2054:
700:, was a translation into Latin made by the Dominican brother Francesco Pipino in 1302, only three years after Marco's return to Venice. This testifies the deep interest the Dominican Order had in the book. According to recent research by the Italian scholar Antonio Montefusco, the very close relationship Marco Polo cultivated with members of the Dominican Order in Venice suggests that Rustichello's text was translated into Latin for a precise will of the Order, which had among its missions that of evangelizing foreign peoples (cf. the role of Dominican missionaries in China and in the Indies). This Latin version is conserved by 70 manuscripts.
51:
557:
844:, mentioned the Great Wall, and that while remnants of the Wall would have existed at that time, it would not have been significant or noteworthy as it had not been maintained for a long time. The Great Walls were built to keep out northern invaders, whereas the ruling dynasty during Marco Polo's visit were those very northern invaders. The Mongol rulers whom Polo served also controlled territories both north and south of today's wall, and would have no reasons to maintain any fortifications that may have remained there from the earlier dynasties. He noted the Great Wall familiar to us today is a
790:
853:
unknown among the
Mongols. While the Italian missionary Odoric of Pordenone who visited Yuan China mentioned footbinding (it is however unclear whether he was only relaying something he heard as his description is inaccurate), no other foreign visitors to Yuan China mentioned the practice, perhaps an indication that the footbinding was not widespread or was not practiced in an extreme form at that time. Marco Polo himself noted (in the Toledo manuscript) the dainty walk of Chinese women who took very short steps.
267:
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984:
953:, in his preface to Vogel's 2013 monograph, concludes that Vogel "demonstrates by specific example after specific example the ultimately overwhelming probability of the broad authenticity" of Polo's account. Many problems were caused by the oral transmission of the original text and the proliferation of significantly different hand-copied manuscripts. For instance, did Polo exert "political authority" (
866:
accounts are relatively free of the descriptions of irrational marvels, and in many cases where present (mostly given in the first part before he reached China), he made a clear distinction that they are what he had heard rather than what he had seen. It is also largely free of the gross errors in other accounts such as those given by the
Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta who had confused the
965:) there? Elvin concludes that "those who doubted, although mistaken, were not always being casual or foolish", but "the case as a whole had now been closed": the book is, "in essence, authentic, and, when used with care, in broad terms to be trusted as a serious though obviously not always final, witness".
807:
who portrayed the
Mongols as "barbarians" who appeared to belong to "some other world". Doubts have also been raised in later centuries about Marco Polo's narrative of his travels in China, for example for his failure to mention a number of things and practices commonly associated with China, such as
432:
in 1302, just a few years after Marco's return to Venice. Francesco Pipino solemnly affirmed the truthfulness of the book and defined Marco as a "prudent, honoured and faithful man". In his writings, the
Dominican brother Jacopo d'Acqui explains why his contemporaries were skeptical about the content
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and revenues, and argued that the evidence supports his presence in China because he included details which he could not have otherwise known. Vogel noted that no other
Western, Arab, or Persian sources have given such accurate and unique details about the currencies of China, for example, the shape
856:
It has also been pointed out that Polo's accounts are more accurate and detailed than other accounts of the periods. Polo had at times denied the "marvelous" fables and legends given in other
European accounts, and also omitted descriptions of strange races of people then believed to inhabit eastern
469:
is divided into four books. Book One describes the lands of the Middle East and
Central Asia that Marco encountered on his way to China. Book Two describes China and the court of Kublai Khan. Book Three describes some of the coastal regions of the East: Japan, India, Sri Lanka, South-East Asia, and
436:
According to some recent research of the
Italian scholar Antonio Montefusco, the very close relationship that Marco Polo cultivated with members of the Dominican Order in Venice suggests that local fathers collaborated with him for a Latin version of the book, which means that Rustichello's text was
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Le livre des merveilles, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 2810, Tav. 84r "Qui hae sì gran caldo che a pena vi si puote sofferire (...). Questa gente sono tutti neri, maschi e femmine, e vanno tutti ignudi, se non se tanto ch'egliono ricuoprono loro natura con un panno molto bianco. Costoro non
580:
Marco Polo was accompanied on his trips by his father and uncle (both of whom had been to China previously), though neither of them published any known works about their journeys. The book was translated into many
European languages in Marco Polo's own lifetime, but the original manuscripts are now
382:
Latham also argued that
Rustichello may have glamorised Polo's accounts, and added fantastic and romantic elements that made the book a bestseller. The Italian scholar Luigi Foscolo Benedetto had previously demonstrated that the book was written in the same "leisurely, conversational style" that
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did mention the Great Wall, but when he asked about the wall while in China during the Yuan dynasty, he could find no one who had either seen it or knew of anyone who had seen it. Haw also argued that practices such as footbinding were not common even among Chinese during Polo's time and almost
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concludes that recent work "demonstrates by specific example the ultimately overwhelming probability of the broad authenticity" of Polo's account, and that the book is, "in essence, authentic, and, when used with care, in broad terms to be trusted as a serious though obviously not always final,
865:
high and gave other fanciful tales, while Giovanni da Pian del Carpine spoke of "wild men, who do not speak at all and have no joints in their legs", monsters who looked like women but whose menfolk were dogs, and other equally fantastic accounts. Despite a few exaggerations and errors, Polo's
440:
Since Dominican fathers had among their missions that of evangelizing foreign peoples (cf. the role of Dominican missionaries in China and in the Indies), it is reasonable to think that they considered Marco's book as a trustworthy piece of information for missions in the East. The diplomatic
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had been noted as early as the middle of the seventeenth century. In addition, the difficulties in identifying many of the place names he used also raised suspicion about Polo's accounts. Many have questioned whether or not he had visited the places he mentioned in his itinerary, or he had
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hanno per peccato veruna lussuria"(Translation: "People in a land of extreme heat, barely bearable. They are all dark-skinned, both men and women, and go about nearly naked, covering only their private parts with a white cloth. They see no sin in what might be considered lust.")
948:
in Yunnan, details supported by archaeological evidence and Chinese sources compiled long after Polo's had left China. His accounts of salt production and revenues from the salt monopoly are also accurate, and accord with Chinese documents of the Yuan era. Economic historian
222:"). The book was translated into many European languages in Marco Polo's own lifetime, but the original manuscripts are now lost, and their reconstruction is a matter of textual criticism. A total of about 150 copies in various languages are known to exist, including in
798:
Since its publication, many have viewed the book with skepticism. Some in the Middle Ages viewed the book simply as a romance or fable, largely because of the sharp difference of its descriptions of a sophisticated civilisation in China to other early accounts by
403:
in that same book. Latham believed that many elements of the book, such as legends of the Middle East and mentions of exotic marvels, may have been the work of Rustichello who was giving what medieval European readers expected to find in a travel book.
624:, spread in Northern Italy in the 13th century; for Luigi Foscolo Benedetto, this "F" text is the basic original text, which he corrected by comparing it with the somewhat more detailed Italian of Ramusio, together with a Latin manuscript in the
449:
with the Mongols were probably another reason for this endorsement. At the time, there was open discussion of a possible Christian-Mongol alliance with an anti-Islamic function. In fact, a Mongol delegate was solemnly baptised at the
1043:... volendosi ravvisare nella parola "Milione" la forma ridotta di un diminutivo arcaico "Emilione" che pare sia servito a meglio identificare il nostro Marco distinguendolo per tal modo da tutti i numerosi Marchi della sua famiglia.
654:, the Code 2810 is in the French National Library. Another Old French Polo manuscript, dating to around 1350, is held by the National Library of Sweden. A critical edition of this version was edited in the 2000s by Philippe MĂ©nard.
364:
was in fact a collaboration written in 1298–1299 between Polo and a professional writer of romances, Rustichello of Pisa. It is believed that Polo related his memoirs orally to Rustichello da Pisa while both were prisoners of the
294:
to distinguish themselves from the numerous other Venetian families bearing the name Polo. A more common view is that the name refers to medieval reception of the travelog, namely that it was full of "a million" lies.
383:
characterised Rustichello's other works, and that some passages in the book were taken verbatim or with minimal modifications from other writings by Rustichello. For example, the opening introduction in
767:
that uses manuscript F as its base and attempts to combine the several versions of the text into one continuous narrative while at the same time indicating the source for each section (London, 1938).
1714:
Secondo volume delle Navigationi et Viaggi nel quale si contengono l'Historia delle cose de' Tartari, et diuversi fatti de loro Imperatori, descritta da M. Marco Polo, Gentilhuomo di Venezia...
1014:. None of them however reached China itself. Later travelers such as Odoric of Pordenone and Giovanni de' Marignolli reached China during the Yuan dynasty and wrote accounts of their travels.
1101:
1432:
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lost. A total of about 150 copies in various languages are known to exist. During copying and translating many errors were made, so there are many differences between the various copies.
707:. This version contains about 300 small curious additional facts about religion and ethnography in the Far East. Experts wondered whether these additions were from Marco Polo himself.
585:
391:
Rustichello had written several years earlier, and the account of the second meeting between Polo and Kublai Khan at the latter's court is almost the same as that of the arrival of
1248:"Il secondo fu che Marco e i suoi usassero, pare, per distinguersi da altri Polo veneziani, il nome di Emilione, che è l' origine prosaica del titolo che si è imposto: Il Milione."
1402:
2003:
1680:
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and size of the paper, the use of seals, the various denominations of paper money as well as variations in currency usage in different regions of China, such as the use of
245:
in recent times. Some have questioned whether Marco had actually traveled to China or was just repeating stories that he had heard from other travelers. Economic historian
781:, translated by John A. Scott (Berkeley: University of California) 1960; it had its origins in the celebrations of the seven hundredth anniversary of Marco Polo's birth.
677:. It is found in the Italian National Library in Florence. Other early important sources are the manuscript "R" (Ramusio's Italian translation first printed in 1559).
314:(south China). The Polo party left Venice in 1271. The journey took three years after which they arrived in Cathay as it was then called and met the grandson of
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appropriated the accounts of his father and uncle or other travelers, or doubted that he even reached China and that, if he did, perhaps never went beyond
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1967:
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416:
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The first attempt to collate manuscripts and provide a critical edition was in a volume of collected travel narratives printed at Venice in 1559.
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318:, Kublai Khan. They left China in late 1290 or early 1291 and were back in Venice in 1295. The tradition is that Polo dictated the book to a
2724:
1549:
1025:
wrote an account of journeys in the East, but this was probably based on second-hand information and contains much apocryphal information.
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Apparently, from the very beginning Marco's story aroused contrasting reactions, as it was received by some with a certain disbelief. The
2503:
1398:
2011:
1676:
1494:"1274: Promulgation of a Crusade, in liaison with the Mongols", Jean Richard, "Histoire des Croisades", p.502/French, p. 487/English
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The editor, Giovan Battista Ramusio, collated manuscripts from the first part of the fourteenth century, which he considered to be "
298:
Modern assessments of the text usually consider it to be the record of an observant rather than imaginative or analytical traveler.
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1632:
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between 1298 and 1299. Rustichello may have worked up his first Franco-Italian version from Marco's notes. The book was then named
17:
1142:
737:(Florence: Olschki, 1928), collated sixty additional manuscript sources, in addition to some eighty that had been collected by
1702:
Giovanni Michele, 1696 Galleria de'Sommi Pontefici, patriarchi, arcivescovi, e vescovi dell'ordine de'Predicatori, vol.2, p. 5
1454:
Giovanni Michele, 1696 Galleria de'Sommi Pontefici, patriarchi, arcivescovi, e vescovi dell'ordine de'Predicatori, vol.2, p. 5
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of the book. He also relates that before dying, Marco Polo insisted that "he had told only a half of the things he had seen".
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writer Rustichello da Pisa, who worked from accounts which he had heard from Marco Polo when they were imprisoned together in
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MARCO POLO E IL LIBRO DELLE MERAVIGLIE – Dialogo in tre tempi del giornalista Qualunquelli Junior e dell'astrologo Barbaverde
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and some of the regions of the far north, like Russia. Polo's writings included descriptions of cannibals and spice-growers.
745:, and his established text has provided the basis for many modern translations: his own in Italian (1932), and Aldo Ricci's
940:
1720:
reports the recovery of a 1795 copy of the Ghisi manuscript, clarifying many obscure passages in Ramusio's printed text.
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2833:
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772:
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however argued that many of the "omissions" could be explained. For example, none of the other Western travelers to
306:
and the dynasty that he served for two decades. The book is Polo's account of his travels to China, which he calls
2767:
588:, there are six main versions of the book: the version closest to the original, in Franco-Venetian; a version in
1097:
498:
1468:(New York: Routledge 2014), especially pp. 167-196. B. Roberg, "Die Tartaren auf dem 2. Konzil von Lyon 1274",
1277:, p. 51), reporting that Polo's Chinese companions were recorded as preparing to leave in September 1290.
994:
Although Marco Polo was certainly the most famous, he was not the only nor the first European traveler to the
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1977:
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East Meets West in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Times: Transcultural Experiences in the Premodern World
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741:, for his 1871 edition. It was Benedetto who identified Rustichello da Pisa, as the original compiler or
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189:
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2192:
2188:
2180:
2145:
1521:
1165:"Fragment of Marco Polo's Il Milione in Franco-Venetian language, University of Padua RIAlFrI Project"
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181:. It describes Polo's travels through Asia between 1271 and 1295, and his experiences at the court of
2828:
2640:
2520:
2141:
2137:
1399:"UniVenews, 18.11.2019, "Un nuovo tassello della vita di Marco Polo: inedito ritrovato all'Archivio""
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1972:
1613:
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Maria Bellonci, "Nota introduttiva", Il Milione di Marco Polo, Milano, Oscar Mondadori, 2003, p. XI
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of his experiences. Earlier thirteenth-century European travelers who journeyed to the court of the
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had been built there. His claim is confirmed by a Chinese text of the 14th century explaining how a
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From the beginning, there has been incredulity over Polo's sometimes fabulous stories, as well as a
2838:
2818:
1314:
Maria Bellonci, "Nota introduttiva", Il Milione di Marco Polo, Milano, Oscar Mondadori, 2003, p. XI
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50:
1766:
939:
and historian Hans Ulrich Vogel released a detailed analysis of Polo's description of currencies,
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during the second half of the 13th century. Nestorian Christianity had existed in China since the
2732:
2033:
1749:"The most noble and famous travels of Marco Polo, together with the travels of Nicoláo de' Conti"
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Google map link with Polo's Travels Mapped out (follows the Yule version of the original work)
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1893:
1007:
703:
Another Latin version called "Z" is conserved only by one manuscript, which is to be found in
2813:
1517:
625:
167:'The Million', possibly derived from Polo's nickname "Emilione"), in English commonly called
200:, a literary language widespread in northern Italy between the subalpine belt and the lower
2798:
2497:
978:
760:, based on Santaella's Castilian translation of 1503 (the first version in that language).
569:
2708:
242:
8:
2823:
2182:
The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian, Concerning the Kingdoms and Marvels of the East
871:
841:
817:
421:
323:
174:
164:
67:
35:
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Cruse, Mark (2015). "Marco Polo in Manuscript: The Travels of the Devisement du monde".
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Marco Polo's Asia: An Introduction to His "Description of the World" Called "Il Milione"
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1629:
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Marco Polo's Asia: An Introduction to His "Description of the World" Called "Il Milione"
223:
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The version in Venetian dialect is full of mistakes and is not considered trustworthy.
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Many of the details in Polo's accounts have been verified. For example, when visiting
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The exhibition in Venice celebrating the seven hundredth anniversary of Polo's birth
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the east coast of Africa. Book Four describes some of the then-recent wars among the
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311:
101:
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The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol III: The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Periods
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2688:
2659:
2612:
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2244:
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structure built some two centuries after Marco Polo's travels. The Muslim traveler
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was delayed: the first map in which some names mentioned by Polo appear was in the
442:
231:
227:
152:
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2118:
1793:
1701:
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Medieval Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Myths, Legends, Tales, Beliefs, and Customs
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and China subsequently in the early-to-mid-14th century. The 14th-century author
922:
613:
413:
376:
366:
197:
91:
1843:
Haeger, John W. (1978). "Marco Polo in China? Problems with Internal Evidence".
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Asia and given in such accounts. For example, Odoric of Pordenone said that the
266:
2692:
2340:, Routledge Studies in the Early History of Asia, London; New York: Routledge,
1429:"Natalis Alexandre, 1699, Apologia de'padri domenicani missionarii della China"
1011:
829:
601:
446:
235:
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2603:
Herriott, Homer (October 1937). "The 'Lost' Toledo Manuscript of Marco Polo".
2428:
2319:
Marco Polo's 'Le Devisement du Monde'. Narrative Voice, Language and Diversity
1677:"Iter Marci Pauli Veneti ex Italico Latine versum, von Franciscus Pippinus OP"
1592:
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A heavily annotated copy of Polo's book was among the belongings of Columbus.
2792:
2700:
2534:
2446:
1368:
995:
753:
704:
542:
529:
357:
2102:
2185:, vol. 1, translated by Henry Yule (3rd ed.), London: John Murray
2004:"Marco Polo Did Go to China, New Research Shows (and the History of Paper)"
1794:"Marco Polo Was in China: New Evidence from Currencies, Salts and Revenues"
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910:
902:
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845:
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to "emperors and kings, dukes and marquises" was lifted straight out of an
315:
2553:
Chih-chiu, Yang; Yung-chi, Ho (September 1945). "Marco Polo Quits China".
2383:
2456:
Marco Polo Was in China: New Evidence from Currencies, Salts and Revenues
2378:, translated by John A. Scott, Berkeley: University of California Press,
2314:
945:
918:
862:
849:
813:
533:(1375), which included thirty names in China and a number of other Asian
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182:
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486:
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is debated. One view is it comes from the Polo family's use of the name
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A. C. Moule and Paul Pelliot published a translation under the title
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31:
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2582:
Emmerick, R. E. (2003), "Iranian Settlement East of the Pamirs", in
2566:
1650:
2783:
2538:
2411:, Fundamentals of Medieval and Early Modern Culture, vol. 14,
2401:, and the Medieval Imagination, or the Impact of Genre on European
1616:
MS. français 1116. For details, see, A. C. Moule and Paul Pelliot,
1372:
1139:"Repertorio informatizzato dell'antica letteratura franco-italiana"
936:
926:
906:
670:
2496:
1816:(London: Secker & Warburg; Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 1995).
1507:, Tullia Leporini Gasparace, curator, Venice 1955. (unverifiable)
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between the 13th and 15th centuries. It was originally known as
2416:
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Francesco Pipino and the manuscripts of Marco Polo's 'Travels'
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The Travels of Marco Polo. (Yule-Cordier translation) Volume 2
2154:
The Travels of Marco Polo. (Yule-Cordier translation) Volume 1
1356:
Francesco Pipino and the manuscripts of Marco Polo's 'Travels'
1384:
1382:
646:
This version counts 18 manuscripts, whose most famous is the
327:
193:
2338:
Marco Polo's China: A Venetian in the Realm of Khubilai Khan
1121:
1119:
752:
The first English translation is the Elizabethan version by
1968:"Marco Polo was not a swindler – he really did go to China"
1010:, William of Rubruck and Giovanni da Pian del Carpine with
537:. In the mid-fifteenth century the cartographer of Murano,
2251:— (2019). Blanchard, JoĂ«l; Quereuil, Michel (eds.).
2034:"Marco Polo was not a swindler: He really did go to China"
1379:
1258:
Carl R. Lindahl; John McNamara; John Lindow, eds. (2000).
270:
The probable view of Marco Polo's own geography (drawn by
30:"The Travels" redirects here. For Ibn Battuta's work, see
2225:. Translated by Paul Smethurst. Barnes & Noble, Inc.
2206:. Translated by Ronald Latham. London: Penguin Classics.
1200:
1197:, Prefazione di Bertolucci Pizzorusso Valeria, pp. x–xxi.
1116:
1948:
1273:
The date usually given as 1292 was emended in a note by
1936:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1229:
1227:
1017:
The Moroccan merchant Ibn Battuta traveled through the
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translated into Latin for a precise will of the Order.
2652:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1755:. Translated by John Frampton (Second ed.). 1937.
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was a rare popular success in an era before printing.
302:
emerges as being curious and tolerant, and devoted to
1924:
1912:
1863:
1262:. Vol. I. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 368.
1224:
2123:. Translated by Hugh Murray. Harper & Brothers.
1826:
1824:
1822:
1564:
1526:. Chicago, USA: Field Columbian Museum. p. 115
1065:
861:river flows through the land of pygmies only three
725:" ("perfectly correct"). The edition of Benedetto,
454:. At the council, Pope Gregory X promulgated a new
2295:. Hong Kong: Odyssey Books & Guides. pp.
2288:
1729:"scritti gia piu di dugento anni (a mio giudico)."
1426:
1348:
1346:
1077:
777:An introduction to Marco Polo is Leonard Olschki,
541:, meticulously included all of Polo's toponyms in
2552:
1984:
1297:
1295:
1280:
1274:
1053:
987:City of Ayas visited by Marco Polo in 1271, from
889:, China, Marco Polo noted that a large number of
2790:
2253:Le devisement du monde: version franco-italienne
1819:
1212:
1098:"Library of Congress Subject Headings, Volume 2"
2134:, translated by Henry Yule, London: John Murray
1422:
1420:
1343:
758:The most noble and famous travels of Marco Polo
173:, is a 13th-century travelogue written down by
2507:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). pp. 7–11.
2276:(critical English translation, images, videos)
1976:. Alpha Galileo. 16 April 2012. Archived from
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
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1292:
663:A version in Tuscan (Italian language) titled
458:to start in 1278 in liaison with the Mongols.
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1041:
960:
954:
732:
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664:
607:
285:
157:
1767:"Marco Polo, Le Livre des merveilles p. 173"
1427:Alexandre, Natalis; Alexandre, Noël (1699).
1417:
1336:Latham, Ronald "Introduction" pp. 7–20 from
1323:Latham, Ronald "Introduction" pp. 7–20 from
1301:Latham, Ronald "Introduction" pp. 7–20 from
1133:
1131:
816:. In particular, his failure to mention the
784:
616:, which was a literary language which mixed
426:was the author of a translation into Latin,
337:
331:
211:
205:
2491:
2082:
1576:
1475:
1393:
1391:
695:
612:The oldest surviving Polo manuscript is in
427:
343:
2291:Silk Road: Monks, Warriors & Merchants
1546:"Marco Polo, Le Livre des merveilles p. 9"
1330:
49:
2357:Marco Polo and the Discovery of the World
1618:Marco Polo: The Description of the World
1128:
2602:
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2286:
2241:Marco Polo, The Description of the World
2131:The Book of Ser Marco Polo, the Venetian
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1954:
1942:
1887:
1885:
1717:
1505:L'Asia nella Cartographia dell'Occidente
1388:
1352:
1327:, London: Folio Society, 1958 pp. 11–12.
1189:^ Marco Polo, Il Milione, Adelphi 2001,
1095:
1071:
982:
788:
636:A version written in Old French, titled
631:
563:
560:French "Livre des merveilles" front page
555:
265:
257:
2722:
2639:
2373:
1960:
1895:Women and the Family in Chinese History
1570:
1083:
917:came to the capital Chang'an in 635 to
913:(618–907 AD) when a Persian monk named
874:and other waterways, and believed that
14:
2791:
2742:"Finalmente Torna Il favoloso milione"
2390:
2354:
1842:
1836:
1738:"Rusticien" in the French manuscripts.
1683:from the original on 27 September 2021
1516:
1206:
1104:from the original on 28 September 2021
734:Comitato Geografico Nazionale Italiano
680:
551:
351:
177:from stories told by Italian explorer
34:. For the album by Molly Nilsson, see
2739:
2678:
2527:University of California, Los Angeles
2453:
2313:
2090:The Travels of Marco Polo, a Venetian
1990:
1891:
1882:
1435:from the original on 22 November 2022
1361:University of California, Los Angeles
1286:
1245:
1233:
921:, as described in a dual Chinese and
572:on the Latin edition of Marco Polo's
2472:
2359:, New Haven: Yale University Press,
2321:, Gallica, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer,
2250:
2247:. Indianapolis: Hackett Press, 2016.
2220:
2201:
2178:
2127:
2116:
1892:Ebrey, Patricia (2 September 2003).
1791:
1648:
1552:from the original on 22 January 2021
1340:, London: Folio Society, 1958 p. 12.
1305:, London: Folio Society, 1958 p. 11.
1218:
1145:from the original on 21 October 2019
1059:
711:
688:
658:
584:According to the French philologist
481:
2740:Sofri, Adriano (28 December 2001).
2495:; Beazley, Charles Raymond (1911).
2335:
1930:
1918:
1876:
1830:
1773:from the original on 1 October 2021
1594:Philippe Menard Marco Polo 15 11 07
1466:The Mongols and the West: 1221-1410
959:) in Yangzhou or merely "sojourn" (
24:
2555:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
2048:
968:
925:inscription from Chang'an (modern
44:Book of the Travels of Marco Polo
25:
2860:
2761:
2519:Dutschke, Consuelo Wager (1993).
2058:Delle meravigliose cose del mondo
1845:Bulletin of Sung and YĂĽan Studies
1523:The Authentic Letters of Columbus
1405:from the original on 13 July 2020
1353:Dutschke, Consuelo Wager (1993).
1171:from the original on 8 April 2020
2772:
2108:
1050:, Milano, Mondadori, 1954, p.26)
666:Navigazione di messer Marco Polo
485:
234:, and two different versions in
148:Book of the Marvels of the World
2844:History books about exploration
2026:
1996:
1804:
1785:
1759:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1706:
1695:
1669:
1642:
1623:
1607:
1538:
1510:
1497:
1488:
1470:Annuarium historiae conciliarum
1458:
1447:
1317:
1308:
1267:
1251:
1239:
2645:"Marco Polo and his 'Travels'"
2590:, Cambridge University Press,
2407:, in Classen, Albrecht (ed.),
2010:. 31 July 2013. Archived from
1275:Chih-chiu & Yung-chi (1945
1183:
1157:
1089:
1035:
694:One of the early manuscripts,
339:Livres des Merveilles du Monde
82:Livres des Merveilles du Monde
13:
1:
2723:Kellogg, Patricia B. (2001).
2596:10.1017/CHOL9780521200929.009
2274:Engineering Historical Memory
1534:– via Internet Archive.
1096:Congress, Library of (1993).
731:, under the patronage of the
523:The impact of Polo's book on
207:Livre des Merveilles du Monde
113:
2072:The description of the world
1028:
905:there in addition to one in
903:Nestorian Christian churches
836:China at that time, such as
801:Giovanni da Pian del Carpine
600:; two different versions in
7:
2782:public domain audiobook at
2477:. Boulder: Westview Press.
2475:Did Marco Polo Go to China?
2454:Vogel, Hans Ulrich (2013),
2074:(Moule-Pelliot translation)
1813:Did Marco Polo Go to China?
1651:"The Travels of Marco Polo"
1485:(Paris: Fayard 1996), p.465
975:Europeans in Medieval China
461:
408:Role of the Dominican Order
10:
2865:
2717:Newspaper and web articles
2709:10.13110/narrcult.2.2.0171
2693:10.13110/narrcult.2.2.0171
2374:Olschki, Leonardo (1960),
2255:. Genève: Librairie Droz.
1898:. Routledge. p. 196.
998:who subsequently wrote an
972:
608:Version in Franco-Venetian
530:Catalan Atlas of Charles V
277:
253:
196:. Rustichello wrote it in
29:
2849:History books about India
2834:Italian non-fiction books
2779:The Travels of Marco Polo
2664:10.1017/S0041977X00015779
2458:, Leiden; Boston: Brill,
2429:10.1515/9783110321517.595
2391:Taylor, Scott L. (2013),
2270:The Travels of Marco Polo
2223:The Travels of Marco Polo
2120:The Travels of Marco Polo
1338:The Travels of Marco Polo
1325:The Travels of Marco Polo
1303:The Travels of Marco Polo
929:) dated to the year 781.
785:Authenticity and veracity
747:The Travels of Marco Polo
733:
543:his 1450 map of the world
477:
262:The route Polo describes.
170:The Travels of Marco Polo
132:
122:
107:
97:
87:
77:
63:
57:The Travels of Marco Polo
48:
2336:Haw, Stephen G. (2006),
1639:, in expositions.bnf.fr.
765:Description of the World
284:The source of the title
219:Description of the World
188:The book was written by
2504:Encyclopædia Britannica
2287:Boulnois, Luce (2005).
989:Le Livre des Merveilles
838:Giovanni de' Marignolli
812:, tea, chopsticks, and
697:Iter Marci Pauli Veneti
665:
642:(The Book of Marvels).
639:Le Livre des merveilles
638:
574:Le livre des merveilles
441:communications between
429:Iter Marci Pauli Veneti
280:Niccolò and Maffeo Polo
27:13th-century travelogue
18:Le Livre des Merveilles
2473:Wood, Francis (1996).
2061:
1973:University of TĂĽbingen
1614:Bibliothèque Nationale
1518:Curtis, William Eleroy
1483:Histoire des Croisades
1042:
991:
961:
955:
934:University of TĂĽbingen
897:named Mar-Sargis from
795:
728:Marco Polo, Il Milione
727:
722:perfettamente corretto
721:
696:
577:
561:
452:Second Council of Lyon
428:
344:
338:
332:
286:
275:
263:
212:
206:
158:
2355:Larner, John (1999),
2056:
1655:World Digital Library
1635:11 April 2022 at the
1620:(London, 1938), p.41.
986:
973:Further information:
792:
632:Version in Old French
626:Biblioteca Ambrosiana
568:Handwritten notes by
567:
559:
360:has pointed out that
326:, while in prison in
278:Further information:
269:
261:
2423:, pp. 595–610,
1649:Polo, Marco (1350).
979:John of Montecorvino
878:was made from coal.
570:Christopher Columbus
369:. Rustichello wrote
356:The British scholar
345:De Mirabilibus Mundi
2809:Medieval literature
2735:on 5 February 2008.
2729:National Geographic
2498:"Polo, Marco"
2395:Merveilles du Monde
1209:, pp. 595–596.
1008:André de Longjumeau
842:Odoric of Pordenone
818:Great Wall of China
756:published in 1579,
681:Version in Venetian
552:Subsequent versions
385:The Book of Marvels
372:Devisement du Monde
362:The Book of Marvels
352:Role of Rustichello
333:Devisement du Monde
324:Rustichello da Pisa
213:Devisement du Monde
175:Rustichello da Pisa
78:Original title
68:Rustichello da Pisa
45:
36:The Travels (album)
2804:Italian literature
2397:: Marco Millioni,
2062:
2014:on 4 February 2017
1798:Reviews in History
1630:Scansione Fr. 2810
1472:5 (1973), 241-302.
1046:(Ranieri Allulli,
992:
891:Christian churches
810:Chinese characters
805:William of Rubruck
796:
596:; two versions in
578:
562:
497:. You can help by
310:(north China) and
276:
264:
230:, two versions in
127:Republic of Venice
43:
2681:Narrative Culture
2484:978-0-8133-8998-1
2465:978-90-04-23193-1
2438:978-3-11-032878-3
2328:978-1-8438-4352-8
2262:978-2-6000-5900-8
2213:978-0-14-044057-7
2173:Project Gutenberg
2159:Project Gutenberg
1933:, pp. 66–67.
1921:, pp. 53–56.
1905:978-1-134-44293-5
1879:, pp. 52–57.
712:Critical editions
689:Versions in Latin
659:Version in Tuscan
650:. Famous for its
622:Venetian language
515:
514:
389:Arthurian romance
144:
143:
123:Publication place
102:Travel literature
16:(Redirected from
2856:
2829:Books about Asia
2776:
2775:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2736:
2731:. Archived from
2712:
2675:
2649:
2636:
2598:
2584:Yarshater, Ehsan
2578:
2547:Journal articles
2542:
2508:
2500:
2488:
2468:
2449:
2386:
2369:
2350:
2331:
2310:
2294:
2266:
2245:Sharon Kinoshita
2243:. Translated by
2236:
2221:— (2005).
2217:
2202:— (1958).
2186:
2179:— (1903),
2175:
2161:
2135:
2128:— (1871),
2124:
2117:— (1845).
2113:
2112:
2106:
2085:Marsden, William
2078:Internet Archive
2042:
2041:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2008:The New Observer
2000:
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1988:
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958:
749:(London, 1931).
736:
735:
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724:
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668:
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510:
507:
489:
482:
443:Pope Innocent IV
431:
425:
417:Francesco Pipino
414:Dominican father
395:at the court of
347:
341:
335:
289:
243:scholarly debate
215:
209:
161:
118:
115:
109:Publication date
53:
46:
42:
21:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2858:
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2855:
2854:
2853:
2839:Geography books
2819:Prison writings
2789:
2788:
2773:
2764:
2751:
2749:
2725:"Did you Know?"
2647:
2617:10.2307/2849300
2567:10.2307/2717993
2485:
2466:
2439:
2367:
2348:
2329:
2307:
2281:General studies
2263:
2233:
2214:
2165:
2151:
2107:
2095:William Marsden
2051:
2049:Further reading
2046:
2045:
2032:
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2027:
2017:
2015:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1966:
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1961:
1957:, p. 274..
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1718:Herriott (1937)
1711:
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1686:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1657:(in Old French)
1647:
1643:
1637:Wayback Machine
1628:
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1023:John Mandeville
981:
971:
969:Other travelers
941:salt production
923:Syriac language
787:
714:
691:
683:
675:Michele Ormanni
669:was written in
661:
634:
614:Franco-Venetian
610:
592:; a version in
586:Philippe MĂ©nard
554:
511:
505:
502:
495:needs expansion
480:
464:
419:
410:
377:Franco-Venetian
367:Genova Republic
354:
342:in French, and
282:
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198:Franco-Venetian
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92:Franco-Venetian
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2762:External links
2760:
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2687:(2): 171–189.
2676:
2641:Jackson, Peter
2637:
2611:(1): 456–463.
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1983:
1980:on 3 May 2012.
1959:
1947:
1945:, p. 275.
1935:
1923:
1911:
1904:
1881:
1862:
1835:
1818:
1810:Frances Wood,
1803:
1784:
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1712:Its title was
1705:
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2038:Science Daily
2035:
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1955:Emmerick 2003
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1943:Emmerick 2003
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1851:(14): 22–30.
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1195:88-459-1032-6
1192:
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1120:
1103:
1099:
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1080:
1073:
1072:Boulnois 2005
1068:
1062:, p. 15.
1061:
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1038:
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1024:
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996:Mongol Empire
990:
985:
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932:In 2012, the
930:
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773:4-87187-308-0
770:
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754:John Frampton
750:
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706:
705:Toledo, Spain
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648:Code Fr. 2810
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493:This section
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358:Ronald Latham
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135:Dewey Decimal
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100:
96:
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76:
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69:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2814:Travel books
2778:
2750:. Retrieved
2748:(in Italian)
2745:
2733:the original
2728:
2716:
2715:
2684:
2680:
2655:
2651:
2608:
2604:
2587:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2537:– via
2521:
2512:
2511:
2502:
2474:
2455:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2375:
2356:
2337:
2318:
2315:Gaunt, Simon
2290:
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2240:
2222:
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2181:
2166:
2152:
2130:
2119:
2089:
2071:
2065:Translations
2064:
2063:
2057:
2037:
2028:
2016:. Retrieved
2012:the original
2007:
1998:
1986:
1978:the original
1971:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1914:
1894:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1833:, p. 1.
1811:
1806:
1797:
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1713:
1708:
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1654:
1644:
1625:
1617:
1609:
1598:, retrieved
1593:
1571:Kellogg 2001
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1540:
1528:. Retrieved
1522:
1512:
1504:
1499:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1449:
1437:. Retrieved
1407:. Retrieved
1371:– via
1355:
1337:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1310:
1302:
1282:
1269:
1259:
1253:
1246:Sofri (2001)
1241:
1214:
1202:
1185:
1173:. Retrieved
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1106:. Retrieved
1091:
1084:Jackson 1998
1079:
1067:
1055:
1047:
1037:
1019:Golden Horde
1016:
993:
988:
946:cowry shells
931:
911:Tang dynasty
901:founded six
880:
868:Yellow River
855:
834:Yuan dynasty
827:
797:
778:
776:
764:
762:
757:
751:
746:
718:
715:
684:
662:
635:
611:
583:
579:
573:
547:
528:
522:
517:
516:
506:October 2023
503:
499:adding to it
494:
466:
465:
439:
435:
411:
384:
381:
370:
361:
355:
316:Genghis Khan
297:
291:
283:
240:
218:
217:
187:
169:
168:
156:
147:
146:
145:
81:
56:
40:
2799:1290s books
2752:27 February
2493:Yule, Henry
2204:The Travels
1777:27 November
1753:archive.org
1687:27 November
1661:25 November
1439:27 November
1409:27 November
1207:Taylor 2013
1149:20 December
919:proselytize
872:Grand Canal
850:Ibn Battuta
825:(Beijing).
814:footbinding
525:cartography
518:The Travels
467:The Travels
420: [
397:King Arthur
304:Kublai Khan
183:Kublai Khan
117: 1300
2824:Marco Polo
2793:Categories
2421:De Gruyter
2403:Curiositas
2164:— (1903),
2150:— (1903),
2018:31 October
1991:Vogel 2013
1792:Na Chang.
1600:13 October
1556:15 January
1287:Sofri 2001
1234:Vogel 2013
1004:Great Khan
951:Mark Elvin
937:sinologist
828:Historian
743:amanuensis
739:Henry Yule
652:miniatures
618:Old French
590:Old French
379:language.
348:in Latin.
300:Marco Polo
287:Il Milione
272:Henry Yule
250:witness."
247:Mark Elvin
224:Old French
179:Marco Polo
159:Il Milione
72:Marco Polo
55:A page of
2701:2169-0235
2672:159991305
2633:164177617
2561:(1): 51.
2535:494165759
2447:1864-3396
2399:Mirabilia
2239:- (2016)
2083:—;
1369:494165759
1219:Wood 1996
1108:8 January
1060:Polo 1958
1029:Footnotes
899:Samarkand
883:Zhenjiang
876:porcelain
870:with the
823:Khanbaliq
620:with the
539:Fra Mauro
32:The Rihla
2784:LibriVox
2643:(1998).
2605:Speculum
2539:ProQuest
2317:(2013),
2193:volume 2
2189:volume 1
2142:volume 2
2138:volume 1
2103:56484937
2087:(1818).
1931:Haw 2006
1919:Haw 2006
1877:Haw 2006
1857:23497510
1831:Haw 2006
1771:Archived
1681:Archived
1633:Archived
1550:Archived
1520:(1895).
1433:Archived
1403:Archived
1373:ProQuest
1264:ABC-CLIO
1175:29 April
1169:Archived
1143:Archived
1102:Archived
962:sejourna
956:seignora
907:Hangzhou
671:Florence
598:Venetian
535:toponyms
462:Contents
322:writer,
292:Emilione
274:, 1871).
232:Venetian
88:Language
2625:2849300
2586:(ed.),
2575:2717993
2297:311–335
1000:account
895:Sogdian
887:Jiangsu
859:Yangtze
472:Mongols
456:Crusade
401:Camelot
393:Tristan
375:in the
320:romance
254:History
190:romance
153:Italian
140:915.042
64:Authors
2707:
2699:
2670:
2631:
2623:
2573:
2533:
2481:
2462:
2445:
2435:
2417:Boston
2413:Berlin
2384:397577
2382:
2363:
2344:
2325:
2303:
2259:
2229:
2210:
2101:
2060:, 1496
1902:
1855:
1367:
1193:
915:Alopen
771:
594:Tuscan
478:Legacy
308:Cathay
228:Tuscan
2705:JSTOR
2668:S2CID
2648:(PDF)
2629:S2CID
2621:JSTOR
2571:JSTOR
2197:index
2146:index
1853:JSTOR
1530:8 May
1006:were
927:Xi'an
863:spans
602:Latin
424:]
328:Genoa
312:Manji
236:Latin
194:Genoa
98:Genre
2754:2019
2697:ISSN
2531:OCLC
2479:ISBN
2460:ISBN
2443:ISSN
2433:ISBN
2415:and
2380:OCLC
2361:ISBN
2342:ISBN
2323:ISBN
2301:ISBN
2272:. —
2257:ISBN
2227:ISBN
2208:ISBN
2099:OCLC
2020:2016
1900:ISBN
1779:2019
1689:2019
1663:2014
1602:2021
1558:2021
1532:2018
1441:2019
1411:2019
1365:OCLC
1191:ISBN
1177:2020
1151:2019
1110:2020
977:and
846:Ming
840:and
803:and
769:ISBN
445:and
336:and
165:lit.
70:and
2689:doi
2660:doi
2613:doi
2592:doi
2563:doi
2425:doi
2187:.
2171:at
2157:at
885:in
673:by
501:.
399:at
210:or
2795::
2744:.
2727:.
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2666:.
2656:61
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2609:12
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2093:.
2036:.
2006:.
1970:.
1884:^
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2105:.
2040:.
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1993:.
1908:.
1859:.
1800:.
1781:.
1691:.
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1443:.
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1289:.
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508:)
504:(
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