Lead - Knowledge

14718: 4215: 5030: 3511: 16733: 5688: 5591: 3078: 4355: 53: 3971: 4422: 4019: 5884: 4317: 4042: 3507:. A stable thallium-203 nucleus can capture a neutron and become thallium-204; this undergoes beta decay to give stable lead-204; on capturing another neutron, it becomes lead-205, which has a half-life of around 17 million years. Further captures result in lead-206, lead-207, and lead-208. On capturing another neutron, lead-208 becomes lead-209, which quickly decays into bismuth-209. On capturing another neutron, bismuth-209 becomes bismuth-210, and this beta decays to polonium-210, which alpha decays to lead-206. The cycle hence ends at lead-206, lead-207, lead-208, and bismuth-209. 4491: 3203: 2932: 2705: 4332:. This was the first time during which lead production rates exceeded those of Rome. Britain was the leading producer, losing this status by the mid-19th century with the depletion of its mines and the development of lead mining in Germany, Spain, and the United States. By 1900, the United States was the leader in global lead production, and other non-European nations—Canada, Mexico, and Australia—had begun significant production; production outside Europe exceeded that within. A great share of the demand for lead came from plumbing and painting— 4507: 11008: 2632:. Their isotopic concentrations in a natural rock sample depends greatly on the presence of these three parent uranium and thorium isotopes. For example, the relative abundance of lead-208 can range from 52% in normal samples to 90% in thorium ores; for this reason, the standard atomic weight of lead is given to only one decimal place. As time passes, the ratio of lead-206 and lead-207 to lead-204 increases, since the former two are supplemented by radioactive decay of heavier elements while the latter is not; this allows for 3673: 3826: 5344: 5761:, the use of lead in plastics has not been banned as of 2024. Lead softens the plastic and makes it more flexible so that it can go back to its original shape. Habitual chewing on colored plastic insulation from stripped electrical wires was found to cause elevated lead levels in a 46-year-old man. Lead may be used in plastic toys to stabilize molecules from heat. Lead dust can be formed when plastic is exposed to sunlight, air, and detergents that break down the chemical bond between the lead and plastics. 5176: 1508: 1452: 2648: 5349: 4747: 4523: 5804: 17738: 4699: 5464: 4715: 4951: 2844: 2027: 4667: 3554:. The neutron flux involved may be on the order of 10 neutrons per square centimeter per second. The r-process does not form as much lead as the s-process. It tends to stop once neutron-rich nuclei reach 126 neutrons. At this point, the neutrons are arranged in complete shells in the atomic nucleus, and it becomes harder to energetically accommodate more of them. When the neutron flux subsides, these nuclei beta decay into stable isotopes of 4731: 4603: 5166: 4635: 4555: 4651: 4539: 4619: 4683: 4571: 4587: 13870: 4268:, and lead dust was commonly inhaled by print workers, causing lead poisoning. Lead also became the chief material for making bullets for firearms: it was cheap, less damaging to iron gun barrels, had a higher density (which allowed for better retention of velocity), and its lower melting point made the production of bullets easier as they could be made using a wood fire. Lead, in the form of 2439: 5467: 5629:. Early childhood exposure has been linked with an increased risk of sleep disturbances and excessive daytime drowsiness in later childhood. High blood levels are associated with delayed puberty in girls. The rise and fall in exposure to airborne lead from the combustion of tetraethyl lead in gasoline during the 20th century has been linked with historical increases and 5820:

operations designed to extract cheap lead used for global manufacturing have become a well documented source of exposure. Elevated concentrations of lead persist in soils and sediments in post-industrial and urban areas; industrial emissions, including those arising from coal burning, continue in many parts of the world, particularly in the developing countries.

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mandatory factory inspections in 1878 and appointed the first Medical Inspector of Factories in 1898; as a result, a 25-fold decrease in lead poisoning incidents from 1900 to 1944 was reported. Most European countries banned lead paint—commonly used because of its opacity and water resistance—for interiors by 1930.

5124:. The lead in batteries undergoes no direct contact with humans, so there are fewer toxicity concerns. People who work in lead battery production or recycling plants may be exposed to lead dust and inhale it. The reactions in the battery between lead, lead dioxide, and sulfuric acid provide a reliable source of 6061:

tetrahedra of gray tin along their cubic axes. White tin effectively has a structure intermediate between the regular tetrahedral structure of gray tin, and the regular face centered cubic structure of lead, consistent with the general trend of increasing metallic character going down any representative group.

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Diamond cubic structures with lattice parameters around the lattice parameter of silicon exists both in thin lead and tin films, and in massive lead and tin, freshly solidified in vacuum of ~5 x 10 Torr. Experimental evidence for almost identical structures of at least three oxide types is presented,

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The extraction, production, use, and disposal of lead and its products have caused significant contamination of the Earth's soils and waters. Atmospheric emissions of lead were at their peak during the Industrial Revolution, and the leaded gasoline period in the second half of the twentieth century.

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There are two main ways of doing this: a two-stage process involving roasting followed by blast furnace extraction, carried out in separate vessels; or a direct process in which the extraction of the concentrate occurs in a single vessel. The latter has become the most common route, though the former

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The primary and secondary lead production processes are similar. Some primary production plants now supplement their operations with scrap lead, and this trend is likely to increase in the future. Given adequate techniques, lead obtained via secondary processes is indistinguishable from lead obtained

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There is a relatively large difference in the electronegativity of lead(II) at 1.87 and lead(IV) at 2.33. This difference marks the reversal in the trend of increasing stability of the +4 oxidation state going down the carbon group; tin, by comparison, has values of 1.80 in the +2 oxidation state and

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Lead waste, depending on the jurisdiction and the nature of the waste, may be treated as household waste (to facilitate lead abatement activities), or potentially hazardous waste requiring specialized treatment or storage. Lead is released into the environment in shooting places and a number of lead

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Lead may be found in food when food is grown in soil that is high in lead, airborne lead contaminates the crops, animals eat lead in their diet, or lead enters the food either from what it was stored or cooked in. Ingestion of lead paint and batteries is also a route of exposure for livestock, which

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Lead has been used for bullets since their invention in the Middle Ages. It is inexpensive; its low melting point means small arms ammunition and shotgun pellets can be cast with minimal technical equipment; and it is denser than other common metals, which allows for better retention of velocity. It

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being the world's largest producer during the mid-1970s and the 1980s, and China starting major lead production in the late 20th century. Unlike the European communist countries, China was largely unindustrialized by the mid-20th century; in 2004, China surpassed Australia as the largest producer of

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is slowly increasing as most heavier atoms (all of which are unstable) gradually decay to lead. The abundance of lead in the Solar System since its formation 4.5 billion years ago has increased by about 0.75%. The solar system abundances table shows that lead, despite its relatively high atomic

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anions, leading to a significant partial positive charge on lead. The result is a stronger contraction of the lead 6s orbital than is the case for the 6p orbital, making it rather inert in ionic compounds. The inert pair effect is less applicable to compounds in which lead forms covalent bonds with

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and glass, especially for red and yellow shades. While lead paints are phased out in Europe and North America, they remain in use in less developed countries such as China, India, or Indonesia. Lead tetraacetate and lead dioxide are used as oxidizing agents in organic chemistry. Lead is frequently

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incorporating lead–acid batteries have been installed in kilowatt and megawatt scale applications in Australia, Japan, and the United States in frequency regulation, solar smoothing and shifting, wind smoothing, and other applications. These batteries have lower energy density and charge-discharge

2904:β-PbO (yellow), the latter being stable only above around 488 °C. Litharge is the most commonly used inorganic compound of lead. There is no lead(II) hydroxide; increasing the pH of solutions of lead(II) salts leads to hydrolysis and condensation. Lead commonly reacts with heavier chalcogens. 2675:

of a few radioactive isotopes. One of them is lead-210; although it has a half-life of only 22.2 years, small quantities occur in nature because lead-210 is produced by a long decay series that starts with uranium-238 (that has been present for billions of years on Earth). Lead-211, −212, and −214

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An even number of either protons or neutrons generally increases the nuclear stability of isotopes, compared to isotopes with odd numbers. No elements with odd atomic numbers have more than two stable isotopes; even-numbered elements have multiple stable isotopes, with tin (element 50) having the

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to make it more yellow. This is believed to have started in the 1980s and continues as of 2019. It is believed to be one of the main sources of high lead levels in the country. In Hong Kong the maximum allowed lead level in food is 6 parts per million in solids and 1 part per million in

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Poisoning typically results from ingestion of food or water contaminated with lead, and less commonly after accidental ingestion of contaminated soil, dust, or lead-based paint. Seawater products can contain lead if affected by nearby industrial waters. Fruit and vegetables can be contaminated by

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Lead metal has several useful mechanical properties, including high density, low melting point, ductility, and relative inertness. Many metals are superior to lead in some of these aspects but are generally less common and more difficult to extract from parent ores. Lead's toxicity has led to its

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via primary processes. Scrap lead from the building trade is usually fairly clean and is re-melted without the need for smelting, though refining is sometimes needed. Secondary lead production is therefore cheaper, in terms of energy requirements, than is primary production, often by 50% or more.

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noted a third of his gout patients were plumbers and painters. The effects of chronic ingestion of lead, including mental disorders, were also studied in the 19th century. The first laws aimed at decreasing lead poisoning in factories were enacted during the 1870s and 1880s in the United Kingdom.

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Lead's high density, atomic number, and formability form the basis for use of lead as a barrier that absorbs sound, vibration, and radiation. Lead has no natural resonance frequencies; as a result, sheet-lead is used as a sound deadening layer in the walls, floors, and ceilings of sound studios.

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Further evidence of the threat that lead posed to humans was discovered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Mechanisms of harm were better understood, lead blindness was documented, and the element was phased out of public use in the United States and Europe. The United Kingdom introduced

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is over three and a half times lower than that of the C–C bond. With itself, lead can build metal–metal bonds of an order up to three. With carbon, lead forms organolead compounds similar to, but generally less stable than, typical organic compounds (due to the Pb–C bond being rather weak). This

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Ingestion of applied lead-based paint is the major source of exposure for children: a direct source is chewing on old painted window sills. Additionally, as lead paint on a surface deteriorates, it peels and is pulverized into dust. The dust then enters the body through hand-to-mouth contact or

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Lead has no confirmed biological role, and there is no confirmed safe level of lead exposure. A 2009 Canadian–American study concluded that even at levels that are considered to pose little to no risk, lead may cause "adverse mental health outcomes". Its prevalence in the human body—at an adult

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process is a more recent smelting method that may act as an extension to primary production; battery paste from spent lead–acid batteries (containing lead sulfate and lead oxides) has its sulfate removed by treating it with alkali, and is then treated in a coal-fueled furnace in the presence of

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As of 2014, production of lead is increasing worldwide due to its use in lead–acid batteries. There are two major categories of production: primary from mined ores, and secondary from scrap. In 2014, 4.58 million metric tons came from primary production and 5.64 million from secondary

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If the input is rich in lead, as much as 80% of the original lead can be obtained as bullion; the remaining 20% forms a slag rich in lead monoxide. For a low-grade feed, all of the lead can be oxidized to a high-lead slag. Metallic lead is further obtained from the high-lead (25–40%) slags via

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The tetrahedral allotrope of tin is called α- or gray tin and is stable only at or below 13.2 °C (55.8 °F). The stable form of tin above this temperature is called β- or white tin and has a distorted face centered cubic (tetragonal) structure which can be derived by compressing the

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Lead releases originate from natural sources (i.e., concentration of the naturally occurring lead), industrial production, incineration and recycling, and mobilization of previously buried lead. In particular, as lead has been phased out from other uses, in the Global South, lead recycling

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Some lead compounds exist in formal oxidation states other than +4 or +2. Lead(III) may be obtained, as an intermediate between lead(II) and lead(IV), in larger organolead complexes; this oxidation state is not stable, as both the lead(III) ion and the larger complexes containing it are

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for identifying the presence of the Pb ion in water generally rely on the precipitation of lead(II) chloride using dilute hydrochloric acid. As the chloride salt is sparingly soluble in water, in very dilute solutions the precipitation of lead(II) sulfide is instead achieved by bubbling

5610:. Several studies, mostly cross-sectional, found an association between increased lead exposure and decreased heart rate variability. In pregnant women, high levels of exposure to lead may cause miscarriage. Chronic, high-level exposure has been shown to reduce fertility in males. 4067:". Its ease of working, its low melting point enabling the easy fabrication of completely waterproof welded joints, and its resistance to corrosion ensured its widespread use in other applications, including pharmaceuticals, roofing, currency, warfare. Writers of the time, such as 5848:. These are among the most potent sources of lead contamination along with lead production sites. Lead was banned for shot and sinkers in the United States in 2017, although that ban was only effective for a month, and a similar ban is being considered in the European Union. 4434:

of 2010, the total amount of lead in use, stockpiled, discarded, or dissipated into the environment, on a global basis, is 8 kg per capita. Much of this is in more developed countries (20–150 kg per capita) rather than less developed ones (1–4 kg per capita).

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were in regular use. At this time, more (working class) people were exposed to the metal and lead poisoning cases escalated. This led to research into the effects of lead intake. Lead was proven to be more dangerous in its fume form than as a solid metal. Lead poisoning and

4855:). Once electrical potential is applied, impure lead at the anode dissolves and plates onto the cathode, leaving the majority of the impurities in solution. This is a high-cost process and thus mostly reserved for refining bullion containing high percentages of impurities. 3684:

World lead resources exceed two billion tons. Significant deposits are located in Australia, China, Ireland, Mexico, Peru, Portugal, Russia, United States. Global reserves—resources that are economically feasible to extract—totaled 88 million tons in 2016, of which

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and at high enough concentrations, negatively affecting plant growth and survival. Contamination of soils and plants can allow lead to ascend the food chain affecting microorganisms and animals. In animals, lead exhibits toxicity in many organs, damaging the nervous,

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sp orbitals. In lead, the inert pair effect increases the separation between its s- and p-orbitals, and the gap cannot be overcome by the energy that would be released by extra bonds following hybridization. Rather than having a diamond cubic structure, lead forms

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elements of similar electronegativity, such as carbon in organolead compounds. In these, the 6s and 6p orbitals remain similarly sized and sp hybridization is still energetically favorable. Lead, like carbon, is predominantly tetravalent in such compounds.

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Smelting, which is an essential part of the primary production, is often skipped during secondary production. It is only performed when metallic lead has undergone significant oxidation. The process is similar to that of primary production in either a

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are very efficiently absorbed by the body. A small amount of lead (1%) is stored in bones; the rest is excreted in urine and feces within a few weeks of exposure. Only about a third of lead is excreted by a child. Continual exposure may result in the

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As the original concentrate was not pure lead sulfide, roasting yields not only the desired lead(II) oxide, but a mixture of oxides, sulfates, and silicates of lead and of the other metals contained in the ore. This impure lead oxide is reduced in a

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By the mid-1980s, there was significant decline in the use of lead in industry. In the United States, environmental regulations reduced or eliminated the use of lead in non-battery products, including gasoline, paints, solders, and water systems.

3852:. At that time, lead had few (if any) applications due to its softness and dull appearance. The major reason for the spread of lead production was its association with silver, which may be obtained by burning galena (a common lead mineral). The 4939:

oxygen, which yields impure lead, with antimony the most common impurity. Refining of secondary lead is similar to that of primary lead; some refining processes may be skipped depending on the material recycled and its potential contamination.

5645:, are common in many countries. Lead enters the body via inhalation, ingestion, or skin absorption. Almost all inhaled lead is absorbed into the body; for ingestion, the rate is 20–70%, with children absorbing a higher percentage than adults. 3175:

ion, where two lead atoms are lead(−I) and three are lead(0). In such anions, each atom is at a polyhedral vertex and contributes two electrons to each covalent bond along an edge from their sp hybrid orbitals, the other two being an external

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of lead far less wide-ranging than that of tin. Lead predominantly forms organolead(IV) compounds, even when starting with inorganic lead(II) reactants; very few organolead(II) compounds are known. The most well-characterized exceptions are

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Pure lead has a bright, shiny gray appearance with a hint of blue. It tarnishes on contact with moist air and takes on a dull appearance, the hue of which depends on the prevailing conditions. Characteristic properties of lead include high

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in uranium ores. Lead-213 also occurs in the decay chain of neptunium-237. Lead-210 is particularly useful for helping to identify the ages of samples by measuring its ratio to lead-206 (both isotopes are present in a single decay chain).

5714:. "As a result of EPA's regulatory efforts, levels of lead in the air decreased by 86 percent between 2010 and 2020." The concentration of lead in the air in the United States fell below the national standard of 0.15 μg/m in 2014. 5538:

in many enzymatic reactions. The essential metals that lead interacts with include calcium, iron, and zinc. High levels of calcium and iron tend to provide some protection from lead poisoning; low levels cause increased susceptibility.

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Lead can accumulate in soils, especially those with a high organic content, where it remains for hundreds to thousands of years. Environmental lead can compete with other metals found in and on plant surfaces potentially inhibiting

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Lakshmi, P.M.; Jaison, S.; Muthukumar, T.; Muthukumar, M. (1 November 2013). "Assessment of metal accumulation capacity of Brachiaria ramosa collected from cement waste dumping area for the remediation of metal contaminated soil".

6994: 4828:, in which zinc is added to lead. Zinc, which is immiscible in lead, dissolves the silver and gold. The zinc solution can be separated from the lead, and the silver and gold retrieved. De-silvered lead is freed of bismuth by the 6177:, which means when there are no electrons available and lead is fully ionized with all 82 electrons removed it cannot decay. Fully ionized thallium-205, the isotope lead-205 would decay to, becomes unstable and can decay into a 15849: 4887:

Research on a cleaner, less energy-intensive lead extraction process continues; a major drawback is that either too much lead is lost as waste, or the alternatives result in a high sulfur content in the resulting lead metal.

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ranging from behavioral problems to brain damage, and also affects general health, cardiovascular, and renal systems. Lead's toxicity was first documented by ancient Greek and Roman writers, who noted some of the symptoms of

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is an important laboratory reagent for oxidation in organic synthesis. Tetraethyllead, once added to automotive gasoline, was produced in larger quantities than any other organometallic compound, and is still widely used in

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compounds. These compounds are relatively stable: tetraethyllead only starts to decompose if heated or if exposed to sunlight or ultraviolet light. With sodium metal, lead readily forms an equimolar alloy that reacts with

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Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022).

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Most lead ores contain a low percentage of lead (rich ores have a typical content of 3–8%) which must be concentrated for extraction. During initial processing, ores typically undergo crushing, dense-medium separation,

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increased lead levels in tap water but such an effect was "unlikely to have been truly harmful". When lead poisoning did occur, victims were called "saturnine", dark and cynical, after the ghoulish father of the gods,

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Primordial lead—which comprises the isotopes lead-204, lead-206, lead-207, and lead-208—was mostly created as a result of repetitive neutron capture processes occurring in stars. The two main modes of capture are the

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Bharara, M. S.; Atwood, D. A. (2006). "Lead: Inorganic ChemistryBased in part on the article Lead: Inorganic Chemistry by Philip G. Harrison which appeared in the Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition".

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to capture lead emissions. In 1992, U.S. Congress required the Environmental Protection Agency to reduce the blood lead levels of the country's children. Lead use was further curtailed by the European Union's 2003

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production. The top three producers of mined lead concentrate in that year were China, Australia, and United States. The top three producers of refined lead were China, United States, and India. According to the

12518: 5909:. A large drop in lead deposition occurred in the Netherlands after the 1993 national ban on use of lead shot for hunting and sport shooting: from 230 tonnes in 1990 to 47.5 tonnes in 1995. The usage of lead in 2676:

are present in the decay chains of uranium-235, thorium-232, and uranium-238, respectively, so traces of all three of these lead isotopes are found naturally. Minute traces of lead-209 arise from the very rare

12456: 9235: 4272:, was extensively used in cosmetics by Western European aristocracy as whitened faces were regarded as a sign of modesty. This practice later expanded to white wigs and eyeliners, and only faded out with the 5837:, and cardiovascular systems after ingestion, inhalation, or skin absorption. Fish uptake lead from both water and sediment; bioaccumulation in the food chain poses a hazard to fish, birds, and sea mammals. 17712: 5357: 4931:, with the essential difference being the greater variability of yields: blast furnaces produce hard lead (10% antimony) while reverberatory and rotary kiln furnaces produce semisoft lead (3–4% antimony). 3006:

Few inorganic lead(IV) compounds are known. They are only formed in highly oxidizing solutions and do not normally exist under standard conditions. Lead(II) oxide gives a mixed oxide on further oxidation,

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could be relatively easily cast from lead alloys. In 2014, the annual global production of lead was about ten million tonnes, over half of which was from recycling. Lead's high density, low melting point,

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is effective at absorbing lead ions from industrial waste before being released to water bodies. Several bacteria have been researched for their ability to remove lead from the environment, including the

5891:(northern France), highlighting lead shot. There are hundreds of lead pellets (a dozen is enough to kill an adult swan within a few days). Such bodies are sources of environmental contamination by lead. 10797: 12194:

Committee on Evaluation of EPA Guidelines for Exposure to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials; Commission on Life Sciences; Division on Earth and Life Studies; National Research Council (1999).

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coating of electrical cords. It can be used to treat candle wicks to ensure a longer, more even burn. Because of its toxicity, European and North American manufacturers use alternatives such as zinc.

5530:. Most ingested lead is absorbed into the bloodstream. The primary cause of its toxicity is its predilection for interfering with the proper functioning of enzymes. It does so by binding to the 19580: 5324: 3932:

Because silver was extensively used as a decorative material and an exchange medium, lead deposits came to be worked in Asia Minor from 3000 BC; later, lead deposits were developed in the

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In addition to being the main application for lead metal, lead–acid batteries are also the main consumer of lead compounds. The energy storage/release reaction used in these devices involves

17280: 2351:, which become significant in heavier atoms, which contract s and p orbitals such that lead's 6s electrons have larger binding energies than its 5s electrons. A consequence is the so-called 14477: 5606:-like abdominal pains, and possibly weakness in the fingers, wrists, or ankles. Small blood pressure increases, particularly in middle-aged and older people, may be apparent and can cause 15240: 15826: 5956:

management practices have been developed to counter the lead contamination. Lead migration can be enhanced in acidic soils; to counter that, it is advised soils be treated with lime to

4296:, fourteen years after its foundation. In Australia, the first mine opened by colonists on the continent was a lead mine, in 1841. In Africa, lead mining and smelting were known in the 4256:

which, by the separation, purification and balancing of its constituent essences, could be transformed to pure and incorruptible gold. During the period, lead was used increasingly for

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Lead tablets were commonly used as a material for letters. Lead coffins, cast in flat sand forms and with interchangeable motifs to suit the faith of the deceased, were used in ancient

4280:, a practice that continued long into the 20th century. The white faces of women "came to represent their feminine virtue as Japanese women", with lead commonly used in the whitener. 4034:. Lead was used to make sling bullets from the 5th century BC. In Roman times, lead sling bullets were amply used, and were effective at a distance of between 100 and 150 meters. The 3692:

Typical background concentrations of lead do not exceed 0.1 μg/m in the atmosphere; 100 mg/kg in soil; 4 mg/kg in vegetation, 5 μg/L in fresh water and seawater.

19565: 5468: 4393:, in 1991–1994, a study by the same institute showed the share of people with such high levels dropped to 2.2%. The main product made of lead by the end of the 20th century was the 2585:

With its high atomic number, lead is the heaviest element whose natural isotopes are regarded as stable; lead-208 is the heaviest stable nucleus. (This distinction formerly fell to

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being the only region having a significant output. The largest production of lead occurred in South Asia and East Asia, especially China and India, where lead mining grew rapidly.

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with a release of energy, but this has not been observed for any of them; their predicted half-lives range from 10 to 10 years (at least 10 times the current age of the universe).

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with mass numbers of 204, 206, 207, and 208, and traces of six short-lived radioisotopes with mass numbers 209–214 inclusive. The high number of isotopes is consistent with lead's

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In Europe, lead production began to increase in the 11th and 12th centuries, when it was again used for roofing and piping. Starting in the 13th century, lead was used to create

19570: 6164:(decays per second). For comparison, the activity value of natural radiation in the human body is around 65 becquerels per kilogram of body weight (4500 becquerels on average). 5076:, to improve machinability and for its lubricating qualities. Being practically insoluble in copper the lead forms solid globules in imperfections throughout the alloy, such as 4958:

Contrary to popular belief, pencil leads in wooden pencils have never been made from lead. When the pencil originated as a wrapped graphite writing tool, the particular type of

3991:, with an estimated annual output peaking at 80,000 tonnes. Like their predecessors, the Romans obtained lead mostly as a by-product of silver smelting. Lead mining occurred in 16821: 5015:

in sailboat keels; its density allows it to take up a small volume and minimize water resistance, thus counterbalancing the heeling effect of wind on the sails. It is used in

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In the 1970s, the United States and Western European countries introduced legislation to reduce lead air pollution. The impact was significant: while a study conducted by the

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Sharma, H. R.; Smerdon, J. A.; Nugent, P. J.; et al. (2014). "Crystalline and quasicrystalline allotropes of Pb formed on the fivefold surface of icosahedral Ag-In-Yb".

19625: 4194:), often together. Pliny incorrectly wrote that stibnite would give lead on heating, instead of antimony. In countries such as Turkey and India, the originally Persian name 15925:

Smirnov, A. Yu.; Borisevich, V. D.; Sulaberidze, A. (2012). "Evaluation of specific cost of obtainment of lead-208 isotope by gas centrifuges using various raw materials".

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This metal was by far the most used material in classical antiquity, and it is appropriate to refer to the (Roman) Lead Age. Lead was to the Romans what plastic is to us.

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Lead dihalides are well-characterized; this includes the diastatide and mixed halides, such as PbFCl. The relative insolubility of the latter forms a useful basis for the

2501:, at 12–17 MPa, is low (that of aluminium is 6 times higher, copper 10 times, and mild steel 15 times higher); it can be strengthened by adding small amounts of copper or 15436: 17371: 5795:). It has a greater affinity for lead than calcium, with the result that lead chelate is formed by exchange and excreted in the urine, leaving behind harmless calcium. 5526:

Lead is a highly poisonous metal (whether inhaled or swallowed), affecting almost every organ and system in the human body. At airborne levels of 100 mg/m, it is

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remains the main material for bullets, alloyed with other metals as hardeners. Concerns have been raised that lead bullets used for hunting can damage the environment.

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Lead is used in high voltage power cables as shell material to prevent water diffusion into insulation; this use is decreasing as lead is being phased out. Its use in

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structures in which some oxygen atoms are replaced by vacancies: PbO can be considered as having such a structure, with every alternate layer of oxygen atoms absent.

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may also be present in urban or maritime settings. This layer makes bulk lead effectively chemically inert in the air. Finely powdered lead, as with many metals, is

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Lead's close-packed face-centered cubic structure and high atomic weight result in a density of 11.34 g/cm, which is greater than that of common metals such as

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Claudio, Elizabeth S.; Godwin, Hilary Arnold; Magyar, John S. (2002). "Fundamental Coordination Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry, and Biochemistry of Lead(II)".

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de Marcillac, Pierre; Coron, Noël; Dambier, Gérard; et al. (2003). "Experimental detection of α-particles from the radioactive decay of natural bismuth".

16628: 5932:(such as that used for tubing and the insulation of electrical cords), and Chinese brass. Old houses may still contain lead paint. White lead paint has been 2582:

accurately predicts an especially stable nucleus. Lead-208 has 126 neutrons, another magic number, which may explain why lead-208 is extraordinarily stable.

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Nakashima, T.; Hayashi, H.; Tashiro, H.; et al. (1998). "Gender and hierarchical differences in lead-contaminated Japanese bone from the Edo period".

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is obtained directly from lead concentrates. The lead sulfide concentrate is melted in a furnace and oxidized, forming lead monoxide. Carbon (as coke or

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territorial expansion in Europe and across the Mediterranean, and its development of mining, led to it becoming the greatest producer of lead during the

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10 years. The second-most stable is lead-202, which has a half-life of about 52,500 years, longer than any of the natural trace radioisotopes.

16220: 14912: 17163: 11482: 11282: 6202:

Abundances in the source are listed relative to silicon rather than in per-particle notation. The sum of all elements per 10 parts of silicon is 2.6682

5924:

for lead in the workplace, comprising metallic lead, inorganic lead compounds, and lead soaps, was set at 50 μg/m over an 8-hour workday, and the

2806:, minor for germanium, important (but not prevailing) for tin, and is the more important of the two oxidation states for lead. This is attributable to 16213:

The Practice of Typography: A Treatise on the Processes of Type-making, the Point System, the Names, Sizes, Styles, and Prices of Plain Printing Types

14555:

Mosseri, S.; Henglein, A.; Janata, E. (1990). "Trivalent lead as an intermediate in the oxidation of lead(II) and the reduction of lead(IV) species".

10848: 3546:

In the r-process (r is for "rapid"), captures happen faster than nuclei can decay. This occurs in environments with a high neutron density, such as a

2692:

In total, 43 lead isotopes have been synthesized, with mass numbers 178–220. Lead-205 is the most stable radioisotope, with a half-life of around 1.70

17770: 17721: 10392: 5660:. Hard water forms insoluble protective layers on the inner surface of the pipes, whereas soft and acidic water dissolves the lead pipes. Dissolved 17284: 16583: 16562: 11108: 6099:

demonstrating that lead and tin behave like silicon not only in the initial stages of crystallization, but also in the initial stages of oxidation.

14536: 14149: 5283:, changing its optical characteristics and reducing the transmission of ionizing radiation, a property used in old TVs and computer monitors with 16436: 15475:

Roederer, I. U.; Kratz, K.-L.; Frebel, A.; et al. (2009). "The end of nucleosynthesis: Production of lead and thorium in the early galaxy".

14115: 5492: 1726: 17618:"Toxicologic and epidemiologic clues from the characterization of the 1952 London smog fine particulate matter in archival autopsy lung tissues" 13266:

Hauser, P. C. (2017). "Analytical Methods for the Determination of Lead in the Environment". In Astrid, S.; Helmut, S.; Sigel, R. K. O. (eds.).

16271: 16516: 4942:

Of the sources of lead for recycling, lead–acid batteries are the most important; lead pipe, sheet, and cable sheathing are also significant.

3063:(a yellow oil) decomposes at room temperature, lead tetrabromide is less stable still, and the existence of lead tetraiodide is questionable. 16756: 14826: 14025: 13918: 11247: 10357: 5906: 4264:

in 1498, but it continued to be imbibed and resulted in mass poisonings up to the late 18th century. Lead was a key material in parts of the

2061: 15006:

Peneva, S. K.; Djuneva, K. D.; Tsukeva, E. A. (1981). "RHEED study of the initial stages of crystallization and oxidation of lead and tin".

6077:

allotrope of lead, with pentagonal symmetry, was reported in 2013. The allotrope was obtained by depositing lead atoms on the surface of an

5726:

can subsequently affect humans. Milk produced by contaminated cattle can be diluted to a lower lead concentration and sold for consumption.

12910: 4133:. By association, lead was considered the father of all metals. Its status in Roman society was low as it was readily available and cheap. 3726:

above the "e" signifying that the vowel sound of that letter is long). The Old English word is derived from the hypothetical reconstructed

17420:

Zhang, X.; Yang, L.; Li, Y.; et al. (2012). "Impacts of lead/zinc mining and smelting on the environment and human health in China".

16584:"Regulatory Status of Waste Generated by Contractors and Residents from Lead-Based Paint Activities Conducted in Households (August 2000)" 11913: 5717:

Skin exposure may be significant for people working with organic lead compounds. The rate of skin absorption is lower for inorganic lead.

14485: 14361: 12219: 10160: 8348: 5026:

was stabilized with 600 tonnes of lead. Because of its corrosion resistance, lead is used as a protective sheath for underwater cables.

2745:

is similar but requires heating, as the resulting chloride layer diminishes the reactivity of the elements. Molten lead reacts with the

19575: 16654: 16617: 14478:"Next-generation ice core technology reveals true minimum natural levels of lead (Pb) in the atmosphere: Insights from the Black Death" 12019: 11858: 5758: 4843:

Alternatively to the pyrometallurgical processes, very pure lead can be obtained by processing smelted lead electrolytically using the

4386: 2332:. This is unusual; ionization energies generally fall going down a group, as an element's outer electrons become more distant from the 4460:. The resulting concentrate, which has a lead content of 30–80% by mass (regularly 50–60%), is then turned into (impure) lead metal. 4190:) means "tin". To add to the confusion, lead bore a close relation to antimony: both elements commonly occur as sulfides (galena and 3591: 15134: 13871:"Lead sling bullet; almond shape; a winged thunderbolt on one side and on the other, in high relief, the inscription DEXAI "Catch!"" 13363: 5749:

or both. They have urged the chocolate makers to reduce the level of lead which could be harmful, especially to a developing fetus.

5737:

Lead-containing dust can settle on drying cocoa beans when they are set outside near polluting industrial plants. In December 2022,

19073: 16763: 16402: 14855: 12735: 5649:

high levels of lead in the soils they were grown in. Soil can be contaminated through particulate accumulation from lead in pipes,

1680: 16382: 4214: 17716: 17422: 15987:

Stabenow, F.; Saak, W.; Weidenbruch, M. (2003). "Tris(triphenylplumbyl)plumbate: An anion with three stretched lead–lead bonds".

13319: 5527: 5509:

average of 120 mg—is nevertheless exceeded only by zinc (2500 mg) and iron (4000 mg) among the heavy metals. Lead

3736:('lead'). According to linguistic theory, this word bore descendants in multiple Germanic languages of exactly the same meaning. 3168: 2513: 2194:

is a principal ore of lead which often bears silver. Interest in silver helped initiate widespread extraction and use of lead in

1547: 10176:"Lead, zinc, and cadmium uptake, accumulation, and phytoremediation by plants growing around Tang-e Douzan lead–zinc mine, Iran" 16100: 5933: 3595: 2052: 13427: 17763: 17606: 17582: 17518: 17497: 17478: 17410: 17383: 17321: 17242: 17152: 17024: 17003: 16980: 16912: 16871: 16505: 16284: 16089: 16068: 15977: 15660: 15589: 15535: 15420: 15401: 15339: 15230: 15173: 15096: 15058: 14996: 14968: 14947: 14892: 14746: 14642: 14587: 14350: 14234: 14213: 14059: 13964: 13843: 13822: 13797: 13774: 13747: 13724: 13693: 13666: 13603: 13578: 13495: 13256: 13237: 13216: 13195: 13127: 13046: 12972: 12849: 12827: 12792: 12773: 12716: 12670: 12648: 12623: 12604: 12583: 12558: 12393: 12366: 12317: 12294: 12249: 12205: 12139: 12110: 12024: 12009: 11988: 11947: 11775: 11750: 11729: 11708: 11685: 11607: 11586: 11561: 11382: 11363: 11208: 11159: 11098: 9208: 6924: 6415: 5564: 5096:

are often made from a lead alloy, mixed with various amounts of tin to control the tone of each pipe. Lead is an established

4292:, lead production was recorded soon after the arrival of European settlers. The earliest record dates to 1621 in the English 4245: 4200:

came to refer to either antimony sulfide or lead sulfide, and in some languages, such as Russian, gave its name to antimony (

16414: 13656: 13332: 10072:

As a result of EPA's regulatory efforts, levels of lead in the air nationally decreased by 86 percent between 2010 and 2020.

4820:

with air, steam, sulfur, which oxidizes the impurities except for silver, gold, bismuth. Oxidized contaminants float to the

4812:

Impurities are mostly arsenic, antimony, bismuth, zinc, copper, silver, and gold. Typically they are removed in a series of

3575: 16536: 16458:"Comparison of sodium and lead-cooled fast reactors regarding reactor physics aspects, severe safety and economical issues" 15215:

Lead in Paint, Soil, and Dust: Health Risks, Exposure Studies, Control Measures, Measurement Methods, and Quality Assurance

14756:

Nriagu, J. O. (1983). "Saturnine gout among Roman aristocrats — Did lead poisoning contribute to the fall of the Empire?".

13052: 11177: 4908:, is a technique that may have potential, but is not currently economical except in cases where electricity is very cheap. 3586:, metallic form. Many lead minerals are relatively light and, over the course of the Earth's history, have remained in the 15847:

Sinha, S. P.; Shelly; Sharma, V.; et al. (1993). "Neurotoxic effects of lead exposure among printing press workers".

14838: 14758: 6003:

in its shoot and root tissues making it an important plant for remediation of contaminated soils (Lakshmi et al., 2013).

2278:

that accumulates in soft tissues and bones. It damages the nervous system and interferes with the function of biological

17102: 17065: 12070: 5684:

it contains, and the more the inside of the pipes are coated with a protective layer of lead carbonate or lead sulfate.

19615: 16702: 13514: 12797: 11531: 11036: 10407: 5940:

remain, especially in road pavement marking paint. Stripping old paint by sanding produces dust which can be inhaled.

5706:

Inhalation is the second major exposure pathway, affecting smokers and especially workers in lead-related occupations.

5547:

Lead can cause severe damage to the brain and kidneys and, ultimately, death. By mimicking calcium, lead can cross the

5029: 5011:

Lead's high density and resistance to corrosion have been exploited in a number of related applications. It is used as

3805:

The name of the chemical element is not related to the verb of the same spelling, which is derived from Proto-Germanic

3503:

In the s-process (s is for "slow"), captures are separated by years or decades, allowing less stable nuclei to undergo

16376:

Global demand for lead has more than doubled since the early 1990s and almost 90% of use is now in lead–acid batteries

14578:

Mycyk, M.; Hryhorczuk, D.; Amitai, Y.; et al. (2005). "Lead". In Erickson, T. B.; Ahrens, W. R.; Aks, S. (eds.).

11619:"Blood Lead Levels and Major Depressive Disorder, Panic Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in US Young Adults" 11020: 10670: 5084:

as the alloy is worked, thereby improving machinability. Copper alloys with larger concentrations of lead are used in

3027:

is a strong oxidizing agent, capable of oxidizing hydrochloric acid to chlorine gas. This is because the expected PbCl

2223:

make it useful. These properties, combined with its relative abundance and low cost, resulted in its extensive use in

149: 19620: 16885: 16260: 14678: 14298: 14250: 13980: 13637: 13292: 13024: 12865: 11848: 10154: 4328:

In the second half of the 18th century, Britain, and later continental Europe and the United States, experienced the

4116:

reported the health dangers of lead and modern writers have suggested that lead poisoning played a major role in the

2962:). The other dihalides decompose on exposure to ultraviolet or visible light, especially the diiodide. Many lead(II) 2865:. Lead(II) ions are usually colorless in solution, and partially hydrolyze to form Pb(OH) and finally (in which the 2593:, bismuth-209, was found in 2003 to decay very slowly.) The four stable isotopes of lead could theoretically undergo 1173: 95: 16922:

Webb, G. W.; Marsiglio, F.; Hirsch, J. E. (2015). "Superconductivity in the elements, alloys and simple compounds".

9708: 19600: 17756: 17722:

COVID-19 to reduce global lead production by 5,2% in 2020 (with a figure showing global lead production, 2010–2024)

14789: 14439: 13187: 13138: 12984: 12765: 12358: 5266:

Other applications of lead compounds are very specialized and often fading. Lead-based coloring agents are used in

4117: 3756:('lead'; capitalization of the vowel is equivalent to the macron). Another hypothesis suggests it is borrowed from 3320:. Other organolead compounds are less chemically stable. For many organic compounds, a lead analog does not exist. 2955: 2199: 1520: 15113: 14020: 5439: 3167:

Pb, with lead formally being lead(−IV), or in oxygen-sensitive ring-shaped or polyhedral cluster ions such as the

19595: 16644: 15888: 15765: 13389: 13165: 13117: 5792: 5642: 2644:, a property that has been used to study its compounds in solution and solid state, including in the human body. 13854: 13531:

New Study Finds Lead Levels in a Majority of Paints Exceed Chinese Regulation and Should Not be on Store Shelves

13344: 5928:

limit at 5 μg per 100 g of blood in 2012. Lead may still be found in harmful quantities in stoneware,

5875:). An important biomarker assay for lead poisoning is δ-aminolevulinic acid levels in plasma, serum, and urine. 13071: 12726: 11623: 7001:

Committee on Evaluation of EPA Guidelines for Exposure to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials et al. 1999

6124:

Malleability describes how easily it deforms under compression, whereas ductility means its ability to stretch.

5979: 4431: 4221:

was commonly depicted with a whitened face. Lead in face whiteners is thought to have contributed to her death.

2878: 2807: 2348: 1719: 1645: 16180:

Tétreault, J.; Sirois, J.; Stamatopoulou, E. (1998). "Studies of lead corrosion in acetic acid environments".

12636:

A History of Science in Society, Volume I: From the Ancient Greeks to the Scientific Revolution, Third Edition

11029: 6288:

For example, a firm "...producing quality garden ornament from our studio in West London for over a century".

5944:

programs have been mandated by some authorities in properties where young children live. The usage of lead in

4038:, used as mercenaries in Carthaginian and Roman armies, were famous for their shooting distance and accuracy. 3152:, can be obtained at high pressure, along with several non-stoichiometric phases. Many of them show defective 19610: 17261: 16227: 15804: 15301: 14925: 14557: 13183:

Lithium-ion Battery Materials and Engineering: Current Topics and Problems from the Manufacturing Perspective

11394: 10701: 5687: 4879:

submerged fuel combustion or injection, reduction assisted by an electric furnace, or a combination of both.

4153:, and 'cheap and cheerful' lead. However, the nomenclature in some languages is similar. Romans called lead 2768:; the outcome depends on insolubility and subsequent passivation of the product salt. Organic acids, such as 15277: 13158: 12328: 12197:

Evaluation of Guidelines for Exposures to Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials

4413:

lead. As was the case during European industrialization, lead has had a negative effect on health in China.

4276:

in the late 18th century. A similar fashion appeared in Japan in the 18th century with the emergence of the

19066: 17038: 16683: 16309:

Thürmer, K.; Williams, E.; Reutt-Robey, J. (2002). "Autocatalytic oxidation of lead crystallite surfaces".

12260: 11883: 11392:

Becker, M.; Förster, C.; Franzen, C.; et al. (2008). "Persistent radicals of trivalent tin and lead".

5672:. Drinking such water, over time, can cause health problems due to the toxicity of the dissolved lead. The 5405: 4378:, a practice that originated in the United States in 1921. It was phased out in the United States and the 3747: 3311:

compounds such as tetraethyllead. The oxidizing nature of many organolead compounds is usefully exploited:

3082: 2928:, are likewise photoconducting. They are unusual in that their color becomes lighter going down the group. 17: 17666: 9209:"Nontoxic Shot Regulations For Hunting Waterfowl and Coots in the U.S. | U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service" 5348: 15553: 14122: 13428:"Greenland ice evidence of hemispheric lead pollution two millennia ago by Greek and Roman civilizations" 12640: 11429: 11245:

Ashikari, M. (2003). "The memory of the women's white faces: Japaneseness and the ideal image of women".

11145: 10384: 6225: 6038: – instrumental in the banning of tetraethyllead in gasoline in the US and lead solder in food cans. 5700: 5641:

Lead exposure is a global issue since lead mining and smelting, and battery manufacturing, disposal, and

4917: 4829: 4449: 3865: 3605:(PbS), which is mostly found with zinc ores. Most other lead minerals are related to galena in some way; 16663: 13549:

Ismawati, Yuyun; Primanti, Andita; Brosché, Sara; Clark, Scott; Weinberg, Jack; Denney, Valerie (2013).

11881:

de Callataÿ, F. (2005). "The Graeco-Roman economy in the super long-run: Lead, copper, and shipwrecks".

10458: 9437: 5343: 19590: 17728: 17534: 17221: 14391: 13814: 12338: 11553: 11169: 6144: 6030: 5957: 5921: 5050: 5042: 4875:. The lead monoxide is thereby reduced to metallic lead, in the midst of a slag rich in lead monoxide. 4844: 4304:, where lead was used for trade with Europeans, and as a currency by the 17th century, well before the 4083:

added to wine and food. The lead conferred an agreeable taste due to the formation of "sugar of lead" (

3893: 3579: 2641: 2045: 1133: 16457: 16440: 14126: 2545: 2398:

in which only the p-electrons are delocalized and shared between the Pb ions. Lead consequently has a

17379: 17276: 17200: 16784: 16706: 15606: 15477: 15008: 14988: 14157: 11802: 10902: 5630: 4824:

and are skimmed off. Metallic silver and gold are removed and recovered economically by means of the

3909: 2652: 2498: 13550: 12699:

Eschnauer, H. R.; Stoeppler, M. (1992). "Wine—An enological specimen bank". In Stoeppler, M. (ed.).

6367: 2508:

The melting point of lead—at 327.5 °C (621.5 °F)—is very low compared to most metals. Its

1779: 19605: 17034: 16599: 16520: 16290: 16246: 15802:

Silverman, M. S. (1966). "High-pressure (70-k) synthesis of new crystalline lead dichalcogenides".

13739: 13614: 11200: 5901: 5109: 3308: 3247: 1252: 16422:

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry/Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine

14787:

Nriagu, J. O.; Kim, M-J. (2000). "Emissions of lead and zinc from candles with metal-core wicks".

12151: 5888: 3974:

Ancient Greek lead sling bullets with a winged thunderbolt molded on one side and the inscription

3680:

for its high atomic number (82). Most elements of atomic number greater than 40 are less abundant.

19164: 19059: 17349: 17331:

Yong, L.; Hoffmann, S. D.; Fässler, T. F. (2006). "A low-dimensional arrangement of clusters in

16182: 15989: 13595: 12286: 12121: 11767: 11578: 8334: 6035: 5868: 5548: 5535: 5105: 5046: 5019: 4125: 4031: 4023: 3970: 3727: 2656: 2637: 2432: 1570: 1113: 17667:"Assessing the mechanism of DNA damage induced by lead through direct and indirect interactions" 12680: 12512: 11024: 10707: 5080:. In low concentrations, as well as acting as a lubricant, the globules hinder the formation of 19224: 15432:"Lead poisoning: Historical aspects of a paradigmatic "occupational and environmental disease"" 13267: 13076: 12594: 12239: 11349: 6233: 5973: 5784: 5393: 4848: 4237: 3638: 2940: 2671:

Apart from the stable isotopes, which make up almost all lead that exists naturally, there are

2575: 2481:

of 1.5; it can be scratched with a fingernail. It is quite malleable and somewhat ductile. The

2313: 2097: 1794: 1140: 1125: 1101: 118: 17301: 17234: 17228: 16902: 16621: 15046: 13833: 12596:

The Chemistry of Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine and Astatine: Pergamon Texts in Inorganic Chemistry

11935: 11719: 9802: 7699: 5057:

and gutter joints, roof parapets. Lead is still used in statues and sculptures, including for

3590:

instead of sinking deeper into the Earth's interior. This accounts for lead's relatively high

2684:

of natural uranium-235, and the decay chain of neptunium-237, traces of which are produced by

1172: 16495: 15724: 15671: 14369: 14342: 13506: 12964: 12195: 11999: 11793: 11761: 11423:

Beeman, J. W.; Bellini, F.; Cardani, L.; et al. (2013). "New experimental limits on the

11016: 10890: 10739: 10144: 9976: 5389: 5371: 5336: 5023: 4817: 4776: 4329: 3834: 3757: 2549: 2390: 2283: 2203: 2136: 2038: 1655: 28: 14294:""Cater to the children": the role of the lead industry in a public health tragedy, 1900–55" 11572: 10306: 10084: 6178: 6160:

10 years. A kilogram of natural bismuth would have an activity value of approximately 0.003

2343:

The sum of the first four ionization energies of lead exceeds that of tin, contrary to what

19344: 19188: 17799: 17678: 17431: 17171: 16941: 16863:

CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: A Ready-reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data

16474: 16318: 16117: 16025: 15897: 15774: 15733: 15565: 15496: 15310: 15017: 14798: 14494: 14448: 14166: 13444: 13085: 12919: 12465: 12414: 12215: 12157: 11918: 11811: 11700: 11448: 11237: 11129: 11112: 10979: 10187: 9126: 6453: 6442:

CO (n=1–4): Reactions of lead atoms and small clusters with carbon monoxide in solid argon"

6215:

Elemental abundance figures are estimates and their details may vary from source to source.

6044: – foremost medical advocate for the use of tetraethyllead as an additive in gasoline. 5150: 5085: 5058: 5038: 4342: 4226: 3299: 2971: 2967: 2951: 2893: 2660: 2633: 2399: 2367: 2172: 1537: 1488: 1440: 10866: 6232:

was consul for the ninth term and the Emperor Titus was consul for the seventh term, when

5431: 4165:("bright lead"). The association of lead and tin can be seen in other languages: the word 4120:. Other researchers have criticized such claims, pointing out, for instance, that not all 2355:: the 6s electrons of lead become reluctant to participate in bonding, stabilising the +2 8: 19315: 16406: 15600: 15393: 15047:"Environmental Stewardship with Regional Perspectives and Drivers of the Lead-free Issue" 14627: 13371: 12575: 11862: 11840: 11224: 10721: 10433: 9819: 9817: 9790: 9443: 6297:

Potential injuries to regular users of such batteries are not related to lead's toxicity.

5860: 5677: 5134: 4305: 3988: 3841: 3197: 3106: 2795: 2579: 2403: 2187: 1665: 1262: 17682: 17435: 16945: 16478: 16322: 16250: 16121: 16029: 15901: 15778: 15737: 15613:

Scarborough, J. (1984). "The myth of lead poisoning among the Romans: An essay review".

15500: 15314: 15021: 14802: 14498: 14452: 14170: 13934: 13591:

Jedburgh Justice and Kentish Fire: The Origins of English in Ten Phrases and Expressions

13448: 13089: 12931: 12923: 12469: 12418: 11815: 11452: 10983: 10191: 6457: 4041: 3488:

number, is more prevalent than most other elements with atomic numbers greater than 40.

3077: 19540: 19503: 19386: 19323: 19302: 17642: 17617: 17589: 17553: 17455: 17188: 17043: 16957: 16931: 16843: 16816: 16806: 16779: 16342: 16199: 16041: 15944: 15874: 15512: 15508: 15486: 15458: 15431: 15247: 15165: 14982: 14700: 14673: 14616: 14523: 14320: 14293: 14272: 14245: 14190: 14097: 14070: 14002: 13975: 13874: 13766: 13643: 13468: 13414: 13406: 12940: 12905: 12887: 12860: 12758: 12748: 12496: 12451: 12438: 12353:

Dart, R. C.; Hurlbut, K. M.; Boyer-Hassen, L. V. (2004). "Lead". In Dart, R. C. (ed.).

12306: 12182: 11900: 11653: 11636: 11618: 11464: 11438: 11312: 11277: 11264: 10279: 10266: 10238: 10219: 10036: 9928: 8852: 6511: 6018: 5856: 5669: 5272: 5101: 4847:. Anodes of impure lead and cathodes of pure lead are placed in an electrolyte of lead 4293: 4145:, metallurgists and engineers have understood the difference between rare and valuable 4130: 3723: 3510: 3468: 3052: 2672: 2590: 2521: 1838: 1635: 1587: 1475: 1244: 1238: 17313: 14810: 12708: 12102: 9814: 8041: 8039: 8037: 5590: 5065:; for environmental reasons this use is being phased out in favor of other materials. 2853:

Lead(II) compounds are characteristic of the inorganic chemistry of lead. Even strong

2474:—the densest metal known—has a density of 22.59 g/cm, almost twice that of lead. 19495: 19452: 19365: 19216: 19208: 19180: 18650: 17694: 17690: 17647: 17602: 17578: 17514: 17493: 17474: 17447: 17406: 17317: 17248: 17238: 17204: 17192: 17148: 17114: 17077: 17020: 16999: 16976: 16970: 16961: 16908: 16867: 16848: 16501: 16334: 16280: 16256: 16141: 16133: 16108: 16085: 16064: 16045: 16016: 16002: 15973: 15913: 15866: 15790: 15751: 15706: 15692: 15656: 15632: 15585: 15531: 15463: 15416: 15397: 15345: 15335: 15265: 15226: 15169: 15092: 15077: 15054: 15033: 15029: 14992: 14964: 14943: 14888: 14814: 14775: 14742: 14705: 14638: 14583: 14528: 14510: 14464: 14460: 14346: 14325: 14277: 14230: 14209: 14182: 14145: 14102: 14055: 14007: 13960: 13938: 13839: 13818: 13793: 13770: 13743: 13720: 13689: 13662: 13633: 13599: 13574: 13491: 13460: 13435: 13418: 13336: 13298: 13288: 13276: 13252: 13233: 13212: 13191: 13123: 13101: 13097: 13042: 13020: 13001: 12993: 12968: 12945: 12892: 12845: 12823: 12819:

Brain-Robbers: How Alcohol, Cocaine, Nicotine, and Opiates Have Changed Human History

12769: 12712: 12666: 12644: 12619: 12600: 12579: 12554: 12501: 12483: 12430: 12389: 12362: 12313: 12290: 12245: 12201: 12174: 12135: 12106: 12041: 12033: 12005: 11984: 11943: 11904: 11844: 11789: 11785: 11771: 11746: 11725: 11704: 11681: 11658: 11640: 11603: 11582: 11557: 11527: 11501: 11468: 11411: 11378: 11359: 11329:

Auer, Charles M.; Kover, Frank D.; Aidala, James V.; Greenwood, Mark (1 March 2016).

11317: 11299: 11268: 11204: 11155: 11094: 11090: 11061: 10506: 10504: 10284: 10258: 10211: 10203: 10150: 9727: 8700: 6477: 6469: 6411: 6383: 6012: 5937: 5852: 5770: 5584: 5576: 5183: 5179: 5121: 4993: 4989: 4872: 4394: 4321: 4316: 4273: 3952: 3519: 3476: 3404: 3238: 3060: 3056: 3016: 2944: 2917: 2913: 2815: 2811: 2761: 2738: 2724: 2598: 2537: 2352: 2321: 2232: 1759: 1750: 1482: 1391: 1381: 760: 17557: 17459: 16701: 16486: 16169: 16149: 15948: 15878: 15516: 15142: 14620: 14194: 13647: 13472: 12186: 12097:. Theoretical and Computational Chemistry. Vol. 11. Elsevier. pp. 867–68. 11007: 10101:

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (40 CFR part 50) for six principal pollutants

7865: 2636:. As uranium decays into lead, their relative amounts change; this is the basis for 2120:

to a dull gray color when exposed to air. Lead has the highest atomic number of any

19527: 19475: 19357: 19339: 19273: 19240: 19152: 19132: 19108: 18714: 18419: 18248: 18077: 17996: 17915: 17888: 17851: 17846: 17841: 17742: 17686: 17637: 17629: 17543: 17439: 17358: 17309: 17180: 17164:"Sending Laurion Back to the Future: Bronze Age Silver and the Source of Confusion" 16949: 16838: 16830: 16801: 16793: 16482: 16346: 16326: 16191: 16125: 16033: 15994: 15965: 15936: 15905: 15858: 15813: 15782: 15741: 15696: 15688: 15644: 15624: 15504: 15453: 15445: 15372: 15318: 15218: 15197: 15188: 15025: 14884: 14806: 14767: 14695: 14687: 14608: 14566: 14518: 14502: 14456: 14400: 14315: 14307: 14289: 14267: 14259: 14174: 14092: 14084: 13997: 13989: 13789: 13712: 13625: 13452: 13398: 13328: 13280: 13113: 13093: 12935: 12927: 12882: 12874: 12744: 12704: 12491: 12473: 12442: 12422: 12405: 12381: 12166: 12127: 12098: 11892: 11819: 11648: 11632: 11519: 11491: 11456: 11403: 11307: 11295: 11291: 11256: 11233: 11069: 11051: 10987: 10274: 10250: 10223: 10195: 9189: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8427: 8034: 7733: 6526: 6461: 6375: 6174: 5989: 5949: 5936:

in industrialized countries, but specialized uses of other pigments such as yellow

5925: 5914: 5883: 5864: 5738: 5711: 5560: 5510: 5284: 5190: 5149:

for electronics is also being phased out by some countries to reduce the amount of

5088:. The lead provides lubrication, and the copper provides the load-bearing support. 4390: 4389:

in the United States in 1976–1980 showed that 77.8% of the population had elevated

4084: 4035: 3885: 3881: 3677: 3587: 3539: 3312: 3275: 3048: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2883: 2720: 2561: 2395: 2337: 2152: 2073: 1909: 1809: 1712: 1627: 1500: 1118: 70: 17530:"Analytical study of the basic properties of lead tetraacetate as oxidizing agent" 16356:"Significant growth in lead usage underlines its importance to the global economy" 16330: 14913:"Bacterial-assisted immobilization of lead in soils: Implications for remediation" 14437:

Moore, M. R. (1977). "Lead in drinking water in soft water areas—health hazards".

14246:"A case report of lead paint poisoning during renovation of a Victorian farmhouse" 13810:

How to Build a Habitable Planet: The Story of Earth from the Big Bang to Humankind

13759: 13456: 12385: 10991: 10816: 10591: 10543: 10501: 6437: 5397: 2998:

are very soluble, and this is exploited in the synthesis of other lead compounds.

2512:

of 1749 °C (3180 °F) is the lowest among the carbon-group elements. The

52: 19232: 19096: 17836: 17831: 17826: 17821: 17816: 17811: 17806: 17596: 17508: 17468: 17400: 17014: 16861: 16729: 16648: 16425: 16079: 16054: 16037: 15957: 15652: 15525: 15387: 15363: 15210: 15159: 15086: 14958: 14937: 14878: 14651: 14632: 14418: 14414: 14224: 14203: 14075: 13954: 13835:

Industrial Chemical Exposure: Guidelines for Biological Monitoring, Third Edition

13808: 13704: 13672: 13589: 13481: 13227: 13206: 13181: 13014: 12958: 12906:"Solid State Ionics: from Michael Faraday to green energy—the European dimension" 12817: 12634: 12569: 12546: 12333: 12280: 12090: 12054: 11834: 11740: 11671: 11597: 11545: 11460: 11353: 11194: 11084: 9808: 8736: 8341: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7487: 6946: 6431: 6263: 6250: 6190: 6108: 6041: 6026: 5995: 5872: 5681: 5618: 5572: 5515: 4889: 4453: 4375: 4359: 4269: 4241: 4076: 3873: 3776: 3527: 3291: 2959: 2870: 2854: 2757: 2685: 2356: 2344: 2164: 2077: 1430: 1355: 16953: 15183: 14771: 11260: 11127: 11107: 10745: 9982: 9834: 9832: 8772: 8676: 5175: 3856:

were the first to use lead minerals in cosmetics, an application that spread to

2715:

Bulk lead exposed to moist air forms a protective layer of varying composition.

1704: 19373: 19297: 19285: 19200: 19082: 17779: 17145: 16995: 15831: 13716: 13685: 11496: 11477: 10175: 9260: 9023: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8995: 7829: 7793: 7769: 7102: 6530: 6133:

A (wet) finger can be dipped into molten lead without risk of a burning injury.

6022: 5968: 5941: 5845: 5834: 5825: 5745:

brands and found that 23 of them contained potentially harmful levels of lead,

5742: 5661: 5657: 5599: 5568: 5415: 5308: 5280: 5129: 5097: 5077: 4901: 4825: 4813: 4379: 4371: 4354: 4265: 4172: 4121: 4068: 3992: 3984: 3933: 3877: 3857: 3705: 3295: 3207: 3040: 2925: 2889: 2874: 2847: 2789: 2716: 2625: 2386: 2382: 2333: 2288: 2268: 2264: 2207: 2160: 2121: 1828: 1617: 1492: 1272: 1167: 165: 17443: 17362: 16797: 15969: 15940: 15580:

Rudolph, A. M.; Rudolph, C. D.; Hostetter, M. K.; et al. (2003). "Lead".

15377: 15358: 15349: 14653: 13629: 13284: 11896: 11824: 11797: 10358:"Maximum Permitted Concentration of Certain Metals Present in Specified Foods" 10331: 10199: 9485: 8982: 8980: 7940: 7930: 7928: 7644: 4149:, essential for alloying with copper to produce tough and corrosion resistant 3582:, meaning it is generally found combined with sulfur. It rarely occurs in its 2931: 2324:—the total energy required to remove the two 6p electrons—is close to that of 19585: 19559: 19394: 19378: 19352: 19310: 18873: 17252: 17122: 17118: 17085: 17081: 16597: 16581: 16560: 16129: 16060: 15917: 15628: 15449: 15282: 15037: 14978: 14514: 14186: 12997: 12487: 12037: 11958: 11644: 11541: 11523: 11505: 11303: 11065: 10908: 10896: 10872: 10798:"Lead Chromate: Why it is Banned in Most Industries Apart From Road Markings" 10408:"Consumer Reports urges dark chocolate makers to reduce lead, cadmium levels" 10262: 10207: 10113: 9829: 9739: 9132: 7889: 7403: 7114: 6473: 6387: 6279:

California began banning lead bullets for hunting on that basis in July 2015.

6246: 5999:

has the ability to accumulate significant amounts of metals such as lead and

5983: 5841: 5707: 5622: 5534:

found on many enzymes, or mimicking and displacing other metals which act as

5292: 5288: 5267: 5157:

for museum materials, helping detect organic acids, aldehydes, acidic gases.

4997: 4924: 4421: 3996: 3905: 3853: 3471:(parts per billion). This figure is two and a half times higher than that of 3287: 2963: 2921: 2909: 2866: 2753: 2728: 2681: 2677: 2629: 2621: 2571: 2509: 2486: 2378: 2375: 2256: 2240: 2156: 2113: 2093: 2031: 1784: 1597: 1458: 1416: 1226: 1201: 1187: 1083: 930: 17598:

Lead Chemistry, Analytical Aspects. Environmental Impacts and Health Effects

17548: 17529: 16834: 14263: 13914: 12478: 11056: 10768: 10766: 10708:

Deltares & Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research 2016

9952: 9102: 9090: 9047: 8992: 8900: 8171: 6681: 6249:

fathered only one child, as well as the alleged sterility of his successor,

5851:

Analytical methods for the determination of lead in the environment include

4018: 3940:. These three regions collectively dominated production of mined lead until 3109:. The same applies for lead(I), which can be found in such radical species. 19519: 19432: 18927: 18756: 18461: 17861: 17794: 17698: 17651: 17451: 16852: 16338: 16137: 16006: 15794: 15755: 15710: 15467: 14818: 14709: 14532: 14329: 14106: 14011: 13709:

Stable Radicals: Fundamentals and Applied Aspects of Odd-Electron Compounds

13464: 13340: 13302: 13005: 12949: 12896: 12505: 12434: 12131: 11662: 11415: 11321: 10849:"From 100LL to G100UL: What comes next for avgas and why today is historic" 10215: 8977: 7925: 7853: 7841: 7805: 7781: 6481: 6071: 5871:

has been developed based on the ionophore S,S'-methylenebis (N,N-diisobutyl

5625:

development (including that of neurotransmitters), and the organization of

5194: 5062: 5016: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4297: 4050: 3921: 3830: 3606: 3583: 3551: 3464: 3024: 2905: 2664: 2494: 2482: 2329: 2224: 2211: 2195: 2168: 1857: 1815: 1607: 1562: 1106: 972: 839: 613: 16616: 16145: 15870: 15701: 15636: 14779: 14405: 14386: 14281: 12178: 12170: 12052: 12045: 12018: 11330: 11073: 10288: 10042: 9796: 9641: 9617: 8858: 7499: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6379: 5967:

by biological means: Fish bones are being researched for their ability to

5945: 5910: 5491: 4954:

Bricks of lead (alloyed with 4% antimony) are used as radiation shielding.

3241:

in the carbon group. Its capacity to do so is much less because the Pb–Pb

3202: 18981: 18945: 18936: 18846: 18828: 18819: 17856: 17659: 17139: 14825: 14506: 14468: 14311: 13105: 12878: 12837: 12658: 11086:

Issues in Global Environment—Pollution and Waste Management: 2012 Edition

10950: 10763: 10055: 9823: 8828: 6609: 6078: 5929: 5776: 5694:

recording of the effect of lead acetate on frog heart experimental set up

5665: 5626: 5054: 5037:

Lead has many uses in the construction industry; lead sheets are used as

4928: 4897: 4797: 4301: 4260:

wine. The use of such wine was forbidden for use in Christian rites by a

4218: 4124:

is caused by lead poisoning. According to archaeological research, Roman

4080: 3913: 3861: 3714: 3535: 3242: 3160: 3141: 2769: 2765: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2594: 2140: 2129: 2007: 1984: 1961: 1938: 1915: 1685: 1373: 1014: 986: 979: 909: 895: 888: 15817: 15201: 14570: 12426: 12376:

Davidson, A.; Ryman, J.; Sutherland, C. A.; et al. (2014). "Lead".

11616: 11023:). The updated content was reintegrated into the Knowledge page under a 10489: 9844: 9733: 7475: 7006: 6430:

Pb(0) carbonyls have been observered in reaction between lead atoms and

5993:, both of which are highly effective in aqueous solutions. Millet grass 5803: 5563:

routes, and decreases neuronal growth. In the human body, lead inhibits

5477: 3825: 2704: 1451: 1206:

2022 K (1749 °C, 3180 °F)

19116: 18990: 18918: 18891: 18864: 18524: 18506: 18479: 18310: 18301: 18040: 16725: 16203: 15862: 15746: 15719: 15117: 14920: 14150:"Solar System abundances and condensation temperatures of the elements" 14088: 10689: 10434:"Lead Intoxication Associated with Chewing Plastic Wire Coating – Ohio" 10270: 9374: 8840: 8613: 8499: 8255: 7634: 7632: 7173: 6903: 6645: 6368:"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" 5964: 5673: 5650: 5484: 5276: 5169: 5093: 4333: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4230: 4142: 3672: 3531: 3504: 3352: 3304: 3234: 3031:

that would be produced is unstable and spontaneously decomposes to PbCl

2708: 2478: 2275: 2260: 2176: 2144: 2105: 1021: 965: 944: 923: 662: 648: 627: 499: 492: 293: 17665:

Zhang, Hao; Wei, Kai; Zhang, Mengyu; Liu, Rutao; Chen, Yadong (2014).

15909: 15786: 15322: 15222: 15051:

Handbook of Lead-Free Solder Technology for Microelectronic Assemblies

14612: 13993: 13410: 13012: 12842:

Searching for the Oldest Stars: Ancient Relics from the Early Universe

11857: 11407: 10677: 10567: 10533: 10531: 10385:"Dark chocolate is high in cadmium and lead. How much is safe to eat?" 10174:

Hesami, Reza; Salimi, Azam; Ghaderian, Seyed Majid (10 January 2018).

9868: 9768: 9766: 9715: 9195: 9177: 8706: 7745: 6970: 6465: 2647: 2291:, but became widely recognized in Europe in the late 19th century AD. 1507: 18999: 18972: 18963: 18810: 18792: 18783: 18774: 18560: 18470: 18443: 18391: 18337: 18319: 18283: 18263: 18202: 18139: 18083: 18022: 18011: 17930: 17881: 17871: 17866: 17633: 17184: 15998: 14691: 14051: 13788:. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series. Vol. 11. 13487: 13016:

The history and topography of Glen Osmond, with map and illustrations

10651: 9904: 9143: 9141: 9114: 9035: 8967: 8965: 8963: 7289: 7090: 6958: 6669: 6229: 6161: 6086: 6074: 5788: 5775:

Treatment for lead poisoning normally involves the administration of

5691: 5411: 5154: 4837: 4289: 4252:, lead (symbol ♄ in the European tradition) was considered an impure 4113: 4092: 4072: 3948: 3897: 3689:

had 35 million, China 17 million, Russia 6.4 million.

3686: 3630: 3622: 3547: 3515: 3497: 3493: 3365: 3177: 2843: 2798:

state is common for the carbon group. The divalent state is rare for

2746: 2490: 2428: 2411: 2371: 2216: 2109: 1764: 1557: 1422: 1052: 1028: 1007: 1000: 881: 867: 860: 853: 690: 620: 599: 562: 520: 506: 478: 460: 416: 367: 323: 279: 270: 210: 16535: 16195: 14580:

Pediatric Toxicology: Diagnosis and Management of the Poisoned Child

13976:"Lead exposures in U.S. children, 2008: Implications for prevention" 13658:

Poison and Poisoning: A Compendium of Cases, Catastrophes and Crimes

12730: 11940:

Nanoscopic Materials: Size-Dependent Phenomena and Growth Principles

11219: 10597: 10549: 10510: 10254: 10012: 8123: 7877: 7629: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7613: 7535: 7200: 7126: 6982: 6717: 6585: 6549: 5811:, Senegal, where at least 18 children died of lead poisoning in 2008 5104:

in nuclear science and in X-ray rooms due to its denseness and high

4079:, recommended lead (and lead-coated) vessels for the preparation of 19535: 19511: 19427: 18954: 18855: 18738: 18720: 18695: 18686: 18659: 18632: 18596: 18587: 18569: 18497: 18488: 18382: 18254: 18220: 18130: 18121: 18112: 18103: 18058: 17977: 17959: 17894: 17490:

Inorganic Reactions and Methods, the Formation of Bonds to Halogens

17013:

Wilkes, C. E.; Summers, J. W.; Daniels, C. A.; et al. (2005).

16936: 15669: 14339:

Katzung & Trevor's Pharmacology: Examination & Board Review

14178: 13402: 13333:

10.1002/1097-0274(200009)38:3<244::AID-AJIM3>3.0.CO;2-F

13229:

On the Catalytic Efficacy of Low-Oxidation State Group 14 Complexes

11963: 11677: 10579: 10528: 9934: 9916: 9763: 9497: 9461: 8912: 8463: 7583: 7369: 7367: 7330: 7328: 7190: 7188: 7151: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7141: 6734: 6732: 6537: 6510:

Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).

5897: 5780: 5730: 5450: 5296: 4964: 4959: 4935: 4868: 4404:

grew by about 31%. The share of the world's lead production by the

4191: 4064: 4012: 4008: 3964: 3901: 3849: 3845: 3650: 3563: 3523: 3484: 3472: 3391: 3286:. Plumbane may be obtained in a reaction between metallic lead and 3283: 3222: 3153: 3072: 3044: 2901: 2897: 2777: 2742: 2734: 2608:: lead-206, lead-207, and lead-208 are the final decay products of 2502: 2463: 2309: 2228: 1690: 1059: 993: 916: 825: 811: 795: 788: 767: 746: 718: 711: 697: 641: 634: 555: 453: 430: 360: 353: 346: 339: 307: 247: 233: 185: 16548:. Chemicals Branch, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics 16405:. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Archived from 15491: 13571:

Online Location of Faults on AC Cables in Underground Transmission

13507:"Livechart - Table of Nuclides - Nuclear structure and decay data" 13426:

Hong, S.; Candelone, J.-P.; Patterson, C. C.; et al. (1994).

12450:

Delile, H.; Blichert-Toft, J.; Goiran, J.-P.; et al. (2014).

11617:

Bouchard, M. F.; Bellinger, D. C.; Weuve, J.; et al. (2009).

11443: 9988: 9350: 9138: 9011: 8960: 8279: 6816: 6015:– one of the earliest campaigners against lead in petrol in the UK 2604:

Three of the stable isotopes are found in three of the four major

19051: 19036: 19031: 19026: 19021: 18909: 18900: 18882: 18837: 18765: 18747: 18677: 18623: 18605: 18578: 18551: 18533: 18515: 18425: 18355: 18328: 18292: 18274: 18238: 18229: 18211: 18193: 18092: 18031: 17921: 17876: 17748: 14596: 14476:

More, A. F.; Spaulding, N. E.; Bohleber, P.; et al. (2017).

14071:"Early blood lead levels and sleep disturbance in preadolescence" 13387:

Hodge, T. A. (1981). "Vitruvius, lead pipes and lead poisoning".

12001:

Ancient Greek Letter Writing: A Cultural History (600 BC- 150 BC)

11276:

Assi, M. A.; Hezmee, M. N. M.; Haron, A. W.; et al. (2016).

10968: 10555: 10362:

Cap. 132V Food Adulteration (Metallic Contamination) Regulations

9593: 9557: 9473: 9449: 9290: 9068: 9066: 9064: 9062: 8682: 8303: 8219: 7610: 6347: 6267: 5746: 5664:

in the carried water may result in the formation of soluble lead

5614: 5485: 5125: 5012: 4986: 4950: 4905: 4833: 4249: 4176: 4000: 3666: 3642: 3559: 3447: 3434: 3279: 3181: 2986:

is insoluble in water, like the sulfates of other heavy divalent

2827: 2803: 2586: 2567: 2424: 2407: 2360: 2125: 2117: 2116:. When freshly cut, lead is a shiny gray with a hint of blue. It 2101: 1211: 1196: (327.46 °C, 621.43 °F) 1067: 958: 951: 937: 902: 846: 832: 781: 739: 725: 704: 683: 669: 655: 585: 534: 513: 485: 471: 444: 437: 423: 409: 330: 286: 203: 16757:

The Preservation and Repair of Historic Stained and Leaded Glass

16099:

Takahashi, K.; Boyd, R. N.; Mathews, G. J.; et al. (1987).

16081:

Conservation of Cultural Heritage: Key Principles and Approaches

15672:"Endocrine disruptors and abnormalities of pubertal development" 15430:

Riva, M. A.; Lafranconi, A.; d'Orso, M. I.; et al. (2012).

14634:

Structural Shielding Design for Medical X-ray Imaging Facilities

14244:

Marino, P. E.; Landrigan, P. J.; Graef, J.; et al. (1990).

12982:

Gilfillan, S. C. (1965). "Lead poisoning and the fall of Rome".

9778: 9751: 9338: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7571: 7463: 7391: 7364: 7325: 7313: 7301: 7185: 7138: 7018: 6828: 6780: 6729: 6705: 6693: 5165: 3717: 3708: 27:

This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see

18801: 18729: 18614: 18542: 18452: 18434: 18400: 18364: 18346: 18175: 18166: 18157: 18049: 18002: 17968: 17950: 17905: 16681: 16661: 16643: 16600:"Best Management Practices for Lead at Outdoor Shooting Ranges" 15718:

Sharma, H. R.; Nozawa, K.; Smerdon, J. A.; et al. (2013).

12402: 12022:(1997). "Update: blood lead levels--United States, 1991-1994". 10124: 9569: 9302: 9153: 8906: 8724: 8195: 8177: 8099: 7953: 6952: 6891: 6364: 6328:(copper and zinc) with lead, iron, tin, and sometimes antimony. 6082: 5830: 5607: 5556: 5552: 5419: 5146: 5073: 5005: 5001: 4457: 4277: 4150: 4088: 4026:, Italy, bears an Etruscan inscription from mid-5th century BC. 4004: 3960: 3956: 3937: 3917: 3662: 3654: 3602: 3555: 3215: 3185: 3055:, a yellow crystalline powder, is stable, but less so than the 2936: 2823: 2799: 2773: 2541: 2471: 2451: 2279: 2252: 2248: 2236: 2191: 1193: 874: 818: 732: 676: 606: 592: 569: 541: 527: 395: 388: 381: 300: 263: 240: 226: 194: 19581:

Knowledge articles published in peer-reviewed literature (W2J)

16413: 15429: 14856:"East Penn and Ecoult battery installation case study webinar" 14674:"Lead Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease—A Systematic Review" 14387:"Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)" 13974:

Levin, R.; Brown, M. J.; Kashtock, M. E.; et al. (2008).

13894: 9958: 9491: 9444:

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements 2004

9059: 8816: 8783: 8511: 8267: 8022: 7988: 7986: 7901: 7650: 7511: 7451: 7409: 7054: 6923:

sfn error: no target: CITEREFIAEA_–_Nuclear_Data_Section2017 (

6488: 6408:

Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements

2954:

determination of fluorine. The difluoride was the first solid

2485:

of lead—a measure of its ease of compressibility—is 45.8

19015: 18704: 18409: 18067: 17941: 16170:"Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM) Lead Toxicity" 15720:"Templated three-dimensional growth of quasicrystalline lead" 15670:

Schoeters, G.; Den Hond, E.; Dhooge, W.; et al. (2008).

15579: 15474: 15332:

Life without lead: contamination, crisis, and hope in Uruguay

13622:

The Chemical Bond: Chemical Bonding Across the Periodic Table

13425: 12449: 12375: 10751: 10120:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1 June 2022. 10091:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 5 April 2022 9892: 9838: 9108: 9096: 9053: 9029: 9005: 8986: 8936: 8742: 8433: 8231: 8087: 8045: 8010: 7934: 7895: 7739: 7714: 7340: 7066: 6325: 5808: 5603: 5531: 5081: 5069: 5022:

to counteract the diver's buoyancy. In 1993, the base of the

4893: 4821: 4225:

Lead mining in Western Europe declined after the fall of the

4054: 3975: 3869: 3767: 3317: 2819: 2814:, which manifests itself when there is a large difference in 2317: 2220: 2084: 1180: 1146: 802: 576: 314: 219: 16179: 15924: 14475: 14243: 13548: 12547:"Transmetalation reactions producing organocopper compounds" 12095:

Relativistic Electronic Structure Theory — Fundamentals

11391: 11278:"The detrimental effects of lead on human and animal health" 10822: 10062:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 8 July 2022 9689: 9623: 9425: 9326: 8834: 8652: 7600: 7598: 7559: 7493: 7120: 7012: 6744: 5791:, and the disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ( 2167:

rather than the +4 state common with lighter members of the

18641: 18184: 18148: 17986: 17616:

Hunt, A.; Abraham, J. L.; Judson, B.; Berry, C. L. (2003).

17039:"The physics behind four amazing demonstrations — CSI" 14939:

The New Cold-Molded Boatbuilding: From Lofting to Launching

13504: 11836:

The Ceramic Glaze Handbook: Materials, Techniques, Formulas

11784: 10914: 10142: 9677: 9665: 9413: 8523: 8415: 8403: 8355: 8135: 7983: 7871: 7859: 7847: 7835: 7811: 7799: 7787: 7775: 7236: 6918: 6804: 6000: 5580: 5435: 4864: 4338: 3889: 3658: 3480: 2857:

like fluorine and chlorine react with lead to give only PbF

2467: 2455: 2447: 2305: 2244: 2148: 753: 402: 374: 254: 79: 17660:

Lead Smelting and Refining, With Some Notes on Lead Mining

17012: 16308: 15958:"Lead exposure and its effects on the reproductive system" 15846: 15762: 13247:

Harbison, R. D.; Bourgeois, M. M.; Johnson, G. T. (2015).

12258: 11422: 11168: 10878: 10477: 9647: 9380: 9278: 8846: 8712: 8619: 8379: 8367: 8183: 7817: 7415: 7379: 7161: 7108: 6976: 6792: 6687: 6621: 6193:

is even more thermally stable, decomposing at 270 °C.

4370:

The last major human exposure to lead was the addition of

3739:

There is no consensus on the origin of the Proto-Germanic

3140:

at 374 °C, and finally PbO at 605 °C. A further

2458:(7.14 g/cm). This density is the origin of the idiom 18373: 17788: 17577:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 17. De Gruyter. 17275: 17259: 17219: 17199: 16098: 15717: 14911:

Park, J. H.; Bolan, N.; Meghara, M.; et al. (2011).

14629:

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

14362:"The End of Lead? Federal Gov't Order Bans Sinkers, Ammo" 12152:"Reassessment of the Microcytic Anemia of Lead Poisoning" 11959:"Did removing lead from petrol spark a decline in crime?" 11174:"Human Activity Has Polluted European Air for 2000 Years" 11130:"Lead Toxicity. What Are U.S. Standards for Lead Levels?" 11128:

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2017).

10573: 10000: 9745: 9721: 9509: 9165: 8688: 8577: 8315: 8207: 7959: 7656: 7595: 7439: 7277: 7096: 6964: 6845: 6843: 6675: 6573: 5385: 4146: 3796:(which also means 'lead'), from which stemmed the German 3646: 3378: 2987: 2517: 2438: 2325: 2183: 1040: 548: 19566:

Knowledge articles published in peer-reviewed literature

15827:"Over 73% of paints found to have excessive lead: Study" 15584:(21st ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 369. 15239: 15186:(1988). "Relativistic effects in structural chemistry". 14831:"Substance data sheet for occupational exposure to lead" 14384: 13973: 13246: 12553:. Vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 443–526. 12515:

Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research

11328: 10772: 10683: 10639: 9880: 9533: 9401: 8789: 8475: 8391: 8147: 7971: 7757: 7523: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7212: 7179: 6988: 6879: 6543: 5120:

The largest use of lead in the early 21st century is in

2772:, dissolve lead in the presence of oxygen. Concentrated 2552:

and the third highest of the elemental superconductors.

2524:

higher than those of other industrial metals (copper at

16381: 15986: 15334:. Oakland, California: University of California Press. 15299:

Reddy, A.; Braun, C. L. (2010). "Lead and the Romans".

14652:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

14113: 12352: 11476:

Beiner, G. G.; Lavi, M.; Seri, H.; et al. (2015).

10938: 10237:

Mielke, Howard W.; Reagan, Patrick L. (February 1998).

9964: 9856: 9850: 9629: 9581: 9391: 9389: 9234:

Canada, Environment and Climate Change (5 April 2018).

8664: 8630: 8628: 8540: 8538: 8333: 8129: 8077: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8069: 7751: 7589: 5963:

Research has been conducted on how to remove lead from

4408:

increased from 10% to 30%, from 1950 to 1990, with the

3860:

and beyond; the Egyptians had used lead for sinkers in

3051:

and lead diselenide are only stable at high pressures.

2206:. Lead played a crucial role in the development of the 2175:. Like the lighter members of the group, lead tends to 19571:

Knowledge articles published in WikiJournal of Science

17615: 17573:

Astrid, S.; Helmut, S.; Sigel, R. K. O., eds. (2017).

17470:

Information Technology Entrepreneurship and Innovation

17372:"Battling lead contamination, one fish bone at a time" 16598:

United States Environmental Protection Agency (2005).

16582:

United States Environmental Protection Agency (2000).

16561:

United States Environmental Protection Agency (2010).

16514: 16435: 15850:

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

15616:

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

15211:"Imputing lead sources from blood lead isotope ratios" 15161:

The Sculptor's Way: A Guide to Modelling and Sculpture

15132: 14337:

Masters, S. B.; Trevor, A. J.; Katzung, B. G. (2008).

13734:

Kosnett, M. J. (2006). "Lead". In Olson, K. R. (ed.).

13208:

Engineering properties and applications of lead alloys

12663:

Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements

12616:

Traditional Chinese Toggles: Counterweights and Charms

12308:

The Elements: Their Origin, Abundance and Distribution

10828: 10585: 10537: 10383:

Young, Robin; Miller-Medzon, Karyn (1 February 2023).

10024: 9940: 9653: 9521: 9503: 9362: 9314: 8888: 8640: 8601: 8589: 8487: 8439: 7998: 7427: 7078: 7030: 6840: 6756: 5583:

synthesis. This causes ineffective heme synthesis and

5427: 17726: 17671:

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology

16629:

United States Department of Health and Human Services

16497:

Branded Beauty: How Marketing Changed the Way We Look

16210: 14910: 14901: 14577: 14554: 13893: 13013:

Gill, T.; Libraries Board of South Australia (1974).

11574:

Ancient African Metallurgy: The Sociocultural Context

10956: 10746:

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 2017

10516: 10239:"Soil Is an Important Pathway of Human Lead Exposure" 10173: 9983:

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 2007

9910: 9809:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

9356: 8924: 8555: 8553: 8505: 8056: 8054: 7668: 7505: 7260: 7224: 6867: 6561: 6555: 6262:

Gaseous by-product of the coking process, containing

6143:

highest number of isotopes of all elements, ten. See

5291:

such as lead telluride and lead selenide are used in

4015:, the latter accounting for 40% of world production. 3920:; and the eastern and southern Africans used lead in 3112:

Numerous mixed lead(II,IV) oxides are known. When PbO

3023:, and is the best-known mixed valence lead compound. 2794:

Lead shows two main oxidation states: +4 and +2. The

96: 19626:

Chemical elements with face-centered cubic structure

17713:

The Toxicology of Heavy Metals: Getting the Lead Out

16989: 16969:

Whitten, K. W.; Gailey, K. D.; David, R. E. (1996).

15005: 14654:"NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards — Lead" 14336: 13528: 13041:(Report). International Resource Panel. p. 17. 12679: 12214: 11475: 11275: 10778: 10561: 10495: 10018: 9599: 9563: 9545: 9479: 9386: 9078: 8948: 8864: 8806: 8804: 8748: 8625: 8535: 8451: 8225: 8066: 7680: 7638: 6936: 6934: 6699: 6657: 6597: 6509: 5710:

contains, among other toxic substances, radioactive

5613:

In a child's developing brain, lead interferes with

2139:. Its weak metallic character is illustrated by its 1386:

Pauling scale: 2.33 (in +4), 1.87 (in +2)

82: 76: 17330: 16921: 16880: 16567:

AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors

16401: 16383:"Toronto museum explores history of contraceptives" 16269: 16175:. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 15044: 14114:Lochner, J. C.; Rohrbach, G.; Cochrane, K. (2005). 13036:

Metal stocks in Society – Scientific Synthesis

12119: 12053:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). 10695: 10627: 9994: 9784: 9455: 9344: 9147: 9120: 9041: 9017: 8971: 8876: 8760: 8469: 8339: 8261: 8111: 7913: 7481: 7248: 7206: 7132: 7042: 6897: 6834: 6768: 6738: 6591: 4800:-fired blast furnace to the (again, impure) metal: 73: 17308:. Vol. 22. Academic Press. pp. 249–303. 17299: 16968: 16563:"Metallurgical Industry:Secondary Lead Processing" 16455: 16255:. Henry Colburn and Richard Bentley (publishers). 15886:Slater, J. C. (1964). "Atomic Radii in Crystals". 15680:Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology 15264: 15068:Polyanskiy, N. G. (1986). Fillipova, N. A (ed.). 13758: 13756: 13074:(1978). "Widening perspectives of lead toxicity". 12757: 12698: 12305: 12237: 12150: 12148: 12068: 11742:Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards 10926: 10909:United States Environmental Protection Agency 2005 10897:United States Environmental Protection Agency 2005 10873:United States Environmental Protection Agency 2000 10603: 10459:"About Lead in Consumer Products | Exposure | CDC" 10382: 9874: 9605: 9467: 9296: 9133:United States Environmental Protection Agency 2010 8707:Gill & Libraries Board of South Australia 1974 8565: 8550: 8309: 8291: 8243: 8159: 8105: 8051: 7295: 7060: 6855: 6651: 6633: 5952:is generally allowed in United States as of 2023. 5668:; oxygenated water may similarly dissolve lead as 5377: 4840:. The resulting bismuth dross can be skimmed off. 4209: 4136: 2667:to 4.55 billion ± 70 million years. 2651:The Holsinger meteorite, the largest piece of the 2620:, respectively. These decay chains are called the 2427:, malleability, ductility, and high resistance to 2320:]4f5d6s6p. The sum of lead's first and second 17572: 17205:Environmental Health Criteria 165: Inorganic Lead 16924:Physica C: Superconductivity and Its Applications 16860:Weast, R. C.; Astle, M. J.; Beyer, W. H. (1983). 15112: 14205:Physiologic and Chemical Basis for Metal Toxicity 14116:"What is Your Cosmic Connection to the Elements?" 13551:Timbal dalam Cat Enamel Rumah Tangga di Indonesia 13112: 12149:Cohen, A. R.; Trotzky, M. S.; Pincus, D. (1981). 11933: 10615: 10077: 9072: 8801: 7623: 7577: 7541: 7469: 7397: 7373: 7352: 7334: 7319: 7307: 7194: 7155: 7072: 7024: 6931: 6723: 6711: 6615: 6512:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" 6306:See for details on how a lead–acid battery works. 5729:In Bangladesh, lead compounds have been added to 5703:may result in exposure to lead or its compounds. 2442:A sample of lead solidified from the molten state 2359:and making the distance between nearest atoms in 19557: 17664: 16990:Wiberg, E.; Wiberg, N.; Holleman, A. F. (2001). 16101:"Bound-state beta decay of highly ionized atoms" 13806: 13362: 12681:"Encyclopedia Judaica: Ossuaries and Sarcophagi" 12200:. National Academies Press. pp. 26, 30–32. 11942:. Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 843–875. 11914:"Interior secretary repeals ban on lead bullets" 11721:Fundamentals of Chemistry: A Modern Introduction 11109:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 9236:"Moving towards using more lead-free ammunition" 8093: 7883: 7547: 6446:The Journal of Chemical Physics. 122 (3): 034505 6401: 6399: 6397: 6089:quasicrystal. Its conductivity was not recorded. 5381: 2970:. Lead(II) forms an extensive variety of halide 2179:; it can form chains and polyhedral structures. 1515: = 494.99 pm (at 20 °C) 16859: 16270:Thornton, I.; Rautiu, R.; Brush, S. M. (2001). 16219: 16052: 15928:Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering 14288: 14201: 14069:Liu, J.; Liu, X.; Pak, V.; et al. (2015). 13705:"Stable Radicals of the Heavy p-Block Elements" 12521:[Lead and zinc emissions from hunting] 12457:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 10043:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2015 9797:United States Food and Drug Administration 2015 9772: 9332: 9308: 9159: 8859:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1997 8822: 6494: 5466: 5443: 5153:waste. Lead is one of three metals used in the 3820: 17487: 16711:Nuclear Forensics: A Scientific Search Problem 16622:Q3D Elemental Impurities Guidance for Industry 16542:Final review of scientific information on lead 15356: 15135:"How Lead Acid Batteries Work: Battery Basics" 14906:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2009. 13556:(Report) (in Indonesian). BaliFokus & IPEN 12378:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 12126:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 1–144. 11978: 11113:"Information for the Community: Lead Toxicity" 10143:Castellino N, Sannolo N, Castellino P (1994). 10106: 8285: 8237: 7346: 5878: 5699:contaminated food or drink. Ingesting certain 4470:World's largest mining countries of lead, 2016 3789:is thought to be the origin of Proto-Germanic 2737:reacts with lead at room temperature, forming 2589:, with an atomic number of 83, until its only 2202:and did not reach comparable levels until the 19067: 17764: 17419: 16754: 16439:. IEA Clean Coal Centre. 2012. Archived from 16077: 16014:Stone, R. (1997). "An Element of Stability". 15213:. In Beard, M. E.; Allen Iske, S. D. (eds.). 15049:. In Puttlitz, K. J.; Stalter, K. A. (eds.). 15045:Petzel, S.; Juuti, M.; Sugimoto, Yu. (2004). 14827:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 14068: 13919:United States Environmental Protection Agency 13913: 13869: 13275:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 17. 12956: 11512: 11478:"Oddy Tests: Adding the Analytical Dimension" 11037:"Lead: properties, history, and applications" 11035:Mikhail Boldyrev; et al. (3 July 2018). 10884: 9922: 9824:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 9575: 8918: 8189: 7385: 6822: 6798: 6394: 6156:The half-life found in the experiment was 1.9 5907:Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive 5575:formation and the incorporation of iron into 5108:. Molten lead has been used as a coolant for 4201: 4195: 4185: 4179: 3848:and may represent the first example of metal 3806: 3790: 3783: 3760: 3750: 3746:. One hypothesis suggests it is derived from 3740: 3730: 2966:are known, such as the cyanide, cyanate, and 2493:is 75.2 GPa; copper 137.8 GPa; and 2046: 1552:208 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) 1130: 16884:. The Lead Sheet Association. Archived from 16814: 16226:. The Lead Sheet Association. Archived from 15962:Metals, Fertility, and Reproductive Toxicity 14853: 13831: 13312:"Lead Poisoning in a Historical Perspective" 12911:Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 12544: 11697:Webster's New World American Idioms Handbook 11673:Safety and Quality Issues in Fish Processing 11548:. In Jashemski, W. F.; Meyer, F. G. (eds.). 11331:Toxic Substances: A Half Century of Progress 10657: 10300: 10298: 10236: 10180:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 10130: 9515: 7242: 6505: 6503: 5658:a problem in areas with soft or acidic water 4918:Battery recycling § Lead–acid batteries 4049:Lead was used for making water pipes in the 3896:. Lead was used by the ancient Chinese as a 3797: 2663:on this meteorite allowed refinement of the 2381:structure. The energy levels of their outer 1450: 17575:Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health 17402:Chinese Coins: Money in History and Society 17161: 16972:General chemistry with qualitative analysis 16815:Wani, A. L.; Ara, A.; Usman, J. A. (2015). 16742:] (in Russian) (2nd ed.). Progress 16724: 16456:Tuček, K.; Carlsson, J.; Wider, H. (2006). 15612: 15271:(3rd ed.). Lyman Products Corporation. 14960:Crystal Chemistry of Tetrahedral Structures 14739:Periodicity and the s- and p-Block Elements 14671: 14413: 13702: 13364:"A History of Cosmetics from Ancient Times" 13269:Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health 12815: 12731:"V.— The meanings and synonyms of plumbago" 12238:Considine, D. M.; Considine, G. D. (2013). 12088: 11880: 11759: 11570: 11377:(5th ed.). W. H. Freeman and Company. 9886: 8730: 8718: 8517: 8397: 8385: 8201: 8153: 8141: 7977: 7517: 7283: 6627: 6410:. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. 5653:, residual emissions from leaded gasoline. 4871:) is added to the molten charge along with 4166: 4160: 4154: 4058: 3770: 2389:are close enough to allow mixing into four 2087: 36:Chemical element with atomic number 82 (Pb) 19074: 19060: 17771: 17757: 17594: 16655:United States Government Publishing Office 16618:United States Food and Drug Administration 15298: 15208: 15074:Analytical Chemistry of the Elements: Lead 15067: 14021:"Lead Poisoning: A Historical Perspective" 13682:Inorganic Chemistry of Main Group Elements 13249:Hamilton and Hardy's Industrial Toxicology 13225: 12632: 12592: 12123:Progress in Inorganic Chemistry, Volume 51 12020:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 11997: 11934:Cangelosi, V. M.; Pecoraro, V. L. (2015). 11859:California Department of Fish and Wildlife 11738: 11540: 11033:). The version of record as reviewed is: 10719: 10671:"Lead Poisoning: A Historical Perspective" 9196:California Department of Fish and Wildlife 8694: 8583: 8481: 8421: 8273: 8213: 7662: 7604: 7529: 7421: 7218: 7167: 7121:Tétreault, Sirois & Stamatopoulou 1998 7013:Smirnov, Borisevich & Sulaberidze 2012 4387:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4283: 4175:translates to "lead", but in Russian, its 3955:; by 1600 BC, lead mining existed in 3621:, is a mixed sulfide derived from galena; 2053: 2039: 2015:Isotopic abundances vary greatly by sample 1727: 1720: 1506: 51: 17641: 17547: 17162:Wood, J. R.; Hsu, Y-T.; Bell, C. (2021). 16935: 16842: 16805: 15801: 15745: 15700: 15490: 15457: 15410: 15376: 15275: 14786: 14716: 14699: 14522: 14404: 14319: 14271: 14222: 14096: 14001: 13807:Langmuir, C. H.; Broecker, W. S. (2012). 13786:Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic 13615:"Chemical bonding of main-group elements" 13204: 13179: 13070: 12981: 12939: 12886: 12703:. Elsevier Science. pp. 49–72 (58). 12495: 12477: 12244:. Springer Science & Business Media. 12071:"Making Cents of Currency's Ancient Rise" 11823: 11652: 11595: 11495: 11442: 11372: 11311: 11143: 11055: 10757: 10598:United Nations Environment Programme 2010 10550:United Nations Environment Programme 2010 10511:United Nations Environment Programme 2010 10295: 10278: 10146:Inorganic Lead Exposure and Intoxications 9671: 9659: 9527: 9407: 9183: 8361: 8004: 7965: 7565: 7457: 7445: 6885: 6500: 6435: 6405: 6253:, have been attributed to lead poisoning. 5559:, reduces their numbers, interferes with 5423: 5033:A 17th-century gold-coated lead sculpture 4091:vessels imparted a bitter flavor through 3704:is of Germanic origin; it comes from the 3066: 17137: 16764:United States Department of the Interior 16682:United States Geological Survey (2017). 16662:United States Geological Survey (2005). 16519:. Water Quality (Report). Archived from 16353: 15523: 14876: 13624:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–24. 13309: 13156: 12785:"2.000 years-old Roman Lead for physics" 12736:Transactions of the Philological Society 12567: 11956: 11832: 11244: 11217: 9695: 9587: 9431: 8942: 8930: 8795: 8670: 8658: 7674: 7109:Thürmer, Williams & Reutt-Robey 2002 6810: 6358: 6021: – discovered that the addition of 5960:the soils and prevent leaching of lead. 5882: 5802: 5798: 5686: 5589: 5528:immediately dangerous to life and health 5174: 5164: 5068:Lead is added to copper alloys, such as 5028: 4949: 4804:2 PbO(s) + C(s) → 2 Pb(s) + CO 4420: 4353: 4315: 4311: 4213: 4107:"Wine—An enological specimen bank", 1992 4040: 4017: 3969: 3824: 3671: 3669:are common impurities in lead minerals. 3629:, is a product of galena oxidation; and 3509: 3323: 3237:, a property it shares with its lighter 3201: 3076: 2930: 2842: 2703: 2646: 2437: 2182:Since lead is easily extracted from its 18871: 17717:American Society for Clinical Pathology 17506: 17488:Zuckerman, J. J.; Hagen, A. P. (1989). 17423:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 17233:. Regional Office for Europe. pp. 17100: 17063: 16777: 16493: 16245: 16167: 15413:The Elements of Environmental Pollution 15329: 15114:"Primary Lead Refining Technical Notes" 14977: 14144: 13933: 13783: 13733: 13654: 13320:American Journal of Industrial Medicine 13122:(2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. 13033: 12858: 12782: 12551:The Chemistry of Organocopper Compounds 12278: 11717: 11694: 11669: 11348: 11192: 10920: 10846: 10522: 10405: 10048: 10030: 9970: 9946: 9862: 9683: 9635: 9419: 9084: 8954: 8754: 8646: 8595: 8544: 8529: 8493: 8409: 8081: 8028: 8016: 7992: 7763: 7727: 7433: 7084: 6762: 5752: 3676:Lead is a fairly common element in the 3159:Negative oxidation states can occur as 2958:compound to be discovered (in 1834, by 2731:, and burns with a bluish-white flame. 2374:with the tetrahedrally coordinated and 14: 19558: 18925: 18754: 18459: 17595:Casas, J. S.; Sordo, J., eds. (2006). 17281:"Nuclear Radiation and Health Effects" 17033: 16882:"Weatherings to Parapets and Cornices" 16780:"Lead and lead poisoning in antiquity" 16735:Этимологический словарь русского языка 15885: 15643: 15598: 15262: 15182: 15157: 15084: 14956: 14935: 14755: 14736: 13852: 13568: 13265: 13019:. Libraries Board of South Australia. 12957:Gale, W. F.; Totemeier, T. C. (2003). 12861:"Remediating soil lead with fishbones" 12836: 12755: 12701:Hazardous Materials in the Environment 12657: 12549:. In Rappoport, Z.; Marek, I. (eds.). 12241:Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia 11238:10.1038/scientificamerican11271869-341 11220:"Malleability and ductility of metals" 11154:] (in German). Walter de Gruyter. 10834: 10645: 10633: 10483: 10304: 9757: 9368: 9320: 9284: 9233: 8634: 8607: 8445: 8373: 7907: 7823: 7180:Harbison, Bourgeois & Johnson 2015 6861: 6663: 6639: 6603: 6579: 5971:lead in contaminated soil. The fungus 5840:Anthropogenic lead includes lead from 4400:From 1960 to 1990, lead output in the 3766:('lead'). This word is related to the 3163:, as either free lead anions, as in Ba 2783: 2294: 2186:, prehistoric people in the Near East 19055: 18979: 18943: 18934: 18844: 18826: 18817: 17752: 17369: 17300:Wrackmeyer, B.; Horchler, K. (1990). 16403:"Toxic Substances Portal – Lead" 16013: 15955: 15824: 15649:Case Studies in Environmental Science 15070:Аналитическая химия элементов: Свинец 14436: 14359: 14202:Luckey, T. D.; Venugopal, B. (1979). 14048:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 14018: 13952: 13757:Krestovnikoff, M.; Halls, M. (2006). 13620:. In Frenking, G.; Shaik, S. (eds.). 13612: 13587: 13386: 13136: 12903: 12725: 12545:Dieter, R. K.; Watson, R. T. (2009). 12025:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 11546:"Health and nutrition at Herculaneum" 11082: 10944: 10932: 10840: 10713: 10609: 10406:Stempel, Jonathan (23 January 2023). 10395:from the original on 8 February 2024. 10163:from the original on 5 November 2017. 10006: 9898: 9851:Dart, Hurlbut & Boyer-Hassen 2004 9611: 9261:"Regulation - 2021/57 - EN - EUR-Lex" 9171: 8457: 8321: 8297: 7752:Lochner, Rohrbach & Cochrane 2005 7590:Stabenow, Saak & Weidenbruch 2003 7358: 7230: 7036: 6940: 6774: 6438:"Observation of the lead carbonyls Pb 6206:10 parts; lead comprises 3.258 parts. 5783:. Acute cases may require the use of 5302: 5140: 4478: 4425:Primary production of lead since 1840 4063:, is the origin of the English word " 3829:World lead production peaking in the 3463:Lead's per-particle abundance in the 3043:, lead dioxide is capable of forming 2566:Natural lead consists of four stable 2540:at temperatures lower than 7.19 2198:. Lead production declined after the 1996: 1993: 1973: 1970: 1950: 1947: 1927: 1924: 1902: 1899: 1891: 1888: 1880: 1877: 1869: 1866: 1842: 1837: 1827: 1824: 1798: 1793: 18988: 18916: 18889: 18862: 18522: 18504: 18477: 18308: 18299: 17527: 17466: 17398: 16900: 16740:Russisches etymologisches Worterbuch 16650:Geological Survey Professional Paper 16537:United Nations Environment Programme 15551: 15385: 15357:Retief, F.; Cilliers, L. P. (2006). 14045: 13679: 13505:IAEA - Nuclear Data Section (2017). 13479: 13034:Graedel, T. E.; et al. (2010). 12613: 12452:"Lead in ancient Rome's city waters" 12326: 11911: 11798:"Synthesis of the Elements in Stars" 11760:Bunker, B. C.; Casey, W. H. (2016). 11571:Bisson, M. S.; Vogel, J. O. (2000). 10784: 10621: 9551: 9539: 9395: 8907:United States Geological Survey 2005 8894: 8882: 8870: 8810: 8766: 8571: 8559: 8249: 8178:United States Geological Survey 1973 8165: 8117: 8060: 7954:United States Geological Survey 2017 7686: 7553: 7271: 7254: 7048: 6873: 6849: 6786: 6750: 6567: 6236:was imperial governor (of Britain)." 5887:Radiography of a swan found dead in 4896:of impure lead are immersed into an 4779:in air to oxidize the lead sulfide: 4770: 4105:Heinz Eschnauer and Markus Stoeppler 3594:of 14 ppm; it is the 36th most 2347:would predict. This is explained by 2104:than most common materials. Lead is 18997: 18970: 18961: 18808: 18790: 18781: 18772: 18558: 18468: 18441: 18389: 18335: 18317: 18281: 18261: 18200: 18137: 18038: 18020: 18009: 17928: 17103:"The history of lead — Part 3" 17066:"The history of lead — Part 1" 16755:Vogel, N. A.; Achilles, R. (2013). 15116:. LDA International. Archived from 14759:The New England Journal of Medicine 13855:"Lead faces threat of new Euro ban" 13164:. 2014 Minerals Yearbook (Report). 12593:Downs, A. J.; Adams, C. J. (2017). 12525:(Report) (in Dutch). Archived from 12303: 12282:The Weiser Concise Guide to Alchemy 12069:Chapurukha Kusimba (20 June 2017). 10722:"Europe moves to ban lead in avgas" 10332:"Researchers find lead in turmeric" 9959:Toxicological Profile for Lead 2007 9911:Mycyk, Hryhorczuk & Amitai 2005 9492:Toxicological Profile for Lead 2007 7919: 7651:Toxicological Profile for Lead 2007 7506:Mosseri, Henglein & Janata 1990 7410:Toxicological Profile for Lead 2007 5656:The use of lead for water pipes is 5636: 5598:Symptoms of lead poisoning include 5061:. In the past it was often used to 4324:region in the United States in 1865 2402:structure like the similarly sized 2171:. Exceptions are mostly limited to 1314: 24: 19081: 18952: 18853: 18736: 18718: 18693: 18684: 18657: 18630: 18585: 18567: 18495: 18486: 18380: 18252: 18218: 18128: 18110: 18101: 18081: 18056: 17778: 17566: 17306:Annual Reports on NMR Spectroscopy 17260:World Health Organization (2018). 17220:World Health Organization (2000). 17141:Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs 16975:(3rd ed.). Saunders College. 16437:"Trace element emission from coal" 16279:. International Lead Association. 16053:Street, A.; Alexander, W. (1998). 14385:Meija, Juris; et al. (2016). 13832:Lauwerys, R. R.; Hoet, P. (2001). 13515:International Atomic Energy Agency 12749:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1908.tb00513.x 11863:"Nonlead Ammunition in California" 11637:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.164 11176:. Eos Science News. Archived from 10496:Masters, Trevor & Katzung 2008 10019:Wiberg, Wiberg & Holleman 2001 7700:"When will we see unleaded AvGas?" 7639:Wiberg, Wiberg & Holleman 2001 6700:Peneva, Djuneva & Tsukeva 1981 5917:is allowed in the EU as of 2022. 5462: 4863:In this process, lead bullion and 4775:First, the sulfide concentrate is 3526:. Red lines and circles represent 1405:3rd: 3081.5 kJ/mol 1402:2nd: 1450.5 kJ/mol 25: 19637: 19576:Externally peer reviewed articles 18907: 18898: 18880: 18835: 18745: 18675: 18648: 18621: 18603: 18594: 18576: 18549: 18531: 18513: 18423: 18353: 18326: 18290: 18236: 18227: 18209: 18191: 18119: 18090: 18029: 17975: 17957: 17919: 17892: 17706: 17622:Environmental Health Perspectives 17230:Air quality guidelines for Europe 16705:Nuclear Forensic Search Project. 14679:Environmental Health Perspectives 14299:American Journal of Public Health 14251:American Journal of Public Health 14226:Dictionary of Inorganic Compounds 13981:Environmental Health Perspectives 12866:Environmental Health Perspectives 12359:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 12091:"Relativistic Solid State Theory" 11196:Handbook of Glass in Construction 10720:Calderwood, Dave (8 March 2022). 10696:Petzel, Juuti & Sugimoto 2004 10305:Jordan, Rob (24 September 2019). 10243:Environmental Health Perspectives 9995:Thornton, Rautiu & Brush 2001 9456:Thornton, Rautiu & Brush 2001 9148:Thornton, Rautiu & Brush 2001 9121:Thornton, Rautiu & Brush 2001 9042:Thornton, Rautiu & Brush 2001 9018:Thornton, Rautiu & Brush 2001 8972:Thornton, Rautiu & Brush 2001 8470:Thornton, Rautiu & Brush 2001 8262:Thornton, Rautiu & Brush 2001 7482:Yong, Hoffmann & Fässler 2006 7207:Thornton, Rautiu & Brush 2001 7133:Thornton, Rautiu & Brush 2001 6898:Webb, Marsiglio & Hirsch 2015 6835:Thornton, Rautiu & Brush 2001 6739:Thornton, Rautiu & Brush 2001 6592:Claudio, Godwin & Magyar 2002 5137:, but are significantly cheaper. 4975: 4858: 3947:. Beginning c. 2000 BC, the 3601:The main lead-bearing mineral is 2477:Lead is a very soft metal with a 1582: cm/mol (at 298 K) 1399:1st: 715.6 kJ/mol 18799: 18763: 18727: 18612: 18540: 18450: 18432: 18362: 18344: 18272: 18173: 18164: 18155: 18000: 17903: 17736: 17691:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.04.020 17658:Ingalls, Walter Renton (1865-), 16415:"Toxicological Profile for Lead" 15693:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00180.x 15359:"Lead poisoning in ancient Rome" 14790:Science of the Total Environment 14440:Science of the Total Environment 12985:Journal of Occupational Medicine 12766:University of Pennsylvania Press 12633:Ede, A.; Cormack, L. B. (2016). 12259:Copper Development Association. 11336:(Report). EPA Alumni Association 11006: 10962: 10790: 10663: 10451: 10426: 10399: 10376: 10350: 10324: 10230: 10167: 10136: 9875:Cohen, Trotzky & Pincus 1981 9701: 9600:Insight Explorer & IPEN 2016 9468:Tuček, Carlsson & Wider 2006 9253: 9227: 9201: 8327: 7692: 7296:Whitten, Gailey & David 1996 6919:IAEA – Nuclear Data Section 2017 6318: 6309: 6300: 6291: 6282: 6273: 6256: 6239: 6218: 6209: 6196: 6184: 5720: 5347: 5342: 4745: 4729: 4713: 4697: 4681: 4665: 4649: 4633: 4617: 4601: 4585: 4569: 4553: 4537: 4521: 4505: 4489: 3927: 3534:; the green arrow represents an 3479:, and seventeen times more than 3274:The lead analog of the simplest 2749:to give lead(II) chalcogenides. 2470:are both at 19.3 g/cm, and 2462:. Some rarer metals are denser: 2135:Lead is a relatively unreactive 2112:, and also has a relatively low 2026: 2025: 1282: 69: 18702: 18407: 18398: 18065: 18047: 17966: 17948: 16689:. Mineral Commodities Summaries 16645:United States Geological Survey 16515:UK Marine SACs Project (1999). 16487:10.1016/j.nucengdes.2006.04.019 15889:The Journal of Chemical Physics 15766:The Journal of Chemical Physics 15556:[Binary Zintl Phases]. 13529:Insight Explorer; IPEN (2016). 13390:American Journal of Archaeology 13166:United States Geological Survey 12960:Smithells Metals Reference Book 12519:Lood en zinkemissies door jacht 11981:Construyendo la Tabla Periódica 11979:Calvo Rebollar, Miguel (2019). 11763:The Aqueous Chemistry of Oxides 11001: 8847:American Geophysical Union 2017 6436:Ling, Jiang; Qiang, Xu (2005). 6348:"Standard Atomic Weights: Lead" 6315:Rates vary greatly by country. 6167: 6150: 6136: 6127: 6118: 6102: 6092: 6064: 6054: 5757:According to the United States 4996:must today be lead-free in the 4945: 4882: 4787:(g) → 2 PbO(s) + 2 SO 4362:lead paint, United States, 1912 4341:were linked; British physician 4210:Middle Ages and the Renaissance 4137:Confusion with tin and antimony 3980:("take that") on the other side 3880:. Various civilizations of the 3514:Chart of the final part of the 3116:is heated in air, it becomes Pb 2920:. The other two chalcogenides, 2578:of protons (82), for which the 2328:, lead's upper neighbor in the 2128:are endpoints of major nuclear 18666: 18639: 18182: 18146: 17984: 17939: 16907:. Royal Society of Chemistry. 16466:Nuclear Engineering and Design 16360:International Lead Association 16211:Theodore Low De Vinne (1899). 15964:. CRC Press. pp. 117–53. 14600:Journal of Occupational Health 13703:Konu, J.; Chivers, T. (2011). 12093:. In Schwerdtfeger, P. (ed.). 11624:Archives of General Psychiatry 11602:. Cambridge University Press. 11550:The Natural History of Pompeii 11296:10.14202/vetworld.2016.660-671 11011:This article was submitted to 10847:Davoren, Haley (6 June 2023). 10574:World Health Organization 1995 9746:World Health Organization 2000 9722:World Health Organization 2018 9381:Copper Development Association 9297:Krestovnikoff & Halls 2006 8310:Eschnauer & Stoeppler 1992 7061:Wrackmeyer & Horchler 1990 6965:World Nuclear Association 2015 6652:Considine & Considine 2013 6424: 6340: 6228:reads: "Made when the Emperor 6113:to go down like a lead balloon 4432:Metal Stocks in Society report 2460:to go over like a lead balloon 13: 1: 18371: 17314:10.1016/S0066-4103(08)60257-4 16331:10.1126/science.297.5589.2033 16221:"Think Lead research summary" 16078:Szczepanowska, H. M. (2013). 15302:Journal of Chemical Education 14811:10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00359-4 14558:Journal of Physical Chemistry 13457:10.1126/science.265.5180.1841 12932:10.1088/1468-6996/14/4/043502 12709:10.1016/s0167-9244(08)70103-3 12386:10.1002/14356007.a15_193.pub3 12103:10.1016/s1380-7323(02)80041-3 10992:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.07.043 7624:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1998 7578:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1998 7542:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1998 7470:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1998 7398:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1998 7374:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1998 7335:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1998 7320:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1998 7308:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1998 7195:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1998 7156:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1998 7073:Cangelosi & Pecoraro 2015 7025:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1998 6989:Radioactive Decay Series 2012 6724:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1998 6712:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1998 6616:Greenwood & Earnshaw 1998 6495:Weast, Astle & Beyer 1983 6334: 4416: 4349: 3941: 3775:, which gave the element its 3191: 3184:via the reduction of lead by 2916:, and an extremely sensitive 2719:is a common constituent; the 2711:: lead colors flame pale blue 2516:of lead at 20 °C is 192 1571:Molar magnetic susceptibility 16822:Interdisciplinary Toxicology 16056:Metals in the Service of Man 16038:10.1126/science.278.5338.571 15509:10.1088/0004-637X/698/2/1963 15389:The International Lead Trade 15030:10.1016/0022-0248(81)90088-9 14863:Clean Energy States Alliance 14582:. McGraw-Hill Professional. 14461:10.1016/0048-9697(77)90002-X 13098:10.1016/0013-9351(78)90033-6 12685:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 11884:Journal of Roman Archaeology 11373:Baird, C.; Cann, N. (2012). 9186:, pp. 537–538, 543–547. 8130:Toronto museum explores 2003 7884:Langmuir & Broecker 2012 6789:, pp. 4–13, 4–21, 4–33. 5764: 5160: 5115: 4911: 4900:and pure lead is deposited ( 4832:, treating it with metallic 4081:sweeteners and preservatives 3821:Prehistory and early history 3695: 3483:. The amount of lead in the 2699: 2366:Lead's lighter carbon group 2163:are usually found in the +2 1626:1190 m/s (at 1107:group 14 (carbon group) 7: 17510:Plastics Additives Handbook 17473:. IGI Global. p. 440. 17262:"Lead poisoning and health" 16954:10.1016/j.physc.2015.02.037 15530:(2nd ed.). CRC Press. 15263:Ramage, C. K., ed. (1980). 15133:Progressive Dynamics, Inc. 14772:10.1056/NEJM198303173081123 14741:. Oxford University Press. 14717:Nikolayev, S., ed. (2012). 14123:Goddard Space Flight Center 13736:Poisoning and Drug Overdose 12816:Frankenburg, F. R. (2014). 12665:. Oxford University Press. 12641:University of Toronto Press 12312:. Oxford University Press. 12089:Christensen, N. E. (2002). 12055:"Radiation and Your Health" 11983:. Zaragoza, Spain: Prames. 11430:European Physical Journal A 11261:10.1080/0955580032000077739 11147:Moderne anorganische Chemie 10586:UK Marine SACs Project 1999 10538:Trace element emission 2012 9773:Luckey & Venugopal 1979 9309:Street & Alexander 1998 9160:Street & Alexander 1998 8823:Markowitz & Rosner 2000 8340: 6406:Arblaster, John W. (2018). 6173:Lead-205 decays solely via 6031:internal combustion engines 6006: 5898:Particulate control devices 5879:Restriction and remediation 5807:Battery collection site in 5521: 4981:phasing out for some uses. 4816:. The melt is treated in a 4814:pyrometallurgical processes 4762: 4754: 4738: 4722: 4706: 4690: 4674: 4658: 4642: 4626: 4610: 4594: 4578: 4562: 4546: 4530: 4514: 4498: 4196: 4186: 4118:decline of the Roman Empire 3842:dating back to 7000–6500 BC 3569: 3458: 3083:capped square antiprismatic 3001: 2918:infrared radiation detector 2838: 2555: 1267:26.650 J/(mol·K) 10: 19642: 18270: 18099: 18018: 17937: 17901: 17803: 17535:Pure and Applied Chemistry 16904:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 15607:J. B. Lippincott & Co. 15602:The divine law as to wines 15267:Lyman Cast Bullet Handbook 15241:"Radioactive Decay Series" 15209:Rabinowitz, M. B. (1995). 14877:Palmieri, R., ed. (2006). 14392:Pure and Applied Chemistry 13815:Princeton University Press 13717:10.1002/9780470666975.ch10 13226:Hadlington, T. J. (2017). 12760:Doctor Franklin's Medicine 12618:. Editions Didier Millet. 12339:Royal Society of Chemistry 11554:Cambridge University Press 11497:10.14351/0831-4985-29.1.22 11461:10.1140/epja/i2013-13050-7 11427:decays of lead isotopes". 11170:American Geophysical Union 11152:Modern inorganic chemistry 11083:Acton, Q. A., ed. (2013). 10131:Wani, Ara & Usman 2015 9357:Lead garden ornaments 2016 8286:Retief & Cilliers 2006 7347:Zuckerman & Hagen 1989 6556:Theodore Low De Vinne 1899 6372:Pure and Applied Chemistry 6145:Even and odd atomic nuclei 5922:permissible exposure limit 5920:In the United States, the 5768: 5759:Center for Disease Control 5594:Symptoms of lead poisoning 5542: 5306: 5063:balance the wheels of cars 4915: 4442: 3976: 3815: 3580:Goldschmidt classification 3290:. Two simple derivatives, 3195: 3070: 3019:, or structurally 2PbO·PbO 2787: 2680:of radium-223, one of the 2642:nuclear magnetic resonance 2559: 2370:form stable or metastable 2219:and relative inertness to 1225:when liquid (at 468: 336: 276: 216: 191: 26: 19616:IARC Group 2B carcinogens 19468: 19445: 19089: 19013: 18713: 18418: 18247: 18076: 17995: 17914: 17887: 17880: 17875: 17870: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17845: 17840: 17835: 17830: 17825: 17820: 17815: 17810: 17805: 17798: 17793: 17786: 17492:. John Wiley & Sons. 17444:10.1007/s10661-011-2115-6 17380:United States Coast Guard 17363:10.1016/j.ica.2006.04.017 17277:World Nuclear Association 17201:World Health Organization 16817:"Lead toxicity: A review" 16798:10.1017/S0025727300043878 16500:. Kogan Page Publishers. 15970:10.1201/9781420023282.ch6 15960:. In Golub, M. S. (ed.). 15941:10.1134/s0040579512040161 15478:The Astrophysical Journal 15437:Safety and Health at Work 15378:10.4314/actat.v26i2.52570 15009:Journal of Crystal Growth 14989:W. H. Freeman and Company 14904:Oxford English Dictionary 14854:Olinsky-Paul, T. (2013). 14223:Macintyre, J. E. (1992). 14158:The Astrophysical Journal 14046:Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). 13959:. John Wiley & Sons. 13711:. John Wiley & Sons. 13707:. In Hicks, R. G. (ed.). 13630:10.1002/9783527664658.ch1 13285:10.1515/9783110434330-003 13251:. John Wiley & Sons. 13180:Gulbinska, M. K. (2014). 13139:"Lead poisoning and Rome" 13119:Chemistry of the Elements 12576:Hachette Children's Group 11897:10.1017/S104775940000742X 11825:10.1103/RevModPhys.29.547 11803:Reviews of Modern Physics 11596:Blakemore, J. S. (1985). 11516:Lead: Inorganic Chemistry 11355:The Art of Organ Building 10364:. Hong Kong e-Legislation 10200:10.1007/s11356-017-1156-y 10149:. CRC Press. p. 86. 10056:"Lead (Pb) Air Pollution" 9760:, pp. 280, 621, 255. 9504:Progressive Dynamics, Inc 9480:Concordia University 2016 8506:Oxford English Dictionary 8154:Wood, Hsu & Bell 2021 7386:Bharara & Atwood 2006 6823:Gale & Totemeier 2003 6799:Vogel & Achilles 2013 5980:sulfate-reducing bacteria 5631:decreases in crime levels 5323: 5318: 5151:environmentally hazardous 5110:lead-cooled fast reactors 4320:Lead mining in the upper 4202: 4180: 3910:Indus Valley civilization 2776:dissolves lead and forms 2497:160–169 GPa. Lead's 2489:. In comparison, that of 2299: 2024: 2020: 1990: 1967: 1944: 1921: 1896: 1885: 1874: 1863: 1834: 1821: 1790: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1711: 1698: 1679: 1674: 1664: 1654: 1644: 1634: 1616: 1606: 1596: 1586: 1569: 1556: 1546: 1536: 1519: 1499: 1481: 1471: 1466: 1449: 1439: 1429: 1421:empirical: 175 1415: 1390: 1380: 1354: 1349: 1271: 1261: 1251: 1237: 1223: 1210: 1200: 1186: 1166: 1161: 1153: 1139: 1124: 1112: 1100: 1081: 1058: 171: 163: 159: 133: 117: 113: 105: 64: 59: 50: 19621:Nuclear reactor coolants 16703:University of California 16252:The History of Chemistry 16130:10.1103/physrevc.36.1522 15450:10.5491/SHAW.2012.3.1.11 15330:Renfrew, Daniel (2019). 15217:. ASTM. pp. 63–75. 15069: 14924:: 162–74. Archived from 14672:Navas-Acien, A. (2007). 13915:"Lead in Waste Disposal" 13740:McGraw-Hill Professional 13157:Guberman, D. E. (2016). 12844:. Princeton University. 12329:"Why use lead in paint?" 11938:. In Roduner, E. (ed.). 11579:Rowman & Littlefield 11524:10.1002/0470862106.ia118 11358:. Vol. 2. Courier. 11201:McGraw-Hill Professional 10660:, pp. 115, 116–117. 10658:Lauwerys & Hoet 2001 10307:"Lead found in turmeric" 8226:Ossuaries and Sarcophagi 7874:, pp. 582, 609–615. 7243:Dieter & Watson 2009 6953:de Marcillac et al. 2003 6753:, pp. 12–35, 12–40. 6618:, pp. 226–227, 374. 6531:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae 6048: 5785:disodium calcium edetate 5565:porphobilinogen synthase 5406:Precautionary statements 4783:2 PbS(s) + 3 O 4159:("black lead"), and tin 3700:The modern English word 3574:Lead is classified as a 3538:; cyan arrows represent 3530:; blue arrows represent 3475:, eight times more than 3329:Solar System abundances 3248:organometallic chemistry 19601:Native element minerals 17549:10.1351/pac196613040569 17399:Yu, L.; Yu, H. (2004). 17350:Inorganica Chimica Acta 16835:10.1515/intox-2015-0009 16778:Waldron, H. A. (1985). 16732:; Larin, B. O. (eds.). 16183:Studies in Conservation 15990:Chemical Communications 15558:Intermetallische Phasen 15246:. Nuclear Systematics. 15088:Conceptual Pharmacology 14723:Indo-European Etymology 14423:www.merriam-webster.com 14264:10.2105/AJPH.80.10.1183 13895:"Lead garden ornaments" 13483:Dictionary of Chemistry 13116:; Earnshaw, A. (1998). 12859:Freeman, K. S. (2012). 12479:10.1073/pnas.1400097111 11998:Ceccarelli, P. (2013). 11768:Oxford University Press 11739:Bretherick, L. (2016). 11695:Brenner, G. A. (2003). 11670:Bremner, H. A. (2002). 11544:; Bisel, J. F. (2002). 11375:Environmental Chemistry 11193:Amstock, J. S. (1997). 10804:. Verdict Media Limited 10802:Road Traffic Technology 9785:Toxic Substances Portal 9345:Weatherings to Parapets 8731:Bisson & Vogel 2000 8719:Bisson & Vogel 2000 8335:Marcus Vitruvius Pollio 8142:Bisson & Vogel 2000 8106:Chapurukha Kusimba 2017 7910:, pp. 286, passim. 7518:Konu & Chivers 2011 7284:Bunker & Casey 2016 6036:Clair Cameron Patterson 6013:Derek Bryce-Smith 5902:coal-fired power plants 5869:ion-selective electrode 5865:electrochemical methods 5106:attenuation coefficient 4830:Betterton–Kroll process 4358:Promotional poster for 4284:Outside Europe and Asia 4024:Lead Plaque of Magliano 3951:worked deposits in the 3808: 3792: 3785: 3762: 3752: 3742: 3732: 3718: 3709: 3633:or white lead ore, PbCO 3318:fuel for small aircraft 2574:being even. Lead has a 2417: 2155:, and it tends to form 1542:35.3 W/(m⋅K) 1532:/K (at 20 °C) 1257:179.5 kJ/mol 1219:11.348 g/cm 19596:Post-transition metals 16424:. 2007. Archived from 15629:10.1093/jhmas/39.4.469 15599:Samson, G. W. (1885). 15411:Rieuwerts, J. (2015). 15371:(2): 147–64 (149–51). 15276:Randerson, J. (2002). 15091:. Universities Press. 15085:Prasad, P. J. (2010). 14936:Parker, R. B. (2005). 14737:Norman, N. C. (1996). 13956:The Earth Through Time 13569:Jensen, C. F. (2013). 13205:Guruswamy, S. (2000). 13077:Environmental Research 12132:10.1002/0471267287.ch1 11796:; et al. (1957). 11144:Alsfasser, R. (2007). 11044:WikiJournal of Science 11013:WikiJournal of Science 10972:Ecological Engineering 10911:, p. III-5–III-6. 9901:, p. 133, passim. 8584:Ede & Cormack 2016 8422:Reddy & Braun 2010 8274:Bisel & Bisel 2002 7422:Downs & Adams 2017 6234:Gnaeus Iulius Agricola 6025:to gasoline prevented 5974:Aspergillus versicolor 5892: 5812: 5695: 5595: 5473: 5279:is composed of 12–28% 5186: 5172: 5034: 4955: 4464:is still significant. 4426: 4363: 4325: 4222: 4219:Elizabeth I of England 4167: 4161: 4155: 4102: 4059: 4046: 4027: 3981: 3837: 3798: 3771: 3681: 3598:element in the crust. 3543: 3235:multiply-bonded chains 3230: 3180:. They may be made in 3101: 3067:Other oxidation states 2974:, such as , , and the 2972:coordination complexes 2947: 2886:through the solution. 2850: 2835:1.96 in the +4 state. 2712: 2668: 2550:type-I superconductors 2544:; this is the highest 2514:electrical resistivity 2454:(8.93 g/cm), and 2443: 2314:electron configuration 2284:neurological disorders 2088: 1548:Electrical resistivity 1455: 1141:Electron configuration 119:Standard atomic weight 17138:Windholz, M. (1976). 16354:Tolliday, B. (2014). 15956:Sokol, R. C. (2005). 15725:Nature Communications 15562:Intermettallic Phases 15554:"Binare Zintl-Phasen" 15524:Rogalski, A. (2010). 14406:10.1515/pac-2015-0305 14292:; Rosner, D. (2000). 13953:Levin, H. L. (2009). 13588:Jones, P. A. (2014). 13310:Hernberg, S. (2000). 12965:Butterworth-Heinemann 12796:: 7–8. Archived from 12568:Donnelly, J. (2014). 12171:10.1542/peds.67.6.904 11957:Casciani, D. (2014). 11833:Burleson, M. (2001). 11701:John Wiley & Sons 11218:Anderson, J. (1869). 11057:10.15347/WJS/2018.007 10825:, pp. 1183–1185. 9935:Schoeters et al. 2008 9925:, pp. 1869–1874. 9672:Nriagu & Kim 2000 9184:Baird & Cann 2012 9073:Primary Lead Refining 8921:, pp. 2261–2273. 8683:Nakashima et al. 1998 8436:, pp. 6594–6599. 8048:, pp. 1841–1843. 7742:, pp. 1963–1980. 7730:, pp. 1222–1223. 7508:, pp. 2722–2726. 7496:, pp. 9965–9978. 7484:, pp. 4774–4778. 7460:, pp. 2067–2069. 7111:, pp. 2033–2035. 7097:Takahashi et al. 1987 6825:, pp. 15–2–15–3. 6654:, pp. 501, 2970. 6380:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 5886: 5806: 5799:Environmental effects 5690: 5593: 5472: 5178: 5168: 5135:lithium-ion batteries 5032: 5024:Leaning Tower of Pisa 4953: 4916:Further information: 4892:extraction, in which 4818:reverberatory furnace 4424: 4357: 4330:Industrial Revolution 4319: 4312:Industrial Revolution 4217: 4098: 4044: 4021: 3973: 3894:construction material 3835:Industrial Revolution 3828: 3675: 3550:or the merger of two 3513: 3324:Origin and occurrence 3298:, are the best-known 3205: 3080: 3015:. It is described as 2934: 2877:as tin(II) ions are. 2846: 2707: 2650: 2441: 2363:lead unusually long. 2340:by smaller orbitals. 2204:Industrial Revolution 2137:post-transition metal 2132:of heavier elements. 1454: 1233:10.66 g/cm 29:Lead (disambiguation) 19611:Endocrine disruptors 17507:Zweifel, H. (2009). 17405:. Long River Press. 17172:Internet Archaeology 17101:Winder, C. (1993b). 17064:Winder, C. (1993a). 16901:Webb, G. A. (2000). 16494:Tungate, M. (2011). 16168:Tarragó, A. (2012). 15582:Rudolph's Pediatrics 15566:Universitat Freiburg 15076:] (in Russian). 14942:. WoodenBoat Books. 14931:on 26 November 2015. 14507:10.1002/2017GH000064 14419:"Definition of LEAD" 14312:10.2105/ajph.90.1.36 13784:Kroonen, G. (2013). 13680:King, R. B. (1995). 13655:Kellett, C. (2012). 13350:on 21 September 2017 13143:Encyclopaedia Romana 12879:10.1289/ehp.120-a20a 12783:Fiorini, E. (2010). 12614:Duda, M. B. (1996). 12327:Crow, J. M. (2007). 12279:Cotnoir, B. (2006). 12216:Concordia University 12075:Smithsonian Magazine 11718:Brescia, F. (2012). 11115:(MP4 webcast, 82 MB) 11017:academic peer review 10249:(Suppl 1): 217–229. 9734:Bouchard et al. 2009 9624:Ismawati et al. 2013 9109:Davidson et al. 2014 9097:Davidson et al. 2014 9054:Davidson et al. 2014 9030:Davidson et al. 2014 9006:Davidson et al. 2014 8987:Davidson et al. 2014 8945:, pp. 42.14–15. 8094:History of Cosmetics 7935:Davidson et al. 2014 7896:Davidson et al. 2014 7872:Burbidge et al. 1957 7860:Burbidge et al. 1957 7848:Burbidge et al. 1957 7836:Burbidge et al. 1957 7812:Burbidge et al. 1957 7800:Burbidge et al. 1957 7788:Burbidge et al. 1957 7776:Burbidge et al. 1957 7740:Roederer et al. 2009 5753:Lead in plastic toys 5579:, the final step in 5455:(fire diamond) 5039:architectural metals 4343:Alfred Baring Garrod 4227:Western Roman Empire 4057:word for the metal, 3840:Metallic lead beads 3169:trigonal bipyramidal 2956:ionically conducting 2808:relativistic effects 2741:. The reaction with 2640:. Lead-207 exhibits 2546:critical temperature 2349:relativistic effects 2173:organolead compounds 1660:38–50 MPa 1538:Thermal conductivity 1441:Van der Waals radius 1253:Heat of vaporization 1215:(at 20 °C) 17683:2014JPPB..136...46Z 17436:2012EMnAs.184.2261Z 17302:"Pb-NMR Parameters" 17287:on 24 December 2015 16992:Inorganic Chemistry 16946:2015PhyC..514...17W 16888:on 20 February 2017 16523:on 17 February 2020 16479:2006NuEnD.236.1589T 16366:on 28 February 2017 16323:2002Sci...297.2033T 16233:on 20 February 2017 16122:1987PhRvC..36.1522T 16030:1997Sci...278..571S 15902:1964JChPh..41.3199S 15818:10.1021/ic50045a056 15805:Inorganic Chemistry 15779:2014JChPh.140q4710S 15738:2013NatCo...4.2715S 15564:] (in German). 15501:2009ApJ...698.1963R 15394:Woodhead Publishing 15315:2010JChEd..87.1052R 15202:10.1021/cr00085a006 15158:Putnam, B. (2003). 15145:on 19 November 2018 15022:1981JCrGr..53..382P 14957:Parthé, E. (1964). 14803:2000ScTEn.250...37N 14571:10.1021/j100369a089 14499:2017GHeal...1..211M 14453:1977ScTEn...7..109M 14343:McGraw-Hill Medical 14171:2003ApJ...591.1220L 14132:on 29 December 2016 13881:on 14 February 2012 13853:Layton, M. (2017). 13449:1994Sci...265.1841H 13090:1978ER.....17..303G 12924:2013STAdM..14d3502F 12756:Finger, S. (2006). 12470:2014PNAS..111.6594D 12427:10.1038/nature01541 12419:2003Natur.422..876D 12304:Cox, P. A. (1997). 12220:Lead acid batteries 11867:www.wildlife.ca.gov 11816:1957RvMP...29..547B 11599:Solid State Physics 11556:. pp. 451–75. 11453:2013EPJA...49...50B 11395:Inorganic Chemistry 11225:Scientific American 10984:2013EcEng..60...96L 10959:, pp. 162–174. 10923:, pp. a20–a21. 10760:, pp. 303–321. 10698:, pp. 122–124. 10498:, pp. 481–483. 10486:, pp. 651–652. 10338:. 24 September 2019 10192:2018ESPR...25.8701H 10009:, pp. 109–115. 9937:, pp. 168–175. 9877:, pp. 904–906. 9839:Rudolph et al. 2003 9775:, pp. 177–178. 9748:, pp. 149–153. 9698:, pp. 485–541. 9686:, pp. 116–119. 9542:, pp. 133–134. 9434:, pp. 412–413. 9422:, pp. 250–251. 9333:Think Lead research 9287:, pp. 194–195. 9174:, pp. 133–179. 8745:, pp. 1841–43. 8733:, pp. 131–132. 8661:, pp. 171–172. 8532:, pp. 106–107. 8412:, pp. 107–108. 8376:, pp. 660–663. 8324:, pp. 486–491. 8288:, pp. 149–151. 8276:, pp. 459–460. 8264:, pp. 179–184. 8238:Calvo Rebollar 2019 8204:, pp. 361–372. 7886:, pp. 183–184. 7838:, pp. 608–610. 7826:, pp. 114–115. 7802:, pp. 608–609. 7778:, pp. 608–615. 7568:, pp. 261–263. 7544:, pp. 384–386. 7520:, pp. 391–392. 7298:, pp. 904–905. 6813:, pp. 341–343. 6726:, pp. 372–373. 6582:, pp. 563–594. 6458:2005JChPh.122c4505J 5934:withdrawn from sale 5861:atomic spectroscopy 5678:calcium bicarbonate 5549:blood–brain barrier 5315: 5122:lead–acid batteries 4472: 4306:scramble for Africa 3945: 1200 BC 3916:used it for making 3844:have been found in 3748:Proto-Indo-European 3641:product of galena. 3330: 3198:Organolead compound 2810:, specifically the 2784:Inorganic compounds 2752:Lead metal resists 2657:Uranium–lead dating 2638:uranium–lead dating 2580:nuclear shell model 2532:; and aluminium at 2520:-meters, almost an 2400:face-centered cubic 2322:ionization energies 2295:Physical properties 2269:radiation shielding 1489:face-centered cubic 1435:146±5 pm 1392:Ionization energies 1360:−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, 1274:Vapor pressure 1263:Molar heat capacity 1162:Physical properties 1157:2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 1154:Electrons per shell 47: 17370:Young, S. (2012). 17044:Skeptical Inquirer 16473:(14–16): 1589–98. 16215:. Century Company. 16155:on 21 October 2014 15863:10.1007/BF00192162 15825:Singh, P. (2017). 15747:10.1038/ncomms3715 15527:Infrared Detectors 15278:"Candle pollution" 15248:MIT OpenCourseWare 15166:Dover Publications 15139:progressivedyn.com 14360:McCoy, S. (2017). 14089:10.5665/sleep.5230 14019:Lewis, J. (1985). 13875:The British Museum 13857:. shootinguk.co.uk 13767:Dorling Kindersley 13613:Kaupp, M. (2014). 13279:. pp. 49–60. 13137:Grout, J. (2017). 12904:Funke, K. (2013). 12355:Medical Toxicology 11111:(20 August 2007). 10885:Lead in Waste 2016 10823:Marino et al. 1990 10133:, pp. 57, 58. 9648:Wilkes et al. 2005 9576:Szczepanowska 2013 9564:Beiner et al. 2015 8434:Delile et al. 2014 7494:Becker et al. 2008 6977:Beeman et al. 2013 6955:, pp. 876–78. 6688:Sharma et al. 2014 6676:Sharma et al. 2013 6019:Thomas Midgley Jr. 5900:were installed in 5893: 5889:Condé-sur-l'Escaut 5857:X-ray fluorescence 5813: 5696: 5670:lead(II) hydroxide 5617:formation in the 5596: 5571:, preventing both 5551:. It degrades the 5474: 5313: 5303:Biological effects 5273:polyvinyl chloride 5187: 5173: 5141:Coating for cables 5035: 4956: 4890:Hydrometallurgical 4468: 4427: 4374:to gasoline as an 4364: 4326: 4294:Colony of Virginia 4223: 4047: 4028: 3982: 3838: 3682: 3544: 3328: 3231: 3132:at 351 °C, Pb 3124:at 293 °C, Pb 3102: 3061:Lead tetrachloride 3053:Lead tetrafluoride 2948: 2851: 2717:Lead(II) carbonate 2713: 2669: 2591:primordial isotope 2522:order of magnitude 2450:(7.87 g/cm), 2444: 1602:5.6 GPa 1472:Natural occurrence 1462: 1456: 1065: 1048: 39: 19591:Chemical elements 19553: 19552: 19049: 19048: 19042: 19041: 19008: 19007: 17608:978-0-444-52945-9 17590:Table of contents 17584:978-3-11-044107-9 17528:Zýka, J. (1966). 17520:978-3-446-40801-2 17499:978-0-471-18656-4 17480:978-1-59904-902-1 17467:Zhao, F. (2008). 17412:978-1-59265-017-0 17323:978-0-08-058405-8 17244:978-92-890-1358-1 17157:. 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(1994). 15341:978-0-520-96824-0 15323:10.1021/ed100631y 15232:978-0-8031-1884-3 15223:10.1520/stp12967s 15175:978-0-486-42313-5 15098:978-81-7371-679-9 15060:978-0-8247-5249-1 14998:978-0-486-65622-9 14984:General Chemistry 14970:978-0-677-00700-7 14949:978-0-937822-89-0 14894:978-0-415-94174-7 14748:978-0-19-855961-0 14644:978-0-929600-83-3 14613:10.1539/joh.40.55 14589:978-0-07-141736-5 14352:978-0-07-148869-3 14236:978-0-412-30120-9 14215:978-1-4684-2952-7 14061:978-0-8493-0484-2 14050:(85th ed.). 13994:10.1289/ehp.11241 13966:978-0-470-38774-0 13939:The Northern Echo 13845:978-1-4822-9383-8 13824:978-0-691-14006-3 13799:978-90-04-18340-7 13776:978-0-7566-4063-7 13749:978-0-07-144333-3 13726:978-0-470-77083-2 13695:978-1-56081-679-9 13668:978-1-909335-05-9 13605:978-1-47211-389-4 13580:978-3-319-05397-4 13497:978-1-135-94178-9 13480:Hunt, A. (2014). 13443:(5180): 1841–43. 13258:978-0-470-92973-5 13239:978-3-319-51807-7 13218:978-0-8247-8247-4 13211:. Marcel Dekker. 13197:978-1-4471-6548-4 13129:978-0-7506-3365-9 13048:978-92-807-3082-1 12974:978-0-08-048096-1 12851:978-0-691-16506-6 12829:978-1-4408-2932-1 12775:978-0-8122-3913-3 12718:978-0-444-89078-8 12672:978-0-19-960563-7 12650:978-1-4426-3503-6 12625:978-981-4260-61-9 12606:978-1-4831-5832-7 12585:978-1-4449-2119-9 12560:978-0-470-77296-6 12395:978-3-527-30673-2 12368:978-0-7817-2845-4 12319:978-0-19-855298-7 12296:978-1-57863-379-1 12251:978-1-4757-6918-0 12207:978-0-309-58070-0 12141:978-0-471-26534-4 12112:978-0-08-054046-7 12011:978-0-19-967559-3 11990:978-84-8321-908-9 11949:978-1-78262-494-3 11912:Cama, T. (2017). 11777:978-0-19-938425-9 11752:978-1-4831-6250-8 11731:978-0-323-14231-1 11710:978-0-7645-2477-6 11687:978-1-85573-678-8 11609:978-0-521-31391-9 11588:978-0-7425-0261-1 11563:978-0-521-80054-9 11408:10.1021/ic801198p 11384:978-1-4292-7704-4 11365:978-0-486-21315-6 11210:978-0-07-001619-4 11161:978-3-11-019060-1 11100:978-1-4816-4665-9 11091:ScholarlyEditions 10947:, pp. 94–95. 10773:Levin et al. 2008 10648:, pp. 49–60. 9674:, pp. 37–41. 9578:, pp. 84–85. 9516:Olinsky-Paul 2013 9265:eur-lex.europa.eu 9123:, pp. 52–53. 9044:, pp. 51–52. 9032:, pp. 11–12. 8919:Zhang et al. 2012 8897:, pp. 91–92. 8786:, pp. 11–16. 8620:Sinha et al. 1993 8364:, pp. 53–60. 8190:Lead sling bullet 7274:, pp. 43–63. 7209:, pp. 11–12. 7135:, pp. 10–11. 7123:, pp. 17–32. 7039:, pp. 40–41. 6852:, p. 12-219. 6690:, p. 174710. 6594:, pp. 1–144. 6570:, p. 10-179. 6544:Meija et al. 2016 6519:Chinese Physics C 6466:10.1063/1.1834915 6417:978-1-62708-155-9 6270:; used as a fuel. 6147:for more details. 5853:spectrophotometry 5771:Chelation therapy 5585:microcytic anemia 5577:protoporphyrin IX 5561:neurotransmission 5532:sulfhydryl groups 5505:Chemical compound 5503: 5502: 5372:Hazard statements 5285:cathode-ray tubes 4994:waterfowl hunting 4771:Two-stage process 4767: 4766: 4395:lead–acid battery 4391:blood lead levels 4322:Mississippi River 4274:French Revolution 4112:The Roman author 4036:Balearic slingers 3953:Iberian peninsula 3854:Ancient Egyptians 3592:crustal abundance 3540:electron captures 3456: 3455: 3313:lead tetraacetate 3039:. Analogously to 3017:lead(II,IV) oxide 2945:lead(II,IV) oxide 2818:between lead and 2816:electronegativity 2812:inert pair effect 2739:lead(II) fluoride 2682:daughter products 2376:covalently bonded 2353:inert pair effect 2312:, arranged in an 2161:Compounds of lead 2143:nature; lead and 2124:and three of its 2067: 2066: 2013: 2012: 1702:"Pb": from Latin 1630:) (annealed) 1612:46 GPa 1592:16 GPa 1558:Magnetic ordering 1521:Thermal expansion 1483:Crystal structure 1457: 1445:202 pm 1382:Electronegativity 1350:Atomic properties 1344: 1343: 1149:] 4f 5d 6s 6p 1077: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1063: 1046: 1036: 1035: 762:Mercury (element) 16:(Redirected from 19633: 19423: 19422: 19421: 19413: 19412: 19404: 19403: 19269: 19268: 19267: 19259: 19258: 19250: 19249: 19076: 19069: 19062: 19053: 19052: 19018: 19017: 19004: 19002: 18995: 18993: 18986: 18984: 18977: 18975: 18968: 18966: 18959: 18957: 18950: 18948: 18941: 18939: 18932: 18930: 18923: 18921: 18914: 18912: 18905: 18903: 18896: 18894: 18887: 18885: 18878: 18876: 18869: 18867: 18860: 18858: 18851: 18849: 18842: 18840: 18833: 18831: 18824: 18822: 18815: 18813: 18806: 18804: 18797: 18795: 18788: 18786: 18779: 18777: 18770: 18768: 18761: 18759: 18752: 18750: 18743: 18741: 18734: 18732: 18725: 18723: 18709: 18707: 18700: 18698: 18691: 18689: 18682: 18680: 18673: 18671: 18664: 18662: 18655: 18653: 18646: 18644: 18637: 18635: 18628: 18626: 18619: 18617: 18610: 18608: 18601: 18599: 18592: 18590: 18583: 18581: 18574: 18572: 18565: 18563: 18556: 18554: 18547: 18545: 18538: 18536: 18529: 18527: 18520: 18518: 18511: 18509: 18502: 18500: 18493: 18491: 18484: 18482: 18475: 18473: 18466: 18464: 18457: 18455: 18448: 18446: 18439: 18437: 18430: 18428: 18414: 18412: 18405: 18403: 18396: 18394: 18387: 18385: 18378: 18376: 18369: 18367: 18360: 18358: 18351: 18349: 18342: 18340: 18333: 18331: 18324: 18322: 18315: 18313: 18306: 18304: 18297: 18295: 18288: 18286: 18279: 18277: 18268: 18266: 18259: 18257: 18243: 18241: 18234: 18232: 18225: 18223: 18216: 18214: 18207: 18205: 18198: 18196: 18189: 18187: 18180: 18178: 18171: 18169: 18162: 18160: 18153: 18151: 18144: 18142: 18135: 18133: 18126: 18124: 18117: 18115: 18108: 18106: 18097: 18095: 18088: 18086: 18072: 18070: 18063: 18061: 18054: 18052: 18045: 18043: 18036: 18034: 18027: 18025: 18016: 18014: 18007: 18005: 17991: 17989: 17982: 17980: 17973: 17971: 17964: 17962: 17955: 17953: 17946: 17944: 17935: 17933: 17926: 17924: 17910: 17908: 17899: 17897: 17789: 17773: 17766: 17759: 17750: 17749: 17741: 17740: 17739: 17732: 17702: 17655: 17645: 17634:10.1289/ehp.6114 17628:(9): 1209–1214. 17612: 17588: 17561: 17551: 17524: 17503: 17484: 17463: 17416: 17395: 17393: 17391: 17382:. Archived from 17366: 17327: 17296: 17294: 17292: 17283:. Archived from 17272: 17270: 17268: 17256: 17226: 17216: 17214: 17212: 17196: 17185:10.11141/ia.56.9 17168: 17158: 17144:(9th ed.). 17134: 17132: 17130: 17121:. Archived from 17107:LEAD Action News 17097: 17095: 17093: 17084:. Archived from 17070:LEAD Action News 17060: 17058: 17056: 17030: 17009: 16986: 16965: 16939: 16918: 16897: 16895: 16893: 16877: 16856: 16846: 16811: 16809: 16774: 16772: 16770: 16761: 16751: 16749: 16747: 16721: 16719: 16717: 16698: 16696: 16694: 16688: 16678: 16676: 16674: 16668: 16658: 16640: 16638: 16636: 16626: 16613: 16611: 16609: 16604: 16594: 16592: 16590: 16578: 16576: 16574: 16557: 16555: 16553: 16547: 16532: 16530: 16528: 16511: 16490: 16462: 16452: 16450: 16448: 16443:on 11 March 2020 16432: 16430: 16419: 16410: 16398: 16396: 16394: 16378: 16373: 16371: 16362:. Archived from 16350: 16305: 16303: 16301: 16295: 16289:. Archived from 16278: 16266: 16242: 16240: 16238: 16232: 16225: 16216: 16207: 16176: 16174: 16164: 16162: 16160: 16154: 16148:. Archived from 16116:(4): 1522–1528. 16105: 16095: 16074: 16049: 16010: 15999:10.1039/B305217F 15983: 15952: 15921: 15882: 15843: 15841: 15839: 15821: 15798: 15759: 15749: 15714: 15704: 15676: 15666: 15640: 15609: 15595: 15576: 15574: 15572: 15548: 15546: 15544: 15520: 15494: 15471: 15461: 15426: 15407: 15382: 15380: 15353: 15326: 15295: 15293: 15291: 15272: 15270: 15259: 15257: 15255: 15245: 15236: 15205: 15189:Chemical Reviews 15179: 15154: 15152: 15150: 15141:. Archived from 15129: 15127: 15125: 15120:on 22 March 2007 15109: 15107: 15105: 15081: 15064: 15041: 15002: 14974: 14953: 14932: 14930: 14917: 14907: 14898: 14885:Psychology Press 14873: 14871: 14869: 14860: 14850: 14848: 14846: 14841:on 16 March 2018 14837:. Archived from 14822: 14783: 14752: 14733: 14731: 14729: 14713: 14703: 14692:10.1289/ehp.9785 14668: 14666: 14664: 14648: 14624: 14593: 14574: 14551: 14549: 14547: 14542:on 18 April 2020 14541: 14535:. Archived from 14526: 14482: 14472: 14433: 14431: 14429: 14410: 14408: 14381: 14379: 14377: 14368:. Archived from 14356: 14341:(8th ed.). 14333: 14323: 14285: 14275: 14240: 14219: 14208:. Plenum Press. 14198: 14154: 14141: 14139: 14137: 14131: 14125:. Archived from 14120: 14110: 14100: 14065: 14042: 14040: 14038: 14015: 14005: 13970: 13949: 13947: 13945: 13930: 13928: 13926: 13910: 13908: 13906: 13890: 13888: 13886: 13877:. Archived from 13866: 13864: 13862: 13849: 13828: 13803: 13780: 13764: 13753: 13738:(5th ed.). 13730: 13699: 13676: 13671:. Archived from 13661:. Accent Press. 13651: 13619: 13609: 13584: 13565: 13563: 13561: 13555: 13545: 13543: 13541: 13535: 13525: 13523: 13521: 13511:www-nds.iaea.org 13501: 13476: 13432: 13422: 13383: 13381: 13379: 13370:. Archived from 13359: 13357: 13355: 13349: 13343:. Archived from 13316: 13306: 13274: 13262: 13243: 13222: 13201: 13176: 13174: 13172: 13163: 13153: 13151: 13149: 13133: 13114:Greenwood, N. N. 13109: 13067: 13065: 13063: 13058:on 26 April 2018 13057: 13051:. Archived from 13040: 13030: 13009: 12978: 12953: 12943: 12900: 12890: 12855: 12833: 12812: 12810: 12808: 12803:on 26 April 2018 12802: 12789: 12779: 12763: 12752: 12722: 12695: 12693: 12691: 12676: 12654: 12629: 12610: 12589: 12564: 12541: 12539: 12537: 12532:on 12 April 2019 12531: 12524: 12509: 12499: 12481: 12446: 12413:(6934): 876–78. 12399: 12372: 12361:. p. 1426. 12357:(3rd ed.). 12349: 12347: 12345: 12323: 12311: 12300: 12275: 12273: 12271: 12261:"Leaded Coppers" 12255: 12234: 12232: 12230: 12224: 12211: 12190: 12154: 12145: 12116: 12085: 12083: 12081: 12065: 12063: 12061: 12049: 12015: 11994: 11975: 11973: 11971: 11953: 11930: 11928: 11926: 11908: 11877: 11875: 11873: 11854: 11829: 11827: 11781: 11756: 11735: 11714: 11691: 11666: 11656: 11613: 11592: 11567: 11537: 11509: 11499: 11483:Collection Forum 11472: 11446: 11419: 11388: 11369: 11345: 11343: 11341: 11335: 11325: 11315: 11283:Veterinary World 11272: 11241: 11214: 11189: 11187: 11185: 11165: 11140: 11138: 11136: 11124: 11122: 11120: 11104: 11077: 11059: 11041: 11032: 11021:reviewer reports 11010: 10996: 10995: 10966: 10960: 10957:Park et al. 2011 10954: 10948: 10942: 10936: 10930: 10924: 10918: 10912: 10906: 10900: 10894: 10888: 10882: 10876: 10870: 10864: 10863: 10861: 10859: 10844: 10838: 10832: 10826: 10820: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10809: 10794: 10788: 10782: 10776: 10770: 10761: 10755: 10749: 10743: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10732: 10717: 10711: 10705: 10699: 10693: 10687: 10684:Auer et al. 2016 10681: 10675: 10674: 10667: 10661: 10655: 10649: 10643: 10637: 10631: 10625: 10619: 10613: 10607: 10601: 10595: 10589: 10583: 10577: 10571: 10565: 10562:Assi et al. 2016 10559: 10553: 10547: 10541: 10535: 10526: 10520: 10514: 10508: 10499: 10493: 10487: 10481: 10475: 10474: 10472: 10470: 10455: 10449: 10448: 10446: 10444: 10430: 10424: 10423: 10421: 10419: 10403: 10397: 10396: 10380: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10369: 10354: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10343: 10328: 10322: 10321: 10319: 10317: 10302: 10293: 10292: 10282: 10234: 10228: 10227: 10186:(9): 8701–8714. 10171: 10165: 10164: 10140: 10134: 10128: 10122: 10121: 10110: 10104: 10103: 10098: 10096: 10081: 10075: 10074: 10069: 10067: 10052: 10046: 10040: 10034: 10028: 10022: 10016: 10010: 10004: 9998: 9992: 9986: 9980: 9974: 9968: 9962: 9956: 9950: 9944: 9938: 9932: 9926: 9920: 9914: 9908: 9902: 9896: 9890: 9887:Navas-Acien 2007 9884: 9878: 9872: 9866: 9860: 9854: 9848: 9842: 9836: 9827: 9821: 9812: 9806: 9800: 9794: 9788: 9782: 9776: 9770: 9761: 9755: 9749: 9743: 9737: 9731: 9725: 9719: 9713: 9712: 9705: 9699: 9693: 9687: 9681: 9675: 9669: 9663: 9657: 9651: 9645: 9639: 9633: 9627: 9621: 9615: 9609: 9603: 9597: 9591: 9585: 9579: 9573: 9567: 9561: 9555: 9549: 9543: 9537: 9531: 9525: 9519: 9513: 9507: 9501: 9495: 9489: 9483: 9477: 9471: 9465: 9459: 9453: 9447: 9441: 9435: 9429: 9423: 9417: 9411: 9405: 9399: 9393: 9384: 9378: 9372: 9366: 9360: 9354: 9348: 9342: 9336: 9330: 9324: 9318: 9312: 9306: 9300: 9294: 9288: 9282: 9276: 9275: 9273: 9271: 9257: 9251: 9250: 9248: 9246: 9231: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9205: 9199: 9193: 9187: 9181: 9175: 9169: 9163: 9157: 9151: 9145: 9136: 9130: 9124: 9118: 9112: 9106: 9100: 9094: 9088: 9082: 9076: 9070: 9057: 9051: 9045: 9039: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9015: 9009: 9003: 8990: 8984: 8975: 8969: 8958: 8952: 8946: 8940: 8934: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8904: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8868: 8862: 8856: 8850: 8844: 8838: 8835:More et al. 2017 8832: 8826: 8820: 8814: 8808: 8799: 8793: 8787: 8784:Riva et al. 2012 8781: 8770: 8764: 8758: 8752: 8746: 8743:Hong et al. 1994 8740: 8734: 8728: 8722: 8716: 8710: 8704: 8698: 8692: 8686: 8680: 8674: 8668: 8662: 8656: 8650: 8644: 8638: 8632: 8623: 8617: 8611: 8605: 8599: 8593: 8587: 8581: 8575: 8569: 8563: 8557: 8548: 8542: 8533: 8527: 8521: 8518:Vasmer 1986–1987 8515: 8509: 8503: 8497: 8491: 8485: 8479: 8473: 8467: 8461: 8455: 8449: 8443: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8419: 8413: 8407: 8401: 8398:Scarborough 1984 8395: 8389: 8386:Frankenburg 2014 8383: 8377: 8371: 8365: 8359: 8353: 8352: 8347:. Book 8, 10–11 8345: 8331: 8325: 8319: 8313: 8307: 8301: 8295: 8289: 8283: 8277: 8271: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8247: 8241: 8235: 8229: 8223: 8217: 8211: 8205: 8202:de Callataÿ 2005 8199: 8193: 8187: 8181: 8175: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8151: 8145: 8139: 8133: 8127: 8121: 8118:Yu & Yu 2004 8115: 8109: 8103: 8097: 8091: 8085: 8079: 8064: 8058: 8049: 8046:Hong et al. 1994 8043: 8032: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8008: 8002: 7996: 7990: 7981: 7975: 7969: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7938: 7932: 7923: 7917: 7911: 7905: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7863: 7857: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7809: 7803: 7797: 7791: 7785: 7779: 7773: 7767: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7725: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7707: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7642: 7636: 7627: 7621: 7608: 7602: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7515: 7509: 7503: 7497: 7491: 7485: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7401: 7395: 7389: 7383: 7377: 7371: 7362: 7356: 7350: 7344: 7338: 7332: 7323: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7293: 7287: 7281: 7275: 7269: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7234: 7233:, pp. 9–10. 7228: 7222: 7216: 7210: 7204: 7198: 7192: 7183: 7177: 7171: 7165: 7159: 7153: 7136: 7130: 7124: 7118: 7112: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7088: 7082: 7076: 7070: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7004: 6998: 6992: 6986: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6929: 6928: 6916: 6901: 6895: 6889: 6883: 6877: 6876:, p. 12-45. 6871: 6865: 6859: 6853: 6847: 6838: 6832: 6826: 6820: 6814: 6808: 6802: 6796: 6790: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6760: 6754: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6628:Christensen 2002 6625: 6619: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6577: 6571: 6565: 6559: 6558:, pp. 9–36. 6553: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6534: 6516: 6507: 6498: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6403: 6392: 6391: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6344: 6329: 6322: 6316: 6313: 6307: 6304: 6298: 6295: 6289: 6286: 6280: 6277: 6271: 6260: 6254: 6243: 6237: 6222: 6216: 6213: 6207: 6205: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6182: 6175:electron capture 6171: 6165: 6159: 6154: 6148: 6140: 6134: 6131: 6125: 6122: 6116: 6106: 6100: 6096: 6090: 6072:quasicrystalline 6068: 6062: 6058: 5990:Desulfotomaculum 5950:general aviation 5926:blood lead level 5915:general aviation 5833:, reproductive, 5739:Consumer Reports 5674:harder the water 5637:Exposure sources 5494: 5487: 5480: 5465: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5351: 5346: 5316: 5312: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5248: 5247: 5246: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5226: 5225: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5203: 5133:efficiency than 5078:grain boundaries 5043:roofing material 4751: 4749: 4748: 4735: 4733: 4732: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4671: 4669: 4668: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4559: 4557: 4556: 4543: 4541: 4540: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4473: 4467: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4170: 4164: 4162:plumbum candidum 4158: 4108: 4085:lead(II) acetate 4062: 4045:Roman lead pipes 3979: 3978: 3946: 3943: 3886:writing material 3882:Fertile Crescent 3811: 3801: 3795: 3788: 3774: 3765: 3755: 3745: 3735: 3721: 3712: 3528:neutron captures 3331: 3327: 3276:organic compound 3228: 3221: 3214: 2996:lead(II) acetate 2992:Lead(II) nitrate 2984:Lead(II) sulfate 2939:in a tetragonal 2900:α-PbO (red) and 2884:hydrogen sulfide 2871:bridging ligands 2855:oxidizing agents 2695: 2673:trace quantities 2665:age of the Earth 2661:lead–lead dating 2634:lead–lead dating 2562:Isotopes of lead 2535: 2531: 2527: 2499:tensile strength 2188:were aware of it 2177:bond with itself 2091: 2074:chemical element 2055: 2048: 2041: 2029: 2028: 2004: 1999: 1981: 1976: 1958: 1953: 1935: 1930: 1912: 1905: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1812: 1805: 1803: 1776: 1744: 1743: 1734: 1729: 1722: 1713:Isotopes of lead 1694: 1656:Brinell hardness 1623: 1581: 1579: 1531: 1529: 1510: 1501:Lattice constant 1467:Other properties 1371: 1365: 1356:Oxidation states 1322: 1318: 1290: 1286: 1279: 1278: 1230: 1216: 1177: 1176: 1132: 1093: 1092: 1031: 1024: 1017: 1010: 1003: 996: 989: 982: 975: 968: 961: 954: 947: 940: 933: 926: 919: 912: 905: 898: 891: 884: 877: 870: 863: 856: 849: 842: 835: 828: 821: 814: 805: 798: 791: 784: 777: 770: 763: 756: 749: 742: 735: 728: 721: 714: 707: 700: 693: 686: 679: 672: 665: 658: 651: 644: 637: 630: 623: 616: 609: 602: 595: 588: 579: 572: 565: 558: 551: 544: 537: 530: 523: 516: 509: 502: 495: 488: 481: 474: 463: 456: 447: 440: 433: 426: 419: 412: 405: 398: 391: 384: 377: 370: 363: 356: 349: 342: 333: 326: 317: 310: 303: 296: 289: 282: 273: 266: 257: 250: 243: 236: 229: 222: 213: 206: 197: 188: 182: 181: 177: 176: 173: 172: 147: 145: 129: 101: 91: 89: 88: 85: 84: 81: 78: 75: 55: 48: 46: 38: 21: 19641: 19640: 19636: 19635: 19634: 19632: 19631: 19630: 19606:Superconductors 19556: 19555: 19554: 19549: 19544: 19531: 19523: 19515: 19507: 19499: 19491: 19487: 19483: 19479: 19464: 19460: 19456: 19441: 19436: 19420: 19417: 19416: 19415: 19411: 19408: 19407: 19406: 19402: 19399: 19398: 19397: 19395: 19390: 19382: 19369: 19361: 19348: 19335: 19331: 19327: 19319: 19306: 19293: 19289: 19281: 19277: 19266: 19263: 19262: 19261: 19257: 19254: 19253: 19252: 19248: 19245: 19244: 19243: 19241: 19236: 19228: 19220: 19212: 19204: 19196: 19192: 19184: 19176: 19172: 19168: 19160: 19156: 19148: 19144: 19140: 19136: 19128: 19124: 19120: 19112: 19104: 19100: 19085: 19080: 19050: 19045: 19044: 19043: 19009: 19000: 18998: 18991: 18989: 18982: 18980: 18973: 18971: 18964: 18962: 18955: 18953: 18946: 18944: 18937: 18935: 18928: 18926: 18919: 18917: 18910: 18908: 18901: 18899: 18892: 18890: 18883: 18881: 18874: 18872: 18865: 18863: 18856: 18854: 18847: 18845: 18838: 18836: 18829: 18827: 18820: 18818: 18811: 18809: 18802: 18800: 18793: 18791: 18784: 18782: 18775: 18773: 18766: 18764: 18757: 18755: 18748: 18746: 18739: 18737: 18730: 18728: 18721: 18719: 18705: 18703: 18696: 18694: 18687: 18685: 18678: 18676: 18669: 18667: 18660: 18658: 18651: 18649: 18642: 18640: 18633: 18631: 18624: 18622: 18615: 18613: 18606: 18604: 18597: 18595: 18588: 18586: 18579: 18577: 18570: 18568: 18561: 18559: 18552: 18550: 18543: 18541: 18534: 18532: 18525: 18523: 18516: 18514: 18507: 18505: 18498: 18496: 18489: 18487: 18480: 18478: 18471: 18469: 18462: 18460: 18453: 18451: 18444: 18442: 18435: 18433: 18426: 18424: 18410: 18408: 18401: 18399: 18392: 18390: 18383: 18381: 18374: 18372: 18365: 18363: 18356: 18354: 18347: 18345: 18338: 18336: 18329: 18327: 18320: 18318: 18311: 18309: 18302: 18300: 18293: 18291: 18284: 18282: 18275: 18273: 18264: 18262: 18255: 18253: 18239: 18237: 18230: 18228: 18221: 18219: 18212: 18210: 18203: 18201: 18194: 18192: 18185: 18183: 18176: 18174: 18167: 18165: 18158: 18156: 18149: 18147: 18140: 18138: 18131: 18129: 18122: 18120: 18113: 18111: 18104: 18102: 18093: 18091: 18084: 18082: 18068: 18066: 18059: 18057: 18050: 18048: 18041: 18039: 18032: 18030: 18023: 18021: 18012: 18010: 18003: 18001: 17987: 17985: 17978: 17976: 17969: 17967: 17960: 17958: 17951: 17949: 17942: 17940: 17931: 17929: 17922: 17920: 17906: 17904: 17895: 17893: 17782: 17777: 17747: 17737: 17735: 17727: 17709: 17609: 17585: 17569: 17567:Further reading 17564: 17521: 17500: 17481: 17413: 17389: 17387: 17386:on 14 June 2013 17357:(15): 4774–78. 17346: 17342: 17338: 17334: 17324: 17290: 17288: 17266: 17264: 17245: 17224: 17210: 17208: 17166: 17155: 17146:Merck & Co. 17128: 17126: 17091: 17089: 17054: 17052: 17027: 17006: 16983: 16915: 16891: 16889: 16874: 16785:Medical History 16768: 16766: 16759: 16745: 16743: 16715: 16713: 16692: 16690: 16686: 16672: 16670: 16666: 16634: 16632: 16624: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16588: 16586: 16572: 16570: 16551: 16549: 16545: 16526: 16524: 16508: 16460: 16446: 16444: 16431:on 1 July 2017. 16428: 16417: 16409:on 6 June 2011. 16392: 16390: 16369: 16367: 16299: 16297: 16296:on 26 July 2020 16293: 16287: 16276: 16273:Lead: The Facts 16263: 16236: 16234: 16230: 16223: 16196:10.2307/1506633 16172: 16158: 16156: 16152: 16103: 16092: 16071: 15980: 15837: 15835: 15812:(11): 2067–69. 15674: 15663: 15653:West Publishing 15592: 15570: 15568: 15542: 15540: 15538: 15423: 15404: 15364:Acta Theologica 15342: 15309:(10): 1052–55. 15289: 15287: 15253: 15251: 15243: 15233: 15176: 15148: 15146: 15123: 15121: 15103: 15101: 15099: 15071: 15061: 14999: 14971: 14950: 14928: 14915: 14895: 14867: 14865: 14858: 14844: 14842: 14749: 14727: 14725: 14662: 14660: 14645: 14590: 14545: 14543: 14539: 14480: 14427: 14425: 14415:Merriam-Webster 14375: 14373: 14372:on 8 March 2020 14353: 14258:(10): 1183–85. 14237: 14216: 14152: 14135: 14133: 14129: 14118: 14083:(12): 1869–74. 14062: 14036: 14034: 13988:(10): 1285–93. 13967: 13943: 13941: 13924: 13922: 13904: 13902: 13899:H. Crowther Ltd 13884: 13882: 13860: 13858: 13846: 13825: 13800: 13777: 13750: 13742:. p. 238. 13727: 13696: 13675:on 9 June 2019. 13669: 13640: 13617: 13606: 13581: 13559: 13557: 13553: 13539: 13537: 13533: 13519: 13517: 13498: 13430: 13377: 13375: 13374:on 14 July 2016 13353: 13351: 13347: 13314: 13295: 13272: 13259: 13240: 13219: 13198: 13170: 13168: 13161: 13147: 13145: 13130: 13061: 13059: 13055: 13049: 13038: 13027: 12975: 12852: 12830: 12806: 12804: 12800: 12787: 12776: 12719: 12689: 12687: 12673: 12651: 12626: 12607: 12586: 12561: 12535: 12533: 12529: 12522: 12464:(18): 6594–99. 12396: 12369: 12343: 12341: 12334:Chemistry World 12320: 12297: 12269: 12267: 12252: 12228: 12226: 12222: 12208: 12142: 12113: 12079: 12077: 12059: 12057: 12012: 11991: 11969: 11967: 11950: 11924: 11922: 11871: 11869: 11851: 11790:Burbidge, G. R. 11786:Burbidge, E. M. 11778: 11753: 11732: 11711: 11688: 11610: 11589: 11564: 11534: 11402:(21): 9965–78. 11385: 11366: 11339: 11337: 11333: 11211: 11183: 11181: 11180:on 27 June 2017 11162: 11134: 11132: 11118: 11116: 11101: 11039: 11034: 11028: 11004: 10999: 10967: 10963: 10955: 10951: 10943: 10939: 10931: 10927: 10919: 10915: 10907: 10903: 10895: 10891: 10883: 10879: 10871: 10867: 10857: 10855: 10845: 10841: 10833: 10829: 10821: 10817: 10807: 10805: 10796: 10795: 10791: 10783: 10779: 10775:, p. 1288. 10771: 10764: 10756: 10752: 10744: 10740: 10730: 10728: 10718: 10714: 10706: 10702: 10694: 10690: 10682: 10678: 10669: 10668: 10664: 10656: 10652: 10644: 10640: 10632: 10628: 10620: 10616: 10608: 10604: 10596: 10592: 10584: 10580: 10572: 10568: 10560: 10556: 10548: 10544: 10536: 10529: 10521: 10517: 10509: 10502: 10494: 10490: 10482: 10478: 10468: 10466: 10465:. 16 April 2024 10457: 10456: 10452: 10442: 10440: 10432: 10431: 10427: 10417: 10415: 10404: 10400: 10381: 10377: 10367: 10365: 10356: 10355: 10351: 10341: 10339: 10330: 10329: 10325: 10315: 10313: 10303: 10296: 10255:10.2307/3433922 10235: 10231: 10172: 10168: 10157: 10141: 10137: 10129: 10125: 10112: 10111: 10107: 10094: 10092: 10083: 10082: 10078: 10065: 10063: 10054: 10053: 10049: 10041: 10037: 10029: 10025: 10017: 10013: 10005: 10001: 9993: 9989: 9981: 9977: 9969: 9965: 9957: 9953: 9945: 9941: 9933: 9929: 9923:Liu et al. 2015 9921: 9917: 9909: 9905: 9897: 9893: 9885: 9881: 9873: 9869: 9861: 9857: 9853:, p. 1426. 9849: 9845: 9837: 9830: 9822: 9815: 9807: 9803: 9795: 9791: 9783: 9779: 9771: 9764: 9756: 9752: 9744: 9740: 9732: 9728: 9720: 9716: 9707: 9706: 9702: 9694: 9690: 9682: 9678: 9670: 9666: 9658: 9654: 9646: 9642: 9634: 9630: 9622: 9618: 9610: 9606: 9598: 9594: 9586: 9582: 9574: 9570: 9562: 9558: 9550: 9546: 9538: 9534: 9526: 9522: 9514: 9510: 9502: 9498: 9494:, pp. 5–6. 9490: 9486: 9478: 9474: 9470:, p. 1590. 9466: 9462: 9454: 9450: 9442: 9438: 9430: 9426: 9418: 9414: 9406: 9402: 9394: 9387: 9379: 9375: 9367: 9363: 9355: 9351: 9343: 9339: 9331: 9327: 9319: 9315: 9307: 9303: 9295: 9291: 9283: 9279: 9269: 9267: 9259: 9258: 9254: 9244: 9242: 9232: 9228: 9218: 9216: 9215:. 19 April 2022 9207: 9206: 9202: 9194: 9190: 9182: 9178: 9170: 9166: 9158: 9154: 9146: 9139: 9131: 9127: 9119: 9115: 9107: 9103: 9095: 9091: 9083: 9079: 9071: 9060: 9052: 9048: 9040: 9036: 9028: 9024: 9016: 9012: 9004: 8993: 8985: 8978: 8970: 8961: 8953: 8949: 8941: 8937: 8929: 8925: 8917: 8913: 8905: 8901: 8893: 8889: 8881: 8877: 8869: 8865: 8857: 8853: 8845: 8841: 8833: 8829: 8821: 8817: 8809: 8802: 8794: 8790: 8782: 8773: 8765: 8761: 8753: 8749: 8741: 8737: 8729: 8725: 8717: 8713: 8705: 8701: 8695:Rabinowitz 1995 8693: 8689: 8681: 8677: 8669: 8665: 8657: 8653: 8645: 8641: 8633: 8626: 8618: 8614: 8606: 8602: 8594: 8590: 8582: 8578: 8570: 8566: 8558: 8551: 8543: 8536: 8528: 8524: 8516: 8512: 8504: 8500: 8492: 8488: 8482:Polyanskiy 1986 8480: 8476: 8468: 8464: 8456: 8452: 8444: 8440: 8432: 8428: 8424:, p. 1052. 8420: 8416: 8408: 8404: 8396: 8392: 8384: 8380: 8372: 8368: 8360: 8356: 8342:De architectura 8332: 8328: 8320: 8316: 8308: 8304: 8296: 8292: 8284: 8280: 8272: 8268: 8260: 8256: 8248: 8244: 8236: 8232: 8224: 8220: 8214:Ceccarelli 2013 8212: 8208: 8200: 8196: 8188: 8184: 8176: 8172: 8164: 8160: 8152: 8148: 8140: 8136: 8128: 8124: 8116: 8112: 8104: 8100: 8092: 8088: 8080: 8067: 8059: 8052: 8044: 8035: 8027: 8023: 8015: 8011: 8003: 7999: 7991: 7984: 7978:Merriam-Webster 7976: 7972: 7964: 7960: 7952: 7941: 7933: 7926: 7918: 7914: 7906: 7902: 7898:, pp. 4–5. 7894: 7890: 7882: 7878: 7870: 7866: 7858: 7854: 7846: 7842: 7834: 7830: 7822: 7818: 7810: 7806: 7798: 7794: 7786: 7782: 7774: 7770: 7766:, p. 1224. 7762: 7758: 7750: 7746: 7738: 7734: 7726: 7715: 7705: 7703: 7702:. 5 August 2019 7698: 7697: 7693: 7685: 7681: 7673: 7669: 7663:Polyanskiy 1986 7661: 7657: 7649: 7645: 7637: 7630: 7622: 7611: 7605:Polyanskiy 1986 7603: 7596: 7588: 7584: 7576: 7572: 7564: 7560: 7552: 7548: 7540: 7536: 7530:Hadlington 2017 7528: 7524: 7516: 7512: 7504: 7500: 7492: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7468: 7464: 7456: 7452: 7448:, p. 3775. 7444: 7440: 7432: 7428: 7424:, p. 1128. 7420: 7416: 7408: 7404: 7396: 7392: 7384: 7380: 7372: 7365: 7357: 7353: 7345: 7341: 7333: 7326: 7318: 7314: 7306: 7302: 7294: 7290: 7282: 7278: 7270: 7261: 7253: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7229: 7225: 7219:Polyanskiy 1986 7217: 7213: 7205: 7201: 7193: 7186: 7178: 7174: 7170:, p. 1442. 7168:Bretherick 2016 7166: 7162: 7154: 7139: 7131: 7127: 7119: 7115: 7107: 7103: 7095: 7091: 7087:, pp. 7–8. 7083: 7079: 7071: 7067: 7059: 7055: 7047: 7043: 7035: 7031: 7023: 7019: 7011: 7007: 6999: 6995: 6987: 6983: 6975: 6971: 6963: 6959: 6951: 6947: 6939: 6932: 6922: 6917: 6904: 6896: 6892: 6884: 6880: 6872: 6868: 6860: 6856: 6848: 6841: 6833: 6829: 6821: 6817: 6809: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6785: 6781: 6773: 6769: 6761: 6757: 6749: 6745: 6737: 6730: 6722: 6718: 6710: 6706: 6698: 6694: 6686: 6682: 6674: 6670: 6662: 6658: 6650: 6646: 6638: 6634: 6626: 6622: 6614: 6610: 6602: 6598: 6590: 6586: 6578: 6574: 6566: 6562: 6554: 6550: 6542: 6538: 6514: 6508: 6501: 6497:, p. E110. 6493: 6489: 6441: 6432:carbon monoxide 6429: 6425: 6418: 6404: 6395: 6363: 6359: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6332: 6323: 6319: 6314: 6310: 6305: 6301: 6296: 6292: 6287: 6283: 6278: 6274: 6266:, hydrogen and 6264:carbon monoxide 6261: 6257: 6251:Caesar Augustus 6244: 6240: 6223: 6219: 6214: 6210: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6191:Tetraphenyllead 6189: 6185: 6172: 6168: 6157: 6155: 6151: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6128: 6123: 6119: 6109:British English 6107: 6103: 6097: 6093: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6042:Robert A. Kehoe 6009: 5996:Urochloa ramosa 5881: 5873:dithiocarbamate 5801: 5773: 5767: 5755: 5723: 5708:Cigarette smoke 5639: 5619:cerebral cortex 5573:porphobilinogen 5545: 5524: 5516:bioaccumulation 5506: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5475: 5471: 5463: 5408: 5374: 5360: 5339: 5311: 5305: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5163: 5143: 5130:Supercapacitors 5118: 4978: 4962:used was named 4948: 4920: 4914: 4885: 4861: 4854: 4822:top of the melt 4807: 4790: 4786: 4773: 4768: 4760:Other countries 4746: 4744: 4730: 4728: 4714: 4712: 4698: 4696: 4682: 4680: 4666: 4664: 4650: 4648: 4634: 4632: 4618: 4616: 4602: 4600: 4586: 4584: 4570: 4568: 4554: 4552: 4538: 4536: 4522: 4520: 4506: 4504: 4490: 4488: 4482: 4480: 4454:froth flotation 4445: 4419: 4376:antiknock agent 4352: 4314: 4286: 4270:Venetian ceruse 4212: 4139: 4110: 4106: 4104: 4077:Pliny the Elder 3944: 3930: 3884:used lead as a 3833:period and the 3823: 3818: 3777:chemical symbol 3698: 3636: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3572: 3461: 3343: 3335: 3326: 3292:tetramethyllead 3288:atomic hydrogen 3270: 3266: 3262: 3254: 3226: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3206:Structure of a 3200: 3194: 3174: 3166: 3151: 3147: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3075: 3069: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3004: 2979: 2960:Michael Faraday 2875:reducing agents 2873:), but are not 2864: 2860: 2841: 2792: 2786: 2758:phosphoric acid 2702: 2693: 2686:neutron capture 2597:to isotopes of 2564: 2558: 2534:24.15 nΩ·m 2533: 2530:20.51 nΩ·m 2529: 2526:15.43 nΩ·m 2525: 2420: 2357:oxidation state 2345:periodic trends 2302: 2297: 2265:leaded gasoline 2165:oxidation state 2059: 2034: 2016: 2002: 1997: 1979: 1974: 1956: 1951: 1933: 1928: 1908: 1903: 1852: 1845: 1843: 1808: 1801: 1799: 1774: 1767: 1760:abundance 1733: 1715: 1688: 1670:7439-92-1 1621: 1588:Young's modulus 1577: 1575: 1527: 1525: 1511: 1431:Covalent radius 1411: 1367: 1361: 1345: 1320: 1288: 1224: 1214: 1170: 1086: 1082: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1043: 1037: 1029: 1022: 1015: 1008: 1001: 994: 987: 980: 973: 966: 959: 952: 945: 938: 931: 924: 917: 910: 903: 896: 889: 882: 875: 868: 861: 854: 847: 840: 833: 826: 819: 812: 803: 796: 789: 782: 775: 768: 761: 754: 747: 740: 733: 726: 719: 712: 705: 698: 691: 684: 677: 670: 663: 656: 649: 642: 635: 628: 621: 614: 607: 600: 593: 586: 577: 570: 563: 556: 549: 542: 535: 528: 521: 514: 507: 500: 493: 486: 479: 472: 461: 454: 445: 438: 431: 424: 417: 410: 403: 396: 389: 382: 375: 368: 361: 354: 347: 340: 331: 324: 315: 308: 301: 294: 287: 280: 271: 264: 255: 248: 241: 234: 227: 220: 211: 204: 195: 186: 155: 143: 141: 127: 121: 93: 72: 68: 44: 40: 37: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19639: 19629: 19628: 19623: 19618: 19613: 19608: 19603: 19598: 19593: 19588: 19583: 19578: 19573: 19568: 19551: 19550: 19548: 19547: 19546:(hypothetical) 19542: 19538: 19533: 19529: 19525: 19521: 19517: 19513: 19509: 19505: 19501: 19497: 19493: 19489: 19485: 19481: 19477: 19472: 19470: 19466: 19465: 19463: 19462: 19458: 19454: 19449: 19447: 19443: 19442: 19440: 19439: 19438:(hypothetical) 19434: 19430: 19425: 19418: 19409: 19400: 19392: 19388: 19384: 19380: 19376: 19371: 19367: 19363: 19359: 19355: 19350: 19346: 19342: 19337: 19333: 19329: 19325: 19321: 19317: 19313: 19308: 19304: 19300: 19295: 19291: 19287: 19283: 19279: 19275: 19271: 19264: 19255: 19246: 19238: 19234: 19230: 19226: 19222: 19218: 19214: 19210: 19206: 19202: 19198: 19194: 19190: 19186: 19182: 19178: 19174: 19170: 19166: 19162: 19158: 19154: 19150: 19146: 19142: 19138: 19134: 19130: 19126: 19122: 19118: 19114: 19110: 19106: 19102: 19098: 19093: 19091: 19087: 19086: 19083:Lead compounds 19079: 19078: 19071: 19064: 19056: 19047: 19046: 19040: 19039: 19034: 19029: 19024: 19016: 19014: 19011: 19010: 19006: 19005: 18996: 18987: 18978: 18969: 18960: 18951: 18942: 18933: 18924: 18915: 18906: 18897: 18888: 18879: 18870: 18861: 18852: 18843: 18834: 18825: 18816: 18807: 18798: 18789: 18780: 18771: 18762: 18753: 18744: 18735: 18726: 18717: 18711: 18710: 18701: 18692: 18683: 18674: 18665: 18656: 18647: 18638: 18629: 18620: 18611: 18602: 18593: 18584: 18575: 18566: 18557: 18548: 18539: 18530: 18521: 18512: 18503: 18494: 18485: 18476: 18467: 18458: 18449: 18440: 18431: 18422: 18416: 18415: 18406: 18397: 18388: 18379: 18370: 18361: 18352: 18343: 18334: 18325: 18316: 18307: 18298: 18289: 18280: 18271: 18269: 18260: 18251: 18245: 18244: 18235: 18226: 18217: 18208: 18199: 18190: 18181: 18172: 18163: 18154: 18145: 18136: 18127: 18118: 18109: 18100: 18098: 18089: 18080: 18074: 18073: 18064: 18055: 18046: 18037: 18028: 18019: 18017: 18008: 17999: 17993: 17992: 17983: 17974: 17965: 17956: 17947: 17938: 17936: 17927: 17918: 17912: 17911: 17902: 17900: 17891: 17885: 17884: 17879: 17874: 17869: 17864: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17839: 17834: 17829: 17824: 17819: 17814: 17809: 17804: 17802: 17797: 17792: 17787: 17784: 17783: 17780:Periodic table 17776: 17775: 17768: 17761: 17753: 17746: 17745: 17725: 17724: 17719: 17708: 17707:External links 17705: 17704: 17703: 17662: 17656: 17613: 17607: 17592: 17583: 17568: 17565: 17563: 17562: 17525: 17519: 17504: 17498: 17485: 17479: 17464: 17430:(4): 2261–73. 17417: 17411: 17396: 17367: 17344: 17340: 17336: 17332: 17328: 17322: 17297: 17273: 17257: 17243: 17217: 17197: 17159: 17153: 17135: 17098: 17061: 17031: 17025: 17010: 17004: 16996:Academic Press 16987: 16981: 16966: 16919: 16913: 16898: 16878: 16872: 16857: 16812: 16775: 16752: 16728:(1986–1987) . 16722: 16707:"Decay Chains" 16699: 16679: 16659: 16657:. p. 314. 16641: 16614: 16595: 16579: 16569:(5th ed.) 16558: 16533: 16512: 16506: 16491: 16453: 16433: 16411: 16399: 16379: 16351: 16306: 16285: 16267: 16261: 16243: 16217: 16208: 16177: 16165: 16096: 16090: 16075: 16069: 16050: 16011: 15984: 15978: 15953: 15922: 15883: 15844: 15832:Times of India 15822: 15799: 15773:(17): 174710. 15760: 15715: 15702:1854/LU-391408 15687:(2): 168–175. 15667: 15661: 15641: 15623:(4): 469–475. 15610: 15596: 15590: 15577: 15549: 15536: 15521: 15485:(2): 1963–80. 15472: 15427: 15421: 15408: 15402: 15383: 15354: 15340: 15327: 15296: 15273: 15260: 15237: 15231: 15206: 15180: 15174: 15155: 15130: 15110: 15097: 15082: 15065: 15059: 15042: 15016:(2): 382–396. 15003: 14997: 14975: 14969: 14954: 14948: 14933: 14908: 14899: 14893: 14874: 14851: 14823: 14797:(1–3): 37–41. 14784: 14766:(11): 660–63. 14753: 14747: 14734: 14714: 14686:(3): 472–482. 14669: 14649: 14643: 14625: 14594: 14588: 14575: 14565:(6): 2722–26. 14552: 14493:(4): 211–219. 14473: 14434: 14411: 14382: 14357: 14351: 14334: 14286: 14241: 14235: 14220: 14214: 14199: 14179:10.1086/375492 14165:(2): 1220–47. 14142: 14111: 14066: 14060: 14043: 14016: 13971: 13965: 13950: 13931: 13911: 13891: 13867: 13850: 13844: 13829: 13823: 13804: 13798: 13781: 13775: 13754: 13748: 13731: 13725: 13700: 13694: 13686:VCH Publishers 13677: 13667: 13652: 13638: 13610: 13604: 13585: 13579: 13566: 13546: 13526: 13502: 13496: 13477: 13423: 13403:10.2307/504874 13384: 13368:Cosmetics Info 13360: 13307: 13293: 13263: 13257: 13244: 13238: 13223: 13217: 13202: 13196: 13190:. p. 96. 13177: 13154: 13134: 13128: 13110: 13068: 13047: 13031: 13025: 13010: 12979: 12973: 12954: 12901: 12873:(1): a20–a21. 12856: 12850: 12834: 12828: 12813: 12780: 12774: 12753: 12723: 12717: 12696: 12677: 12671: 12655: 12649: 12630: 12624: 12611: 12605: 12590: 12584: 12565: 12559: 12542: 12510: 12447: 12400: 12394: 12373: 12367: 12350: 12324: 12318: 12301: 12295: 12276: 12256: 12250: 12235: 12212: 12206: 12191: 12165:(6): 904–906. 12146: 12140: 12117: 12111: 12086: 12066: 12050: 12032:(7): 141–146. 12016: 12010: 12004:. OUP Oxford. 11995: 11989: 11976: 11954: 11948: 11931: 11909: 11878: 11855: 11849: 11830: 11810:(4): 547–654. 11782: 11776: 11757: 11751: 11736: 11730: 11715: 11709: 11692: 11686: 11667: 11631:(12): 1313–9. 11614: 11608: 11593: 11587: 11568: 11562: 11538: 11533:978-0470860786 11532: 11510: 11490:(1–2): 22–36. 11473: 11420: 11389: 11383: 11370: 11364: 11350:Audsley, G. A. 11346: 11326: 11290:(6): 660–671. 11273: 11242: 11232:(22): 341–43. 11215: 11209: 11190: 11166: 11160: 11141: 11125: 11105: 11099: 11079: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10997: 10961: 10949: 10937: 10925: 10913: 10901: 10899:, p. I-1. 10889: 10877: 10865: 10839: 10837:, p. 111. 10827: 10815: 10789: 10787:, p. 242. 10777: 10762: 10758:Grandjean 1978 10750: 10738: 10712: 10700: 10688: 10676: 10662: 10650: 10638: 10626: 10614: 10602: 10590: 10578: 10566: 10554: 10542: 10527: 10515: 10500: 10488: 10476: 10450: 10425: 10398: 10389:Here & Now 10375: 10349: 10323: 10294: 10229: 10166: 10155: 10135: 10123: 10105: 10076: 10047: 10035: 10023: 10021:, p. 914. 10011: 9999: 9987: 9975: 9973:, p. 101. 9963: 9951: 9939: 9927: 9915: 9913:, p. 462. 9903: 9891: 9879: 9867: 9865:, p. 238. 9855: 9843: 9841:, p. 369. 9828: 9813: 9801: 9789: 9777: 9762: 9750: 9738: 9726: 9714: 9700: 9688: 9676: 9664: 9660:Randerson 2002 9652: 9650:, p. 106. 9640: 9638:, p. 438. 9628: 9616: 9604: 9592: 9580: 9568: 9556: 9554:, p. 440. 9544: 9532: 9528:Gulbinska 2014 9520: 9508: 9496: 9484: 9472: 9460: 9448: 9436: 9424: 9412: 9408:Guruswamy 2000 9400: 9398:, p. 101. 9385: 9373: 9371:, p. 216. 9361: 9349: 9337: 9325: 9323:, p. 136. 9313: 9311:, p. 182. 9301: 9289: 9277: 9252: 9226: 9200: 9188: 9176: 9164: 9162:, p. 181. 9152: 9137: 9125: 9113: 9101: 9089: 9077: 9058: 9046: 9034: 9022: 9010: 8991: 8976: 8959: 8947: 8935: 8923: 8911: 8899: 8887: 8875: 8873:, p. 117. 8863: 8851: 8839: 8827: 8815: 8800: 8798:, p. 246. 8788: 8771: 8759: 8747: 8735: 8723: 8711: 8699: 8687: 8675: 8663: 8651: 8639: 8624: 8612: 8610:, p. 388. 8600: 8588: 8576: 8564: 8549: 8534: 8522: 8510: 8498: 8486: 8474: 8472:, p. 183. 8462: 8450: 8448:, p. 184. 8438: 8426: 8414: 8402: 8390: 8378: 8366: 8362:Gilfillan 1965 8354: 8326: 8314: 8302: 8290: 8278: 8266: 8254: 8242: 8230: 8218: 8206: 8194: 8182: 8170: 8158: 8146: 8144:, p. 105. 8134: 8122: 8110: 8098: 8086: 8065: 8050: 8033: 8021: 8009: 8005:Nikolayev 2012 7997: 7982: 7970: 7968:, p. 225. 7966:Rieuwerts 2015 7958: 7939: 7924: 7922:, p. 182. 7912: 7900: 7888: 7876: 7864: 7862:, p. 596. 7852: 7850:, p. 595. 7840: 7828: 7816: 7814:, p. 553. 7804: 7792: 7790:, p. 551. 7780: 7768: 7756: 7744: 7732: 7713: 7691: 7689:, p. 569. 7679: 7667: 7655: 7653:, p. 287. 7643: 7641:, p. 918. 7628: 7626:, p. 404. 7609: 7594: 7582: 7580:, p. 393. 7570: 7566:Alsfasser 2007 7558: 7546: 7534: 7522: 7510: 7498: 7486: 7474: 7472:, p. 381. 7462: 7458:Silverman 1966 7450: 7446:Macintyre 1992 7438: 7436:, p. 234. 7426: 7414: 7412:, p. 277. 7402: 7400:, p. 388. 7390: 7378: 7376:, p. 382. 7363: 7351: 7349:, p. 426. 7339: 7337:, p. 389. 7324: 7322:, p. 387. 7312: 7310:, p. 384. 7300: 7288: 7276: 7259: 7257:, p. 215. 7247: 7245:, p. 509. 7235: 7223: 7211: 7199: 7197:, p. 374. 7184: 7182:, p. 132. 7172: 7160: 7158:, p. 373. 7137: 7125: 7113: 7101: 7089: 7077: 7065: 7053: 7051:, p. 115. 7041: 7029: 7027:, p. 368. 7017: 7005: 6993: 6981: 6969: 6957: 6945: 6930: 6902: 6890: 6888:, p. 272. 6886:Blakemore 1985 6878: 6866: 6854: 6839: 6827: 6815: 6803: 6791: 6779: 6767: 6765:, p. 396. 6755: 6743: 6728: 6716: 6714:, p. 372. 6704: 6692: 6680: 6668: 6656: 6644: 6632: 6630:, p. 867. 6620: 6608: 6596: 6584: 6572: 6560: 6548: 6536: 6499: 6487: 6439: 6423: 6416: 6393: 6357: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6330: 6317: 6308: 6299: 6290: 6281: 6272: 6255: 6245:The fact that 6238: 6217: 6208: 6195: 6183: 6166: 6149: 6135: 6126: 6117: 6101: 6091: 6063: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6023:tetraethyllead 6016: 6008: 6005: 5942:Lead abatement 5880: 5877: 5826:photosynthesis 5800: 5797: 5787:, the calcium 5766: 5763: 5754: 5751: 5743:dark chocolate 5722: 5719: 5662:carbon dioxide 5638: 5635: 5569:ferrochelatase 5544: 5541: 5523: 5520: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5490: 5483: 5476: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5447: 5446: 5409: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5375: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5340: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5321: 5320: 5309:Lead poisoning 5307:Main article: 5304: 5301: 5289:semiconductors 5268:ceramic glazes 5264: 5263: 5255: 5243: 5231: 5222: 5210: 5162: 5159: 5142: 5139: 5117: 5114: 5100:material from 4977: 4976:Elemental form 4974: 4947: 4944: 4929:rotary furnace 4913: 4910: 4884: 4881: 4873:fluxing agents 4860: 4859:Direct process 4857: 4852: 4849:fluorosilicate 4826:Parkes process 4810: 4809: 4805: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4741: 4740: 4737: 4725: 4724: 4721: 4709: 4708: 4705: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4677: 4676: 4673: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4613: 4612: 4609: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4565: 4564: 4561: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4533: 4532: 4529: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4485: 4484: 4477: 4466: 4444: 4441: 4418: 4415: 4380:European Union 4372:tetraethyllead 4351: 4348: 4313: 4310: 4300:and the lower 4285: 4282: 4266:printing press 4248:traditions of 4231:Arabian Iberia 4211: 4208: 4156:plumbum nigrum 4138: 4135: 4122:abdominal pain 4097: 4069:Cato the Elder 3993:central Europe 3929: 3926: 3858:Ancient Greece 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3728:Proto-Germanic 3706:Middle English 3697: 3694: 3634: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3571: 3568: 3467:is 0.121 3460: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3440: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3397: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3384: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3345: 3340: 3337: 3325: 3322: 3309:organometallic 3296:tetraethyllead 3268: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3233:Lead can form 3208:tetraethyllead 3196:Main article: 3193: 3190: 3182:liquid ammonia 3172: 3164: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3068: 3065: 3049:Lead disulfide 3036: 3032: 3028: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3003: 3000: 2975: 2926:lead telluride 2914:photoconductor 2892:exists in two 2862: 2858: 2848:Lead(II) oxide 2840: 2837: 2790:Lead compounds 2785: 2782: 2701: 2698: 2626:actinium chain 2560:Main article: 2557: 2554: 2538:superconductor 2419: 2416: 2396:metallic bonds 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2289:lead poisoning 2257:fusible alloys 2208:printing press 2157:covalent bonds 2122:stable element 2065: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2050: 2043: 2035: 2032:Category: Lead 2022: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1906: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1841: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1806: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1762: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1747:Main isotopes 1740: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1724: 1716: 1709: 1708: 1700: 1696: 1695: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1624: 1618:Speed of sound 1614: 1613: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1560: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1534: 1533: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1505: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1487: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1459:Spectral lines 1447: 1446: 1443: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1378: 1377: 1358: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1277: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1259: 1258: 1255: 1249: 1248: 1241: 1239:Heat of fusion 1235: 1234: 1231: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1190: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1143: 1137: 1136: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1056: 1055: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1026: 1019: 1012: 1005: 998: 991: 984: 977: 970: 963: 956: 949: 942: 935: 928: 921: 914: 907: 900: 893: 886: 879: 872: 865: 858: 851: 844: 837: 830: 823: 816: 808: 807: 800: 793: 786: 779: 772: 765: 758: 751: 744: 737: 730: 723: 716: 709: 702: 695: 688: 681: 674: 667: 660: 653: 646: 639: 632: 625: 618: 611: 604: 597: 590: 582: 581: 574: 567: 560: 553: 546: 539: 532: 525: 518: 511: 504: 497: 490: 483: 476: 469: 467: 465: 458: 450: 449: 442: 435: 428: 421: 414: 407: 400: 393: 386: 379: 372: 365: 358: 351: 344: 337: 335: 328: 320: 319: 312: 305: 298: 291: 284: 277: 275: 268: 260: 259: 252: 245: 238: 231: 224: 217: 215: 208: 200: 199: 192: 190: 180: 169: 168: 166:periodic table 161: 160: 157: 156: 154: 153: 139: 136: 134: 131: 130: 125: 115: 114: 111: 110: 107: 103: 102: 66: 62: 61: 57: 56: 42: 35: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19638: 19627: 19624: 19622: 19619: 19617: 19614: 19612: 19609: 19607: 19604: 19602: 19599: 19597: 19594: 19592: 19589: 19587: 19584: 19582: 19579: 19577: 19574: 19572: 19569: 19567: 19564: 19563: 19561: 19545: 19539: 19537: 19534: 19532: 19526: 19524: 19518: 19516: 19510: 19508: 19502: 19500: 19494: 19492: 19474: 19473: 19471: 19467: 19461: 19451: 19450: 19448: 19444: 19437: 19431: 19429: 19426: 19424: 19393: 19391: 19385: 19383: 19377: 19375: 19372: 19370: 19364: 19362: 19356: 19354: 19351: 19349: 19343: 19341: 19338: 19336: 19322: 19320: 19314: 19312: 19309: 19307: 19301: 19299: 19296: 19294: 19284: 19282: 19272: 19270: 19239: 19237: 19231: 19229: 19223: 19221: 19215: 19213: 19207: 19205: 19199: 19197: 19187: 19185: 19179: 19177: 19163: 19161: 19151: 19149: 19131: 19129: 19115: 19113: 19107: 19105: 19095: 19094: 19092: 19088: 19084: 19077: 19072: 19070: 19065: 19063: 19058: 19057: 19054: 19038: 19035: 19033: 19030: 19028: 19025: 19023: 19020: 19019: 19012: 19003: 18994: 18985: 18976: 18967: 18958: 18949: 18940: 18931: 18922: 18913: 18904: 18895: 18886: 18877: 18868: 18859: 18850: 18841: 18832: 18823: 18814: 18805: 18796: 18787: 18778: 18769: 18760: 18751: 18742: 18733: 18724: 18716: 18712: 18708: 18699: 18690: 18681: 18672: 18663: 18654: 18645: 18636: 18627: 18618: 18609: 18600: 18591: 18582: 18573: 18564: 18555: 18546: 18537: 18528: 18519: 18510: 18501: 18492: 18483: 18474: 18465: 18456: 18447: 18438: 18429: 18421: 18417: 18413: 18404: 18395: 18386: 18377: 18368: 18359: 18350: 18341: 18332: 18323: 18314: 18305: 18296: 18287: 18278: 18267: 18258: 18250: 18246: 18242: 18233: 18224: 18215: 18206: 18197: 18188: 18179: 18170: 18161: 18152: 18143: 18134: 18125: 18116: 18107: 18096: 18087: 18079: 18075: 18071: 18062: 18053: 18044: 18035: 18026: 18015: 18006: 17998: 17994: 17990: 17981: 17972: 17963: 17954: 17945: 17934: 17925: 17917: 17913: 17909: 17898: 17890: 17886: 17883: 17878: 17873: 17868: 17863: 17858: 17853: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17813: 17808: 17801: 17796: 17791: 17790: 17785: 17781: 17774: 17769: 17767: 17762: 17760: 17755: 17754: 17751: 17744: 17734: 17733: 17730: 17723: 17720: 17718: 17714: 17711: 17710: 17700: 17696: 17692: 17688: 17684: 17680: 17676: 17672: 17668: 17663: 17661: 17657: 17653: 17649: 17644: 17639: 17635: 17631: 17627: 17623: 17619: 17614: 17610: 17604: 17600: 17599: 17593: 17591: 17586: 17580: 17576: 17571: 17570: 17559: 17555: 17550: 17545: 17542:(4): 569–81. 17541: 17537: 17536: 17531: 17526: 17522: 17516: 17512: 17511: 17505: 17501: 17495: 17491: 17486: 17482: 17476: 17472: 17471: 17465: 17461: 17457: 17453: 17449: 17445: 17441: 17437: 17433: 17429: 17425: 17424: 17418: 17414: 17408: 17404: 17403: 17397: 17385: 17381: 17377: 17373: 17368: 17364: 17360: 17356: 17352: 17351: 17329: 17325: 17319: 17315: 17311: 17307: 17303: 17298: 17286: 17282: 17278: 17274: 17263: 17258: 17254: 17250: 17246: 17240: 17236: 17232: 17231: 17223: 17218: 17206: 17202: 17198: 17194: 17190: 17186: 17182: 17178: 17174: 17173: 17165: 17160: 17156: 17150: 17147: 17143: 17142: 17136: 17124: 17120: 17116: 17112: 17108: 17104: 17099: 17087: 17083: 17079: 17075: 17071: 17067: 17062: 17050: 17046: 17045: 17040: 17036: 17035:Willey, D. G. 17032: 17028: 17022: 17018: 17017: 17011: 17007: 17001: 16997: 16993: 16988: 16984: 16978: 16974: 16973: 16967: 16963: 16959: 16955: 16951: 16947: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16929: 16925: 16920: 16916: 16910: 16906: 16905: 16899: 16887: 16883: 16879: 16875: 16869: 16866:. CRC Press. 16865: 16864: 16858: 16854: 16850: 16845: 16840: 16836: 16832: 16828: 16824: 16823: 16818: 16813: 16808: 16803: 16799: 16795: 16792:(1): 107–08. 16791: 16787: 16786: 16781: 16776: 16765: 16758: 16753: 16741: 16737: 16736: 16731: 16727: 16723: 16712: 16708: 16704: 16700: 16685: 16680: 16665: 16660: 16656: 16652: 16651: 16646: 16642: 16630: 16623: 16619: 16615: 16601: 16596: 16585: 16580: 16568: 16564: 16559: 16544: 16543: 16538: 16534: 16522: 16518: 16513: 16509: 16503: 16499: 16498: 16492: 16488: 16484: 16480: 16476: 16472: 16468: 16467: 16459: 16454: 16442: 16438: 16434: 16427: 16423: 16416: 16412: 16408: 16404: 16400: 16388: 16384: 16380: 16377: 16365: 16361: 16357: 16352: 16348: 16344: 16340: 16336: 16332: 16328: 16324: 16320: 16316: 16312: 16307: 16292: 16288: 16282: 16275: 16274: 16268: 16264: 16262:9780405066238 16258: 16254: 16253: 16248: 16244: 16229: 16222: 16218: 16214: 16209: 16205: 16201: 16197: 16193: 16189: 16185: 16184: 16178: 16171: 16166: 16151: 16147: 16143: 16139: 16135: 16131: 16127: 16123: 16119: 16115: 16111: 16110: 16102: 16097: 16093: 16087: 16084:. Routledge. 16083: 16082: 16076: 16072: 16066: 16062: 16061:Penguin Books 16058: 16057: 16051: 16047: 16043: 16039: 16035: 16031: 16027: 16023: 16019: 16018: 16012: 16008: 16004: 16000: 15996: 15992: 15991: 15985: 15981: 15975: 15971: 15967: 15963: 15959: 15954: 15950: 15946: 15942: 15938: 15935:(4): 373–78. 15934: 15930: 15929: 15923: 15919: 15915: 15911: 15907: 15903: 15899: 15895: 15891: 15890: 15884: 15880: 15876: 15872: 15868: 15864: 15860: 15857:(4): 490–93. 15856: 15852: 15851: 15845: 15834: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15819: 15815: 15811: 15807: 15806: 15800: 15796: 15792: 15788: 15784: 15780: 15776: 15772: 15768: 15767: 15761: 15757: 15753: 15748: 15743: 15739: 15735: 15731: 15727: 15726: 15721: 15716: 15712: 15708: 15703: 15698: 15694: 15690: 15686: 15682: 15681: 15673: 15668: 15664: 15658: 15654: 15650: 15646: 15645:Schoch, R. M. 15642: 15638: 15634: 15630: 15626: 15622: 15618: 15617: 15611: 15608: 15604: 15603: 15597: 15593: 15587: 15583: 15578: 15567: 15563: 15559: 15555: 15550: 15539: 15533: 15529: 15528: 15522: 15518: 15514: 15510: 15506: 15502: 15498: 15493: 15488: 15484: 15480: 15479: 15473: 15469: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15451: 15447: 15443: 15439: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15424: 15418: 15415:. Routledge. 15414: 15409: 15405: 15399: 15395: 15391: 15390: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15370: 15366: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15351: 15347: 15343: 15337: 15333: 15328: 15324: 15320: 15316: 15312: 15308: 15304: 15303: 15297: 15285: 15284: 15283:New Scientist 15279: 15274: 15269: 15268: 15261: 15249: 15242: 15238: 15234: 15228: 15224: 15220: 15216: 15212: 15207: 15203: 15199: 15196:(3): 563–94. 15195: 15191: 15190: 15185: 15181: 15177: 15171: 15167: 15163: 15162: 15156: 15144: 15140: 15136: 15131: 15119: 15115: 15111: 15100: 15094: 15090: 15089: 15083: 15079: 15075: 15066: 15062: 15056: 15053:. CRC Press. 15052: 15048: 15043: 15039: 15035: 15031: 15027: 15023: 15019: 15015: 15011: 15010: 15004: 15000: 14994: 14990: 14986: 14985: 14980: 14976: 14972: 14966: 14963:. CRC Press. 14962: 14961: 14955: 14951: 14945: 14941: 14940: 14934: 14927: 14923: 14922: 14914: 14909: 14905: 14900: 14896: 14890: 14886: 14882: 14881: 14875: 14864: 14857: 14852: 14840: 14836: 14832: 14828: 14824: 14820: 14816: 14812: 14808: 14804: 14800: 14796: 14792: 14791: 14785: 14781: 14777: 14773: 14769: 14765: 14761: 14760: 14754: 14750: 14744: 14740: 14735: 14724: 14720: 14715: 14711: 14707: 14702: 14697: 14693: 14689: 14685: 14681: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14659: 14655: 14650: 14646: 14640: 14636: 14635: 14630: 14626: 14622: 14618: 14614: 14610: 14606: 14602: 14601: 14595: 14591: 14585: 14581: 14576: 14572: 14568: 14564: 14560: 14559: 14553: 14538: 14534: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14516: 14512: 14508: 14504: 14500: 14496: 14492: 14488: 14487: 14479: 14474: 14470: 14466: 14462: 14458: 14454: 14450: 14447:(2): 109–15. 14446: 14442: 14441: 14435: 14424: 14420: 14416: 14412: 14407: 14402: 14399:(3): 265–91. 14398: 14394: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14371: 14367: 14363: 14358: 14354: 14348: 14344: 14340: 14335: 14331: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14313: 14309: 14305: 14301: 14300: 14295: 14291: 14290:Markowitz, G. 14287: 14283: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14265: 14261: 14257: 14253: 14252: 14247: 14242: 14238: 14232: 14229:. CRC Press. 14228: 14227: 14221: 14217: 14211: 14207: 14206: 14200: 14196: 14192: 14188: 14184: 14180: 14176: 14172: 14168: 14164: 14160: 14159: 14151: 14147: 14143: 14128: 14124: 14117: 14112: 14108: 14104: 14099: 14094: 14090: 14086: 14082: 14078: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14063: 14057: 14053: 14049: 14044: 14032: 14028: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14013: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13995: 13991: 13987: 13983: 13982: 13977: 13972: 13968: 13962: 13958: 13957: 13951: 13940: 13936: 13935:"Lead mining" 13932: 13920: 13916: 13912: 13900: 13896: 13892: 13880: 13876: 13872: 13868: 13856: 13851: 13847: 13841: 13838:. CRC Press. 13837: 13836: 13830: 13826: 13820: 13816: 13812: 13811: 13805: 13801: 13795: 13791: 13787: 13782: 13778: 13772: 13768: 13763: 13762: 13755: 13751: 13745: 13741: 13737: 13732: 13728: 13722: 13718: 13714: 13710: 13706: 13701: 13697: 13691: 13687: 13683: 13678: 13674: 13670: 13664: 13660: 13659: 13653: 13649: 13645: 13641: 13639:9783527664658 13635: 13631: 13627: 13623: 13616: 13611: 13607: 13601: 13597: 13593: 13592: 13586: 13582: 13576: 13572: 13567: 13552: 13547: 13532: 13527: 13516: 13512: 13508: 13503: 13499: 13493: 13489: 13485: 13484: 13478: 13474: 13470: 13466: 13462: 13458: 13454: 13450: 13446: 13442: 13438: 13437: 13429: 13424: 13420: 13416: 13412: 13408: 13404: 13400: 13397:(4): 486–91. 13396: 13392: 13391: 13385: 13373: 13369: 13365: 13361: 13346: 13342: 13338: 13334: 13330: 13327:(3): 244–54. 13326: 13322: 13321: 13313: 13308: 13304: 13300: 13296: 13294:9783110434330 13290: 13286: 13282: 13278: 13271: 13270: 13264: 13260: 13254: 13250: 13245: 13241: 13235: 13231: 13230: 13224: 13220: 13214: 13210: 13209: 13203: 13199: 13193: 13189: 13185: 13184: 13178: 13167: 13160: 13155: 13144: 13140: 13135: 13131: 13125: 13121: 13120: 13115: 13111: 13107: 13103: 13099: 13095: 13091: 13087: 13084:(2): 303–21. 13083: 13079: 13078: 13073: 13072:Grandjean, P. 13069: 13054: 13050: 13044: 13037: 13032: 13028: 13026:9780724300358 13022: 13018: 13017: 13011: 13007: 13003: 12999: 12995: 12991: 12987: 12986: 12980: 12976: 12970: 12966: 12962: 12961: 12955: 12951: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12933: 12929: 12925: 12921: 12917: 12913: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12898: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12880: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12853: 12847: 12843: 12839: 12835: 12831: 12825: 12821: 12820: 12814: 12799: 12795: 12794: 12786: 12781: 12777: 12771: 12767: 12762: 12761: 12754: 12750: 12746: 12743:(2): 133–79. 12742: 12738: 12737: 12732: 12728: 12724: 12720: 12714: 12710: 12706: 12702: 12697: 12686: 12682: 12678: 12674: 12668: 12664: 12660: 12656: 12652: 12646: 12642: 12638: 12637: 12631: 12627: 12621: 12617: 12612: 12608: 12602: 12598: 12597: 12591: 12587: 12581: 12577: 12573: 12572: 12566: 12562: 12556: 12552: 12548: 12543: 12528: 12520: 12516: 12511: 12507: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12489: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12471: 12467: 12463: 12459: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12444: 12440: 12436: 12432: 12428: 12424: 12420: 12416: 12412: 12408: 12407: 12401: 12397: 12391: 12387: 12383: 12379: 12374: 12370: 12364: 12360: 12356: 12351: 12340: 12336: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12321: 12315: 12310: 12309: 12302: 12298: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12283: 12277: 12266: 12262: 12257: 12253: 12247: 12243: 12242: 12236: 12221: 12217: 12213: 12209: 12203: 12199: 12198: 12192: 12188: 12184: 12180: 12176: 12172: 12168: 12164: 12160: 12159: 12153: 12147: 12143: 12137: 12133: 12129: 12125: 12124: 12118: 12114: 12108: 12104: 12100: 12096: 12092: 12087: 12076: 12072: 12067: 12056: 12051: 12047: 12043: 12039: 12035: 12031: 12027: 12026: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12007: 12003: 12002: 11996: 11992: 11986: 11982: 11977: 11966: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11951: 11945: 11941: 11937: 11932: 11921: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11906: 11902: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11886: 11885: 11879: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11856: 11852: 11850:9781579904395 11846: 11842: 11838: 11837: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11817: 11813: 11809: 11805: 11804: 11799: 11795: 11794:Fowler, W. A. 11791: 11787: 11783: 11779: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11764: 11758: 11754: 11748: 11744: 11743: 11737: 11733: 11727: 11723: 11722: 11716: 11712: 11706: 11702: 11698: 11693: 11689: 11683: 11679: 11675: 11674: 11668: 11664: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11646: 11642: 11638: 11634: 11630: 11626: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11611: 11605: 11601: 11600: 11594: 11590: 11584: 11580: 11576: 11575: 11569: 11565: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11547: 11543: 11539: 11535: 11529: 11525: 11521: 11517: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11489: 11485: 11484: 11479: 11474: 11470: 11466: 11462: 11458: 11454: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11436: 11432: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11417: 11413: 11409: 11405: 11401: 11397: 11396: 11390: 11386: 11380: 11376: 11371: 11367: 11361: 11357: 11356: 11351: 11347: 11332: 11327: 11323: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11305: 11301: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11270: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11250: 11249: 11243: 11239: 11235: 11231: 11227: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11212: 11206: 11202: 11198: 11197: 11191: 11179: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11148: 11142: 11131: 11126: 11114: 11110: 11106: 11102: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11087: 11081: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11049: 11045: 11038: 11031: 11026: 11022: 11018: 11015:for external 11014: 11009: 10993: 10989: 10985: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10965: 10958: 10953: 10946: 10941: 10934: 10929: 10922: 10917: 10910: 10905: 10898: 10893: 10886: 10881: 10874: 10869: 10854: 10853:Globalair.com 10850: 10843: 10836: 10831: 10824: 10819: 10803: 10799: 10793: 10786: 10781: 10774: 10769: 10767: 10759: 10754: 10747: 10742: 10727: 10723: 10716: 10709: 10704: 10697: 10692: 10685: 10680: 10672: 10666: 10659: 10654: 10647: 10642: 10635: 10630: 10623: 10618: 10611: 10606: 10599: 10594: 10587: 10582: 10575: 10570: 10563: 10558: 10551: 10546: 10539: 10534: 10532: 10524: 10519: 10512: 10507: 10505: 10497: 10492: 10485: 10480: 10464: 10460: 10454: 10439: 10435: 10429: 10413: 10409: 10402: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10379: 10363: 10359: 10353: 10337: 10333: 10327: 10312: 10311:Stanford News 10308: 10301: 10299: 10290: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10272: 10268: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10248: 10244: 10240: 10233: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10170: 10162: 10158: 10156:9780873719971 10152: 10148: 10147: 10139: 10132: 10127: 10119: 10115: 10114:"Lead Trends" 10109: 10102: 10090: 10086: 10085:"NAAQS Table" 10080: 10073: 10061: 10057: 10051: 10044: 10039: 10033:, p. 11. 10032: 10027: 10020: 10015: 10008: 10003: 9997:, p. 17. 9996: 9991: 9984: 9979: 9972: 9967: 9960: 9955: 9949:, p. 16. 9948: 9943: 9936: 9931: 9924: 9919: 9912: 9907: 9900: 9895: 9888: 9883: 9876: 9871: 9864: 9859: 9852: 9847: 9840: 9835: 9833: 9825: 9820: 9818: 9810: 9805: 9799:, p. 42. 9798: 9793: 9786: 9781: 9774: 9769: 9767: 9759: 9754: 9747: 9742: 9735: 9730: 9723: 9718: 9710: 9709:"Lead 695912" 9704: 9697: 9696:Rogalski 2010 9692: 9685: 9680: 9673: 9668: 9661: 9656: 9649: 9644: 9637: 9632: 9625: 9620: 9613: 9608: 9601: 9596: 9590:, p. 23. 9589: 9588:Burleson 2001 9584: 9577: 9572: 9565: 9560: 9553: 9548: 9541: 9536: 9529: 9524: 9517: 9512: 9505: 9500: 9493: 9488: 9481: 9476: 9469: 9464: 9457: 9452: 9446:, p. 16. 9445: 9440: 9433: 9432:Palmieri 2006 9428: 9421: 9416: 9410:, p. 31. 9409: 9404: 9397: 9392: 9390: 9382: 9377: 9370: 9365: 9358: 9353: 9346: 9341: 9334: 9329: 9322: 9317: 9310: 9305: 9299:, p. 70. 9298: 9293: 9286: 9281: 9266: 9262: 9256: 9241: 9240:www.canada.ca 9237: 9230: 9214: 9210: 9204: 9197: 9192: 9185: 9180: 9173: 9168: 9161: 9156: 9150:, p. 57. 9149: 9144: 9142: 9134: 9129: 9122: 9117: 9111:, p. 23. 9110: 9105: 9099:, p. 34. 9098: 9093: 9086: 9081: 9074: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9056:, p. 25. 9055: 9050: 9043: 9038: 9031: 9026: 9020:, p. 51. 9019: 9014: 9008:, p. 17. 9007: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8996: 8988: 8983: 8981: 8974:, p. 56. 8973: 8968: 8966: 8964: 8956: 8951: 8944: 8943:Guberman 2016 8939: 8932: 8931:Tolliday 2014 8927: 8920: 8915: 8908: 8903: 8896: 8891: 8885:, p. 17. 8884: 8879: 8872: 8867: 8860: 8855: 8848: 8843: 8836: 8831: 8825:, p. 37. 8824: 8819: 8812: 8807: 8805: 8797: 8796:Hernberg 2000 8792: 8785: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8769:, p. 11. 8768: 8763: 8756: 8751: 8744: 8739: 8732: 8727: 8721:, p. 85. 8720: 8715: 8709:, p. 69. 8708: 8703: 8697:, p. 66. 8696: 8691: 8685:, p. 59. 8684: 8679: 8673:, p. 65. 8672: 8671:Ashikari 2003 8667: 8660: 8659:Donnelly 2014 8655: 8649:, p. 14. 8648: 8643: 8636: 8631: 8629: 8621: 8616: 8609: 8604: 8598:, p. 35. 8597: 8592: 8586:, p. 54. 8585: 8580: 8573: 8568: 8561: 8556: 8554: 8546: 8541: 8539: 8531: 8526: 8519: 8514: 8507: 8502: 8496:, p. 74. 8495: 8490: 8483: 8478: 8471: 8466: 8460:, p. 15. 8459: 8454: 8447: 8442: 8435: 8430: 8423: 8418: 8411: 8406: 8399: 8394: 8388:, p. 16. 8387: 8382: 8375: 8370: 8363: 8358: 8350: 8346: 8344: 8343: 8336: 8330: 8323: 8318: 8312:, p. 58. 8311: 8306: 8299: 8294: 8287: 8282: 8275: 8270: 8263: 8258: 8251: 8246: 8240:, p. 45. 8239: 8234: 8227: 8222: 8216:, p. 35. 8215: 8210: 8203: 8198: 8191: 8186: 8179: 8174: 8167: 8162: 8155: 8150: 8143: 8138: 8131: 8126: 8120:, p. 26. 8119: 8114: 8107: 8102: 8095: 8090: 8083: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8070: 8062: 8057: 8055: 8047: 8042: 8040: 8038: 8031:, *laidijan-. 8030: 8025: 8018: 8013: 8006: 8001: 7994: 7989: 7987: 7979: 7974: 7967: 7962: 7956:, p. 97. 7955: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7936: 7931: 7929: 7921: 7916: 7909: 7904: 7897: 7892: 7885: 7880: 7873: 7868: 7861: 7856: 7849: 7844: 7837: 7832: 7825: 7820: 7813: 7808: 7801: 7796: 7789: 7784: 7777: 7772: 7765: 7760: 7754:, p. 12. 7753: 7748: 7741: 7736: 7729: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7701: 7695: 7688: 7683: 7676: 7675:Windholz 1976 7671: 7665:, p. 44. 7664: 7659: 7652: 7647: 7640: 7635: 7633: 7625: 7620: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7607:, p. 43. 7606: 7601: 7599: 7591: 7586: 7579: 7574: 7567: 7562: 7555: 7550: 7543: 7538: 7532:, p. 59. 7531: 7526: 7519: 7514: 7507: 7502: 7495: 7490: 7483: 7478: 7471: 7466: 7459: 7454: 7447: 7442: 7435: 7430: 7423: 7418: 7411: 7406: 7399: 7394: 7387: 7382: 7375: 7370: 7368: 7360: 7355: 7348: 7343: 7336: 7331: 7329: 7321: 7316: 7309: 7304: 7297: 7292: 7286:, p. 89. 7285: 7280: 7273: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7256: 7251: 7244: 7239: 7232: 7227: 7221:, p. 20. 7220: 7215: 7208: 7203: 7196: 7191: 7189: 7181: 7176: 7169: 7164: 7157: 7152: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7134: 7129: 7122: 7117: 7110: 7105: 7098: 7093: 7086: 7081: 7074: 7069: 7062: 7057: 7050: 7045: 7038: 7033: 7026: 7021: 7014: 7009: 7002: 6997: 6990: 6985: 6978: 6973: 6966: 6961: 6954: 6949: 6942: 6937: 6935: 6926: 6920: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6899: 6894: 6887: 6882: 6875: 6870: 6863: 6858: 6851: 6846: 6844: 6836: 6831: 6824: 6819: 6812: 6811:Anderson 1869 6807: 6800: 6795: 6788: 6783: 6777:, p. 42. 6776: 6771: 6764: 6759: 6752: 6747: 6740: 6735: 6733: 6725: 6720: 6713: 6708: 6701: 6696: 6689: 6684: 6677: 6672: 6666:, p. 13. 6665: 6660: 6653: 6648: 6641: 6636: 6629: 6624: 6617: 6612: 6606:, p. 36. 6605: 6600: 6593: 6588: 6581: 6576: 6569: 6564: 6557: 6552: 6545: 6540: 6532: 6528: 6525:(3): 030001. 6524: 6520: 6513: 6506: 6504: 6496: 6491: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6433: 6427: 6419: 6413: 6409: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6361: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6339: 6327: 6321: 6312: 6303: 6294: 6285: 6276: 6269: 6265: 6259: 6252: 6248: 6247:Julius Caesar 6242: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6221: 6212: 6199: 6192: 6187: 6181:of lead-205. 6180: 6176: 6170: 6163: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6130: 6121: 6114: 6110: 6105: 6095: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6067: 6057: 6053: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5997: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5985: 5984:Desulfovibrio 5981: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5959: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5938:lead chromate 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5918: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5890: 5885: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5867:. A specific 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5836: 5835:hematopoietic 5832: 5827: 5821: 5817: 5810: 5805: 5796: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5772: 5762: 5760: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5732: 5727: 5721:Lead in foods 5718: 5715: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5702: 5701:home remedies 5693: 5689: 5685: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5654: 5652: 5646: 5644: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5623:neurochemical 5620: 5616: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5592: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5540: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5519: 5517: 5512: 5495: 5488: 5481: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5402: 5376: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5329: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5310: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5287:. Lead-based 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5269: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5167: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5031: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5018: 5014: 5009: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4998:United States 4995: 4991: 4988: 4982: 4973: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4961: 4952: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4925:blast furnace 4919: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4880: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4856: 4850: 4846: 4845:Betts process 4841: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4782: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4759: 4758: 4743: 4742: 4727: 4726: 4711: 4710: 4695: 4694: 4679: 4678: 4663: 4662: 4647: 4646: 4631: 4630: 4615: 4614: 4599: 4598: 4583: 4582: 4567: 4566: 4551: 4550: 4535: 4534: 4528:United States 4519: 4518: 4503: 4502: 4487: 4486: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4465: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4423: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4361: 4356: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4331: 4323: 4318: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4238:stained glass 4234: 4232: 4228: 4220: 4216: 4207: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4178: 4174: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4109: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4043: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3989:classical era 3986: 3972: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3939: 3935: 3928:Classical era 3925: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3914:Mesoamericans 3911: 3907: 3906:contraceptive 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3813: 3812:('to lead'). 3810: 3803: 3800: 3794: 3787: 3781: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3737: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3679: 3678:Earth's crust 3674: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3639:decomposition 3632: 3624: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3552:neutron stars 3549: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3506: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3333: 3332: 3321: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3305:alkyl halides 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3258: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3224: 3217: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3170: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3143: 3110: 3108: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3041:lead monoxide 3026: 3018: 2999: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2980:chain anion. 2978: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2964:pseudohalides 2961: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2922:lead selenide 2919: 2915: 2911: 2910:semiconductor 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2890:Lead monoxide 2887: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2856: 2849: 2845: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2791: 2781: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2697: 2690: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2678:cluster decay 2674: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2653:Canyon Diablo 2649: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2630:thorium chain 2627: 2623: 2622:uranium chain 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2572:atomic number 2569: 2563: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2536:). Lead is a 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2510:boiling point 2506: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2479:Mohs hardness 2475: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2440: 2436: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2379:diamond cubic 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2292: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2114:melting point 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2094:atomic number 2090: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2063: 2060: | 2056: 2051: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2037: 2036: 2033: 2023: 2019: 2009: 2006: 2001: 1998:26.8 min 1989: 1986: 1983: 1978: 1966: 1963: 1960: 1955: 1952:36.1 min 1943: 1940: 1937: 1932: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1895: 1884: 1873: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1851: 1840: 1833: 1830: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1796: 1789: 1786: 1785:product 1783: 1781: 1778: 1771: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1647: 1646:Mohs hardness 1643: 1639: 1637: 1636:Poisson ratio 1633: 1629: 1625: 1622:thin rod 1619: 1615: 1611: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1598:Shear modulus 1595: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1417:Atomic radius 1414: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1317: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1270: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1202:Boiling point 1199: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1188:Melting point 1185: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1135: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1119:period 6 1117: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1084:Atomic number 1080: 1069: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1042: 1039: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1006: 1004: 999: 997: 992: 990: 985: 983: 978: 976: 971: 969: 964: 962: 957: 955: 950: 948: 943: 941: 936: 934: 932:Rutherfordium 929: 927: 922: 920: 915: 913: 908: 906: 901: 899: 894: 892: 887: 885: 880: 878: 873: 871: 866: 864: 859: 857: 852: 850: 845: 843: 838: 836: 831: 829: 824: 822: 817: 815: 810: 809: 806: 801: 799: 794: 792: 787: 785: 780: 778: 773: 771: 766: 764: 759: 757: 752: 750: 745: 743: 738: 736: 731: 729: 724: 722: 717: 715: 710: 708: 703: 701: 696: 694: 689: 687: 682: 680: 675: 673: 668: 666: 661: 659: 654: 652: 647: 645: 640: 638: 633: 631: 626: 624: 619: 617: 612: 610: 605: 603: 598: 596: 591: 589: 584: 583: 580: 575: 573: 568: 566: 561: 559: 554: 552: 547: 545: 540: 538: 533: 531: 526: 524: 519: 517: 512: 510: 505: 503: 498: 496: 491: 489: 484: 482: 477: 475: 470: 466: 464: 459: 457: 452: 451: 448: 443: 441: 436: 434: 429: 427: 422: 420: 415: 413: 408: 406: 401: 399: 394: 392: 387: 385: 380: 378: 373: 371: 366: 364: 359: 357: 352: 350: 345: 343: 338: 334: 329: 327: 322: 321: 318: 313: 311: 306: 304: 299: 297: 292: 290: 285: 283: 278: 274: 269: 267: 262: 261: 258: 253: 251: 246: 244: 239: 237: 232: 230: 225: 223: 218: 214: 209: 207: 202: 201: 198: 193: 189: 184: 183: 179: 178: 175: 174: 170: 167: 162: 158: 151: 140: 138: 137: 135: 132: 124: 120: 116: 112: 109:metallic gray 108: 104: 99: 98: 87: 67: 65:Pronunciation 63: 58: 54: 49: 34: 30: 19: 18668: 17674: 17670: 17625: 17621: 17601:. Elsevier. 17597: 17574: 17539: 17533: 17509: 17489: 17469: 17427: 17421: 17401: 17388:. Retrieved 17384:the original 17375: 17354: 17348: 17305: 17289:. Retrieved 17285:the original 17265:. Retrieved 17229: 17209:. Retrieved 17176: 17170: 17140: 17127:. Retrieved 17123:the original 17110: 17106: 17090:. Retrieved 17086:the original 17073: 17069: 17053:. Retrieved 17048: 17042: 17016:PVC Handbook 17015: 16991: 16971: 16927: 16923: 16903: 16890:. Retrieved 16886:the original 16862: 16829:(2): 55–64. 16826: 16820: 16789: 16783: 16767:. Retrieved 16744:. Retrieved 16739: 16734: 16714:. Retrieved 16710: 16691:. Retrieved 16671:. Retrieved 16649: 16633:. Retrieved 16631:. p. 41 16606:. Retrieved 16587:. Retrieved 16571:. Retrieved 16566: 16550:. Retrieved 16541: 16525:. Retrieved 16521:the original 16496: 16470: 16464: 16445:. Retrieved 16441:the original 16426:the original 16421: 16407:the original 16391:. Retrieved 16386: 16375: 16368:. Retrieved 16364:the original 16314: 16310: 16298:. 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Retrieved 14657: 14633: 14607:(1): 55–60. 14604: 14598: 14579: 14562: 14556: 14544:. Retrieved 14537:the original 14490: 14484: 14444: 14438: 14426:. Retrieved 14422: 14396: 14390: 14374:. Retrieved 14370:the original 14365: 14338: 14306:(1): 36–46. 14303: 14297: 14255: 14249: 14225: 14204: 14162: 14156: 14134:. Retrieved 14127:the original 14080: 14074: 14047: 14035:. Retrieved 14030: 14024: 13985: 13979: 13955: 13942:. Retrieved 13923:. Retrieved 13903:. Retrieved 13898: 13883:. Retrieved 13879:the original 13859:. Retrieved 13834: 13809: 13785: 13761:Scuba Diving 13760: 13735: 13708: 13681: 13673:the original 13657: 13621: 13590: 13573:. Springer. 13570: 13558:. Retrieved 13538:. Retrieved 13518:. Retrieved 13510: 13482: 13440: 13434: 13394: 13388: 13376:. Retrieved 13372:the original 13367: 13352:. Retrieved 13345:the original 13324: 13318: 13268: 13248: 13232:. Springer. 13228: 13207: 13182: 13169:. Retrieved 13146:. Retrieved 13142: 13118: 13081: 13075: 13060:. 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Retrieved 9212: 9203: 9191: 9179: 9167: 9155: 9135:, p. 1. 9128: 9116: 9104: 9092: 9085:Pauling 1947 9080: 9049: 9037: 9025: 9013: 8989:, p. 6. 8955:Graedel 2010 8950: 8938: 8926: 8914: 8902: 8890: 8878: 8866: 8854: 8842: 8830: 8818: 8791: 8762: 8750: 8738: 8726: 8714: 8702: 8690: 8678: 8666: 8654: 8647:Tungate 2011 8642: 8637:, p. 8. 8615: 8603: 8596:Cotnoir 2006 8591: 8579: 8574:, p. 8. 8567: 8562:, p. 7. 8545:Winder 1993a 8530:Kellett 2012 8525: 8513: 8501: 8494:Thomson 1830 8489: 8484:, p. 8. 8477: 8465: 8453: 8441: 8429: 8417: 8410:Waldron 1985 8405: 8393: 8381: 8369: 8357: 8338: 8329: 8317: 8305: 8293: 8281: 8269: 8257: 8252:, p. 6. 8245: 8233: 8221: 8209: 8197: 8185: 8173: 8168:, p. 5. 8161: 8149: 8137: 8125: 8113: 8101: 8089: 8082:Winder 1993b 8063:, p. 4. 8029:Kroonen 2013 8024: 8019:, *bliwa- 2. 8017:Kroonen 2013 8012: 8000: 7993:Kroonen 2013 7973: 7961: 7937:, p. 4. 7915: 7903: 7891: 7879: 7867: 7855: 7843: 7831: 7819: 7807: 7795: 7783: 7771: 7764:Lodders 2003 7759: 7747: 7735: 7728:Lodders 2003 7704:. Retrieved 7694: 7682: 7670: 7658: 7646: 7585: 7573: 7561: 7549: 7537: 7525: 7513: 7501: 7489: 7477: 7465: 7453: 7441: 7434:Brescia 2012 7429: 7417: 7405: 7393: 7388:, p. 4. 7381: 7354: 7342: 7315: 7303: 7291: 7279: 7250: 7238: 7226: 7214: 7202: 7175: 7163: 7128: 7116: 7104: 7092: 7085:Fiorini 2010 7080: 7068: 7056: 7044: 7032: 7020: 7008: 6996: 6984: 6972: 6960: 6948: 6893: 6881: 6869: 6857: 6837:, p. 8. 6830: 6818: 6806: 6801:, p. 8. 6794: 6782: 6770: 6763:Brenner 2003 6758: 6746: 6741:, p. 6. 6719: 6707: 6695: 6683: 6671: 6659: 6647: 6635: 6623: 6611: 6599: 6587: 6575: 6563: 6551: 6539: 6522: 6518: 6490: 6452:(3): 34505. 6449: 6445: 6426: 6407: 6371: 6360: 6342: 6324:An alloy of 6320: 6311: 6302: 6293: 6284: 6275: 6258: 6241: 6220: 6211: 6198: 6186: 6169: 6152: 6138: 6129: 6120: 6112: 6104: 6094: 6066: 6056: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5972: 5969:bioremediate 5962: 5954: 5919: 5894: 5850: 5839: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5774: 5756: 5736: 5728: 5724: 5716: 5705: 5697: 5655: 5647: 5640: 5627:ion channels 5612: 5597: 5546: 5525: 5507: 5451: 5363: 5325: 5293:photovoltaic 5271:used in the 5265: 5195:lead dioxide 5191:lead sulfate 5188: 5144: 5119: 5090: 5067: 5036: 5020:weight belts 5017:scuba diving 5010: 4983: 4979: 4969: 4968:(literally, 4963: 4957: 4946:Applications 4941: 4933: 4921: 4902:electrowound 4886: 4883:Alternatives 4877: 4862: 4842: 4811: 4794: 4774: 4704:South Africa 4469: 4462: 4446: 4437: 4428: 4410:Soviet Union 4406:Eastern Bloc 4402:Western Bloc 4399: 4384: 4369: 4365: 4327: 4298:Benue Trough 4287: 4258:adulterating 4235: 4224: 4140: 4111: 4103: 4099: 4051:Roman Empire 4048: 4029: 3983: 3931: 3922:wire drawing 3862:fishing nets 3839: 3804: 3779: 3758:Proto-Celtic 3738: 3701: 3699: 3691: 3683: 3607:boulangerite 3600: 3573: 3545: 3502: 3490: 3465:Solar System 3462: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3273: 3256: 3232: 3161:Zintl phases 3158: 3111: 3103: 3085:anion from 3025:Lead dioxide 3005: 2982: 2976: 2949: 2906:Lead sulfide 2888: 2869:ions act as 2852: 2833: 2793: 2762:hydrochloric 2751: 2733: 2714: 2691: 2670: 2606:decay chains 2603: 2584: 2576:magic number 2565: 2507: 2483:bulk modulus 2476: 2459: 2445: 2421: 2365: 2342: 2330:carbon group 2303: 2273: 2225:construction 2212:movable type 2200:fall of Rome 2196:ancient Rome 2181: 2169:carbon group 2134: 2130:decay chains 2096:82. It is a 2080: 2069: 2068: 1975:10.64 h 1929:22.20 y 1904:3.253 h 1769: 1703: 1608:Bulk modulus 1512: 1491:(fcc) ( 1368: 1362: 1315: 1283: 1273: 1192:600.61 1088: 974:Darmstadtium 841:Protactinium 774: 615:Praseodymium 164:Lead in the 122: 33: 18:Lead (metal) 17390:11 February 17291:12 November 17267:17 February 17129:12 February 17055:6 September 16892:20 February 16716:23 November 16673:20 February 16635:15 February 16589:28 February 16393:13 February 16370:28 February 16247:Thomson, T. 16237:20 February 15571:18 February 15543:19 November 14979:Pauling, L. 14868:28 February 14663:18 November 14658:www.cdc.gov 14146:Lodders, K. 14026:EPA Journal 13944:16 February 13925:28 February 13905:20 February 13560:26 December 13148:15 February 12918:(4): 1–50. 12536:18 February 12344:22 February 12229:17 February 12060:28 February 11248:Japan Forum 11119:11 February 10835:Schoch 1996 10646:Hauser 2017 10634:Layton 2017 10484:Prasad 2010 10463:www.cdc.gov 10438:www.cdc.gov 9758:Emsley 2011 9369:Putnam 2003 9321:Jensen 2013 9285:Parker 2005 9213:www.fws.gov 8755:Lead mining 8635:Ramage 1980 8608:Samson 1885 8446:Finger 2006 8374:Nriagu 1983 7908:Emsley 2011 7824:Frebel 2015 6862:Willey 1999 6664:Parthé 1964 6640:Slater 1964 6604:Norman 1996 6580:Pyykkö 1988 6226:inscription 6179:bound state 6079:icosahedral 5946:Avgas 100LL 5911:Avgas 100LL 5777:dimercaprol 5692:Kymographic 5666:bicarbonate 5600:nephropathy 5555:sheaths of 5358:Signal word 5299:detectors. 5180:Lead yellow 5094:Organ pipes 4970:lead mockup 4898:electrolyte 4720:North Korea 4334:lead paints 4302:Congo Basin 4095:formation. 4087:), whereas 3949:Phoenicians 3892:, and as a 3782:. The word 3715:Old English 3576:chalcophile 3536:alpha decay 3532:beta decays 3498:r-processes 3243:bond energy 3142:sesquioxide 2968:thiocyanate 2952:gravimetric 2796:tetravalent 2770:acetic acid 2766:nitric acid 2655:meteorite. 2618:thorium-232 2614:uranium-235 2610:uranium-238 2595:alpha decay 2433:passivation 2361:crystalline 2336:, and more 2261:lead paints 2147:react with 2145:lead oxides 2098:heavy metal 1686:Middle East 1563:diamagnetic 1308:100 k 1016:Livermorium 988:Copernicium 981:Roentgenium 911:Mendelevium 897:Einsteinium 890:Californium 41:Lead, 19560:Categories 17513:. Hanser. 17092:5 February 17019:. Hanser. 16937:1502.04724 16769:30 October 16762:(Report). 16726:Vasmer, M. 16627:(Report). 16552:31 January 16300:5 February 15350:1102765674 15184:Pyykkö, P. 14921:Pedologist 14366:GearJunkie 14037:31 January 14033:(4): 15–18 13277:de Gruyter 12838:Frebel, A. 12807:29 October 12659:Emsley, J. 12513:Deltares; 12265:copper.org 12158:Pediatrics 12080:5 November 11970:30 January 11891:: 361–72. 11437:(50): 50. 10945:Acton 2013 10933:Young 2012 10610:McCoy 2017 10418:28 January 10412:Yahoo Life 10007:Moore 1977 9899:Sokol 2005 9612:Singh 2017 9172:Evans 1908 8458:Lewis 1985 8322:Hodge 1981 8298:Grout 2017 7995:, *lauda-. 7359:Funke 2013 7231:Kaupp 2014 7037:Levin 2009 6941:Stone 1997 6775:Jones 2014 6335:References 6162:becquerels 6027:"knocking" 5965:biosystems 5958:neutralize 5769:See also: 5741:tested 28 5651:lead paint 5337:Pictograms 5295:cells and 5281:lead oxide 5277:Lead glass 5170:Lead glass 4990:cartridges 4672:Kazakhstan 4417:Production 4350:Modern era 4262:papal bull 4254:base metal 4143:Bronze Age 4141:Since the 4126:lead pipes 3846:Asia Minor 3722:(with the 3578:under the 3505:beta decay 3353:Molybdenum 3300:organolead 3246:makes the 3192:Organolead 3071:See also: 3057:difluoride 2894:polymorphs 2879:Techniques 2788:See also: 2747:chalcogens 2729:pyrophoric 2709:Flame test 2628:, and the 2495:mild steel 2387:p-orbitals 2372:allotropes 2282:, causing 2276:neurotoxin 2274:Lead is a 2141:amphoteric 2062:references 1666:CAS Number 1640:0.44 1476:primordial 1374:amphoteric 1305:10 k 1243:4.77 1023:Tennessine 967:Meitnerium 946:Seaborgium 925:Lawrencium 664:Dysprosium 650:Gadolinium 629:Promethium 501:Technetium 494:Molybdenum 295:Phosphorus 128:°(Pb) 106:Appearance 19446:Pb(II,IV) 17743:Chemistry 17677:: 46–53. 17253:475274390 17193:236973111 17119:1324-6011 17082:1324-6011 16962:119290828 16930:: 17–27. 16159:27 August 16046:117946028 15918:0021-9606 15492:0904.3105 15038:0022-0248 14902:"surma". 14880:The Organ 14728:21 August 14719:"*lAudh-" 14546:28 August 14515:2471-1403 14486:GeoHealth 14428:12 August 14187:0004-637X 14052:CRC Press 13596:Constable 13488:Routledge 13419:193094209 12998:0096-1736 12571:Deep Blue 12488:0027-8424 12038:0149-2195 11905:232346123 11645:0003-990X 11506:0831-4985 11469:119280082 11444:1212.2422 11340:1 January 11304:0972-8988 11269:144510689 11074:Q56050531 11066:2470-6345 11027:license ( 11019:in 2017 ( 10978:: 96–98. 10785:Duda 1996 10622:Cama 2017 10414:. Reuters 10263:0091-6765 10208:0944-1344 9552:Zhao 2008 9540:Rich 1994 9396:Rich 1994 8895:Rich 1994 8883:Rich 1994 8871:Rich 1994 8811:Crow 2007 8767:Rich 1994 8572:Rich 1994 8560:Rich 1994 8520:, сурьма. 8337:(1914) . 8250:Rich 1994 8166:Rich 1994 8061:Rich 1994 7687:Zýka 1966 7554:Röhr 2017 7272:King 1995 7255:Hunt 2014 7049:Webb 2000 6874:Lide 2005 6850:Lide 2005 6787:Lide 2005 6751:Lide 2005 6568:Lide 2005 6474:0021-9606 6388:1365-3075 6230:Vespasian 6087:ytterbium 6075:thin-film 5765:Treatment 5734:liquids. 5676:the more 5643:recycling 5536:cofactors 5518:of lead. 5328:labelling 5161:Compounds 5155:Oddy test 5116:Batteries 5102:radiation 5098:shielding 5059:armatures 5004:, and in 4992:used for 4912:Secondary 4838:magnesium 4752:Macedonia 4512:Australia 4481:(thousand 4382:by 2000. 4360:Dutch Boy 4290:New World 4240:. In the 4114:Vitruvius 4093:verdigris 4073:Columella 3898:stimulant 3878:ornaments 3809:laidijan- 3786:ɸloud-io- 3763:ɸloud-io- 3696:Etymology 3687:Australia 3631:cerussite 3623:anglesite 3548:supernova 3516:s-process 3366:Palladium 3210:molecule: 3178:lone pair 2941:unit cell 2935:Lead and 2778:plumbites 2700:Chemistry 2491:aluminium 2429:corrosion 2412:strontium 2368:congeners 2310:electrons 2233:batteries 2221:oxidation 2217:ductility 2118:tarnishes 2110:malleable 2076:; it has 1848:10 y 1804:10 y 1765:half-life 1681:Discovery 1650:1.5 1372:(an 1302:1 k 1030:Oganesson 1009:Moscovium 1002:Flerovium 883:Berkelium 869:Americium 862:Plutonium 855:Neptunium 692:Ytterbium 622:Neodymium 601:Lanthanum 564:Tellurium 522:Palladium 508:Ruthenium 480:Zirconium 462:Strontium 418:Germanium 369:Manganese 325:Potassium 281:Aluminium 272:Magnesium 212:Beryllium 19536:plumbate 19428:plumbite 17699:24844619 17652:12842775 17558:96821219 17460:20372810 17452:21573711 17279:(2015). 17207:(Report) 17203:(1995). 17037:(1999). 16853:27486361 16669:(Report) 16647:(1973). 16620:(2015). 16539:(2010). 16387:ABC News 16339:12242437 16249:(1830). 16007:14518905 15949:98821122 15879:26631583 15795:24811658 15756:24185350 15732:: 2715. 15711:18226071 15647:(1996). 15517:14814446 15468:22953225 15254:28 April 14981:(1947). 14819:10811249 14710:17431501 14631:(2004). 14621:71451911 14533:32158988 14330:10630135 14195:42498829 14148:(2003). 14107:26194570 14012:18941567 13885:30 April 13648:17979350 13536:(Report) 13520:31 March 13473:45080402 13465:17797222 13341:10940962 13303:28731296 13188:Springer 13062:18 April 13006:14261844 12950:27877585 12897:22214821 12840:(2015). 12729:(1908). 12661:(2011). 12517:(2016). 12506:24753588 12435:12712201 12225:(Report) 12218:(2016). 12187:42146120 11964:BBC News 11919:The Hill 11841:Sterling 11678:Elsevier 11663:19996036 11416:18823115 11352:(1965). 11322:27397992 11172:(2017). 11070:Wikidata 11050:(2): 7. 10393:Archived 10391:. WBUR. 10368:15 April 10336:phys.org 10216:29322395 10161:Archived 8508:, surma. 8349:fulltext 7920:Cox 1997 6482:15740207 6007:See also 5781:succimer 5731:turmeric 5712:lead-210 5522:Toxicity 5452:NFPA 704 5319:Hazards 5297:infrared 5237:(aq) → 2 5184:lead red 5086:bearings 5051:flashing 5047:cladding 4965:plumbago 4960:graphite 4936:ISASMELT 4906:cathodes 4869:coal gas 4450:grinding 4242:European 4192:stibnite 4065:plumbing 4013:Hispania 4009:Anatolia 3965:Sardinia 3912:and the 3902:currency 3850:smelting 3651:antimony 3596:abundant 3570:On Earth 3564:platinum 3524:polonium 3485:universe 3473:platinum 3459:In space 3392:Platinum 3342:Relative 3339:Element 3307:to form 3284:plumbane 3239:homologs 3223:Hydrogen 3154:fluorite 3107:radicals 3073:Plumbide 3047:anions. 3045:plumbate 3002:Lead(IV) 2902:massicot 2898:litharge 2867:hydroxyl 2861:and PbCl 2839:Lead(II) 2760:but not 2754:sulfuric 2743:chlorine 2735:Fluorine 2725:chloride 2568:isotopes 2556:Isotopes 2503:antimony 2464:tungsten 2404:divalent 2338:shielded 2316:of [ 2229:plumbing 2126:isotopes 2100:that is 1691:7000 BCE 1313:at 1171:at 1060:thallium 995:Nihonium 918:Nobelium 827:Actinium 813:Francium 797:Astatine 790:Polonium 769:Thallium 748:Platinum 720:Tungsten 713:Tantalum 699:Lutetium 643:Europium 636:Samarium 557:Antimony 455:Rubidium 432:Selenium 362:Chromium 355:Vanadium 348:Titanium 341:Scandium 309:Chlorine 249:Fluorine 235:Nitrogen 187:Hydrogen 150:abridged 19345:Pb(SCN) 19037:p-block 19032:d-block 19027:f-block 19022:s-block 17679:Bibcode 17643:1241576 17432:Bibcode 17376:Compass 17211:10 June 16942:Bibcode 16844:4961898 16807:1139494 16746:4 March 16608:12 June 16527:10 June 16475:Bibcode 16447:1 March 16347:6166273 16319:Bibcode 16311:Science 16204:1506633 16146:9954244 16138:1639677 16118:Bibcode 16026:Bibcode 16017:Science 15898:Bibcode 15871:8400649 15775:Bibcode 15734:Bibcode 15637:6389691 15497:Bibcode 15459:3430923 15311:Bibcode 15290:7 April 15124:7 April 15104:21 June 15018:Bibcode 14799:Bibcode 14780:6338384 14701:1849948 14524:7007106 14495:Bibcode 14449:Bibcode 14321:1446124 14282:2119148 14273:1404824 14167:Bibcode 14098:4667382 14003:2569084 13445:Bibcode 13436:Science 13378:18 July 13354:1 March 13086:Bibcode 12941:5090311 12920:Bibcode 12888:3261960 12690:14 July 12497:4020092 12466:Bibcode 12443:4415582 12415:Bibcode 12270:10 July 12179:7232054 12046:9072671 11812:Bibcode 11654:2917196 11449:Bibcode 11313:4937060 11135:12 June 10980:Bibcode 10858:28 July 10731:28 July 10289:9539015 10280:1533263 10271:3433922 10224:3938066 10188:Bibcode 10118:epa.gov 10095:22 July 10089:epa.gov 10066:22 July 10060:epa.gov 6454:Bibcode 6354:. 2020. 6268:methane 6081:silver- 5846:sinkers 5789:chelate 5747:cadmium 5682:sulfate 5615:synapse 5557:neurons 5543:Effects 5249:(s) + 2 5216:(s) + 2 5126:voltage 5055:gutters 5013:ballast 4987:Shotgun 4904:) onto 4834:calcium 4777:roasted 4736:Ireland 4608:Bolivia 4476:Country 4443:Primary 4288:In the 4278:geishas 4250:alchemy 4246:Arabian 4229:, with 4177:cognate 4060:plumbum 4001:Balkans 3997:Britain 3938:Laurion 3918:amulets 3874:enamels 3870:glasses 3816:History 3772:plumbum 3667:bismuth 3643:Arsenic 3637:, is a 3560:iridium 3520:mercury 3518:, from 3477:mercury 3448:Uranium 3435:Thorium 3405:Mercury 3344:amount 3336:number 3280:methane 3255:and Pb( 2988:cations 2828:nitride 2804:silicon 2774:alkalis 2721:sulfate 2599:mercury 2587:bismuth 2548:of all 2528:; gold 2518:nanoohm 2431:due to 2425:density 2408:calcium 2406:metals 2334:nucleus 2308:has 82 2304:A lead 2280:enzymes 2253:pewters 2249:solders 2245:weights 2237:bullets 2089:plumbum 1892:stable 1881:stable 1870:stable 1705:plumbum 1689: ( 1675:History 1461:of lead 1212:Density 1134:p-block 1068:bismuth 960:Hassium 953:Bohrium 939:Dubnium 904:Fermium 848:Uranium 834:Thorium 783:Bismuth 741:Iridium 727:Rhenium 706:Hafnium 685:Thulium 671:Holmium 657:Terbium 587:Caesium 536:Cadmium 515:Rhodium 487:Niobium 473:Yttrium 446:Krypton 439:Bromine 425:Arsenic 411:Gallium 332:Calcium 288:Silicon 205:Lithium 148: ( 92: 19541:Pb(OH) 19469:Pb(IV) 19303:Pb(OH) 19225:PbHAsO 19189:Pb(ClO 19097:Pb(BiO 19090:Pb(II) 17729:Portal 17697: 17650: 17640: 17605: 17581: 17556: 17517: 17496: 17477: 17458: 17450: 17409: 17320: 17251: 17241: 17235:149–53 17222:"Lead" 17191: 17151: 17117: 17080: 17023: 17002: 16979: 16960: 16911: 16870: 16851: 16841: 16804: 16684:"Lead" 16573:20 May 16517:"Lead" 16504: 16389:. 2003 16345: 16337: 16283: 16259: 16202: 16144: 16136: 16088: 16067: 16044: 16005: 15976: 15947: 15916: 15877: 15869: 15793: 15754: 15709: 15659: 15635: 15588: 15534: 15515: 15466: 15456: 15419: 15400: 15348: 15338: 15286:(2348) 15250:. 2012 15229: 15172: 15149:3 July 15095: 15057: 15036: 14995: 14967: 14946: 14891: 14845:1 July 14817: 14778: 14745: 14708: 14698: 14641: 14619: 14586: 14531: 14521: 14513: 14469:841299 14467: 14376:30 May 14349: 14328: 14318: 14280: 14270: 14233: 14212: 14193: 14185: 14136:2 July 14105: 14095: 14058: 14010: 14000: 13963: 13921:. 2016 13901:. 2016 13861:30 May 13842: 13821: 13796: 13773: 13746: 13723: 13692: 13665: 13646: 13636: 13602: 13577: 13494: 13471: 13463: 13417: 13411:504874 13409: 13339: 13301: 13291: 13255: 13236: 13215: 13194: 13159:"Lead" 13126: 13106:400972 13104: 13045: 13023: 13004: 12996: 12971: 12948: 12938: 12895: 12885: 12848: 12826: 12793:ASPERA 12772: 12715: 12669: 12647: 12622: 12603: 12582: 12557: 12504: 12494: 12486: 12441: 12433: 12406:Nature 12392: 12365: 12316: 12293: 12248: 12204: 12185: 12177: 12138: 12109: 12044: 12036: 12008: 11987: 11946: 11936:"Lead" 11925:30 May 11903: 11872:17 May 11847: 11774: 11749: 11728: 11707: 11684: 11661: 11651: 11643: 11606: 11585: 11560: 11530: 11504: 11467: 11414: 11381: 11362: 11320: 11310: 11302: 11267: 11207: 11184:4 July 11158: 11097: 11072: 11064: 10808:27 May 10469:8 June 10443:8 June 10287: 10277: 10269: 10261: 10222: 10214: 10206: 10153: 7706:26 May 6480: 6472: 6434:; see 6414: 6386: 6083:indium 5863:, and 5608:anemia 5553:myelin 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