183:
20:
157:
Laver seaweed has been cultivated as a food in Wales since at least the 17th century. It is prepared by repeated washings and then boiling until it becomes the soft purée-like product known as laverbread. The gelatinous paste that results can then be sold as it is or rolled in
1155:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
1407:"Consumption of approximately 4 g of dried purple laver (Vitamin B12 content: 77.6 μg /100 g dry weight) supplies the recommended daily amount of 2.4 μg/day" (not what that study found, it came to the opposite conclusion.
1154:
751:
with a smooth consistency. Alternatively, steaming is utilised, which speeds up the process. Once prepared, the seaweed can be preserved for about a week. During the 18th century, the product was packed into a
1272:
747:
It is plucked from the rocks and given a preliminary rinse in clear water. The collected laver seaweed is repeatedly washed to remove sand, then boiled until it becomes a stiff, green
837:
and its cockles, being used traditionally in the Welsh diet and is still eaten widely across Wales in the form of laverbread. In addition to Wales, laverbread is eaten across the
1134:
1046:
738:
1339:
1247:
1280:
1332:
1305:
1162:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
1126:
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134:
which tends to be a brownish colour, but boils down to a dark green pulp when prepared. Laver seaweed has a high content of
1181:
1429:
887:
162:. It is sometimes also coated with oatmeal prior to frying. Laverbread is traditionally eaten fried with bacon and
1097:
734:
1276:
1122:
214:. The seaweed is commonly found around the west coast of Great Britain and east coast of Ireland along the
725:
1251:
1223:
246:
Cultivation of laver seaweed as food is thought to be very ancient, though the first mention was in
1449:
650:
1444:
861:. In North Devon it is generally not cooked with oatmeal and is simply referred to as 'laver' (
624:
970:
637:
110:
as part of local traditional cuisine. The seaweed is commonly found around the west coast of
910:. The dried purple (nori) variation is the main plant that contains significant amounts of
676:
195:
126:
8:
1310:
737:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
1393:
1362:
663:
604:
377:
925:; consuming 4 g (0.1 oz) of dried purple laver provides the RDA of vitamin B
783:. A simple preparation is to heat the laverbread and to add butter and the juice of a
1425:
1398:
1173:
1163:
1021:
803:
689:
489:
167:
1388:
1378:
1333:"Welsh Laverbread - Protected food name with Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)"
938:
864:
799:
753:
506:
171:
163:
33:
838:
776:
267:
255:
230:. The high iodine content gives the seaweed a distinctive flavour in common with
219:
146:. The high iodine content gives the seaweed a distinctive flavour in common with
135:
1157:
823:
247:
103:
91:
75:
1438:
788:
435:
333:
263:
111:
995:
764:. The gelatinous paste that results can then be sold as it is, or rolled in
1402:
1177:
854:
702:
309:
1121:
1025:
952:
911:
842:
293:
996:"Laver Seaweed – A Foraging Guide to Its Food, Medicine and Other Uses"
858:
523:
472:
270:
coasts, although similar farming methods are used at the west coast of
211:
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1076:
964:
834:
582:
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431:
215:
131:
99:
898:
Laverbread is highly nutritious because of its high proportions of
850:
455:
271:
206:
760:
delicacy, the seaweed is boiled for several hours, then minced or
748:
19:
899:
811:
765:
411:
159:
121:
922:
907:
846:
827:
780:
539:
235:
223:
151:
139:
879:
756:
and sold as "potted laver". To make laverbread, a traditional
66:
48:
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323:
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231:
147:
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227:
143:
42:
1127:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
955: – Type of edible green seaweed in East Asian cuisine
1202:
1148:
353:
826:
has been quoted as describing laverbread as "Welshman's
120:. It is smooth in texture and forms delicate, sheetlike
798:
Laverbread is traditionally eaten fried with bacon and
768:; it is sometimes coated with oatmeal prior to frying.
1360:
917:, which makes it the most suitable source of vitamin B
943: – Species of edible alga (dilisk, dilsk, dulse)
888:
876:
870:
124:, often clinging to rocks. The principal variety is
63:
57:
45:
39:
867:
54:
36:
1340:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
1159:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
791:. Laverbread can be heated and served with boiled
114:, and the coasts of Ireland, where it is known as
1361:Watanabe F, Yabuta Y, Bito T, Teng F (May 2014).
1049:. www.hospitalityinfocentre.co.uk. Archived from
975: – Species of edible alga (carrageenan moss)
949: – Dried edible seaweed from the Philippines
614:
421:
1436:
1073:"Great British Bites: laverbread – Times Online"
1367:-containing plant food sources for vegetarians"
1299:
1297:
1224:"Laver Bread from Wild Food by Roger Phillips"
288:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
1115:
1294:
1250:. Traditional Welsh Recipes. Archived from
816:
115:
84:
1123:United States Food and Drug Administration
990:
988:
1392:
1382:
1354:
181:
18:
1424:, Gilli Davies, Grafton (16 Mar 1989),
1306:"What's green, slimy and good for you?"
1303:
985:
833:Laver seaweed is often associated with
1437:
170:or, in the southwest of England, with
1070:
200:Laverbread is made from the seaweed
1203:"Laverbread Parsons Pickles " Home"
1095:
967: – Simmered Japanese side dish
262:, and it is still gathered off the
106:(littoral alga) consumed mainly in
13:
771:Laverbread can be eaten cold as a
14:
1461:
254:in the early 17th century. Laver
863:
814:, etc., and to make laver soup (
806:. It can also be used to make a
190:which is used to make laverbread
32:
1415:
1325:
1265:
1240:
1184:from the original on 2024-05-09
1137:from the original on 2024-03-27
1216:
1195:
1089:
1064:
1039:
1014:
277:
241:
218:. Laver has a high content of
98:) is a food product made from
1:
1304:Dunford, Jane (30 May 2010).
979:
258:is typically associated with
16:Food made from edible seaweed
1277:Brecon Beacons National Park
733:Percentages estimated using
7:
1273:"Black Mountains Breakfast"
1071:Mason, Laura (2008-05-20).
932:
726:Link to USDA Database entry
177:
10:
1466:
1422:Lamb, Leeks and Laverbread
298:146 kJ (35 kcal)
193:
1248:"Cawl lafwr (Laver soup)"
1096:Don, Monty (2001-11-11).
810:to accompany lamb, crab,
732:
722:
714:
701:
688:
675:
662:
649:
636:
623:
602:
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292:
287:
1022:"British food seaweeds"
735:US recommendations
817:
739:the National Academies
191:
116:
95:
85:
79:
24:
972:Mastocarpus stellatus
396:Vitamins and minerals
185:
23:Laverbread and toast.
22:
202:Porphyra umbilicalis
196:Porphyra umbilicalis
188:Porphyra umbilicalis
127:Porphyra umbilicalis
1311:The Daily Telegraph
961: – Edible kelp
507:Pantothenic acid (B
284:
283:Seaweed, laver, raw
256:seaweed cultivation
282:
192:
25:
1384:10.3390/nu6051861
1169:978-0-309-48834-1
906:, and especially
845:, especially the
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744:
718:
717:
1457:
1410:
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1396:
1386:
1358:
1352:
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1342:. 4 January 2021
1337:
1329:
1323:
1322:
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1301:
1292:
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1289:
1288:
1279:. Archived from
1269:
1263:
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1259:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1220:
1214:
1213:
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1205:. laverbread.com
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1007:
1002:. 30 August 2018
992:
940:Palmaria palmata
891:
886:
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882:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
820:
618:
543:
527:
510:
493:
476:
459:
432:Vitamin A equiv.
425:
392:
391:
285:
281:
220:dietary minerals
136:dietary minerals
119:
88:
73:
72:
69:
68:
65:
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59:
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50:
47:
44:
41:
38:
1465:
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1460:
1459:
1458:
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1455:
1454:
1450:Edible seaweeds
1435:
1434:
1418:
1413:
1366:
1359:
1355:
1345:
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1335:
1331:
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1326:
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1217:
1208:
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1201:
1200:
1196:
1187:
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1170:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1138:
1120:
1116:
1107:
1105:
1098:"Down your way"
1094:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1069:
1065:
1056:
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1045:
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986:
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839:Bristol Channel
804:Welsh breakfast
728:
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709:
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619:
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362:
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318:
313:
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268:Carmarthenshire
244:
222:, particularly
204:from the genus
198:
180:
168:Welsh breakfast
138:, particularly
53:
35:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1463:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1433:
1432:
1417:
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1412:
1411:
1377:(5): 1861–73.
1364:
1353:
1324:
1293:
1264:
1239:
1215:
1194:
1168:
1147:
1114:
1088:
1063:
1038:
1013:
1000:eatweeds.co.uk
983:
981:
978:
977:
976:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
934:
931:
926:
921:available for
918:
913:
824:Richard Burton
789:Seville orange
743:
742:
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724:
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248:William Camden
243:
240:
194:Main article:
179:
176:
104:edible seaweed
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1462:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1445:Welsh cuisine
1443:
1442:
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1431:
1430:0-586-20139-4
1427:
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1357:
1341:
1334:
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1313:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1283:on 2008-10-12
1282:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1254:on 2010-02-07
1253:
1249:
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1219:
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1124:
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1092:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1053:on 2013-11-03
1052:
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1027:
1023:
1017:
1001:
997:
991:
989:
984:
974:
973:
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948:
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941:
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936:
930:
924:
916:
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905:
901:
896:
894:
893:
884:
860:
856:
852:
849:coast around
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
829:
825:
821:
819:
813:
809:
805:
802:as part of a
801:
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790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
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736:
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727:
721:
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586:
584:
580:
573:
571:
567:
560:
558:
554:
547:
545:
537:
530:
528:
521:
514:
512:
504:
497:
495:
487:
480:
478:
473:Riboflavin (B
470:
463:
461:
453:
440:
437:
436:beta-Carotene
433:
429:
424:
419:
416:
414:
413:
408:
404:
400:
393:
389:
383:
380:
379:
373:
369:
365:
359:
356:
355:
349:
345:
341:
337:
335:
334:Dietary fiber
331:
327:
325:
321:
315:
312:
311:
310:Carbohydrates
305:
301:
297:
295:
291:
286:
275:
273:
269:
265:
264:Pembrokeshire
261:
257:
253:
249:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:
203:
197:
189:
184:
175:
173:
172:hog's pudding
169:
166:as part of a
165:
161:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:
123:
118:
113:
112:Great Britain
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
87:
81:
77:
71:
29:
21:
1421:
1416:Bibliography
1406:
1374:
1370:
1356:
1344:. Retrieved
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1309:
1285:. Retrieved
1281:the original
1267:
1256:. Retrieved
1252:the original
1242:
1231:. Retrieved
1228:app.ckbk.com
1227:
1218:
1207:. Retrieved
1197:
1186:. Retrieved
1158:
1150:
1139:. Retrieved
1130:
1117:
1106:. Retrieved
1102:The Observer
1101:
1091:
1080:. Retrieved
1066:
1055:. Retrieved
1051:the original
1047:"Laver nori"
1041:
1029:. Retrieved
1016:
1004:. Retrieved
999:
971:
939:
897:
855:Combe Martin
832:
815:
797:
770:
746:
615:
610:
603:
422:
417:
410:
376:
352:
308:
251:
245:
205:
201:
199:
187:
186:The seaweed
156:
125:
83:
27:
26:
1026:Everything2
953:Green laver
843:North Devon
456:Thiamine (B
278:Preparation
242:Cultivation
210:and family
1439:Categories
1363:"Vitamin B
1287:2008-08-10
1258:2008-08-13
1233:2021-05-04
1209:2008-08-10
1188:2024-06-21
1141:2024-03-28
1108:2008-08-10
1082:2008-08-10
1075:. London:
1057:2013-11-01
980:References
859:Ilfracombe
818:cawl lafwr
664:Phosphorus
212:Bangiaceae
80:bara lafwr
28:Laverbread
1371:Nutrients
1346:7 January
1317:7 January
1077:The Times
965:Tsukudani
912:vitamin B
835:Penclawdd
677:Potassium
651:Manganese
583:Vitamin K
570:Vitamin E
557:Vitamin C
540:Folate (B
524:Vitamin B
490:Niacin (B
252:Britannia
216:Irish Sea
132:red algae
86:bara lawr
1403:24803097
1182:Archived
1178:30844154
1135:Archived
1125:(2024).
1104:. London
1006:22 March
933:See also
851:Lynmouth
812:monkfish
658:0.988 mg
611:Quantity
605:Minerals
534:0.159 mg
518:0.521 mg
484:0.446 mg
467:0.098 mg
418:Quantity
412:Vitamins
272:Scotland
207:Porphyra
178:The alga
117:sleabhac
96:sleabhac
1394:4042564
900:protein
800:cockles
766:oatmeal
710:1.05 mg
625:Calcium
501:1.47 mg
449:3121 μg
378:Protein
236:oysters
164:cockles
160:oatmeal
152:oysters
1428:
1401:
1391:
1176:
1166:
923:vegans
908:iodine
847:Exmoor
828:caviar
781:mutton
762:pureed
690:Sodium
684:356 mg
645:1.8 mg
551:146 μg
444:260 μg
385:5.81 g
361:0.28 g
328:0.49 g
324:Sugars
317:5.11 g
294:Energy
232:olives
224:iodine
148:olives
140:iodine
122:thalli
1336:(PDF)
1031:6 May
959:Kombu
947:Gamet
808:sauce
793:bacon
785:lemon
775:with
773:salad
758:Welsh
754:crock
749:purée
697:48 mg
671:58 mg
632:70 mg
564:39 mg
338:0.3 g
260:Wales
108:Wales
102:, an
100:laver
92:Irish
76:Welsh
1426:ISBN
1399:PMID
1348:2021
1319:2021
1174:PMID
1164:ISBN
1033:2012
1008:2021
904:iron
892:-ver
857:and
777:lamb
703:Zinc
638:Iron
590:4 μg
577:1 mg
266:and
234:and
228:iron
226:and
150:and
144:iron
142:and
130:, a
1389:PMC
1379:doi
1131:FDA
895:).
890:LAY
841:in
830:".
822:).
787:or
779:or
708:10%
682:12%
656:43%
643:10%
616:%DV
562:43%
549:37%
516:10%
482:34%
447:29%
442:29%
423:%DV
354:Fat
250:'s
82:or
1441::
1405:.
1397:.
1387:.
1373:.
1369:.
1365:12
1338:.
1308:.
1296:^
1275:.
1226:.
1180:.
1172:.
1133:.
1129:.
1100:.
1024:.
998:.
987:^
929:.
927:12
919:12
914:12
902:,
880:ər
874:eɪ
853:,
795:.
695:2%
669:5%
630:5%
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