Lazăr Șăineanu - Knowledge

1353:, at the time a rising figure within the Conservative Party ranks. Ionescu himself served as Minister of Education, appreciating the scholar's insight and enjoying his company before taking his distance from him for reasons unknown. Șăineanu's case was again presented for Senate approval in December 1899, this time with a favorable review from the special parliamentary commission, and the motion for his naturalization was carried with 37 to 2 votes (or, according to Șăineanu, a 39-vote unanimity). Although the result was positive, the scientist was informed that a new procedure had just been passed with support from across the floor, specifying that naturalization could only be enforced by vote in a common session of the two chambers. The dossier was therefore submitted to another vote, on the last session of 1899, which again enlisted attacks from the antisemitic groups, before being canceled due to lack of 752:Șăineanu also commented on the alleged oscillations of Tocilescu, who, after agreeing to lead the History section upon its recommended division, and supporting his Jewish colleague for chairmanship of the Letters section, threw his support behind Urechia. Nastasă, who mentions the scheming on the part of Urechia and Tocilescu, cites Moses Gaster's letter to Șăineanu, which defined Tocilescu as a double-crosser, "a filthy twicer and a bloodsucker". The complications eventually led Șăineanu to present his resignation, and Maiorescu to accept it. He recalled: "Every reasonable man would doubtlessly assume that the resentment Mr. Urechia held against this unfortunate nomination would have been appeased. To assume thus would mean not to know the person or the Romanian social environment well enough, for barely two months had passed before grandiose 816: 1165: 976: 1149: 996: 42: 1606: 2016: 1065:. The volume was presented anonymously to the Romanian Academy (in accordance with its regulations), and received its Heliade Rădulescu Award. Consternation ensued once the author revealed his name, prompting Sturdza and Negruzzi to ask, unsuccessfully, for the Academy's decision to be overturned. On the occasion, Urechia (himself an Academy member) publicly stated that his adversary had purchased the award, but, Șăineanu noted, never presented proof for this assertion. 1418: 1914:, he was "the first author to attempt a synthetic treatment of the immurement motif in Eastern Europe". The two also note that Șăineanu, who believed that the motif reached its potential significance only in Eastern Europe, stayed clear of the controversy surrounding the geographic and ethnic sources of the ballad (while specifying his belief that the Hungarian version followed a Romanian source), and discussed 1327:

for such defects. We all know that Mr. Șăineanu is not a Romanian, and we know that which he is. His people has many traits that are very elevated and noble, but also many defects that are low and ungainly. These, I had been telling myself, are in his blood; he could never get rid of them. I wish to talk about the passion for high praise and multiple earnings, without much investment". In 1907, Iorga and his

1237:. Caragiale, who deemed Lazăr Șăineanu "a genuine talent in popularization", opined on the book's originality: " sought to embrace the entire manifestations in the life of a modern people . Therefore, this universal dictionary provides a reduced, but precise image of our present-day culture, as it is reflected in the language." In contrast to this positive appraisal, nationalists such as Urechia's son 733:, a Jew "could never awaken in the mind and heart of the young generation the image of our past laden with lessons for the future". According to Șăineanu's own recollection, he had not himself asked for the university appointment, and suspected that it was offered to him in the first place so that the Gheorghe Lazăr position would be assigned to "a favorite of the day, the former tutor of 2368: 2471:. A disagreement occurred between Șăineanu and Gennep over the origins and age of argot: Gennep criticized his colleague's claim that "no European argot has sources beyond the 15th century", arguing that such statements were not verifiable, and that they presumed "some kind of spontaneous generation". Also according to Gennep, Șăineanu was among those 1840:, arguing in favor of applying the principles introduced by Hasdeu, Șăineanu analyzed Romanian folktales in their native and national content. Nevertheless, he followed the conclusions of other folklorists on the universality of folklore, suggesting that the world's entire folkloric literature was structured into some tens of groups. With 647:, earning much praise for his work and the right to take his diploma under special circumstances (which took into consideration his previous works, and did not require him to research a full-sized new thesis). Șăineanu was pleased with the scientific rigor of his German teachers, but believed the system to suffer greatly in the matter of 1511:." However, she also notes that "there were no titles honored which are now remembered as significant in the history of linguistics". She places the fact that Șăineanu "did not achieve major university positions in France" in connection with a tendency of awarding the prize to scholars who mainly did field work (Schmidt, 1038:("History of Romanian Philology"), for the "up to date information" provided. The latter was explained by the author as "destined to encourage the new generation to work, and come to its aid through useful advice." The two volumes were accompanied by a printed expansion of his earliest thesis on Heliade Rădulescu. 1617:

The diverse cultural background on which Lazăr Șăineanu relied and his early familiarity with several traditions are occasionally credited as sources for his scholarly achievements. Joan Leopold noted that the Romanian-born scholar was among the fourteen or fifteen Jews of various nationalities whose

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This reaction was met with a virulent reply by Iorga, whose renewed accusations borrowed from antisemitic discourse: " about many things that he does not comprehend. He was crafting with his clumsy hands manuals, grammars, anthologies, dictionaries for speculative profit. I however had an explanation

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and Romanian, pursuing a career path which eventually earned him a position at Bucharest University. He was given employment as a high school teacher, and obtained an unpaid university position as assistant to Hasdeu, head of the Department of Letters. Nastasă, who notes Șăineanu's enthusiasm for his

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and the end of communism. According to writer and researcher Rodica Marian, this reissue "without interventions" constitutes proof of a return to the "past parameters" of lexicography, at the end of a deterioration of standards. It was followed by several other initiatives, which notably resulted in

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and in exchange for exceptional merits. The effort, which consumed some 12 years of his life, pitted him against the antisemitic current in politics and the scientific community: among the most vocal adversaries of his naturalization were two prominent National Liberals, Urechia and Sturdza, both of

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passed a similar judgment: "Lazăr Șăineanu's disappearance from the Romanian cultural space was received with an almost unanimous silence; but the emergence of Lazare Sainéan in Parisian scientific research would not itself result, for the rest of his days, in the much coveted and entirely deserved

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On December 14, 1900, the issue of Lazăr Șăineanu's naturalization was also revisited by the lower chamber, and the proposal defeated with 44 votes to 31 (from an insufficient quorum of 75), followed by a definitive vote on December 15, at which 48 out of 95 deputies voted against. This outcome was

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and demanding from fellow parliamentarians not to let "a foreigner" slide into "the Romanian citadel" (statements to which many responded with applause). Listing his various claims alongside his and Hasdeu's replies, the Jewish scholar himself recounted that Urechia eventually came to state, at the

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Interwar Romanian intellectuals, primarily George Călinescu and Eugen Lovinescu, played a part in reevaluating and bringing to attention Șăineanu's contribution within its Romanian and international context. Șăineanu's correspondence was itself a topic of controversy between the two rival critics:

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within the Romanian nationhood!" He recalled having been received by King Carol, who reportedly agreed with his belief that the action was abusive. By then, Șăineanu also lost the support of Hasdeu, who, like Take Ionescu, gave his approval to a restructuring of the university, which stripped the

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remember, and our peasants call those giant people Jews or Tatars." The scholar referred to various constants in folkloric accounts: peasants' testimonies which attributed large stone ruins to the Jews (whom they occasionally referred to as giants or supernaturally powerful people) and the "red"

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tribe that had adopted Judaism. His interpretation, as paraphrased by the scholar himself, concluded: "Was there in the past a people about which one could claim with certainty that it was both Tatar and Jewish at the same time? My answer to this question is that such a people existed, and it is

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to impoverished Jewish-Romanian residents. His father, Moisi, was a house painter and amateur artist, who, by the time his son was sixteen, had left to work in the United States. Eliezer studied with private tutors from the age of 5, and was admitted into regular school at the age of 10, when he

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districts where the traditional memories regarding them seem to be concentrated. The settlements and their dwellings left important traces that took on colossal proportions in people's imagination. People of a supernatural size seemed to have lived in an ancient time, which the old can hardly

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Iordan Datcu for its innovative value, and argued by the same commentator to have attracted universally positive reactions from "objective critics". According to Șăineanu's account, it followed closely after semasiology itself had been established as an independent branch by the French academic

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sentiment, Șăineanu once defined the country as "twice sacred to my eyes—the land where I was born and where my parents sleep their eternal slumber." After his departure to France, he further stated that he bore "not even the shadow of a grudge" on the Romanian people as a whole. According to

2806:. Șăineanu's works have also been the subject of reprints in France, and have continued to be recommended secondary sources by academic institutions in the United States more than a century after they were first published. His posthumously published writings include a 1991 edition of 3840: 2724:, claimed that "Romanian culture will go on living" irrespective of Jewish absences such as Șăineanu and Gaster, that one's creativity depended on one's "Romanianness", and that philology studies reflected one's "sensitivity". In 1936, a Guardist named Vasile Gârcineanu called 1747:, but had become widely ridiculed by the 1880s. According to the scholar's own words, "Latinomaniac tendencies" were nevertheless present with National Liberals such as Sturdza, and formed a background theme in the party's conflict with Moses Gaster. While approaching the 1482:("The Metaphoric Creation in French and Romance Languages: Images from the World of Domestic Animals"), which was structured into several tomes, respectively dedicated to the principal household companions. He also began work on major syntheses on French vocabulary, 1229:, comprising around 30,000 entries and 80,000 definitions. The first extensive project of its kind in the history of the local philological school, it was to prove his most popular contribution from its first edition, circumstances themselves described by writer 949:

intellectuals, who cited the Șăineanu issue as proof that Austria-Hungary had more to offer than Romania: "He had all of Romania on his case, but he had rendered as many services as most Romanian demigods." In 1893, the naturalization request came before the

1309:. However, in what has been seen as proof of the author's isolation in Romania, it was ignored by the Romanian Academy, which presented its prize for that year to a volume on the history of horses. The book was also a cause for conflict between Șăineanu and 2619:, shortly before and after the scholar's death, when new generations of critics came to reclaim his work as an important contribution to the field of science. Outside of Romania and France, Șăineanu's contribution of Rabelais left an observable trace in 1816:

of Romanian literature in printed versions, and urged other folklorists interviewing storytellers to keep notes on the latter's special talents. Such preoccupations in preserving context were also found in his lexicographic work; according to Caragiale,

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known in history under the name of Khazars . After spreading its domination over Eastern Europe, these Jewish-Tatars suddenly disappeared from the stage of history. What became of them? A part of these Khazars will have looked early on for a shelter in

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had been discarded but the new spelling was still largely unregulated, he joined the outspoken critics of attempts to modify the shape of words so as to suggest their Latin origins. The "Latinist" approach, experimented in the lexicographic work of

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commented on his "extraordinary erudition", recommended his disciples to study his work, and referred to his repudiation by the Romanian state as "a real stain on our public life of the late century". During that time, Iordan and his colleagues

1588:("The Indigenous Sources of French Etymology"), which was reputedly the result of three decades in specialized research. In 1930, Șăineanu followed up with another book on Rabelais, mainly dedicated to his critical reception and cultural legacy ( 4133:

Alexandru Niculescu, "Histoire de la réflexion sur les langues romanes: le roumain / Geschichte der Reflexion über die romanischen Sprachen: Rumänisch", in Gerhard Ernst, Martin-Dietrich Gleßgen, Christian Schmitt, Wolfgang Schweickard (eds.),

2637:: while Joyce's text holds transparent allusions to Rabelais' writings, the writer himself claimed to have never read the originals, and to have instead relied solely on a scientific study (in turn identified by research Claude Jacquet as 2066:

to take it seriously, to move conceptually beyond the stupid position that Yiddish was 'bad German' or 'jargon', a second-rate excuse of a language." His inquiry into medieval structures connecting Yiddish and German is seen by Germanists

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groups continued to regard Șăineanu's marginalization as justified. The 1930s witnessed a controversy which, according to Laszlo Alexandru, recalled the confrontation between Hasdeu and Lazăr Șăineanu: Hasdeu's place was held by academic

962:, who reportedly stated the unsupported claim that Șăineanu had campaigned against Romania "in English" (Șăineanu believed that this was "doubtlessly" stated "because was completely unfamiliar to the majority of Chamber members"). 1106:

required, but a second take resulted in 61 against to 12 in favor. The antisemitic segment of the board celebrated this victory with loud cheers, as witnessed by Odobescu, who recorded feeling himself confronted with the image of

1323:, was sparked by Iorga's review, which claimed to provide some necessary amends. Șăineanu found the objections outlined by Iorga frivolous, and the overall text, in which his opponent had cited himself some 15 times, egocentric. 2603:

from the moment of its publication. In tandem, Șăineanu's request that his peers publish details on the individual storytellers providing the folkloric accounts was respected by some, including Alexandru Vasiliu, collector of

1391:, which published editorial comments such as "All Romanian hearts have jumped up with immense glee" and "Our ancestors have shuddered with joy in their graves". Among those who expressed condemnation of the decision were 2501:

outlines the use, context and origin of some 3,770 individual words in Rabelaisian vocabulary. It was especially noted for its details on various contributions to Rabelais' means of expression, including staples of

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for 1908. Writing in 1999, historian Joan Leopold argued that this was a significant achievement, since the Volney Commission "seemed to fear direct competition by foreigners"—other exceptions to this rule being

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The resistance to his application was a surprise for Șăineanu, who wrote: "I was not aware that this path is the more thorny as the merits are more real." He also accused the political establishment of endemic

2512:(chants traditionally produced by Parisian street vendors). Some of his other contributions to the study of Rabelais' work, as described by Bakhtin, include the inventory of culinary metaphors found throughout 1699:, the scholar's subsequent correspondence stands as "proof of sincere adherence, prolonged over decades and perils, to his country of origin". However, according to one account, when Șăineanu happened to meet 1626:

noted in 1933, went in tandem with an exceptional familiarity with Romanian language and culture; like other of his fellow Jewish Romanian intellectuals (among whom Călinescu cited philologists Gaster and

2007:, saw in this theory evidence of a Jewish historiographical attempt at overriding the Romanian presence in the area—an interpretation since defined as "in bad faith" and "slanderous" by Laszlo Alexandru. 2728:"a characteristically Jewish work, superficially and poorly crafted". While cultivating an ambiguous relationship with fascism, which eventually brought him into the ranks of the Iron Guard, philosopher 5402: 2311:, Șăineanu evidenced the spread of Turkish borrowings throughout the Balkans, and concluded that they had a more significant presence in Aromanian than in Romanian. His contemporary, philologist 2595:

Despite the antisemitic campaigns and the voluntary expatriation, Șăineanu's reputation with the Romanian public was largely unharmed, and his works went through new Romanian-language editions:

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Reflecting on the early result, which had left him "submerged into complete happiness", and on the new vote, which he believed was a mere technicality introduced on purpose by Justice Minister

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and philological character". He reacted against the politicization of research and accusations that his own works did not support popular views of "the national question". At a time when the

2463:. His studies in the area were part of a phenomenon in French linguistics: at roughly the same time as Șăineanu, argot studies were becoming the main subject of works by researchers such as 866:

Study on Judeo-German Speech"). His recognized field of expertise, Nastasă notes, was by then the widest in Romania, comprising not just Yiddish and Romance linguistics, but also the study

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sections of the electorate. As head of the parliamentary commission on legal integration, Sturdza signed a recommendation to reject the proposed law, which had been previously approved by

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Emil Suciu, "Contacts linguistiques: turc et roumain / Sprachkontakte: Türkisch und Rumänisch", in Gerhard Ernst, Martin-Dietrich Gleßgen, Christian Schmitt, Wolfgang Schweickard (eds.),

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as "his valuable work, as yet unchallenged and still relevant". In 2008, the case surrounding Șăineanu's naturalization bid was the subject of a biographical study, written by historian

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That same year, the matter of his citizenship was returned to the Senate. By then, Șăineanu's file had been further enriched with the award certificate, a guarantee of good conduct from

2649:("E. Lovinescu impresses me"), Călinescu noted that his competitor had a tendency to quote "all things flattering him, no matter how cheap." During the same decade, the maverick writer 1124: 1512: 3140: 1333:

journal also retorted against Caragiale's praise for Șăineanu, calling Caragiale one who "deals with the Jews", and prompting Caragiale to satirize Iorga's own scholarly ambitions.

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Despite his qualifications, Șăineanu was unable to advance professionally because of his non-citizen status. The young researcher was also appointed substitute teacher of Latin in

913:, writing: "any banker who demanded naturalization received it without the least of difficulties". During the following interval, Șăineanu's cause reportedly won the support of 2657:

was "the holy book" of his Romanian adolescence. However, Lucian Nastasă notes, the antisemitic background beyond Șăineanu's rejection (as well as the similar affair involving

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in Paris some decades after their polemic, he made a point of addressing him in French, which was interpreted as a statement of disgust with the Romanian cultural environment.

807:, the study was later used against him by his political adversaries, who resented the implications it seemed to carry for the traditional relations between Jews and Romanians. 729:. The latter, an outspoken antisemite and prominent member of the opposition National Liberal group, reacted strongly against the measure, launching that claim that, unlike an 3498: 452:

entered second grade. Moisi Schein died shortly after returning to Romania, leaving Eliezer the sole provider for his mother and six siblings. He was however able to pass his

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as icons of arrogance, pigs as symbols of gluttony etc. The books notably showed the traditional semantic parallelisms between cats, monkeys and apes, as codified in several

1457:, "A Philologist's Career in Romania"). Șăineanu's studies also focused on a comparative research of building rituals as found in Balkan literature, and notably the Romanian 2743:

referred to his predecessor as an "all but forgotten" figure, and none of Șăineanu's volumes were printed between the 1947 edition of his dictionary and the 1978 version of

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work, writes: "His opening lecture for the Comparative Philology course—like all of his work—is a proof of erudition more or less unparalleled within the areas of Romania."

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of Oriental elements in Romanian", while the author himself deemed it a "supreme testimony of my love for the Romanian language and people". According to writer and critic

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researcher Jerold C. Frakes, he is one of the "major scholars of the late nineteenth century" to have studied the Yiddish language, his contribution ranking him alongside

1379: 2609: 423: 701: 608: 537:. The direct contacts between the two scholars ended in 1885, when Gaster was expelled from Romania for protesting against the antisemitic measures condoned by the 1111:

who rejoiced like beasts over having slashed and devoured a civilized man". Another voice from academia to speak unfavorably of the opposition met by Șăineanu was

566: 2468: 5357: 1401:. In 1901, frustrated by the political reaction and feeling uncomfortable in Romania, the scholar and his family resettled in Paris, where he primarily used a 895: 1678:

methods. Laszlo Alexandru refers to his "fundamental program" as being "the assimilationist thesis", and explains that, for this reason, the scholar changed

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meaning, arguing instead that his mockery of clerical society was merely a rendition of common and folkloric attitudes—a conclusion quoted in agreement by

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One portion of Șăineanu's studies in Romanian folklore bordered on his investigation of Jewish history. The scholar noticed recurring characteristic among

1911: 1253: 512: 4843: 1329: 5342: 4786: 3280: 3079: 2691: 1398: 573:, who allegedly recommended him to study abroad, reassuring him that, unlike in Gaster's case, "we will receive you back with open arms." Printed by the 4878: 2059: 2765: 827:

By that moment in his career, Șăineanu was also publishing several books on comparative linguistics. Initially, he focused on assessing the impact of

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and himself one of Lazăr Șăineanu's former professors, appointed him to a position at the university, within the History and Literature Department of

2332: 1119:, but if there ever was a kike deserving of naturalization, that would be Șăineanu." Shortly after this incident, the new National Liberal Minister 5347: 4228: 2740: 1277: 419: 1507:. According to Leopold, Șăineanu was among the Volney prizewinners, "particularly foreigners", who "were never elected to an affiliation with the 1377:("The water drop will drill through stone"). On the other side of the divide, the attacks on Șăineanu had come to be led by the antisemitic paper 4958: 4453:

The Italian Comedy: The Improvisation, Scenarios, Lives, Attributes, Portraits, and Masks of the Illustrious Characters of the Commedia dell'arte

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A number of Șăineanu's texts focused on the language patterns covered by "argot" and the original meaning of "jargon", in relation to French and

2373: 2055: 2043: 1781: 1468: 1288: 1249: 1238: 804: 627:. According to historian Lucian Nastasă, the scholar's choice was confirming a common practice of Romanians, who opted to bridge the gap between 582: 291: 3833: 2799: 1072:, and several favorable reports from Hasdeu (an exception to the latter's own antisemitic discourse). Hasdeu also arranged him interviews with 1302: 1099:

Senate tribune, that "Mr. Șăineanu did not publish anything against the country, but neither did he write in favor of the national question".

1094:. There followed a major Senate debate, during which Urechia stood out for his repeated criticism of his former competitor, likening him to a 954:, resulting in a vote of 76 in favor to 20 against. According to the scholar's recollections, his only adversary in this forum was his former 697: 1393: 1047:

Basmele române în comparațiune cu legendele antice clasice și în legătură cu basmele popoarelor învecinate și ale tuturor popoarelor romanice

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Basmele române în comparațiune cu legendele antice clasice și în legătură cu basmele popoarelor învecinate și ale tuturor popoarelor romanice

2355:". In particular, Mușina notes, it was Șăineanu's study of Turkish words and expressions settled in the everyday language that uncovered "a 1268:("Modern Romanian Authors. Verse and Prose Samples Collected from the Main Writers of the 19th Century"), and an 1897 biographical essay on 3135: 2385:, the researcher inventoried the representations of animals in the late medieval imaginary: lions and cocks as representations of courage, 2435:(marginalized and destitute migrants), the obscene nature of some medieval performances, the linguistic codes used by brigands during the 5397: 5177: 2071:

and Neil G. Jacobs as a substantial discovery, Șăineanu being the first to indicate "that the German component of Yiddish traces back to

2035: 712: 5172: 901:, on grounds that Șăineanu lacked qualifications. Their campaign, which depicted Șăineanu as an adversary of Romania, culminated when 5212: 5207: 2581:

and the Renaissance writer, commenting on the similarity between Rabelais' description of medical practices and statements found in

1568:"), the last of his contributions to be shortlisted for a Volney. By then, he had also become interested in researching the work of 5277: 4680: 5377: 5352: 4988: 2686:, Călinescu commented favorably on the contributions of Jewish figures to Romanian cultural life in his main synthesis, the 1941 651:, and considered French academics much more talented in this respect. The young scholar published two works during the interval: 2537:

In his work on the subject, Șăineanu also stood out as one of those rejecting the notion that Rabelais' writings have a special

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when opposing his appointment, given that he had designed the department around his own chairmanship, and that, with the aid of

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was groundbreaking because its author took care "to support with authentic testimonies the words and the nuances of meanings."

538: 17: 5372: 5242: 5232: 4966: 4440: 3202: 4777: 1999:(the "Red Emperor", the "Red Man" and people with red-colored facial markings, all placed by Șăineanu in connection to the " 1592:, "Rabelais' Influence and Reputation"). He died four years later at a hospital in Paris, after complications from surgery. 366:("The Universal Dictionary of the Romanian Language"), which have endured among the most popular Romanian scientific works. 635:

by frequenting venues in both countries. As Șăineanu wrote to Gaster, he had decided in favor of the "intellectual center"

5367: 3679:, "Discourse Correspondence between Argumentative and Grammatical Sequences", in Frans H. van Eemeren, J. Anthony Blair, 1012:

Despite his involvement in a political scandal, Lazăr Șăineanu did not interrupt his work in linguistics. His 1891 book,

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and resettled in France, where the scholar lived until his death. Becoming known for his pioneering work to the study of

5048: 2710:, who moved toward fascism and antisemitism, while Șăineanu's position was assumed by Ionescu's Jewish disciple, writer 491:(which formed the basis of his first three studies, published in 1882 and 1887). He published his first study, the 1883 5392: 5362: 5327: 5257: 5227: 5167: 4917: 2299: 1690:'s publicized antisemitism when he became a "fervent disciple" of Hasdeu in scholarly matters. In reference to his own 1091: 700:

by an administrative decision of the Education Ministry, taken despite the antisemitic protestations of Undersecretary

3219: 643:, "the leading representative of present-day linguistics", worked and taught there. He studied with both Brugmann and 5322: 5157: 5032: 4996: 4943: 4925: 4907: 4868: 4820: 4724: 4688: 4609: 4564: 4520: 4512: 4488: 4464: 4416: 4268: 4240: 4147: 3696: 3578: 3539: 2401:, Șăineanu offered clues on the obscure origin of various French words. Șăineanu thus sourced the French and English 1189:, Șăineanu continued to frequent its adversary Hasdeu, and contributed some of his other essays to Hasdeu's magazine 704:. His assignment to the post followed the intercession of his friend and former teacher, the writer and archeologist 5003:

Une carrière philologique en Roumanie (1885–1900). I. Les péripéties d'une naturalisation; mémoire auto-biographique

1812:, listing and transcribing some 500 stories. Lazăr Șăineanu took additional care in preserving the integrity of the 815: 5337: 5252: 5217: 5197: 4322: 4287: 3567:

Transforming the Center, Eroding the Margins: Essays on Ethnic and Cultural Boundaries in German-speaking Countries

1948: 1711: 1565: 351: 5332: 4952: 5222: 5187: 5182: 3856: 2732:, one of Ionescu's other known disciples, publicly deplored Șăineanu's social relegation and Gaster's expulsion. 1832:

to deem him "one of the pioneers in classifying folktales according to their types". This method was employed in

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As part of his efforts to advance the study of Middle French, Șăineanu dedicated himself to an applied study of

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In 1895, Șăineanu completed work on one of his major contributions to folkloristics in general and the study of

5302: 5297: 5247: 5152: 4284:"Contribuția pecenegilor, secuilor și sașilor la constituirea frontierei de sud a Transilvaniei (sec. XI-XIII)" 4021: 1706:Șăineanu also made himself known for the points of view which he expressed in relation to the debates over the 951: 373: 2958: 1618:

work was taken into consideration by the Volney Committee during the 19th century, pointing to the legacy of "

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ideology, supporting Jewish integration into the cultural mainstream, and favored the scientific approach to

1164: 130: 4350: 2248:("wholesale vendor") etc., but the suffix is also applied ironically in various other contexts—for example, 1314: 975: 5307: 5262: 5237: 1636: 1087: 882: 867: 5272: 5192: 2776: 2669:) being actively prevented from seeking employment in their field. Braving the violently antisemitic and 2570: 2290:

reflecting Oriental sources. In general, Șăineanu concluded, such appropriation from an area mediated by

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borrowings into the Romanian lexis, Lazăr Șăineanu looked back on historical events leading back to the

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were eventually unsuccessful, but propelled him to the center of a political conflict which opposed the

5282: 4935: 4716: 4643: 4480: 3838:"The 'Judaisation' of the Enemy in the Romanian Political Culture at the Beginning of the 20th Century" 3688: 2083:; this allowed the conclusion that the Jewish German dialect originated among Aramaic-speaking and pre- 1727: 1674: 1500: 3848: 1800:

Much of Lazăr Șăineanu earliest contributions connected his linguistic research with his interest in

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reshuffled the teaching posts, and Șăineanu, who was holding a new teacher's position at Bucharest's

921: 4844:"L'argot et la 'langue des linguistes'. Des origines de l'argologie aux silences de la linguistique" 4427:

Michel Masson, "Cats and Bugs: Some Remarks about Semantic Parallelisms", in Martine Vanhove (ed.),

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witnessed a long hiatus in respect to the critical assessment of Șăineanu's work: in 1962, linguist

1947:". He attributed such traits to a possible conflictual encounter, taking place at some point in the 1650:

During his time in Romania, the scientist was involved in cultural debates surrounding the Romanian

1266:

Autori români moderni. Bucăți alese în versuri și proză din principalii scriitori ai sec. al XIX-lea

1148: 4899: 4812: 2716: 2514: 2135: 1754: 1687: 1539:, and, in 1915, he published a report on the special language of French soldiers entrenched on the 1535:

on publishing the annotated edition of Rabelais' complete works. His career was not interrupted by

1430: 1076: 1073: 986: 941: 832: 476: 327: 135: 1785: 1584:("Rabelais' Language"). Between 1925 and 1930, he published the volumes of a large-scale project, 457: 5287: 4601: 4589: 3210: 2583: 2348: 2324: 1969: 1736: 1516: 1054: 995: 472: 335: 150: 4008:, "Introduction: Folklore and National Awakening", in Marcel Cornis-Pope, John Neubauer (eds.), 1990: 1480:

La Création métaphorique en français et en roman: images tirées du monde des animaux domestiques

4954:"Suveranii" universităților românești. Mecanisme de selecție și promovare a elitei intelectuale 4807: 3680: 2030:

The scholar earned much recognition for his parallel work in Yiddish linguistics. According to

1504: 1276:. The business connection turned into family relations, after Șăineanu married the daughter of 734: 453: 331: 928: 673:("The Borrowed Days or The Old Woman's Days"). The latter was hosted by Gaston Paris' journal 604: 4359: 2967: 2873: 2599:

alone was reissued a total of nine times before 2009, and was allegedly a primary target for

2530:("to sodomize") or the link between Rabelais' maritime terminology and medieval reactions to 2436: 2416: 1825: 1777: 1622:

and philological traditions" within modern science. His Jewish identity, literary historian

1373:, the Conservative doyen, who reportedly answered his request with the ambiguous Latin adage 1261: 1202: 886: 871: 616: 529:). Gaster also sent Șăineanu's various studies on folklore and linguistics also published in 1383:, whose articles, the scholar argued, "reached the summit of stupidity and ridiculousness". 852:

in the Aromanian Language"). In 1889, he published his innovative work on the links between

742: 5387: 5382: 2626: 2328: 2221: 2175: 1906: 1740: 1628: 1610: 1112: 910: 749:, he had set in motion a set of "miserable intrigues" to maintain his hold on the faculty. 746: 738: 468: 354:

of Romanian in a larger Balkan context, and was a celebrated early contributor to Romanian

5006: 2483: 1573: 1341:

In order to facilitate the naturalization procedures, Lazăr Șăineanu eventually renounced

407: 8: 5267: 4552: 3570: 3554: 2573:. In a parallel series of articles, the Romanian scholar also discussed the link between 2569:), as well as on Rabelais' references to miraculous cures as being borrowed from earlier 2068: 1901: 1879: 1801: 1361: 1313:, an established historian and nationalist politician. The heated debate, carried out in 1273: 1050: 1042: 761: 666: 596: 520: 383: 370: 347: 339: 4932:

The Prix Volney: Its History and Significance for the Development of Linguistic Research

4825: 2857: 2789: 2320: 2079:"). The scholar was also reportedly the discoverer of a direct link between Yiddish and 1848:

investigation into the characteristics and supposed origins of each myth, in particular

1718:

as taught in his lifetime was better covered by philologists, since, before the time of

1623: 4456: 4399:

Esther Cohen, "Animals in Medieval Perceptions: The Image of the Ubiquitous Other", in

2444: 2287: 2169:("high wave"), identical to the Turkish intermediary, and through it borrowed from the 2072: 1715: 1569: 1234: 1230: 1083: 1069: 1062: 1027: 917: 898: 849: 839: 705: 624: 411: 395: 338:. Șăineanu also had innovative contributions to the investigation and anthologizing of 4861:

Folktales and Society: Story-telling in a Hungarian Peasant Community (A Midland Book)

4319:"Banatul, Ardealul și restul lumii sau geografie și etnografie la Mihail Halici-tatăl" 2792:

referred to Șăineanu as a "great", "mistreated" and "unrecognized" linguist, defining

2720:

during the Sebastian scandal of 1934, journalist N. Roșu, an affiliate of the fascist

2440: 1981: 1850: 1792:, which seemed to omit mention of any politically inconvenient literary contribution. 1459: 924: 657: 5028: 5024: 5010: 4992: 4962: 4939: 4921: 4903: 4882: 4864: 4816: 4774: 4720: 4684: 4647: 4605: 4560: 4516: 4484: 4460: 4436: 4429:

From Polysemy to Semantic Change: Towards a Typology of Lexical Semantic Associations

4412: 4264: 4236: 4143: 4139: 4017: 3797: 3692: 3574: 3535: 2757: 2736: 2658: 2518:, and evidence that Rabelais had an unmitigated familiarity with the maritime trade. 2487: 2464: 2390: 2275: 2107: 2103: 1719: 1707: 1475: 1442: 1218: 1108: 1079: 902: 836: 708:, and inaugurated a short period during which Șăineanu focused on writing textbooks. 534: 323: 258: 255: 252: 249: 246: 243: 240: 237: 234: 231: 228: 225: 222: 219: 216: 213: 210: 180: 4318: 2661:) continued to make itself felt throughout those years, with other Jewish scholars ( 1557:, "Parisian Language in the 19th Century"), was again nominated for a Volney Prize. 800: 4974: 4675:

1: Critical Response to Joyce in France", in Geert Lernout, Wim Van Mierlo (eds.),

4260: 3275: 3074: 2761: 2760:

published renewed commentary on Șăineanu's work, being later joined by philosopher

2711: 2670: 2428: 2408: 2159: 2147: 2099: 2095: 2080: 2039: 2020: 1891: 1744: 1524: 1438: 1297:, "The Oriental Influence on Romanian Language and Culture") and being made into a 1031: 1026:"), written on the basis of his university lectures, comprised his thoughts on the 828: 574: 570: 319: 307: 185: 4283: 3199: 2747:. This reticence was however contrasted by the appreciation of various academics: 1910:) and other regional folkloric traditions. According to critics John Neubauer and 556:"), presented by Schein as his graduation paper, was retrospectively commended by 5119: 5112: 5061: 4833: 4802: 4781: 4354: 3860: 3844: 3793: 3223: 3206: 3144: 2962: 2868: 2666: 2616: 2578: 2538: 2503: 2494: 2340: 2295: 2286:, "what waters do you bathe in?", figurative for "how are you feeling?"), and of 2196: 2076: 2051: 1813: 1769: 1696: 1548: 1298: 1280:, Iosif's son, associate and eventual successor. They had a daughter, Elisabeth. 932: 914: 853: 394:

current to the advocates of tolerance. In 1901, Șăineanu and his family quit the

311: 282: 5133: 5126: 5097: 5089: 5082: 3528:

Contact des langues et bilinguisme en Europe orientale: bibliographie analytique

2323:, Șăineanu was foremost among the linguists who challenged a linear take on the 2262:("dueler"). Șăineanu's texts followed the evolutions of similar words ending in 562: 542: 41: 5105: 5075: 5068: 4432: 4400: 4252: 4013: 2650: 2621: 2542: 2170: 2084: 1960: 1896: 1883: 1809: 1789: 1780:

in general, and, in particular, the officially condoned historical overview by

1669: 1644: 1210: 1116: 959: 945:

movement. Their arguments about cultural repression were met with the reply of

878: 716: 644: 516: 387: 315: 3685:

Anyone Who Has a View: Theoretical Contributions to the Study of Argumentation

2645:

after Lovinescu showed himself impressed by a letter in which Șăineanu stated

1605: 1465:

Les rites de la construction d'après la poésie populaire de l'Europe Orientale

5146: 4891: 2729: 2679: 2608:("Stories and Legends", 1928). Two years after Șăineanu's death, his brother 2546: 2531: 2523: 2421: 2352: 2344: 2336: 2312: 2047: 2031: 2004: 1977: 1761: 1700: 1640: 1577: 1434: 1417: 1370: 1310: 1127:, found himself unemployed, and opted to seek employment outside Romania, in 1103: 1102:

The early vote gave 33 to 26 against Șăineanu's naturalization, short of the

931:. Reviewing the situation, Șăineanu cited an unusual incident in neighboring 726: 640: 632: 620: 399: 303: 4914:

The Politics of Interpretation: Alterity and Ideology in Old Yiddish Studies

4509:

Making the News: Modernity & the Mass Press in Nineteenth-century France

2675: 2459:("the lowly Parisian language"), a mix of argots emerging from 19th century 1829: 1445:. He also added to his interests the groundbreaking investigation of French 3214: 2753: 2748: 2683: 2574: 2472: 2460: 1965: 1845: 1824:

A special section of Șăineanu's research in the same area was dedicated to

1732: 1655: 1520: 1491: 1402: 1350: 1306: 1095: 936: 863: 796: 628: 611:, where he specialized in the study of Oriental languages. He received his 600: 589: 508: 415: 391: 355: 271: 165: 155: 4896:

The Problem of Unbelief in the Sixteenth Century: The Religion of Rabelais

2075:

sources" (meaning that "Yiddish was no longer to be evaluated in terms of

2054:. According to Hebraist Robert D. King, such contributions rank Șăineanu, 5014: 4708: 3785: 3676: 2707: 2662: 2634: 2386: 2225: 2179:, "sea"). Additionally, the scholar documented the distant impression of 2015: 1856: 1723: 1536: 1496: 1120: 891: 585: 553: 299: 170: 4886: 4651: 3801: 1369:

Jewish scholar of his honorary position. He sought instead backing from

810: 448: 62: 4326: 4291: 2721: 2600: 2476: 2394: 1986: 1926: 1875: 1691: 946: 753: 504: 475:'s Faculty of Letters. Taught and regarded with admiration by academic 359: 358:. His main initiatives in these fields are a large corpus of collected 3853: 2138:

as a mediator between Romanian and other languages: the Romanian word

1244:

In parallel, the volume consecrated Șăineanu's collaboration with the

4593: 4408: 2698: 2612:

collected and edited his correspondence, publishing it in Bucharest.

2566: 2491: 2403: 2088: 2087:, who originally settled further east than the Askhenazi home in the 1995: 1346: 1222: 1205:. That same year, he completed his fundamental work in lexicography, 1058: 1030:

and was among volumes pioneering the study of logical aspects within

730: 694: 557: 488: 480: 295: 160: 4847: 2804:

Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania

2453:

discussed in part the emergence of what Șăineanu himself defined as

1931: 1138: 1082:(who was also president of the commission on naturalization), while 783: 507:"), the Hebraist magazine edited by his friends and fellow scholars 471:

as the eldest son of a widow, the young man went on to study at the

4980: 2955: 2000: 1973: 1664: 1214: 788: 648: 525: 495:("A Few Samples of Romanian Folk Etymology"), in Hasdeu's magazine 378: 2861: 2220:, both of Turkish origin and present in words borrowed during the 1490:("The Sources of Ancient Argot", 1907). The former earned him the 439:

Eliezer Schein (whose name was originally rendered in Romanian as

5021:

Histoire linguistique de la Romania / Romanische Sprachgeschichte

4347: 4233:

Politics of Yiddish: Studies in Language, Literature, and Society

4136:

Histoire linguistique de la Romania / Romanische Sprachgeschichte

2702: 2630: 2558: 2367: 1956: 1749: 1632: 1342: 1269: 1245: 1019: 792: 770: 721: 636: 343: 2690:. It included a reference to Jewish linguists Șăineanu, Gaster, 2393:, and investigated the animals' respective roles within popular 1836:, whose content was structured into both types and "cycles". In 1547:, "Trench Argot"). His 1920 volume on the evolution of argot in 1429:

His main interest for the following period were the theories of

565:. It reportedly earned him the praise of a future adversary the 5403:

People from the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia

4970: 2254: 2210: 2180: 1952: 1944: 1871: 1804:. Aiming to be "a genuine corpus of Romanian oral literature", 1619: 1450: 1354: 1284: 1226: 1132: 778: 662: 4851: 4588:. Mapping the Isle of Hermaphrodites in Premodern France", in 4227:

Robert D. King, "The Czernowitz Conference in Retrospect", in

2362: 1061:, it comprised some 1,000 pages of main text and 100 pages of 965: 467:

By 1881, having been exempted from his compulsory term in the

2554: 2316: 2291: 2188: 1651: 1446: 1305:, and consequently a nomination for the Institut de France's 1156:

Studii folclorice, cercetări în domeniul literaturii populare

1128: 1023: 686: 612: 595:

Using this grant, he furthered his studies in France, at the

403: 175: 81: 1287:

presences in the vocabulary and society alike, published by

769:. It was there that, in 1887, he published his study on the 406:, as well as for his critical essays on 16th-century writer 2694:, as scholars whose merits would be "regrettable to deny". 2490:. Called "remarkable and abundantly documented" by Russian 2237: 1862: 1772:

for "A Trilogy"), criticizing a perceived Conservative and

1241:

publicly mocked the book and claimed that it lacked merit.

1201:("Studies in Folklore"), a collection of short writings on 5070:

La Création métaphorique en français et en roman: Le chien

4251:

Dovid Katz, "Hebrew, Aramaic and the Rise of Yiddish", in

3499:"Khazar Jews. Romanian History and Ethnography" (excerpts) 1467:). By then, he was in correspondence with fellow linguist 1345:

and accepted baptism in the Romanian Orthodox Church. His

1283:Șăineanu followed up with a comprehensive study regarding 464:("Ioan Eliad Rădulescu as a Grammarian and Philologist"). 5077:

La Création métaphorique en français et en roman: Le chat

5052: 1336: 4830:

Istoria literaturii române de la origini pînă în prezent

3148: 2615:

Much interest in Șăineanu's work was sparked during the

2062:"among the first scholars to take Yiddish seriously, to 386:

into the Romanian mainstream. His repeated requests for

4507:", in Dean De la Motte, Jeannene M. Przyblyski (eds.), 4435:, Amsterdam & Philadelphia, 2008, p.372-376, 382. 4010:

History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe

3565:", in Dagmar C. G. Lorenz, Renate S. Posthofen (eds.), 1686:. The same commentator notes that Șăineanu disregarded 2653:, himself a voluntary exile to France, explained that 2134:("skirt"). However, one of his primary focuses was on 1753:

society's tenets on this matter, Șăineanu also shared

3369:

Nastasă, p.105, 203; Sainéan (1901), p.2-3, 7, 17, 38

2003:" myth). Șăineanu's political adversaries, including 811:

Scholarly prominence and early naturalization efforts

382:(Jewish Enlightenment) ideas, and opted in favour of 2795:

Influența orientală asupra limbii și culturii române

2377:, as depicted in a hand-colored engraving (ca. 1500) 2308:

Influența orientală asupra limbii și culturii române

1294:

Influența orientală asupra limbii și culturii române

1172:

Influența orientală asupra limbii și culturii române

1034:. Datcu notes this contribution, alongside the 1892 426:, a noted lexicographer, journalist and polemicist. 3760: 3758: 3200:"A Promoter of the Haskala in Romania–Moses Gaster" 2110:origin of relatively common Romanian words such as 2010: 4640:The Enigma of Rabelais: An Essay in Interpretation 4328:Studia Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series Historica 4293:Studia Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series Historica 4235:, Altamira Press, Walnut Creek etc., 1998, p.42. 905:voted 79 to 2 against the naturalization request. 787:"). Produced on the basis of folkloric surveys in 4559:, Biblio and Tannen, New York City, n.d., p.75. 2278:directly translated from their Turkish original ( 1471:, with whom he discussed the history of Yiddish. 1139:Late 1890s works and ramifications of the scandal 935:, where local Romanians were demanding increased 885:, a Jew could only receive by special act of the 859:Studiu dialectologic asupra graiului evreo-german 533:, a review founded and led by Romanian historian 318:, he was primarily known for his contribution to 65:, United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia 5144: 4863:, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1989. 4598:Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality 4405:Animals and Human Society: Changing Perspectives 3755: 2551:The Problem of Unbelief in the Sixteenth Century 1531:Between 1912 and 1922, Șăineanu worked with the 1463:myth (the book saw print in French, as the 1902 1412: 1301:edition in 1901. It received attention from the 3316:Nastasă, p.105, 203; Sainéan (1901), p.2, 9, 30 2553:. Also cited by Febvre are Șăineanu's views on 2399:Les Sources indigènes de l'étymologie française 1808:aimed at introducing the major themes in local 1586:Les Sources indigènes de l'étymologie française 1580:—an account published between 1920 and 1923 as 623:, his dissertation receiving an award from the 531:Revista pentru Istorie, Arheologie și Filologie 292:United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia 4339: 4337: 4016:, Amsterdam & Philadelphia, 2004, p.273. 2793: 2522:also offered clues into 16th-century views of 2439:, and the impact of argot in the work of poet 2359:, common Oriental, Turco-Romanian mentality." 2306: 2204: 2187:—as illustrated by the original references to 1292: 1013: 857: 843: 671:Les Jours d'emprunt ou les jours de la vieille 499:. By then, Șăineanu had begun contributing to 493:Câteva specimene de etimologie populară română 5358:Academic staff of the University of Bucharest 4257:Readings in the Sociology of Jewish Languages 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 2526:, discussing the origin of archaisms such as 2298:was not present in areas directed related to 1248:-based printing house of Jewish entrepreneur 4477:A Sociolinguistic History of Parisian French 3820: 3818: 3781: 3779: 3597: 3595: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2454: 2448: 1795: 1552: 1474:Șăineanu's parallel investigations into the 756:again displayed the effects of its hatred." 737:." He nevertheless noted that Urechia had a 4334: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2479:" view of argot as an "aberrant creation". 2363:Studies of French language and civilization 1303:Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 966:Parallel controversies and 1895 Senate vote 653:Legenda Meșterului Manole la grecii moderni 462:Ioan Eliad Rădulescu ca grămătic și filolog 402:and his investigations into the origins of 5343:Converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Judaism 4775:"Ancheta: Știința dicționarului la români" 3654: 3652: 3426:Nastasă, p.106, 203; Sainéan (1901), p.4-7 3278:, "Un savant călcat în picioare (II)", in 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2258:", "suburbanite" or "uncouth person") and 1929:in Romanian fairy tales, particularly the 1922:as the most crafted variants of the myth. 1049:("Romanian Fairy Tales as Compared to the 874:and various other languages and dialects. 773:' possible presence in Romanian folklore: 719:, leader of the influential literary club 680: 4985:Anii treizeci. Extrema dreaptă românească 4539: 4537: 4483:, Cambridge, 2004, p.111, 238, 240-243. 4187: 4185: 3815: 3776: 3592: 3549: 3547: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3434: 3432: 3347: 3345: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3229: 3077:, "Un savant călcat în picioare (I)", in 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2183:territories, as first introduced through 1643:), Șăineanu possessed "an amazingly rich 1181:Without ceasing to publish works for the 983:Istoria filologiei române, studii critice 27:Romania philologist, linguist (1859–1934) 5135:L'Influence et la réputation de Rabelais 5128:Problèmes littéraires du seizième siècle 4681:Continuum International Publishing Group 4129: 4127: 4090: 4088: 4086: 3991: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3683:, A. Francisca Snoeck Henkemans (eds.), 3522: 3520: 3476: 3469: 3467: 3377: 3375: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3159: 3157: 2974: 2837: 2366: 2014: 1828:. His contributions have led folklorist 1604: 1600: 1590:L'Influence et la réputation de Rabelais 1416: 814: 306:and cultural historian. A specialist in 5348:Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church 4873:Virgiliu Ene, "Studiu introductiv", in 4713:Istorie și mit în conștiința românească 4166: 4164: 4058: 4056: 3649: 3086: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2106:, such as in highlighting the possible 1609:Șăineanu's letter to fellow folklorist 927:and moderate National Liberal politico 759:The young linguist also contributed to 685:He returned to Romania as a teacher of 456:, with a thesis on writer and theorist 422:, Șăineanu was survived by his brother 290:; April 23, 1859 – May 11, 1934) was a 14: 5145: 4677:The Reception of James Joyce in Europe 4604:, Oxford etc., 1997, p.134, 137-140. 4534: 4182: 3544: 3450: 3429: 3411: 3342: 3296: 2880: 2282:, "to drink tobacco", or the question 1764:. In 1897, the two scholars published 1714:. Overall, Șăineanu argued that early 1337:1899 parliamentary vote and self-exile 1207:Dicționarul universal al limbii române 479:, Șăineanu was primarily a student of 418:for 1908. The son in law of publisher 364:Dicționarul universal al limbii române 206:Romanian pronunciation: 5063:Une carrière philologique en Roumanie 4881:, Bucharest, 1977, p. V-XXXVI. 4124: 4083: 3975: 3517: 3464: 3372: 3328: 3187: 3154: 2808:Une carrière philologique en Roumanie 2786:Încercare asupra semasiologiei române 2351:", with the underlying "processes of 2209:. He also discussed the professional 2142:("jewel"), borrowed from the Turkish 1878:-related subject, present throughout 1455:Une carrière philologique en Roumanie 1086:brought the case to the attention of 1015:Raporturile între gramatică și logică 609:École Spéciale des Langues Orientales 550:Încercare asupra semasiologiei române 515:, which mainly published articles on 281: 5027:, Berlin, 2006, p. 1673-1677. 4977:'s George Bariț Institute of History 4161: 4053: 2819: 1486:("Ancient Argot") and its companion 1256:), where the scholar also published 4459:, New York City, 1966, p.138-139. 3408:Nastasă, p.105; Sainéan (1901), p.3 2420:, and back to a medieval legend in 2397:and metaphors of drunkenness. With 2154:("barter"), taken from the Turkish 1576:, primarily focusing on his use of 1364:, he recalled: "for 24 hours I was 877:Also in 1889, Șăineanu applied for 24: 5398:20th-century Romanian male writers 5178:Romanian collectors of fairy tales 5121:Le Langage parisien au XIXe siècle 4989:Editura Fundației Culturale Române 4918:State University of New York Press 3812:Dedication page, in Sainéan (1901) 2450:Le Langage parisien au XIXe siècle 1662:, Șăineanu implicitly stood for a 1554:Le Langage parisien au XIXe siècle 1260:("Classical Mythology"), the 1895 845:Elemente turcești în limba aromână 25: 5414: 5173:Romanian book publishers (people) 5047:Șăineanu's archived texts at the 5038: 4513:University of Massachusetts Press 3149:Bucharest Jewish Community Center 2768:and various other intellectuals. 2431:, discussing the language of the 2203:), as opposed to the more modern 1968:, from where they crossed to the 1874:with a similar construction- and 1743:, was favored for a while by the 1533:Société des Études rabelaisiennes 1405:of his Romanian name, signing as 821:Elemente turcești în limba română 577:'s press and prefaced by Hasdeu, 5213:20th-century Romanian historians 5208:19th-century Romanian historians 5049:Bibliothèque nationale de France 5009:, Bucharest & Paris, 1901. 4765: 4756: 4747: 4738: 4729: 4702: 4693: 4665: 4656: 4632: 4623: 4614: 4578: 4569: 4557:A History of the French Language 4546: 4525: 4493: 4323:Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu 4288:Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu 2011:Yiddish and Romanian linguistics 1513:Adolphe de Calassanti-Motylinski 1163: 1147: 994: 974: 569:and National Liberal politician 209: 117:19th century, early 20th century 40: 5278:Historians of French literature 4469: 4445: 4421: 4393: 4384: 4375: 4366: 4308: 4299: 4273: 4245: 4221: 4212: 4203: 4194: 4173: 4152: 4115: 4106: 4097: 4074: 4065: 4044: 4035: 4026: 3966: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3930: 3921: 3912: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3827: 3806: 3767: 3746: 3737: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3670: 3661: 3640: 3631: 3622: 3613: 3604: 3583: 3557:, "If I Were King of the Jews: 3508: 3441: 3420: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3363: 3354: 3319: 3310: 3287: 2315:, referred to the volume as a " 1870:, Șăineanu focused on a set of 775:Jidovii sau Tătarii sau Uriașii 376:, Lazăr Șăineanu stood for the 5378:Romanian people of World War I 5353:University of Bucharest alumni 4856:, November 2003, p. 55-64 4848:Institut Ferdinand de Saussure 3900:Sainéan (1901), p.41-43, 47-48 3882:Sainéan (1901), p.39-40, 43-47 3796:, Bucharest, 1970, p.240-241. 3175: 3172:Leopold, p.383; Nastasă, p.105 3166: 2688:History of Romanian Literature 1890:legend to its counterparts in 1708:Latin alphabet and orthography 1051:Legends of Classical Antiquity 350:traditions, as well as to the 13: 1: 5318:Linguists of Slavic languages 5099:Les Sources de l'argot ancien 5091:Les Sources de l'argot ancien 4796: 4790:, Nr. 104, January 2007, p.15 1523:and others). Literary critic 1488:Les Sources de l'argot ancien 1413:French career and final years 434: 5373:Romanian emigrants to France 5243:Romanian opinion journalists 5233:Romanian literary historians 2228:eras. Main examples include 1868:Les rites de la construction 1637:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea 1560:In 1922, Șăineanu published 1088:Gheorghe Grigore Cantacuzino 429: 410:, he was a recipient of the 7: 4719:, Bucharest, 1997, p.259. 4646:, Cambridge, 1924, p.114. 4331:, Vol. II, 2005, p.177, 180 4263:, Leiden, 1985, p.99-100. 3691:, Dordrecht, 2003, p.189. 3573:), Columbia, 1998, p.192. 3151:; retrieved August 27, 2009 1844:, the researcher tested an 890:whom had a following among 842:, producing the 1885 study 665:") and his Ph.D. thesis on 10: 5419: 5368:University of Paris alumni 4936:Kluwer Academic Publishers 4644:Cambridge University Press 4586:Les Molles et Les Chausses 4481:Cambridge University Press 4209:Sainéan (1901), p.8, 18-20 3689:Kluwer Academic Publishers 2697:In contrast, the Romanian 2682:, in place during most of 2565:(such as the depiction of 2274:, "laughter"), of popular 2232:("boater" or "ferryman"), 1675:Wissenschaft des Judentums 1562:Manuel de phonétique latin 1315:Constantin Rădulescu-Motru 881:, which, according to the 698:Gheorghe Lazăr High School 447:) was born in the city of 5393:19th-century male writers 5363:Leipzig University alumni 5328:Historians of World War I 5258:Romanian textbook writers 5228:Romanian literary critics 5168:Romanian male biographers 4515:, Amherst, 1999, p.129. 2590: 2371:A herring monger and her 2146:, but originating with a 1796:Work in Romanian folklore 1739:and originating with the 1125:Școala Normală Superioară 1036:Istoria filologiei române 374:Jewish-Romanian community 194: 141: 129: 121: 113: 109: 89: 70: 48: 39: 32: 5323:Ottoman Turkish language 5158:Romanian anthropologists 5051:, available through the 4900:Harvard University Press 4875:Basme populare românești 4813:Indiana University Press 4575:Bakhtin, p.185, 193, 455 4451:Pierre Louis Duchartre, 4403:, James Serpell (eds.), 4142:, Berlin, 2003, p.192. 3927:Sainéan (1901), p.43, 46 3534:, Quebec, 1979, p.356. 3532:Presses Université Laval 3083:, Nr. 151, December 2008 2813: 2563:Gargantua and Pantagruel 2515:Gargantua and Pantagruel 2475:scholars who offered a " 2383:La Création métaphorique 1951:, between Romanians (or 1886:, likening the Romanian 1755:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu 1710:, within the context of 1688:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu 1449:, and published a short 1431:evolutionary linguistics 1197:was followed in 1896 by 1018:("The Relations between 987:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu 661:Legend among the Modern 519:and espoused a moderate 477:Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu 342:, placed in relation to 336:philological comparatist 330:, and his activity as a 328:evolutionary linguistics 283:[lazaʁsa.ine.ɑ̃] 136:Evolutionary linguistics 5338:Jewish Romanian writers 5253:Romanian schoolteachers 5218:Romanian lexicographers 5198:Romanian male essayists 4602:Oxford University Press 4555:, Alexander H. Schutz, 4411:, London, 1994, p.63. 4200:Sainéan (1901), p.18-19 4158:Sainéan (1901), p.2, 24 4121:Sainéan (1901), p.35-37 3972:Sainéan (1901), p.55-56 3945:Sainéan (1901), p.46-47 3936:Sainéan (1901), p.44-45 3909:Sainéan (1901), p.47-49 3849:Babeș-Bolyai University 3773:Sainéan (1901), p.38-39 3752:Sainéan (1901), p.30-32 3734:Sainéan (1901), p.28-29 3716:Sainéan (1901), p.27-28 3646:Sainéan (1901), p.16-18 3637:Sainéan (1901), p.24-25 3619:Sainéan (1901), p.15-16 3514:Sainéan (1901), p.18-21 3284:, Nr. 152, January 2009 3211:University of Bucharest 2456:le bas langage parisien 2429:Parisian social history 2325:origin of the Romanians 2302:and intellectual life. 2026:, in an 1880s rendition 1989:in fairy tales such as 1935:—occasionally known as 1778:Romanian literary scene 1737:August Treboniu Laurian 1595: 1517:George Abraham Grierson 1478:included his 1905-1907 1397:journal and aristocrat 1115:, who wrote: "I am not 1092:President of the Senate 765:, a magazine edited by 681:Beginnings as a teacher 473:University of Bucharest 326:philology, his work in 151:Comparative linguistics 5223:Linguists from Romania 5188:20th-century essayists 5183:19th-century essayists 4961:, Cluj-Napoca, 2007. 4815:, Bloomington, 1984. 4808:Rabelais and His World 4638:Arthur Fred Chappell, 4503:: On Emile Pouget and 3681:Charles Arthur Willard 3610:Sainéan (1901), p.9-15 3601:Sainéan (1901), p.8sqq 3360:Sainéan (1901), p.2sqq 2794: 2506:such as the so-called 2455: 2449: 2378: 2307: 2205: 2027: 1660:Anuar pentru Israeliți 1614: 1553: 1505:Marie-Louise Sjoestedt 1426: 1293: 1014: 858: 844: 824: 539:National Liberal Party 501:Anuar pentru Israeliți 5303:Romanian orientalists 5298:Romanian medievalists 5248:Romanian philologists 5153:Romanian anthologists 5114:La Langue de Rabelais 5107:L'Argot des tranchées 5005:, Émile Storck & 4762:Ornea, p.135, 410-411 4683:, London, p.375-376. 3447:Sainéan (1901), p.6-7 3399:Sainéan (1901), p.3-5 3390:Sainéan (1901), p.3-4 3293:Sainéan (1901), p.1-2 2802:and published by the 2773:Dicționarul universal 2726:Dicționarul universal 2655:Dicționarul universal 2647:E. Lovinescu m'impose 2639:La Langue de Rabelais 2597:Dicționarul universal 2520:La Langue de Rabelais 2499:La Langue de Rabelais 2469:Raoul De La Grasserie 2370: 2158:, but sourced to the 2018: 1949:early medieval period 1826:comparative mythology 1819:Dicționarul universal 1786:Gheorghe Bogdan-Duică 1722:, it had "more of an 1608: 1601:Background and tenets 1582:La Langue de Rabelais 1420: 1219:dialectical varieties 1209:, which codified the 1203:comparative mythology 818: 617:University of Leipzig 588:, amounting to 5,000 458:Ion Heliade Rădulescu 348:East Central European 279:French pronunciation: 5333:People from Ploiești 5313:Romance philologists 5293:Linguists of Yiddish 5203:Romanian folklorists 5163:Romanian biographers 4938:, Dordrecht, 1999. 4902:, Cambridge, 1982. 4673:Après mot, le déluge 4390:Sainéan (1901), p.49 4296:, Vol. I, 2004, p.71 4282:Ioan Marian Țiplic, 3963:Sainéan (1901), p.56 3954:Sainéan (1901), p.47 3918:Sainéan (1901), p.41 3891:Sainéan (1901), p.40 3743:Sainéan (1901), p.36 3725:Sainéan (1901), p.28 3707:Sainéan (1901), p.17 3667:Sainéan (1901), p.18 3658:Sainéan (1901), p.16 3571:Boydell & Brewer 2775:saw print after the 2329:Alexandru Philippide 2284:în ce ape te scalzi? 2252:("inhabitant of the 2126:("horseshoe nail"), 1741:Transylvanian School 1712:linguistic evolution 1611:Simion Florea Marian 1545:L'Argot des tranchés 1433:, with focus on the 1113:Alexandru Philippide 747:Alexandru D. Xenopol 739:conflict of interest 581:earned Șăineanu the 552:("Essay on Romanian 469:Romanian Land Forces 352:historical evolution 5308:Jewish orientalists 5263:Cultural historians 5238:Romanian memoirists 4991:, Bucharest, 1995. 4842:Louis-Jean Calvet, 4553:Urban T. Holmes Jr. 4501:Réflecs d'un gniaff 3628:Sainéan (1901), p.4 3555:Dagmar C. G. Lorenz 3461:Sainéan (1901), p.7 3438:Sainéan (1901), p.5 3417:Sainéan (1901), p.3 3351:Sainéan (1901), p.2 3325:Nastasă, p.105, 203 3307:Sainéan (1901), p.1 3163:Sainéan (1901), p.9 2834:Leopold, p.383, 417 2788:. Writing in 2003, 2327:, evidencing, like 2244:("window fitter"), 2069:Dagmar C. G. Lorenz 1695:literary historian 1658:and contributor to 1654:. As a disciple of 1528:university chair." 1425:in its 1907 edition 1375:Gutta cavat lapidem 1362:Constantin Dissescu 1320:Noua Revistă Română 1274:William Shakespeare 1262:Romanian literature 1233:as a phenomenon in 1187:Convorbiri Literare 1090:, the Conservative 1070:Bucharest City Hall 956:Convorbiri Literare 929:Mihail Kogălniceanu 887:Romanian Parliament 868:Proto-Indo-European 795:localities such as 762:Convorbiri Literare 711:Shortly afterward, 607:, and later at the 605:Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke 597:University of Paris 503:("The Yearbook for 384:Jewish assimilation 5273:Romanian Hebraists 5193:Romanian essayists 4912:Jerold C. Frakes, 4780:2007-10-29 at the 4699:Nastasă, p.449-450 4475:R. Anthony Lodge, 4457:Dover Publications 4353:2011-07-28 at the 4218:Frakes, p.xiii-xiv 4006:Marcel Cornis-Pope 3873:Leopold, p.383-384 3859:2010-03-29 at the 3843:2012-02-24 at the 3824:Leopold, p.89, 383 3589:Nastasă, p.105-106 3222:2011-07-28 at the 3205:2018-01-10 at the 3143:2007-09-28 at the 2961:2011-07-28 at the 2867:2009-10-14 at the 2606:Povești și legende 2445:French Renaissance 2437:Hundred Years' War 2417:Commedia dell'arte 2379: 2305:Especially in his 2300:Christian practice 2288:strong obscenities 2165:("to transform"); 2094:In his studies of 2073:Middle High German 2028: 1976:, particularly in 1970:Danubian countries 1912:Marcel Cornis-Pope 1615: 1570:French Renaissance 1427: 1389:Apărarea Națională 1380:Apărarea Națională 1254:Institutul Samitca 1231:Ion Luca Caragiale 1084:Alexandru Odobescu 1057:"). An exhaustive 1028:origin of language 985:with a preface by 958:colleague, writer 899:George D. Vernescu 840:Aromanian language 825: 777:("The Jews or the 743:University of Iași 706:Alexandru Odobescu 702:Ștefan Michăilescu 625:Institut de France 567:Education Minister 513:Moses Schwartzfeld 497:Columna lui Traian 412:Institut de France 396:Kingdom of Romania 5283:Jewish historians 5025:Walter de Gruyter 5007:Éditions Larousse 4967:978-973-726-278-3 4920:, Albany, 1989. 4836:, Bucharest, 1986 4441:978-90-272-0573-5 4140:Walter de Gruyter 4103:Bakhtin, p.60, 61 4071:Leopold, p.96, 99 3864:, 2007, p.148-149 3216:Studia Hebraica I 3198:Măriuca Stanciu, 3147:, profile at the 2782:Studii folclorice 2771:A new edition of 2758:Alexandru Rosetti 2692:Ion Aurel Candrea 2659:Solomon Schechter 2488:French literature 2484:François Rabelais 2465:Arnold van Gennep 2391:Romance languages 2347:character of our 2276:figures of speech 2104:Age of Migrations 1842:Studii folclorice 1802:Romanian folklore 1720:Michael the Brave 1574:François Rabelais 1476:history of French 1443:psycholinguistics 1399:Alexandru Bibescu 1258:Mitologia clasică 1199:Studii folclorice 1074:Romanian Orthodox 1053:and Those of All 883:1866 Constitution 667:Romanian folklore 535:Grigore Tocilescu 408:François Rabelais 340:Romanian folklore 207: 198: 197: 181:Romance languages 16:(Redirected from 5410: 5046: 5001:Lazare Sainéan, 4975:Romanian Academy 4951:Lucian Nastasă, 4950: 4879:Editura Albatros 4841: 4826:George Călinescu 4791: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4754: 4751: 4745: 4742: 4736: 4735:Călinescu, p.976 4733: 4727: 4706: 4700: 4697: 4691: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4654: 4636: 4630: 4627: 4621: 4618: 4612: 4582: 4576: 4573: 4567: 4550: 4544: 4541: 4532: 4529: 4523: 4497: 4491: 4473: 4467: 4449: 4443: 4425: 4419: 4397: 4391: 4388: 4382: 4379: 4373: 4370: 4364: 4360:România Literară 4345: 4341: 4332: 4316: 4312: 4306: 4303: 4297: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4261:Brill Publishers 4249: 4243: 4225: 4219: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4201: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4180: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4159: 4156: 4150: 4131: 4122: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4104: 4101: 4095: 4092: 4081: 4078: 4072: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4051: 4048: 4042: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4002: 3989: 3986: 3973: 3970: 3964: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3937: 3934: 3928: 3925: 3919: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3901: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3874: 3871: 3865: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3813: 3810: 3804: 3790:Scriitori români 3783: 3774: 3771: 3765: 3764:Călinescu, p.353 3762: 3753: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3647: 3644: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3611: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3590: 3587: 3581: 3569:, Camden House ( 3553:Neil G. Jacobs, 3551: 3542: 3524: 3515: 3512: 3506: 3495: 3474: 3471: 3462: 3459: 3448: 3445: 3439: 3436: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3370: 3367: 3361: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3340: 3337: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3308: 3305: 3294: 3291: 3285: 3276:Laszlo Alexandru 3274: 3270: 3227: 3196: 3185: 3181:Sainéan (1901), 3179: 3173: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3152: 3133: 3129: 3084: 3075:Laszlo Alexandru 3073: 3069: 2972: 2968:România Literară 2956:"Lazăr Șăineanu" 2953: 2949: 2878: 2874:România Literară 2858:Alexandru Mușina 2856: 2852: 2835: 2832: 2797: 2790:Alexandru Mușina 2762:Constantin Noica 2737:communist period 2712:Mihail Sebastian 2486:and his role in 2458: 2452: 2409:Italian-language 2321:Alexandru Mușina 2310: 2270:, "funny", from 2208: 2060:Matisyohu Mieses 2040:Solomon Birnbaum 2021:Turkish-Romanian 1972:, especially in 1810:spoken tradition 1776:monopoly on the 1757:'s criticism of 1745:Romanian Academy 1728:Cyrillic version 1716:Romanian history 1624:George Călinescu 1556: 1525:Laszlo Alexandru 1509:French Académies 1439:ethnolinguistics 1296: 1235:Romanian culture 1174:, volume I, 1900 1167: 1151: 1043:Romania folklore 1032:natural language 1017: 998: 978: 896:Justice Minister 861: 850:Turkish Elements 847: 735:Prince Ferdinand 575:Romanian Academy 571:Dimitrie Sturdza 369:A member of the 285: 280: 261: 208: 205: 90:Other names 77: 58: 56: 44: 30: 29: 21: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5143: 5142: 5056:digital library 5044: 5041: 4973:version at the 4948: 4839: 4834:Editura Minerva 4803:Mikhail Bakhtin 4799: 4794: 4782:Wayback Machine 4771: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4707: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4670: 4666: 4662:Dégh, p.46, 369 4661: 4657: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4584:Randy Conner, " 4583: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4535: 4530: 4526: 4505:Le Père Peinard 4498: 4494: 4474: 4470: 4450: 4446: 4426: 4422: 4398: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4355:Wayback 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1501:Wilhelm Schmidt 1460:Meșterul Manole 1415: 1339: 1330:Neamul Românesc 1299:French-language 1179: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1168: 1160: 1159: 1152: 1141: 1055:Romance Peoples 1045:in particular: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1006: 999: 991: 990: 979: 968: 939:as part of the 933:Austria-Hungary 925:Lascăr Catargiu 920:, Conservative 833:Ottoman Turkish 813: 731:ethnic Romanian 683: 658:Meșterul Manole 599:, under Bréal, 521:assimilationist 437: 432: 371:non-emancipated 314:, as well as a 312:Romance studies 278: 262:, also spelled 204: 190: 144: 105: 102:Lazare Sainéanu 85: 79: 75: 66: 60: 54: 52: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5416: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5288:Khazar studies 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5138: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5103: 5095: 5087: 5084:L'Argot ancien 5080: 5073: 5066: 5040: 5039:External links 5037: 5036: 5035: 5017: 4999: 4978: 4946: 4930:Joan Leopold, 4928: 4910: 4889: 4871: 4857: 4837: 4823: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4764: 4755: 4746: 4737: 4728: 4701: 4692: 4664: 4655: 4631: 4622: 4613: 4577: 4568: 4545: 4533: 4524: 4492: 4468: 4444: 4433:John Benjamins 4420: 4401:Aubrey Manning 4392: 4383: 4374: 4365: 4346:Rodica Zafiu, 4333: 4307: 4298: 4272: 4253:Joshua Fishman 4244: 4229:Dov-Ber Kerler 4220: 4211: 4202: 4193: 4181: 4172: 4160: 4151: 4123: 4114: 4112:Leopold, p.122 4105: 4096: 4094:Bakhtin, p.185 4082: 4073: 4064: 4052: 4050:Leopold, p.138 4043: 4041:Leopold, p.123 4034: 4032:Frankes, p.223 4025: 4014:John Benjamins 3990: 3988:Leopold, p.384 3974: 3965: 3956: 3947: 3938: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3866: 3854:Studia Judaica 3826: 3814: 3805: 3775: 3766: 3754: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3669: 3660: 3648: 3639: 3630: 3621: 3612: 3603: 3591: 3582: 3563:Judaistikfrage 3543: 3526:Daniel Gunar, 3516: 3507: 3475: 3473:Nastasă, p.106 3463: 3449: 3440: 3428: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3383: 3381:Nastasă, p.105 3371: 3362: 3353: 3341: 3339:Nastasă, p.203 3327: 3318: 3309: 3295: 3286: 3228: 3186: 3174: 3165: 3153: 3137:Lazăr Șăineanu 3085: 2973: 2954:Iordan Datcu, 2879: 2862:"Țara turcită" 2836: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2745:Basmele române 2741:Dumitru Macrea 2714:. Writing for 2651:Panait Istrati 2622:Finnegans Wake 2592: 2589: 2543:Annales School 2364: 2361: 2085:Ashkenazi Jews 2012: 2009: 1916:Zidanje Skadra 1897:Zidanje Skadra 1884:Eastern Europe 1866:creatures. In 1838:Basmele române 1834:Basmele române 1806:Basmele române 1797: 1794: 1790:Iacob Negruzzi 1670:Jewish history 1645:Romanian lexis 1639:and dramatist 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1484:L'Argot ancien 1423:L'Argot ancien 1421:Title page of 1414: 1411: 1407:Lazare Sainéan 1387:celebrated by 1338: 1335: 1317:'s periodical 1278:Ralian Samitca 1211:Romanian lexis 1195:Basmele române 1170:First page of 1169: 1162: 1161: 1154:First page of 1153: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1001:First page of 1000: 993: 992: 981:First page of 980: 973: 972: 971: 970: 969: 967: 964: 960:Iacob Negruzzi 879:naturalization 835:on the mainly 819:First page of 812: 809: 801:Schitu Golești 717:Titu Maiorescu 682: 679: 645:August Leskien 517:Jewish history 436: 433: 431: 428: 420:Ralian Samitca 388:naturalisation 275:Lazare Sainéan 268:Eliezer Schein 201:Lazăr Șăineanu 196: 195: 192: 191: 189: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 147: 145: 143:Main interests 142: 139: 138: 133: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 107: 106: 104: 103: 100: 99:Lazare Sainéan 97: 96:Eliezer Schein 93: 91: 87: 86: 80: 78:(aged 75) 72: 68: 67: 61: 59:April 23, 1859 50: 46: 45: 37: 36: 34:Lazăr Șăineanu 33: 26: 18:Lazăr Şăineanu 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5415: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5088: 5086: 5085: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5050: 5043: 5042: 5034: 5033:3-11-017150-3 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4998: 4997:973-9155-43-X 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4959:Editura Limes 4956: 4955: 4949:(in Romanian) 4947: 4945: 4944:0-7923-5645-4 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4927: 4926:0-88706-846-4 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4909: 4908:0-674-70826-1 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4892:Lucien Febvre 4890: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4870: 4869:0-253-20526-3 4866: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4821:0-253-20341-4 4818: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4789: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4772:(in Romanian) 4768: 4759: 4750: 4741: 4732: 4726: 4725:973-50-0055-5 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4696: 4690: 4689:0-8264-5825-4 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4659: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4629:Febvre, p.4-5 4626: 4620:Febvre, p.8-9 4617: 4611: 4610:0-19-510471-4 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4581: 4572: 4566: 4565:0-8196-0191-8 4562: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4540: 4538: 4528: 4522: 4521:1-55849-177-5 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4489:0-521-82179-7 4486: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4465:0-486-21679-9 4462: 4458: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4417:0-415-09155-1 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4387: 4381:Suciu, p.1675 4378: 4372:Suciu, p.1673 4369: 4363:, Nr. 42/2004 4362: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4344:(in Romanian) 4340: 4338: 4330: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4315:(in Romanian) 4311: 4305:Suciu, p.1674 4302: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4280:(in Romanian) 4276: 4270: 4269:90-04-07237-3 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4241:0-7619-9025-9 4238: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4215: 4206: 4197: 4188: 4186: 4176: 4167: 4165: 4155: 4149: 4148:3-11-014694-0 4145: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4128: 4118: 4109: 4100: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4080:Leopold, p.99 4077: 4068: 4062:Leopold, p.97 4059: 4057: 4047: 4038: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3969: 3960: 3951: 3942: 3933: 3924: 3915: 3906: 3897: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3821: 3819: 3809: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3780: 3770: 3761: 3759: 3749: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3713: 3704: 3698: 3697:1-4020-1456-2 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3664: 3655: 3653: 3643: 3634: 3625: 3616: 3607: 3598: 3596: 3586: 3580: 3579:1-57113-171-X 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3548: 3541: 3540:2-7637-6806-7 3537: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3521: 3511: 3505:, Nr. 27/2006 3504: 3500: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3444: 3435: 3433: 3423: 3414: 3405: 3396: 3387: 3378: 3376: 3366: 3357: 3348: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3322: 3313: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3290: 3283: 3282: 3277: 3273:(in Romanian) 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3184: 3178: 3169: 3160: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3132:(in Romanian) 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3072:(in Romanian) 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2971:, Nr. 15/2009 2970: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2957: 2952:(in Romanian) 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2877:, Nr. 19/2003 2876: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2855:(in Romanian) 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2818: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2766:Ovidiu Bârlea 2764:, folklorist 2763: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2730:Mircea Eliade 2727: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2680:Ion Antonescu 2678: 2677: 2672: 2671:authoritarian 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2575:Ancient Roman 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2547:Lucien Febvre 2544: 2540: 2535: 2533: 2532:homoeroticism 2529: 2525: 2524:homosexuality 2521: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2510: 2509:Cris de Paris 2505: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2478: 2477:teratological 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2422:Middle French 2419: 2418: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2376: 2375: 2369: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2353:acculturation 2350: 2346: 2345:multicultural 2342: 2338: 2337:heterogeneous 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2313:Vasile Bogrea 2309: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2056:Alfred Landau 2053: 2049: 2045: 2044:Chone Shmeruk 2041: 2037: 2033: 2025: 2022: 2017: 2008: 2006: 2005:V. A. Urechia 2002: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1939:, "Jews", or 1938: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1782:Wilhelm Rudow 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1766:Eine Trilogie 1763: 1762:Germanophilia 1760: 1756: 1752: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1702: 1701:Nicolae Iorga 1698: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1641:Ronetti Roman 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1612: 1607: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1578:Middle French 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1558: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1541:Western Front 1538: 1534: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1469:Alfred Landau 1466: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435:Neogrammarian 1432: 1424: 1419: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1384: 1382: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1371:Petre P. Carp 1367: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1334: 1332: 1331: 1324: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1311:Nicolae Iorga 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1289:Editura Socec 1286: 1281: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1250:Iosif Samitca 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1173: 1166: 1157: 1150: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1104:supermajority 1100: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1004: 997: 988: 984: 977: 963: 961: 957: 953: 952:lower chamber 948: 944: 943: 938: 934: 930: 926: 923: 919: 916: 912: 906: 904: 900: 897: 893: 888: 884: 880: 875: 873: 869: 865: 864:Dialectologic 860: 856:and Yiddish, 855: 851: 846: 841: 838: 834: 830: 822: 817: 808: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 785: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 763: 757: 755: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 727:V. A. Urechia 724: 723: 718: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 696: 691: 688: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 659: 654: 650: 646: 642: 641:Karl Brugmann 638: 634: 633:Germanophilia 630: 626: 622: 621:German Empire 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 593: 591: 587: 584: 583:Manoah Hillel 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 559: 555: 551: 546: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 527: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 465: 463: 459: 455: 454:Baccalaureate 450: 446: 442: 427: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 400:Middle French 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 380: 375: 372: 367: 365: 362:and the 1896 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 284: 276: 273: 269: 265: 260: 257: 254: 251: 248: 245: 242: 239: 236: 233: 230: 227: 224: 221: 218: 215: 212: 202: 193: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 148: 146: 140: 137: 134: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 101: 98: 95: 94: 92: 88: 83: 73: 69: 64: 51: 47: 43: 38: 31: 19: 5134: 5127: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5098: 5090: 5083: 5076: 5069: 5062: 5053: 5020: 5002: 4984: 4953: 4931: 4913: 4895: 4874: 4860: 4859:Linda Dégh, 4852: 4829: 4806: 4785: 4767: 4758: 4753:Ornea, p.411 4749: 4744:Ornea, p.410 4740: 4731: 4712: 4704: 4695: 4676: 4672: 4671:Sam Slote, " 4667: 4658: 4639: 4634: 4625: 4616: 4597: 4585: 4580: 4571: 4556: 4548: 4543:Calvet, p.60 4531:Calvet, p.56 4527: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4499:H. G. Lay, " 4495: 4476: 4471: 4452: 4447: 4428: 4423: 4404: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4358: 4327: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4275: 4256: 4247: 4232: 4223: 4214: 4205: 4196: 4175: 4154: 4135: 4117: 4108: 4099: 4076: 4067: 4046: 4037: 4028: 4009: 3968: 3959: 3950: 3941: 3932: 3923: 3914: 3905: 3896: 3887: 3878: 3869: 3852: 3834:George Voicu 3829: 3808: 3789: 3769: 3748: 3739: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3703: 3684: 3672: 3663: 3642: 3633: 3624: 3615: 3606: 3585: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3527: 3510: 3502: 3443: 3422: 3413: 3404: 3395: 3386: 3365: 3356: 3321: 3312: 3289: 3279: 3215: 3182: 3177: 3168: 3136: 3134:A. Zimbler, 3078: 2966: 2872: 2807: 2800:George Voicu 2785: 2781: 2780:reprints of 2772: 2770: 2754:Perpessicius 2749:Iorgu Iordan 2744: 2734: 2725: 2715: 2696: 2687: 2684:World War II 2674: 2654: 2646: 2643: 2638: 2620: 2614: 2605: 2596: 2594: 2582: 2562: 2550: 2539:anticlerical 2536: 2527: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2498: 2481: 2461:urbanization 2432: 2426: 2415: 2411: 2402: 2398: 2387:hunting dogs 2382: 2380: 2374:cri de Paris 2372: 2357:forma mentis 2356: 2341:plurilingual 2304: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2222:early modern 2217: 2213: 2200: 2192: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2155: 2151: 2143: 2139: 2131: 2130:("hut") and 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2093: 2064:force others 2063: 2029: 2023: 1994: 1966:Transylvania 1940: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1905: 1895: 1887: 1880:East Central 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1823: 1818: 1805: 1799: 1773: 1765: 1758: 1748: 1733:I. C. 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Ornea 4778:Archived 4596:(eds.), 4351:Archived 3857:Archived 3841:Archived 3561:and the 3220:Archived 3203:Archived 3141:Archived 2959:Archived 2865:Archived 2577:thinker 2349:Romanity 2234:bragagiu 2230:barcagiu 2211:suffixes 2176:thalassa 2150:source; 2140:giuvaier 2112:buzdugan 2108:Pecheneg 2032:American 2024:bragagiu 2001:Red Jews 1982:Romanați 1974:Muntenia 1860:and the 1774:Junimist 1759:Junimist 1684:Șăineanu 1665:Haskalah 1620:Talmudic 1080:Ghenadie 793:Oltenian 649:pedagogy 639:because 526:Haskalah 523:agenda ( 449:Ploiești 379:Haskalah 332:literary 324:Romanian 308:Oriental 300:linguist 288:Sainéanu 264:Șeineanu 84:, France 63:Ploiești 5054:Gallica 4887:5279951 4787:Tribuna 4652:6521897 4255:(ed.), 4231:(ed.), 3802:7431692 3281:Tribuna 3080:Tribuna 2703:fascist 2559:Saracen 2555:Islamic 2335:, the " 2260:duelgiu 2242:geamgiu 2160:Italian 2148:Persian 2144:cevahir 2096:Turkish 2081:Aramaic 1957:Khazars 1892:Serbian 1872:ballads 1750:Junimea 1633:Marxist 1572:author 1343:Judaism 1272:author 1270:English 1246:Craiova 1183:Junimea 1020:Grammar 922:Premier 918:Carol I 837:Romance 829:Turkish 805:Radomir 781:or the 771:Khazars 767:Junimea 722:Junimea 675:Romania 637:Leipzig 615:at the 320:Yiddish 266:, born 186:Yiddish 5031: 5013: 4995: 4971:e-book 4965: 4942: 4924: 4906: 4885: 4867: 4819: 4723: 4687: 4650: 4608: 4563: 4519: 4487: 4463: 4439: 4415: 4267: 4239: 4146: 4020: 3800: 3695: 3577: 3538: 3226:, 2003 3183:passim 2591:Legacy 2268:hazliu 2255:mahala 2218:-angiu 2197:Arabic 2156:trampa 2152:trampă 2128:colibă 2120:dușman 2100:Turkic 1978:Muscel 1961:Turkic 1953:Vlachs 1945:Tatars 1941:tătari 1937:jidovi 1932:uriași 1770:German 1680:Schein 1451:memoir 1355:quorum 1227:jargon 1158:, 1896 1133:Berlin 1005:, 1895 989:, 1892 903:Senate 854:German 823:, 1885 784:Uriași 779:Tatars 663:Greeks 655:("The 344:Balkan 294:-born 232: 131:School 125:Europe 122:Region 4846:, in 4784:, in 4357:, in 3501:, in 2965:, in 2871:, in 2814:Notes 2631:Irish 2557:and " 2433:gueux 2381:With 2317:Bible 2292:Islam 2206:Egipt 2199:مصر ( 2193:Misir 2189:Egypt 2171:Greek 2167:talaz 2116:duium 1652:ethos 1447:argot 1239:Alceu 1213:from 1129:Paris 1063:index 1024:Logic 687:Latin 613:Ph.D. 445:Shain 404:argot 286:, or 259:] 211:[ 176:argot 82:Paris 5101:(II) 5029:ISBN 5011:OCLC 4993:ISBN 4963:ISBN 4940:ISBN 4922:ISBN 4904:ISBN 4883:OCLC 4865:ISBN 4817:ISBN 4721:ISBN 4685:ISBN 4648:OCLC 4606:ISBN 4561:ISBN 4517:ISBN 4485:ISBN 4461:ISBN 4437:ISBN 4413:ISBN 4265:ISBN 4237:ISBN 4144:ISBN 4018:ISBN 3798:OCLC 3693:ISBN 3575:ISBN 3536:ISBN 2784:and 2756:and 2735:The 2701:and 2467:and 2343:and 2331:and 2294:and 2264:-liu 2238:boza 2224:and 2216:and 2214:-giu 2201:Miṣr 2132:fotă 2124:caia 2098:and 2058:and 2050:and 1980:and 1959:, a 1918:and 1863:iele 1788:and 1735:and 1596:Work 1503:and 1441:and 1349:was 1217:and 1131:and 1022:and 915:King 862:("A 831:and 803:and 791:and 631:and 603:and 511:and 487:and 346:and 334:and 322:and 310:and 71:Died 49:Born 5093:(I) 4850:'s 4325:'s 4290:'s 3851:'s 3213:'s 2717:Azi 2665:or 2641:). 2414:in 2272:haz 2191:as 2048:Max 1993:'s 1943:, " 1900:), 1882:or 1682:to 1647:". 1221:to 590:lei 443:or 414:'s 250:e̯a 114:Era 5149:: 5058:: 4987:, 4983:, 4969:; 4916:, 4898:, 4894:, 4877:, 4832:, 4828:, 4811:, 4805:, 4715:, 4711:, 4679:, 4642:, 4600:, 4592:, 4536:^ 4511:, 4479:, 4455:, 4431:, 4407:, 4336:^ 4259:, 4184:^ 4163:^ 4126:^ 4085:^ 4055:^ 3993:^ 3977:^ 3836:, 3817:^ 3788:, 3778:^ 3757:^ 3687:, 3651:^ 3594:^ 3546:^ 3530:, 3519:^ 3478:^ 3466:^ 3452:^ 3431:^ 3374:^ 3344:^ 3330:^ 3298:^ 3231:^ 3189:^ 3156:^ 3088:^ 2976:^ 2882:^ 2860:, 2839:^ 2821:^ 2810:. 2587:. 2534:. 2497:, 2424:. 2339:, 2236:(" 2091:. 2046:, 2042:, 2038:, 2019:A 1854:, 1784:, 1631:, 1519:, 1515:, 1499:, 1409:. 1357:. 1193:. 1135:. 870:, 848:(" 799:, 677:. 669:, 545:. 483:, 460:: 302:, 298:, 277:, 270:; 1904:( 1894:( 1768:( 1551:( 1543:( 1453:( 1252:( 1107:" 256:u 253:n 247:n 244:ˈ 241:i 238:ə 235:ʃ 229:r 226:ə 223:z 220:a 217:l 214:ˈ 203:( 57:) 53:( 20:)

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