801:. He recruited an excellent faculty, including former sound rangers, but he believed that his knowledge of physics was weak and he had no classroom experience. The students, many veterans, were critical and rowdy. He was deeply shaken but with family support he pulled himself together and prevailed. He and R. W. James measured the absolute energy of reflected X-rays, which validated a formula derived by C. G. Darwin before the war. Now they could determine the number of electrons in the reflecting targets, and they were able to decipher the structures of more complicated crystals like silicates. It was still difficult: requiring repeated guessing and retrying. In the late 1920s they eased the analysis by using
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insight that crystals made from parallel sheets of atoms would not diffract X-ray beams that struck their surface at most angles because X-rays deflected by collisions with atoms would be out of phase, cancelling one another out. However, when the X-ray beam struck at an angle at which the distances it passed between atomic sheets in the crystal equalled the X-ray's wavelength then those deflected would be in phase and produce a spot on a nearby film. From this insight he wrote the simple
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860:. Bragg worked on the structure of metals and consulted on sonar and sound ranging, for which the Tucker microphone was still used. Bragg was knighted and became Sir Lawrence in 1941. After his father died in 1942, Bragg served for six months as Scientific Liaison Officer to Canada. He also organised periodic conferences on X-ray analysis, which was widely used in
686:, which enabled them to measure the wavelengths of the X-rays produced by different metallic targets in the X-ray tubes. W. H. Bragg reported their results at meetings and in a paper, giving credit to "his son" (unnamed) for the equation, but not as a co-author, which gave his son "some heartaches", which he never overcame.
837:. The Laboratory had an eminent history in atomic physics and some members were wary of a crystallographer, which Bragg surmounted by even-handed administration. He worked on improving the interpretation of diffraction patterns. In the small crystallography group was a refugee research student without a mentor:
631:. After initially excelling in mathematics, he transferred to the physics course in the later years of his studies, and graduated with first class honours in 1911. In 1914 Bragg was elected to a Fellowship at Trinity College – a Fellowship at a Cambridge college involves the submission and defence of a thesis.
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and since 1938 he had been
Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Institution, delivering an annual lecture. His father's successors had weakened the Institution, so Bragg had to rebuild it. He bolstered finances by enlisting corporate sponsors, the traditional Friday Evening Discourses were followed
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and was elected its first president. He reorganised the
Cavendish into units to reflect his conviction that "the ideal research unit is one of six to twelve scientists and a few assistants, helped by one or more first-class instrument mechanics and a workshop in which the general run of apparatus can
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X-ray analysis of protein structure flourished in subsequent years, determining the structures of scores of proteins in laboratories around the world. Twenty eight Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work using X-ray analysis. The disadvantage of the method is that it must be done on crystals, which
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and his coworkers, with the computations on the 9,040 reflections performed on the digital computer at the
University of London, which greatly facilitated the work. Two of the illustrations of the positioning of amino acids in the chain were drawn by Bragg. Unlike myoglobin, in which nearly 80 per
1000:, a conformation that they had proposed earlier. In this conformation, every third peptide is hydrogen-bonded back to the first peptide, thus forming a ring containing ten atoms. They had the complete structure of an enzyme in time for Bragg's 75th birthday. He became Professor Emeritus in 1966.
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by a dinner party for the speaker and carefully selected possible patrons, more than 120 of them each year. "Two of these
Discourses in 1965 gave him particular pleasure. On 7 May, Lady Bragg, who had been a member of the Royal Commission on Marriage and Divorce (1951–55) and was Chairman of the
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Bragg's hobbies included drawing – family letters were illustrated with lively sketches – painting, literature and a lifelong interest in gardening. When he moved to London, he missed having a garden and so worked as a part-time gardener, unrecognised by his employer, until a guest at the house
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directed an X-ray beam at a crystal in front of a photographic plate; alongside of the spot where the beam struck there were additional spots from deflected rays – hence X-rays are waves. In 1912, as a first-year research student at
Cambridge, W. L. Bragg, while strolling by the river, had the
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in which a crystal could be rotated to precise angles while measuring the energy of reflections. This enabled father and son to measure the distances between the atomic sheets in a number of simple crystals. They calculated the spacing of the atoms from the weight of the crystal and the
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He continued research in the
Institution by recruiting a small group to work in the Davy-Faraday Laboratory in the basement and in the adjoining house, supported by grants he obtained. A visitor to the laboratory succeeded in inserting heavy metals into the enzyme
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be constructed." Senior members of staff now had offices, telephones, and secretarial support. The scope of the department was enlarged with a new unit on radio astronomy. Bragg's own work focused on the structure of metals, using both X-rays and the
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was that the heavy guns boomed at too low a frequency to be detected by a microphone. After months of frustrating failure he and his group devised a hot wire air wave detector that solved the problem. In this work he was aided by
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precludes seeing changes in shape when enzymes bind substrates and the like. This problem was solved by the development of another line Bragg had initiated, using modified electron microscopes to image single frozen molecules:
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and Henry Harold
Hemming. British sound ranging was very effective; there was a unit in every British Army and their system was adopted by the Americans when they entered the war. For his work during the war he was awarded the
845:, which suggested that the structure of giant biological molecules might be deciphered. Bragg appointed Perutz as his research assistant and within a few months obtained additional support with a grant from the
1136:, argued that he was more a crystallographer than a physicist, Bragg's lifelong activity showed otherwise—he was more of a physicist than anything else. Thus, from 1939 to 1943, he served as President of the
975:." He also introduced a programme of highly regarded Schools' Lectures, enlivened by the elaborate demonstrations that were a hallmark of the Institution. He gave three of these lectures on "electricity".
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In 1930, he became deeply disturbed while weighing a job offer from
Imperial College, London. His family rallied around and he recovered his balance while they spent 1931 in Munich, where he did research.
967:, lectured on 'Changing patterns in marriage and divorce'; and on 15 November, Bragg listened with evident pride to the Discourse on 'Oscillations and noise in jet engines' given by his engineer-son
619:. He went to the University of Adelaide at the age of 16 to study mathematics, chemistry and physics, graduating in 1908. In the same year his father accepted the Cavendish chair of physics at the
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has awarded the Bragg Gold Medal for
Excellence in Physics to commemorate Lawrence Bragg (in front on the medal) and his father, William Bragg, for the best PhD thesis by a student at an
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When demobilised he returned to crystallography at
Cambridge. They had agreed that father would study organic crystals, son would investigate inorganic compounds. In 1919 when
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that relates the wavelength of the X-ray and the distance between atomic sheets in a simple crystal to the angles at which an impinging X-ray beam would be reflected.
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conformation, in lysozyme the alpha-helix content is only about 40 per cent of the amino-acid residues found in four main stretches. Other stretches are of the
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was easier after they incorporated two mercury atoms as markers in each molecule. The first monumental triumph of the MRC was decoding the structure of DNA by
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638:; his personal collection amounted to specimens from some 500 species; all personally collected from South Australia. He discovered a new species of
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Oral History interview transcript with William Lawrence Bragg on 20 June 1969, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives
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in Teddington in 1937, bringing some co-workers along. However, administration and committees took much of his time away from the workbench.
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until Bragg was appointed director of the National Physical Laboratory in 1937. She was active in a number of public bodies and served as
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In 1921 he married Alice Hopkinson (1899–1989), a cousin of a friend who had been killed in the war. They had four children, the engineer
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to develop a method to localise enemy artillery from the boom of their firing. On 2 September 1915 his brother was killed during the
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in Cambridge, where Bragg's friend, who had he survived would have been his brother-in-law, Rudolph Cecil Hopkinson is also buried.
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2006:
Blake, C. C. F.; D. F. Koenig; G. A. Mair; A. C. T. North; D. C. Phillips; V. R. Sarma (1965). "Structure of egg-white lysozome".
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The composition of X-rays was unknown, his father argued that X-rays are streams of particles, others argued that they are waves.
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for the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine; Wilkins' share recognised the contribution of X-ray crystallographers at
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into research groups. He believed that "the ideal research unit is one of six to twelve scientists and a few assistants".
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of London on Friday, 15 May 1953, entitled "Why You Are You. Nearer Secret of Life". Bragg nominated Crick, Watson and
797:, a long-time family friend, moved to Cambridge, Lawrence Bragg replaced him as Langworthy Professor of Physics at the
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Bragg, Sir Lawrence; J. C. Kendrew; M. F. Perutz (1950). "Polypeptide chain configurations in crystalline proteins".
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in the autumn of 1909 and received a major scholarship in mathematics, despite taking the exam while in bed with
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During the war the Cavendish offered a shortened graduate course which emphasised the electronics needed for
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in London, the position his father had occupied when he died. In 1934 and 1961 Lawrence had delivered the
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on proteins in Belgium on 8 April 1953, though it went unreported by the press. He then gave a talk at
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This article is about the Australian-born physicist. For his father and fellow Nobel Prize winner, see
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880:(MRC) to support what he described as the "gallant attempt" to determine protein structure as the
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1053:(1923–2014), David William (1926–2005), Margaret Alice (1931–2022) (who married the diplomat
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had proposed. Franklin died before the prize (which only goes to living people) was awarded.
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p. 38 London: Heinemann; and R. J. N. Phillips 1987, "Some Words from a Former Student", in
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in Physics. He was 25 years old and remains the youngest science laureate. The problem with
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William and Lawrence Bragg, Father and Son: The Most Extraordinary Collaboration in Science
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and two assistants. Bragg worked with them and by 1960 they had resolved the structure of
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Rutherford died and the search committee named Lawrence Bragg as next in the line of the
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971:, who was then Chief Scientist at Rolls-Royce Ltd and later became Vice-Chancellor of
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in physics, having received the award at the age of 25. Bragg was the director of the
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In 1953 the Braggs moved into the elegant flat for the Resident Professor in the
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expressed surprise at seeing him there. He died at a hospital near his home at
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to the atomic level. After this Bragg was less involved; their analysis of
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Portrait of William Lawrence Bragg taken when he was around 40 years old.
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2310:(This book is about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.)
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Lawrence Bragg's role in the development of sound-ranging in World War I
567:, Cambridge, when the discovery of the structure of DNA was reported by
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1452:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. ref:odnb/30845.
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Light Is A Messenger, the Life and Science of William Lawrence Bragg
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in London on Thursday, 14 May 1953, which resulted in an article by
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552:"; an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography.
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1266:(1979). "William Lawrence Bragg. 31 March 1890 – 1 July 1971".
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After World War II, Bragg returned to Cambridge, splitting the
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Directors of the National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)
1909:
1112:– "a qualification that makes other ones irrelevant". He was
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520:(31 March 1890 – 1 July 1971) was an Australian-born British
1330:"National Library of Wales: From Warfare to Welfare 1939–59"
1057:), and Patience Mary (1935–2020). Alice was on the staff at
16:
Australian-born British physicist and X-ray crystallographer
6117:
Australian Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour
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1440:
Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September 2004).
1031:
Director of the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory, 1954–1966
812:
61:
2403:
Linus Pauling and the Race for DNA: A Documentary History
718:. Shortly afterwards, he and his father were awarded the
6237:
Presidents of the International Union of Crystallography
467:. The PhD did not exist at Cambridge until 1919, and so
788:
6192:
Foreign fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
6122:
Australian Officers of the Order of the British Empire
6107:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
5165:
South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute
824:
766:
Between the wars, from 1919 to 1937, he worked at the
5975:
1384:"Structural biology: How proteins got their close-up"
244:
Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences
2369:
Nobelprize.org – The Nobel Prize for Physics in 1915
1857:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
1680:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
1269:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
1120:
in the 1941 New Year Honours, and received both the
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Members of the German Academy of Sciences at Berlin
623:, and brought the family to England. Bragg entered
6187:Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
6062:Academics of the Victoria University of Manchester
2082:"A tribute to W. L. Bragg by his younger daughter"
1441:
1088:In August 2013, Bragg's relative, the broadcaster
2558:
1626:, 22 September 2005, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 273–284.
1558:"Concerning the Detection of X-ray Interferences"
756:on 16 June 1916, 4 January 1917 and 7 July 1919.
6023:
867:After the war Bragg led in the formation of the
660:
544:in 1915, "For their services in the analysis of
6157:People educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide
2440:The Nature of Things: Solids, Liquids and Gases
2382:including the Nobel Lecture, September 6, 1922
1490:"Cambridge Physicists - William Lawrence Bragg"
1439:
1146:Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour
1132:. Although Graeme Hunter, in his book on Bragg
5218:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
4518:
2391:of digitised materials related to Bragg's and
841:. He showed Bragg X-ray diffraction data from
763:during which he served as a civilian adviser.
6242:Members of the American Philosophical Society
6227:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
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4887:
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2993:
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2513:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society
2428:The Nature of Things: Oil, Soap and Detergent
2319:Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code
1646:"Casualty Details: Bragg, Robert Charles"
1581:
1443:"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"
559:in 1941. As of 2023, he is the youngest ever
4944:Institute for Mineral & Energy Resources
2399:Key Participants: Sir William Lawrence Bragg
1675:"Edward Neville da Costa Andrade. 1887-1971"
1355:
1353:
1351:
600:Professor of Mathematics and Physics at the
6142:Australian recipients of the Military Cross
2239:(Supplement). 30 December 1966. p. 26.
988:cent of the amino-acid residues are in the
608:, government astronomer of South Australia
536:. He was joint recipient (with his father,
5839:
5825:
5208:
5194:
4901:
4894:
4880:
4723:
4709:
4511:
4497:
3000:
2986:
2551:
2537:
2452:
2377:
2253:Bragg Gold Medal for Excellence in Physics
2216:(Supplement). 31 December 1940. p. 1.
1786:(Supplement). 2 January 1917. p. 207.
1740:(Supplement). 15 March 1918. p. 3289.
1537:William and Lawrence Bragg; Father and Son
1484:
1482:
1019:Professor of Natural Philosophy, 1938–1953
774:of Physics. He became the director of the
750:Officer of the Order of the British Empire
604:, and Gwendoline (1869–1929), daughter of
532:, which is basic for the determination of
60:
2434:The Nature of Things: Atoms and Molecules
2145:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 53.
2110:
1868:
1763:(Supplement). 13 June 1916. p. 5930.
1717:(Supplement). 1 January 1918. p. 32.
1692:
1395:
1348:
1232:Tactical artillery terms from World War I
1110:Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1921
2229:
2206:
1809:(Supplement). 4 July 1919. p. 8523.
1799:
1776:
1753:
1730:
1707:
1669:
1596:
1518:'s remarks regarding Hutchinson in 1965
1381:
1262:
1099:
813:National Physical Laboratory (1937–1938)
689:
481:
2499:Professional and academic associations
2079:
1479:
1449:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1375:
6162:Presidents of the Institute of Physics
6024:
2335:
2313:
2274:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1623:Notes and Records of the Royal Society
1028:Superintendent of the House, 1954–1966
869:International Union of Crystallography
853:and then worked in military research.
6047:British Army personnel of World War I
5846:
5820:
5558:Prof. Thomas Bertram Lonsdale Webster
5189:
5077:List of University of Adelaide people
4875:
4704:
4492:
2981:
2532:
2384:The Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals
2293:
2140:
1850:
1419:"Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physics"
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1095:
1083:Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground
904:. Bragg announced the discovery at a
263:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
6082:Australian people of English descent
6067:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
5646:Prof. Donald Stephen Lowell Cardwell
5170:University of Adelaide Theatre Guild
1993:"William Lawrence Bragg (1890-1971)"
1382:Stoddart, Charlotte (1 March 2022).
789:University of Manchester (1919–1937)
2279:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2181:"BBC Radio 4 - Bragg on the Braggs"
2067:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2017"
1853:"Reginald William James. 1891–1964"
1825:
1584:Great Scientists wage the Great War
960:Royal Institution Christmas Lecture
825:University of Cambridge (1938–1954)
759:Hot wire sound ranging was used in
13:
6202:Directors of the Royal Institution
6087:20th-century Australian physicists
4929:Australian Wine Research Institute
2340:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2268:
1650:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
1322:
1249:
1227:List of Nobel laureates in Physics
1215:South Australian House of Assembly
965:National Marriage Guidance Council
884:, initially consisting of Perutz,
634:Among Bragg's other interests was
14:
6253:
6217:Recipients of the Matteucci Medal
4999:National Wine Centre of Australia
4795:Kennedy Joseph Previte Orton
2450:National Portrait Gallery, London
2442:, Ri Channel video, November 1959
2430:, Ri Channel video, November 1959
2424:record for William Lawrence Bragg
2418:Bragg, Lawrence (Sir) (1890–1971)
2395:'s structural chemistry research.
2345:
1840:. Withington Girls' School. 1937.
1361:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915"
1081:; his son David is buried in the
1035:Director of the Royal Institution
1011:In his long association with the
950:The Royal Institution (1954–1971)
799:Victoria University of Manchester
768:Victoria University of Manchester
710:. In 1915 he was seconded to the
6042:Military personnel from Adelaide
6009:
5997:
5985:
5960:
5959:
5799:
5798:
5519:Prof. Sir William Lawrence Bragg
4957:
2436:, Ri Channel video, October 1959
2351:
2321:. Eminent Lives. HarperCollins.
2090:Acta Crystallographica Section A
1822:Van der Kloot 2014, pp. 207–208.
1635:Van der Kloot 2014, pp. 129–161.
1586:. Stroud: Fonthill. p. 129.
1555:
1044:
1023:Fullerian Professor of Chemistry
694:Bragg was commissioned early in
611:In 1900, Bragg was a student at
530:Bragg's law of X-ray diffraction
6232:Cavendish Professors of Physics
6057:20th-century British physicists
5786:Who's Who of Greater Manchester
5495:Prof. Sir Henry Alexander Miers
2420:National Library of Australia,
2246:
2223:
2200:
2187:
2173:
2159:
2134:
2073:
2059:
2050:
1999:
1985:
1976:
1948:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1844:
1816:
1793:
1770:
1747:
1724:
1701:
1663:
1638:
1629:
1610:
1606:. 25 August 1914. p. 6702.
1590:
1582:Van der Kloot, William (2014).
1575:
1549:
1539:. Oxford University Press 2008
1529:
1165:Australian Institute of Physics
1163:. Additionally since 1992, the
938:" showed that DNA was a double
882:Laboratory of Molecular Biology
6222:Recipients of the Dalton Medal
6137:Recipients of the Copley Medal
6052:Royal Horse Artillery officers
5575:Sir Peter Percy F. R. Venables
5490:Prof. Sir Grafton Elliot Smith
5455:Prof. Sir William Boyd Dawkins
4924:Australian School of Petroleum
2422:Trove, People and Organisation
1526:, Bristol: Adam Hilger, p. 31.
1508:
1433:
1411:
1296:
1161:Lawrence Bragg Medal and Prize
1104:Bragg Family Blue Plaque Leeds
613:Queen's School, North Adelaide
583:
238:American Philosophical Society
1:
6152:University of Adelaide alumni
5511:Rev. Aloysius Laurence Cortie
4934:Elder Conservatorium of Music
2408:NOVA Episode on Photograph 51
2296:A Nobel Fellow On Every Floor
1242:
1040:Emeritus Professor, 1966–1971
910:Guy's Hospital Medical School
661:X-rays and the Bragg equation
6102:Fellows of the Royal Society
5613:Anthony Edmund Rivers Goulty
5571:Prof. Sir Geoffrey Jefferson
5543:Prof. Douglas Rayner Hartree
5535:Prof. Reginald William James
5474:Prof. Frederick Ernest Weiss
5389:Robert Dukinfield Darbishire
5148:University of Adelaide Press
4790:John Charles Grant Ledingham
2298:. Medical Research Council.
1520:Galaxies, Nuclei and Quasars
1473:UK public library membership
1077:, Suffolk. He was buried in
942:, not the triple helix that
819:National Physical Laboratory
776:National Physical Laboratory
617:St Peter's College, Adelaide
615:, followed by five years at
578:
475:were his equivalent mentors.
261:International Member of the
236:International Member of the
180:Bragg-Williams approximation
125:St Peter's College, Adelaide
7:
6112:Australian Knights Bachelor
5384:William Crawford Williamson
4815:Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt
2446:Portraits of Lawrence Bragg
1851:Bragg, W. Lawrence (1965).
1220:
1211:Electoral district of Bragg
876:. In 1947 he persuaded the
379:Other notable students
219:Fellow of the Royal Society
189:Alice Hopkinson (1899–1989)
10:
6258:
6077:Nobel laureates in Physics
6072:Australian Nobel laureates
5888:Sir Joseph 'J. J.' Thomson
5694:Prof. Sir Netar P. Mallick
5690:Prof. Kenneth M. Letherman
5634:Prof. Sir Netar P. Mallick
5617:Prof. Henry Solomon Lipson
5585:Prof. Henry Solomon Lipson
5563:Dr Eric John Francis James
5175:Adelaide Language Festival
4841:Henri-Alexandre Deslandres
2837:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
2364:First press stories on DNA
2080:Thomson, Patience (2013).
1079:Trinity College, Cambridge
817:He became director of the
625:Trinity College, Cambridge
491:Sir William Lawrence Bragg
143:Trinity College, Cambridge
18:
6172:British crystallographers
5957:
5856:
5794:
5771:
5735:
5716:
5665:
5655:Prof. Alexander Donnachie
5548:Prof. Herbert John Fleure
5527:Prof. Bernard Mouat Jones
5482:Prof. Sydney John Hickson
5439:
5410:Prof. Sir Arthur Schuster
5255:
5232:
5225:
5140:
5112:Adelaide University Sport
5093:Adelaide University Union
5085:
5053:
5017:
4966:
4955:
4911:
4828:
4805:James Charles Philip
4746:
4628:
4612:
4587:
4571:
4547:
4528:
4129:
3786:
3475:
3253:
3019:
2567:
2519:
2509:
2503:
2498:
2488:
2475:
2467:
2462:
2112:10.1107/S0108767312047514
1956:"Maurice Wilkins – Facts"
1397:10.1146/knowable-022822-1
655:
461:
456:
452:
448:
444:
432:
419:
408:
400:
396:
392:
388:
378:
342:
321:
295:
285:
278:
193:
185:
151:
130:
120:
97:
71:
59:
30:
6127:Scientists from Adelaide
5948:Sir Konstantin Novoselov
5523:Charles Edmond Stromeyer
5505:Prof. Harold Baily Dixon
5465:Prof. Harold Baily Dixon
5460:Sir William Henry Bailey
5379:Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe
4912:Schools & institutes
2661:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
2522:Charles Edmond Stromeyer
2482:University of Manchester
1059:Withington Girls' School
1006:cryo-electron microscopy
878:Medical Research Council
308:University of Manchester
176:Bragg-Gray cavity theory
6182:British Nobel laureates
6177:English Nobel laureates
6132:Scientists from Ipswich
6092:Experimental physicists
5780:Memoirs and Proceedings
5651:Dr Edward Fletcher Cass
5610:Dr Edward Noah Abrahart
5420:Dr Henry Edward Schunck
5404:Dr Henry Edward Schunck
5355:Dr Henry Edward Schunck
5331:Dr Henry Edward Schunck
2917:Frederick Charles Frank
2629:John Edensor Littlewood
2275:Hunter, Graeme (2004).
2141:Crick, Francis (1989).
1616:William Van der Kloot,
778:in Teddington in 1937.
754:Mentioned in Despatches
594:Sir William Henry Bragg
528:, discoverer (1912) of
313:University of Cambridge
5630:Dr Lionel J. R. Postle
5604:Dr George N. Burkhardt
4904:University of Adelaide
4634:Nobel Prize recipients
4614:Physiology or Medicine
4603:William Lawrence Bragg
3013:Nobel Prize in Physics
2358:William Lawrence Bragg
1934:10.1098/rspa.1950.0142
1891:Phillips 1979, p. 117.
1870:10.1098/rsbm.1965.0007
1694:10.1098/rsbm.1972.0001
1496:. Cavendish Laboratory
1458:10.1093/ref:odnb/30845
1282:10.1098/rsbm.1979.0003
1105:
847:Rockefeller Foundation
733:William Sansome Tucker
708:Leicestershire battery
602:University of Adelaide
542:Nobel Prize in Physics
526:X-ray crystallographer
487:
303:University of Adelaide
201:Nobel Prize in Physics
138:University of Adelaide
76:William Lawrence Bragg
66:Lawrence Bragg in 1915
6167:X-ray crystallography
5906:Sir Cyril Hinshelwood
5882:Sir Ernest Rutherford
5639:Dr Brian S. H. Rarity
5607:Dr George James Kynch
5553:Prof. Michael Polanyi
5447:Prof. Sir Horace Lamb
5431:Prof. Sir Horace Lamb
5373:Edward William Binney
5361:Edward William Binney
5343:Edward William Binney
5326:Dr Robert Angus Smith
5320:Edward William Binney
5305:Sir William Fairbairn
4939:Environment Institute
4856:Edmund Beecher Wilson
4770:William Thomas Calman
4759:Francis William Aston
2789:Robert Burns Woodward
2336:Jenkin, John (2008).
2167:"Bragg on the Braggs"
1982:Phillips 1979 ,p.126.
1913:Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A
1524:Tribute to Paul Dirac
1169:Australian university
1142:1967 New Year Honours
1103:
928:King's College London
737:Harold Roper Robinson
729:Charles Galton Darwin
700:Royal Horse Artillery
690:Work on sound ranging
592:, South Australia to
485:
439:Charles Galton Darwin
360:Ronald Wilfred Gurney
5864:Henry Edward Schunck
5598:Horace Hayhurst (II)
5539:Robert Henry Clayton
5500:Thomas Alfred Coward
5367:James Prescott Joule
5349:James Prescott Joule
5337:James Prescott Joule
5314:James Prescott Joule
5018:Residential colleges
4846:Albert Einstein
4800:John Herbert Parsons
2829:Rodney Robert Porter
2478:Langworthy Professor
2360:at Wikimedia Commons
2294:Finch, John (2008).
2258:14 July 2014 at the
2195:Light is a Messenger
1900:Phillips 1979, p.118
1838:Newsletter 1936-1937
1157:Institute of Physics
1138:Institute of Physics
1134:Light is a Messenger
1108:Bragg was elected a
835:Cavendish Laboratory
831:Cavendish Professors
783:Cavendish Laboratory
772:Langworthy Professor
677:His father built an
565:Cavendish Laboratory
6147:Royal Medal winners
5942:Lord Rees of Ludlow
5723:Honorary Membership
5594:Margaret Pilkington
5567:Horace Hayhurst (I)
5426:James Cosmo Melvill
5154:Adelaide Law Review
4949:School of Dentistry
4919:Adelaide Law School
4775:Arthur Harry Church
4597:William Henry Bragg
4538:Richard Willstätter
2741:Nevill Francis Mott
2103:2013AcCrA..69....5T
2020:1965Natur.206..757B
1926:1950RSPSA.203..321B
1336:on 18 November 2015
1065:from 1945 to 1946.
874:electron microscope
648:, named for him by
621:University of Leeds
538:William Henry Bragg
370:Evan James Williams
21:William Henry Bragg
6212:Leeds Blue Plaques
6097:Optical physicists
5936:Sir Bernard Lovell
5894:Sir Lawrence Bragg
5702:Dr Susan R. Hilton
5699:Dr Diana M. Leitch
5687:David J. Higginson
5684:Mary, Lady Mallick
5681:Vivienne Blackburn
5675:Angus G. D. Yeaman
5623:Harry M. Fairhurst
5515:Herbert Levinstein
5263:Dr Thomas Percival
5246:Dr Thomas Percival
5004:Roseworthy College
4979:Barr Smith Library
2957:John Maynard Smith
2709:Tadeusz Reichstein
2506:Herbert Levinstein
2376:on Nobelprize.org
2236:The London Gazette
2213:The London Gazette
2193:G. K. Hunter 2004
2056:Bragg et al. 1950.
1964:. Nobel Foundation
1806:The London Gazette
1783:The London Gazette
1760:The London Gazette
1737:The London Gazette
1714:The London Gazette
1603:The London Gazette
1421:. Nobel Foundation
1363:. Nobel Foundation
1310:. 28 February 2003
1304:"Alexander Stokes"
1175:Nobel Prize (1915)
1150:Queen Elizabeth II
1106:
1096:Honours and awards
1063:Mayor of Cambridge
803:Fourier transforms
716:Gallipoli Campaign
588:Bragg was born in
575:in February 1953.
488:
463:He was the son of
426:Frank Edward Smith
160:X-ray spectroscopy
115:, Suffolk, England
5973:
5972:
5930:Sir Roger Penrose
5924:Sir Walter Bodmer
5849:Dalton Medallists
5814:
5813:
5712:
5711:
5672:Iain E. Gillespie
5642:Philip G. Livesey
5478:Francis Nicholson
5183:
5182:
5064:Catherine Branson
4993:
4869:
4868:
4754:Wilfred Eade Agar
4698:
4697:
4486:
4485:
2975:
2974:
2813:Peter D. Mitchell
2725:Alexander R. Todd
2637:Macfarlane Burnet
2560:Copley Medallists
2527:
2526:
2520:Succeeded by
2511:President of the
2489:Succeeded by
2471:Ernest Rutherford
2463:Academic offices
2356:Media related to
2305:978-1-84046-940-0
2014:(4986): 757–761.
1920:(1074): 321–357.
1545:978 0 19 923520 9
1494:Cambridge Physics
1471:(Subscription or
1388:Knowable Magazine
1144:he was appointed
1140:, London. In the
1013:Royal Institution
973:Brunel University
956:Royal Institution
932:Rosalind Franklin
930:. Among them was
906:Solvay conference
862:military research
795:Ernest Rutherford
704:second lieutenant
684:Avogadro constant
546:crystal structure
534:crystal structure
480:
479:
343:Doctoral students
322:Academic advisors
280:Scientific career
156:X-ray diffraction
92:, South Australia
6249:
6014:
6013:
6002:
6001:
6000:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5981:
5967:
5963:
5962:
5918:Sir Harold Kroto
5900:Patrick Blackett
5876:Osborne Reynolds
5870:Sir Henry Roscoe
5850:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5818:
5817:
5806:
5802:
5801:
5678:Keith D. Buckley
5399:Osborne Reynolds
5297:Eaton Hodgkinson
5239:Peter Mainwaring
5230:
5229:
5219:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5187:
5186:
5069:Vice-Chancellor:
4991:
4961:
4905:
4896:
4889:
4882:
4873:
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4711:
4702:
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3143:
3141:Kamerlingh Onnes
3135:
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2824:
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2808:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2781:Frederick Sanger
2776:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2720:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2624:
2616:
2613:Patrick Blackett
2608:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2504:Preceded by
2492:Patrick Blackett
2468:Preceded by
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2157:
2156:
2143:What Mad Pursuit
2138:
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2129:
2127:
2114:
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2028:10.1038/206757a0
2003:
1997:
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1345:
1343:
1341:
1332:. Archived from
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1260:
1159:has awarded the
1051:Stephen Lawrence
636:shell collecting
606:Sir Charles Todd
519:
514:
507:
500:
435:
422:
413:
164:X-ray microscopy
104:
85:
83:
64:
54:
28:
27:
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5996:
5986:
5984:
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5974:
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5965:
5953:
5912:Dorothy Hodgkin
5852:
5848:
5845:
5815:
5810:
5804:
5790:
5767:
5731:
5708:
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5627:David G. Wilson
5486:William Thomson
5435:
5394:Balfour Stewart
5292:Dr Edward Holme
5251:
5221:
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5030:Kathleen Lumley
5013:
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4836:Albert Calmette
4824:
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4605:(Great Britain)
4599:(Great Britain)
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4072:Cohen-Tannoudji
4065:
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3070:
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3015:
3006:
2976:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2949:James Lighthill
2947:
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2923:
2915:
2909:James D. Watson
2907:
2899:
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2875:
2867:
2859:
2851:
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2787:
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2773:Dorothy Hodgkin
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2645:Harold Jeffreys
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2597:E. T. Whittaker
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2269:Further reading
2266:
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2260:Wayback Machine
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2219:Knight bachelor
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2169:. 2 March 2017.
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1197:Guthrie Lecture
1179:Matteucci Medal
1155:Since 1967 the
1098:
1047:
997:
952:
924:Maurice Wilkins
833:who direct the
827:
815:
791:
712:Royal Engineers
692:
663:
658:
586:
581:
569:James D. Watson
512:
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403:Director of NPL
383:William Cochran
374:
355:Samuel Tolansky
338:
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213:Matteucci Medal
178:
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131:Alma mater
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5451:Charles Bailey
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5160:Radio Adelaide
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4807:
4802:
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4787:
4785:William Eccles
4782:
4780:Georges Dreyer
4777:
4772:
4767:
4764:Lawrence Bragg
4761:
4756:
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4562:Romain Rolland
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3911:
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3819:
3808:P. W. Anderson
3803:
3790:
3788:
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3720:
3712:
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3629:Goeppert Mayer
3620:
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3580:
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3492:
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3413:
3405:
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3391:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3356:
3353:C. D. Anderson
3344:
3336:
3329:
3317:
3309:
3302:
3294:
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3278:
3266:
3257:
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3100:
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3021:
3017:
3016:
3005:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2965:Alan Battersby
2961:
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2945:
2937:
2929:
2921:
2913:
2905:
2897:
2893:Sydney Brenner
2889:
2881:
2877:CĂ©sar Milstein
2873:
2869:Michael Atiyah
2865:
2857:
2853:Rudolf Peierls
2849:
2841:
2833:
2825:
2821:John Cornforth
2817:
2809:
2801:
2793:
2785:
2777:
2769:
2761:
2757:W. V. D. Hodge
2753:
2745:
2737:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2697:
2693:Lawrence Bragg
2689:
2681:
2677:Sydney Chapman
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2589:Albert Kluyver
2585:
2577:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2533:
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2524:
2521:
2518:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2500:
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2465:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2396:
2386:
2374:Lawrence Bragg
2371:
2366:
2361:
2347:
2346:External links
2344:
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2333:
2327:
2311:
2304:
2291:
2285:
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2199:
2186:
2172:
2158:
2152:978-0140119732
2151:
2133:
2072:
2058:
2049:
1998:
1984:
1975:
1947:
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1321:
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1239:
1234:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
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1118:King George VI
1097:
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1046:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1029:
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1020:
995:
985:D. C. Phillips
951:
948:
919:News Chronicle
914:Ritchie Calder
826:
823:
814:
811:
790:
787:
752:. He was also
748:and appointed
746:Military Cross
741:Edward Andrade
691:
688:
672:Bragg equation
662:
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654:
585:
582:
580:
577:
561:Nobel laureate
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152:Known for
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117:
107:
105:(aged 81)
99:
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56:
37:
35:Lawrence Bragg
34:
31:
15:
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5658:Dianne Wilson
5657:
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5609:
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5601:Brian Rodgers
5600:
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5590:Leonard Cohen
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5470:Francis Jones
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5442:
5438:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5268:George Walker
5267:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5211:
5206:
5204:
5199:
5197:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4984:Bonython Hall
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4974:North Terrace
4972:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4960:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4885:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4874:
4862:
4861:Pieter Zeeman
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4736:Royal Society
4733:
4726:
4721:
4719:
4714:
4712:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4514:
4509:
4507:
4502:
4500:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4128:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4061:
4060:R. Richardson
4057:
4053:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4024:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4009:
4004:
4001:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3917:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3892:Chandrasekhar
3888:
3885:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3718:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3698:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3682:
3677:
3674:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3621:
3618:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3598:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3510:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3462:
3459:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3422:
3419:
3414:
3411:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3382:
3377:
3374:
3369:
3366:
3365:G. P. Thomson
3362:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3315:
3310:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3284:
3283:O. Richardson
3279:
3276:
3272:
3267:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3209:
3204:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3134:
3129:
3126:
3121:
3118:
3117:Van der Waals
3113:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3098:
3093:
3090:
3085:
3082:
3081:J. J. Thomson
3077:
3074:
3069:
3066:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3030:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2933:Alan Cottrell
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2901:George Porter
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2765:Francis Crick
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2749:Andrew Huxley
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2717:Peter Medawar
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2621:Howard Florey
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2605:Ronald Fisher
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2515:
2514:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2393:Linus Pauling
2390:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2328:0-06-082333-X
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2286:0-19-852921-X
2282:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2196:
2190:
2182:
2176:
2168:
2162:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:(Pt 1): 5–7.
2096:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2062:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1979:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1819:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1632:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1585:
1578:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1535:Jenkin, John
1532:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1474:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1436:
1420:
1414:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1309:
1308:The Telegraph
1305:
1299:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:Royal Society
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:Waldringfield
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:Personal life
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1001:
999:
991:
986:
982:
976:
974:
970:
966:
961:
957:
947:
945:
944:Linus Pauling
941:
937:
936:photograph 51
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:Francis Crick
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
865:
863:
859:
854:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
822:
820:
810:
806:
805:on the data.
804:
800:
796:
786:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
724:sound ranging
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
687:
685:
680:
675:
673:
668:
653:
651:
647:
646:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
599:
596:(1862–1942),
595:
591:
576:
574:
573:Francis Crick
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
511:
504:
497:
492:
484:
474:
470:
469:J. J. Thomson
466:
460:
455:
451:
447:
443:
440:
437:
431:
427:
424:
418:
412:
407:
404:
399:
395:
391:
387:
384:
381:
377:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
347:
345:
341:
335:
332:
330:
329:J. J. Thomson
327:
326:
324:
320:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
298:
294:
291:
288:
284:
281:
277:
270:
267:
264:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
214:
211:
208:
207:Barnard Medal
205:
202:
199:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:
150:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
114:
110:
109:Waldringfield
100:
96:
91:
86:31 March 1890
74:
70:
63:
58:
53:
49:
45:
41:
29:
26:
22:
5893:
5785:
5779:
5772:Publications
5727:Dalton Medal
5666:21st Century
5578:Dr F. C. Toy
5518:
5440:20th Century
5281:Thomas Henry
5277:Dr John Hull
5272:Thomas Henry
5256:19th Century
5242:James Massey
5233:18th Century
5152:
5097:
5086:Student life
5068:
5060:
4992:(demolished)
4851:Albin Haller
4763:
4664:
4602:
3916:von Klitzing
3908:Van der Meer
3156:
2925:Frank Fenner
2805:Derek Barton
2733:Norman Pirie
2701:Bernard Katz
2692:
2685:Alan Hodgkin
2573:David Keilin
2510:
2476:
2421:
2402:
2389:A collection
2383:
2337:
2318:
2315:Ridley, Matt
2295:
2276:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2202:
2197:Oxford: OUP.
2194:
2189:
2175:
2161:
2142:
2136:
2124:. Retrieved
2094:
2088:
2075:
2061:
2052:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1987:
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1959:
1950:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1837:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1703:
1684:
1678:
1671:Cottrell, A.
1665:
1653:. Retrieved
1640:
1631:
1621:
1612:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1562:Nobel Prizes
1561:
1551:
1536:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1510:
1498:. Retrieved
1493:
1461:. Retrieved
1447:
1435:
1423:. Retrieved
1413:
1401:. Retrieved
1387:
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1338:. Retrieved
1334:the original
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1307:
1298:
1273:
1267:
1264:Phillips, D.
1208:
1203:Copley Medal
1185:Hughes Medal
1154:
1133:
1122:Copley Medal
1107:
1090:Melvyn Bragg
1087:
1067:
1048:
1010:
1002:
977:
953:
917:
898:James Watson
886:John Kendrew
866:
855:
828:
816:
807:
792:
780:
765:
761:World War II
758:
693:
676:
667:Max von Laue
664:
650:Joseph Verco
645:Sepia braggi
643:
633:
610:
587:
554:
548:by means of
490:
489:
434:Succeeded by
410:
296:Institutions
279:
269:Copley Medal
231:Dalton Medal
225:Hughes Medal
103:(1971-07-01)
25:
6037:1971 deaths
6032:1890 births
5705:Ian Cameron
5581:C. E. Young
5415:Henry Wilde
5287:John Dalton
5061:Chancellor:
4810:Alfred Robb
4521:Nobel Prize
3960:Steinberger
3876:K. Siegbahn
3868:Bloembergen
3589:Chamberlain
3322:Schrödinger
3232:M. Siegbahn
3161:W. H. Bragg
3157:W. L. Bragg
2941:Hugh Huxley
2885:Abdus Salam
2669:Paul Fildes
2562:(1951–2000)
2231:"No. 44210"
2208:"No. 35029"
2126:24 December
1961:Nobel Prize
1863:: 114–125.
1801:"No. 31437"
1778:"No. 29890"
1755:"No. 29623"
1732:"No. 30576"
1709:"No. 30450"
1655:3 September
1598:"No. 28879"
1463:29 December
1340:17 November
1237:Tube Alloys
1191:Royal Medal
1126:Royal Medal
1037:, 1965–1966
1025:, 1954–1966
990:alpha-helix
894:haemoglobin
851:enemy alien
843:haemoglobin
720:Nobel Prize
696:World War I
584:Early years
473:W. H. Bragg
465:W. H. Bragg
421:Preceded by
365:Alex Stokes
334:W. H. Bragg
250:Royal Medal
172:Bragg's law
168:Bubble raft
101:1 July 1971
6026:Categories
5857:Recipients
5763:Manchester
5531:John Allan
5301:John Moore
5226:Presidents
4989:Union Hall
4549:Literature
4477:L'Huillier
4441:Hasselmann
4397:Strickland
4365:Kosterlitz
4289:Perlmutter
4028:Brockhouse
3733:Schrieffer
3605:Hofstadter
3557:C. N. Yang
3314:Heisenberg
3291:De Broglie
2861:Robin Hill
2845:Aaron Klug
2797:Max Perutz
2653:Hans Krebs
2581:Paul Dirac
1516:Fred Hoyle
1475:required.)
1425:16 January
1314:16 January
1276:: 74–143.
1243:References
1055:Mark Heath
839:Max Perutz
640:cuttlefish
555:Bragg was
350:John Crank
82:1890-03-31
6004:Biography
5117:Boat Club
5072:Peter Høj
5045:St Mark's
5009:Thebarton
4820:Udny Yule
4540:(Germany)
4530:Chemistry
4523:laureates
4461:Zeilinger
4281:Novoselov
4249:Kobayashi
4173:Abrikosov
4020:J. Taylor
4000:de Gennes
3992:R. Taylor
3884:K. Wilson
3832:R. Wilson
3816:Van Vleck
3787:1976–2000
3777:Rainwater
3773:Mottelson
3749:Josephson
3697:Gell-Mann
3661:Schwinger
3649:Prokhorov
3609:Mössbauer
3569:Cherenkov
3561:T. D. Lee
3485:Cockcroft
3476:1951–1975
3275:C. Wilson
3254:1926–1950
3200:Guillaume
3089:Michelson
3049:Becquerel
3020:1901–1925
3009:Laureates
1567:3 January
1213:, in the
934:, whose "
890:myoglobin
679:apparatus
629:pneumonia
579:Biography
540:) of the
522:physicist
415:1937–1938
411:In office
121:Education
5966:Category
5805:Category
5758:Percival
5736:Lectures
5141:See also
5132:Lacrosse
5127:Football
5040:St Ann's
4967:Campuses
4738:elected
4564:(France)
4469:Agostini
4357:Thouless
4349:McDonald
4337:Nakamura
4305:Wineland
4237:GrĂĽnberg
4193:Politzer
4177:Ginzburg
4165:Giacconi
4145:Ketterle
4100:'t Hooft
4084:Laughlin
4076:Phillips
4056:Osheroff
3984:Friedman
3956:Schwartz
3952:Lederman
3872:Schawlow
3848:Weinberg
3657:Tomonaga
3549:Brattain
3541:Shockley
3450:Blackett
3442:Appleton
3434:Bridgman
3381:Lawrence
3361:Davisson
3341:Chadwick
3224:Millikan
3208:Einstein
3097:Lippmann
3065:Rayleigh
3057:M. Curie
3053:P. Curie
2517:1927–29
2486:1919–37
2317:(2006).
2256:Archived
2121:23250053
1968:26 April
1942:93804323
1687:: 1–20.
1673:(1972).
1500:26 April
1403:25 March
1367:26 April
1221:See also
1124:and the
1114:knighted
1015:he was:
981:lysozyme
590:Adelaide
557:knighted
428:(Acting)
90:Adelaide
6016:Science
5978:Portals
5122:Cricket
5035:Lincoln
5025:Aquinas
4829:Foreign
4747:Fellows
4740:in 1921
4734:of the
4732:Fellows
4589:Physics
4457:Clauser
4421:Penrose
4405:Peebles
4361:Haldane
4329:Akasaki
4317:Englert
4309:Haroche
4293:Schmidt
4253:Maskawa
4205:Glauber
4197:Wilczek
4181:Leggett
4161:Koshiba
4141:Cornell
4132:present
4116:Kroemer
4112:Alferov
4104:Veltman
4088:Störmer
4008:Charpak
3988:Kendall
3972:Dehmelt
3940:Bednorz
3840:Glashow
3828:Penzias
3824:Kapitsa
3796:Richter
3769:A. Bohr
3745:Giaever
3725:Bardeen
3689:Alvarez
3673:Kastler
3665:Feynman
3545:Bardeen
3509:Zernike
3501:Purcell
3271:Compton
3216:N. Bohr
3105:Marconi
3037:Lorentz
3029:Röntgen
3011:of the
2480:at the
2448:at the
2099:Bibcode
2044:4161467
2036:5891407
2016:Bibcode
1922:Bibcode
1128:of the
1075:Ipswich
969:Stephen
916:in the
706:of the
698:in the
290:Physics
113:Ipswich
5950:(2016)
5944:(2012)
5938:(2009)
5932:(2005)
5926:(2002)
5920:(1997)
5914:(1981)
5908:(1966)
5902:(1948)
5896:(1942)
5890:(1931)
5884:(1919)
5878:(1903)
5872:(1900)
5866:(1898)
5753:Dalton
5717:Awards
5099:On Dit
5054:People
4766:
4473:Krausz
4467:2023:
4453:Aspect
4451:2022:
4445:Manabe
4437:Parisi
4435:2021:
4425:Genzel
4419:2020:
4413:Queloz
4403:2019:
4393:Mourou
4389:Ashkin
4387:2018:
4381:Thorne
4377:Barish
4371:2017:
4355:2016:
4345:Kajita
4343:2015:
4327:2014:
4315:2013:
4303:2012:
4287:2011:
4275:2010:
4259:2009:
4243:2008:
4231:2007:
4221:Mather
4219:2006:
4213:Hänsch
4203:2005:
4187:2004:
4171:2003:
4155:2002:
4149:Wieman
4139:2001:
4110:2000:
4098:1999:
4082:1998:
4066:1997:
4052:D. Lee
4050:1996:
4044:Reines
4038:1995:
4026:1994:
4014:1993:
4006:1992:
3998:1991:
3982:1990:
3968:Ramsey
3966:1989:
3950:1988:
3944:MĂĽller
3938:1987:
3932:Rohrer
3928:Binnig
3922:1986:
3914:1985:
3904:Rubbia
3902:1984:
3896:Fowler
3890:1983:
3882:1982:
3866:1981:
3856:Cronin
3854:1980:
3838:1979:
3822:1978:
3806:1977:
3794:1976:
3767:1975:
3761:Hewish
3755:1974:
3739:1973:
3729:Cooper
3723:1972:
3715:1971:
3705:Alfvén
3703:1970:
3695:1969:
3687:1968:
3679:1967:
3671:1966:
3655:1965:
3641:Townes
3639:1964:
3633:Jensen
3625:Wigner
3623:1963:
3617:Landau
3615:1962:
3603:1961:
3597:Glaser
3595:1960:
3583:1959:
3567:1958:
3555:1957:
3539:1956:
3527:1955:
3515:1954:
3507:1953:
3495:1952:
3489:Walton
3483:1951:
3466:Powell
3464:1950:
3458:Yukawa
3456:1949:
3448:1948:
3440:1947:
3432:1946:
3424:1945:
3416:1944:
3408:1943:
3379:1939:
3371:1938:
3359:1937:
3347:1936:
3339:1935:
3320:1933:
3312:1932:
3297:1930:
3289:1929:
3281:1928:
3269:1927:
3263:Perrin
3261:1926:
3240:Franck
3238:1925:
3230:1924:
3222:1923:
3214:1922:
3206:1921:
3198:1920:
3190:1919:
3184:Planck
3182:1918:
3176:Barkla
3174:1917:
3155:1915:
3147:1914:
3139:1913:
3131:1912:
3123:1911:
3115:1910:
3103:1909:
3095:1908:
3087:1907:
3079:1906:
3073:Lenard
3071:1905:
3063:1904:
3047:1903:
3041:Zeeman
3035:1902:
3027:1901:
2967:(2000)
2959:(1999)
2951:(1998)
2943:(1997)
2935:(1996)
2927:(1995)
2919:(1994)
2911:(1993)
2903:(1992)
2895:(1991)
2887:(1990)
2879:(1989)
2871:(1988)
2863:(1987)
2855:(1986)
2847:(1985)
2839:(1984)
2831:(1983)
2823:(1982)
2815:(1981)
2807:(1980)
2799:(1979)
2791:(1978)
2783:(1977)
2775:(1976)
2767:(1975)
2759:(1974)
2751:(1973)
2743:(1972)
2735:(1971)
2727:(1970)
2719:(1969)
2711:(1968)
2703:(1967)
2695:(1966)
2687:(1965)
2679:(1964)
2671:(1963)
2663:(1962)
2655:(1961)
2647:(1960)
2639:(1959)
2631:(1958)
2623:(1957)
2615:(1956)
2607:(1955)
2599:(1954)
2591:(1953)
2583:(1952)
2575:(1951)
2325:
2302:
2283:
2149:
2119:
2042:
2034:
2008:Nature
1940:
1879:769264
1877:
1543:
1469:
1290:769842
1288:
1205:(1966)
1199:(1952)
1193:(1946)
1187:(1931)
1181:(1915)
656:Career
550:X-rays
286:Fields
271:(1966)
265:(1959)
258:(1948)
252:(1946)
246:(1945)
240:(1943)
233:(1942)
227:(1931)
221:(1921)
215:(1915)
209:(1915)
203:(1915)
194:Awards
186:Spouse
5748:Joule
5743:Wilde
5406:(III)
5363:(III)
5351:(III)
5105:Prosh
4665:1915
4573:Peace
4519:1915
4409:Mayor
4373:Weiss
4333:Amano
4321:Higgs
4297:Riess
4269:Smith
4265:Boyle
4245:Nambu
4225:Smoot
4189:Gross
4157:Davis
4130:2001–
4120:Kilby
4032:Shull
4016:Hulse
3924:Ruska
3860:Fitch
3844:Salam
3741:Esaki
3717:Gabor
3681:Bethe
3645:Basov
3585:Segrè
3573:Frank
3533:Kusch
3521:Bothe
3497:Bloch
3426:Pauli
3410:Stern
3373:Fermi
3326:Dirac
3299:Raman
3244:Hertz
3192:Stark
3133:Dalén
3109:Braun
2085:(PDF)
2040:S2CID
1938:S2CID
1875:JSTOR
1286:JSTOR
998:helix
940:helix
858:radar
702:as a
598:Elder
515:
513:,
508:
506:,
501:
499:,
457:Notes
50:
46:
42:
5696:(II)
5619:(II)
5507:(II)
5422:(IV)
5375:(IV)
5369:(IV)
5357:(II)
5345:(II)
5339:(II)
5283:(II)
5265:(II)
4690:1920
4685:1919
4680:1918
4675:1917
4670:1916
4660:1914
4655:1913
4650:1912
4645:1911
4640:1910
4621:None
4580:None
4553:1915
4429:Ghez
4277:Geim
4233:Fert
4209:Hall
4092:Tsui
4040:Perl
3976:Paul
3812:Mott
3800:Ting
3757:Ryle
3709:NĂ©el
3577:Tamm
3529:Lamb
3517:Born
3418:Rabi
3402:1942
3395:1941
3388:1940
3349:Hess
3333:1934
3306:1931
3168:1916
3149:Laue
3125:Wien
2323:ISBN
2300:ISBN
2281:ISBN
2147:ISBN
2128:2012
2117:PMID
2032:PMID
1970:2018
1657:2010
1569:2018
1541:ISBN
1514:See
1502:2018
1465:2019
1427:2016
1405:2022
1369:2018
1342:2015
1316:2016
1209:The
900:and
571:and
524:and
471:and
401:3rd
98:Died
72:Born
5636:(I)
5587:(I)
5467:(I)
5333:(I)
5322:(I)
5316:(I)
5274:(I)
5248:(I)
4261:Kao
4068:Chu
2107:doi
2095:A69
2024:doi
2012:206
1930:doi
1918:203
1865:doi
1812:mid
1789:mid
1766:mid
1743:OBE
1689:doi
1454:doi
1392:doi
1278:doi
1148:by
1116:by
770:as
517:FRS
503:OBE
52:FRS
44:OBE
32:Sir
6028::
5309:Bt
5307:,
4475:/
4471:/
4459:/
4455:/
4443:/
4439:/
4427:/
4423:/
4411:/
4407:/
4395:/
4391:/
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4090:/
4086:/
4074:/
4070:/
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4030:/
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3970:/
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3826:/
3814:/
3810:/
3798:/
3775:/
3771:/
3759:/
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3743:/
3731:/
3727:/
3707:/
3663:/
3659:/
3647:/
3643:/
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3627:/
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3587:/
3575:/
3571:/
3559:/
3547:/
3543:/
3531:/
3519:/
3499:/
3487:/
3363:/
3351:/
3324:/
3273:/
3242:/
3159:/
3107:/
3055:/
3051:/
3039:/
2401:–
2242:CH
2233:.
2210:.
2115:.
2105:.
2093:.
2087:.
2038:.
2030:.
2022:.
2010:.
1958:.
1936:.
1928:.
1916:.
1873:.
1861:11
1859:.
1855:.
1827:^
1803:.
1780:.
1757:.
1734:.
1720:MC
1711:.
1685:18
1683:.
1677:.
1648:.
1620:,
1600:.
1560:.
1492:.
1481:^
1446:.
1390:.
1386:.
1350:^
1306:.
1284:.
1274:25
1272:.
1251:^
1171:.
1152:.
1073:,
1008:.
996:10
864:.
739:,
735:,
731:,
652:.
642:–
510:MC
496:CH
493:,
111:,
48:MC
40:CH
5980::
5840:e
5833:t
5826:v
5209:e
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5195:v
4895:e
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4881:v
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2026::
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1932::
1924::
1881:.
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1697:.
1691::
1659:.
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1456::
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1371:.
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