:Borage
2454:tejpat
2349:Laurus
2306:
2270:
2248:Laurus
2213:
2164:"蟾宫折桂"
2149:p. 410
2101:
1975:
1939:Delphi
1849:
1797:
1787:
1773:: 12.
1730:
1618:
1587:
1555:
1462:
1404:Laurus
1369:
1243:Redbay
1197:, and
1189:also.
1181:, and
1040:, the
1018:cassia
828:Pythia
824:Lucian
786:Apollo
773:dáphnē
757:Greece
728:, and
659:nymphs
587:stocks
564:leaves
533:, the
515:Turkey
494:relict
459:entire
406:Laurus
381:in pot
341:laurel
175:Laurus
4142:Herbs
4063:WoI:
3975:PFI:
3927:NZPCN
3909:85223
3826:IRMNG
3805:54759
3792:21664
3738:FoAO2
3712:EUNIS
3704:LURNO
3665:3SN47
3642:87886
3629:48989
3495:Lists
3461:Tajin
3456:Tabil
3297:Duqqa
3257:Buknu
3174:Uzazi
3149:Sumac
3135:Shiso
3058:white
3053:brown
3048:black
2998:Kokum
2883:Cumin
2878:Cubeb
2868:Clove
2816:Chili
2784:black
2742:Anise
2694:Thyme
2679:Shiso
2566:Jimbu
2519:Cress
2461:Boldo
2440:Lemon
2425:Basil
2410:Herbs
2099:S2CID
2065:Galba
1720:(PDF)
1693:. RHS
1638:. RHS
1553:S2CID
1161:, 3%
1111:Kaskö
940:demon
910:villa
906:Livia
794:Crete
768:δάφνη
763:Greek
732:is a
583:soups
568:pasta
560:spice
556:herbs
523:Spain
519:Syria
463:fruit
297:shrub
138:Clade
125:Clade
112:Clade
4030:9876
4012:POWO
3978:1258
3932:3381
3904:NCBI
3852:IUCN
3839:ITIS
3813:IPNI
3787:GRIN
3774:GBIF
3699:EPPO
3678:1333
3652:8627
3637:APNI
3209:Zest
3110:Rose
2924:blue
2747:star
2664:Sage
2624:Mint
2539:Hemp
2529:Dill
2435:Thai
2430:Holy
2345:MeSH
2304:PMID
2268:PMID
2211:ISBN
1973:OCLC
1924:link
1847:ISBN
1795:PMID
1748:link
1728:ISBN
1699:2020
1673:2018
1644:2020
1616:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1460:ISBN
1417:2024
1367:ISBN
1340:2022
1295:2021
1278:2018
1119:blad
1054:蟾宫折桂
1048:Toad
1010:wine
1004:or "
967:Tang
965:and
931:Nero
872:and
844:Rome
805:Ovid
790:Gaia
716:. A
712:and
663:gall
585:and
550:Food
402:tree
4074:WFO
4066:215
4025:RHS
3891:NBN
3751:FoC
3725:FNA
3686:EoL
3660:CoL
2659:Rue
2331:L."
2296:doi
2260:doi
2182:杜近芳
2091:doi
1785:PMC
1775:doi
1662:f.
1545:doi
1533:127
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