432:
relatively insensitive to role-conferred advantages and disadvantages in evaluating actions and outcomes. A study on the role of situational construal and the impact of situational labeling showed that the decision of research participants to cooperate vs defect when playing the classic
Prisoner's Dilemma game could be heavily influenced by the "name of the game" (i.e. the Wall Street Game versus the Community Game). Much of his subsequent work focused on these influences, and related ones, that govern a wide range of interferential and judgmental tasks, and the interactions between individuals and between groups.
42:
342:" to describe the finding that people are predisposed towards attributing another person's behavior to individual characteristics and attitudes, even when it is relatively clear that the person's behavior was a result of situational demands (Ross, 1977; This effect is closely linked to, but somewhat broader than, "
362:
in books on human judgment (Nisbett & Ross, 1980) and the relation between social situations and personality (i.e. "the person and the situation"; Ross & Nisbett, 1991). His 1977 chapter, on "The
Intuitive Psychologist and his Shortcomings" has been one of the most cited articles in social
427:
and political psychology. His research generally focused on sources of bias and error and strategies to ameliorate them. With an interdisciplinary group of researchers, Ross was a co-founder of the
Stanford Center on International Conflict and Negotiation (SCICN). The motivational, cognitive, and
431:
His earliest work involved the under-appreciation of situational influences on actions and outcomes, and on the role of "construal" or subjective interpretation of the situations and choices one faces. For example, one study on the "fundamental attribution error" demonstrated that observers are
310:
and for the demonstration and analysis of other phenomena and shortcomings that have become standard topics in textbooks and in some cases, even popular media. His interests included ongoing societal problems, in particular protracted inter-group conflicts, the individual and collective
311:
rationalization of evil, and the psychological processes that make it difficult to confront societal challenges. Ross went beyond the laboratory to involve himself in conflict resolution and public peace processes in the Middle East, Northern
Ireland, and other areas of the world.
1063:
Ross, L, Arrow, K., Cialdini, R., Diamond, J Diamond-Smith, N., Dunne, J; Ehrlich, P., Feldman, M., Horn, R., Murphy, C.N., Pirages, P., Smith, K.R. & York, R. The
Climate Change Challenge and Barriers to the Exercise of Foresight Intelligence.
1477:
Jones, E. E., & Davis, K. E. (1965). From acts to dispositions: The attribution process in person perception. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), "Advances in experimental social psychology," (Vol. 2, pp. 220–266). New York: Academic
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Ross and his colleagues subsequently conducted ground-breaking work on other errors and biases in judgment and decision-making and in the attribution process, including biased assimilation of information and resulting
335:. His primary interests include biases in human inference, judgment, and decision-making; intergroup relations and dispute resolution; political psychology; and points of contact between psychology, law, and ethics.
144:
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Ross, L., Kahn, D, & Liberman V. The objectivity illusion in responses to perceived dissimilarity in political views and sentiments: An extension of naïve realism. (Manuscript under revision.
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perceptual barriers that thwart efforts to ease conflict and achieve mutually beneficial agreements has been a major focus both of his research and applied work over the past two decades.
386:, which explores what the authors consider to be the most important and the most personally and societally useful ideas to have emerged from social psychology and related disciplines.
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Kay, A. C.; Wheeler, S. C.; Bargh, J. A.; Ross, L. (2004). "Material priming: The influence of mundane physical objects on situational construal and competitive behavioral choice".
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Ross, L., Lelkes, Y. & Russell A. How
Christians reconcile their personal political views and the teachings of their faith: Projection as a means of dissonance reduction.
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Liberman, V.; Samuels, S. M.; Ross, L. (2004). "The name of the game: Predictive power of reputations versus situational labels in determining prisoner's dilemma game moves".
378:(Ross & Nisbett, 1991; reissued in 2011 with a foreword by Malcolm Gladwell, who commented that "all of my books have been, in some sense, intellectual godchildren of the
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521:
Mnookin, R.H. & Ross, L. Strategic, psychological, and institutional barriers: An introduction. In K. Arrow, R. Mnookin, L. Ross, A. Tversky, & R. Wilson (Eds.),
423:
Lee Ross was interested in – and has influenced – many fields of psychology, including attitude formation and change, social cognition, judgment and decision, influence,
152:
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Liberman, V., Samuels, S. & Ross, L. The name of the game: Predictive of reputations vs. situational labels in determining
Prisoner’s Dilemma game moves power.
676:
Vallone, R. P.; Ross, L.; Lepper, M. R. (1985). "The hostile media phenomenon: Biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre".
282:(August 25, 1942 – May 14, 2021) was a Canadian-American professor. He held the title of the Stanford Federal Credit Union Professor of Humanities and Sciences at
647:
Lord, C. G.; Ross, L.; Lepper, M. R. (1979). "Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence".
497:
Ross, L & Nisbett, R.E. (1991) The
Personal and the Situation: McGraw-Hill (re-issued, 2011, with a new introduction by Malcolm Gladwell, Pinter and Martin).
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542:
Ross, L. & Ward, A. Naive realism in everyday life: Implications for social conflict and misunderstanding. In T. Brown, E. Reed, & E. Turiel (Eds.),
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Ross, L., Lepper, M. & Hubbard, M. Perseverance in self-perception and social perception: Biased attributional processes in the debriefing paradigm.
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Bryan, C., Dweck, C., Ross, L. Kay, A. & Mislavsky, N. Political mindset: Effects of schema priming on liberal–conservative political positions.
1023:
Liberman. V., Anderson, N.R. & Ross, L. Achieving difficult agreements: Effects of positive expectations on negotiation processes and outcomes.
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Hackley, S.; Bazerman, M.; Ross, L.; Shapiro, D. L. (2005). "Psychological dimensions of the
Israeli settlements issue: Endowments and identities".
347:
549:
Ross, L., Lepper, M. & Ward, A. a history of social psychology: Insights, contributions, and challenges. In S. Fiske & D. Gilbert (Eds.)
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Nisbett, R. E., & Ross, L. (1980). "Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment." Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
577:
Ross. L., Rodin, J., Zimbardo, P. Toward an attribution therapy: The reduction of fear through induced cognitive-emotional misattribution.
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Pronin, E.; Gilovich, T.; Ross, L. (2004). "Objectivity in the eye of the beholder: Divergent perceptions of bias in self versus others".
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Ehrlinger, J.; Gilovich, T.; Ross, L. (2005). "Peering into the bias blind spot: People's assessments of bias in themselves and others".
600:
Ross, L.; Greene, D.; House, P. (1977). "The false consensus effect: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes".
389:
Ross died on May 14, 2021, at the age of 78 from heart and kidney failure at his home in Palo Alto. He was survived by his wife Judith (
528:
Ross, L. The reactive devaluation barrier to dispute resolution. In K. Arrow, R. Mnookin, L. Ross, A. Tversky, & R. Wilson (Eds.),
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Ross, L. From the fundamental attribution error to the truly fundamental attribution error and beyond: My research journey. (In Press
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Ross, L. (1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.),
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Ross, L. (1977). The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.),
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Ross, L., & Nisbett, R. E. (1991). "The person and the situation: Perspectives of social psychology." New York: McGraw-Hill.
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The Person and the
Situation: Perspectives of Social Psychology. by Lee Ross; Richard E. Nisbett Review by: Judith A. Howard
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Pronin, E.; Steele, C. M.; Ross, L. (2004). "Identity bifurcation in response to stereotype threat: Women and mathematics".
734:
Pronin, E., Kruger, J., Savitsky, K. & Ross, L. You don't know me, but I know you: The illusion of asymmetric insight.
511:. McGraw Hill, 1991 (with R.E. Nisbett). Reissued with new foreword by Malcolm Gladwell and afterword by the authors, 2011.
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Ross, L. Perspectives on disagreement and dispute resolution: Lessons from the lab and the real world. In E. Shafir (Ed.)
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Ross, L. The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.),
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Griffin, D.W. & Ross, L. Subjective construal, social inference, and human misunderstanding. In M. Zanna (Ed.),
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Bland, B. & Ross, L Pursuing a shared future in the face of globalization: Four essential questions. (In press
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Ross, L., Amabile, T. & Steinmetz, J. Social roles, social control, and biases in social perception processes.
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Ross, L. & Shestowski, D. Two psychologists’ reflections on situationism and the criminal justice system. In
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Pronin, E.; Ross, L. (2006). "Temporal differences in trait self-ascription: When the self is seen as an other".
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Maoz, I., Ward, A., Katz, M., Ross, L. Reactive devaluation of an "Israeli" vs a "Palestinian" peace proposal.
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Cohen, G., Steele, C., Ross L. The mentor's dilemma: Providing critical feedback across the racial divide.
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374:(1980), which deals with the tasks, strategies, and shortcomings of the intuitive psychologist and
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Author of over 100 journal articles and book chapters, Ross, co-authored two influential books with
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Liberman, V., Minson, JA, Bryan, CJ, Ross, L. Naïve realism and capturing the "wisdom of dyads."
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The wisest one in the room – How you can benefit from social psychology's most powerful insights,
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Pronin, E., Lin, D. & Ross, L. The bias blindspot: Perceptions of bias in self and others
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Ross was born in Toronto on August 25, 1942. He earned his B.A. degree in psychology at the
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Ross, L & Ward, A. Psychological barriers to dispute resolution. In M. Zanna (Ed.),
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2014 Princeton University & Russell Sage Foundation Press, Princeton, NJ: 2012.
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773:"Dynamic valuation: Preference changes in the context of face-to-face negotiation"
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2008: Distinguished Scientist Award from Society of Experimental Social Psychology
1217:"Association for Psychological Science: William James Fellow Award - Lee D. Ross"
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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https://www.amacad.org/multimedia/pdfs/publications/bookofmembers/ChapterR.pdf
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Arrow, K., Mnookin, R., Ross, L., Tversky, A. & Wilson, R. (Eds.)
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Cue- and cognition-controlled eating among obese and normal subjects
1296:"Lee Ross, Expert in Why We Misunderstand Each Other, Dies at 78"
338:
Ross first came into prominence in 1977 when he coined the term "
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Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment.
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Ross, L. & Stillinger, C. Barriers to conflict resolution.
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Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment
306:. Ross was known for his identification and explication of the
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112:
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Cognitive social development: Frontiers and possible futures
382:"). Most recently, Ross has co-authored, with Tom Gilovich,
19:
This article is about the psychologist. For the actor, see
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487:. Prentice-Hall, Century Series, 1980 (with R.E. Nisbett).
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2003: American Psychological Society William James Fellow
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International Journal of Law and Public Administration
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Stanford University Department of Psychology faculty
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Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes
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414:2010: Elected to the National Academy of Science
1163:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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553:(4th ed., Vol. 1) New York: Random House, 2010.
346:" identified by Jones & Davis, 1965). With
1054:Proceeding of the National Academy of Science,
1049:J. Hanson (ed). Oxford University Press, 2012.
771:Ross, L.; Curhan, J. R.; Neale, M. A. (2004).
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1473:http://lee.ross.socialpsychology.org/research
1362:"Psychology Professor Lee D. Ross dead at 78"
736:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
408:2004: Elected to American Academy of Sciences
393:Spinks) Ross, and their four adult children.
145:psychological barriers to conflict resolution
1534:Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
986:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
678:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
649:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
643:, (Vol. 10). New York: Academic Press, 1977.
630:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
590:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
579:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
558:The behavioral foundations of public policy.
539:, (Vol. 27). New York: Academic Press, 1995.
504:, (Vol. 24). New York: Academic Press, 1991.
354:he authored the first study to describe the
916:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,
456:" or the illusion of personal objectivity.
1486:Advances in experimental social psychology
1036:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,
1025:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,
1014:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,
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928:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
830:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
750:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
725:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
641:Advances in experimental social psychology
537:Advances in experimental social psychology
502:Advances in experimental social psychology
472:Advances in experimental social psychology
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896:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
780:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
602:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
402:1994: Elected to American Academy of Arts
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490:Flavell, J. & Ross, L. (eds.) 1981
477:Nisbett, R. E., & Ross, L. (1980).
363:psychology over the past four decades.
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1488:(vol. 10). New York: Academic Press.
481:Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
474:(vol. 10). New York: Academic Press.
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302:, often with longtime collaborator
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1068:(2016) DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biw025.
14:
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1360:Marian, Veronica (May 24, 2021).
1230:Ravindran, Sandeep (8 May 2012).
331:in 1969 under the supervision of
1509:Home page at Stanford University
1090:Journal of Conflict Resolution).
977:10.1111/j.1571-9979.2005.00058.x
358:. He has also collaborated with
1410:Ravindran, Sandeep (May 2012).
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761:Journal of Conflict Resolution,
546:. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1996.
530:Barriers to conflict resolution
523:Barriers to conflict resolution
516:Barriers to conflict resolution
294:, shortcomings in judgment and
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1047:Ideology, Psychology, and Law.
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1544:American social psychologists
1294:Traub, Alex (June 17, 2021).
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1122:Fundamental attribution error
908:10.1016/s0022-1031(03)00088-x
551:Handbook of social psychology
340:fundamental attribution error
308:fundamental attribution error
137:fundamental attribution error
23:. For the criminologist, see
16:American academic (1942–2021)
661:10.1037/0022-3514.37.11.2098
614:10.1016/0022-1031(77)90049-x
563:Gilovich, T. & Ross, L.
509:The person and the situation
376:The Person and the Situation
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1391:. Social Psychology Network
879:10.1037/0033-295x.111.3.781
821:10.1016/j.obhdp.2004.06.003
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1073:Perspectives in Psychology
998:10.1037/0022-3514.90.2.197
792:10.1016/j.jesp.2003.12.002
690:10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.577
507:Ross, L and Nisbett, R.E.
384:The Wisest One in the Room
165:naïve realism (psychology)
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532:. New York: Norton, 1995.
525:. New York: Norton, 1995.
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1412:"Profile of Lee D. Ross"
1232:"Profile of Lee D. Ross"
1159:"Profile of Lee D. Ross"
940:10.1177/0146167204271570
842:10.1177/0146167204264004
380:Person and the Situation
327:in social psychology at
1437:10.1073/pnas.1205295109
1257:10.1073/pnas.1205295109
1184:10.1073/pnas.1205295109
494:. 1981 Cambridge Press.
314:
286:and was an influential
1539:Academics from Toronto
1157:Ravindran, S. (2012).
1117:False consensus effect
442:false consensus effect
133:false consensus effect
1368:. Stanford University
1102:Attitude polarization
1096:Notable contributions
460:Selected publications
452:, and most recently "
321:University of Toronto
149:attitude polarization
109:University of Toronto
89:Palo Alto, California
1127:Hostile media effect
867:Psychological Review
544:Values and knowledge
450:reactive devaluation
446:hostile media effect
425:intergroup relations
356:hostile media effect
292:attributional biases
157:hostile media effect
141:reactive devaluation
1428:2012PNAS..109.7132R
1248:2012PNAS..109.7132R
1175:2012PNAS..109.7132R
965:Negotiation Journal
714:Negotiation Journal
438:belief perseverance
344:correspondence bias
329:Columbia University
300:conflict resolution
288:social psychologist
284:Stanford University
208:Stanford University
161:belief perseverance
118:Columbia University
1300:The New York Times
1107:Attribution theory
465:Books and chapters
298:, and barriers to
100:American, Canadian
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1242:(19): 7132–7133.
655:(11): 2098–2109.
567:Free Press, 2015.
333:Stanley Schachter
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244:Doctoral students
238:Stanley Schachter
188:Scientific career
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1496:Oral History
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1393:. Retrieved
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1370:. Retrieved
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1303:. Retrieved
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927:
922:, 1175–1185.
919:
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829:
815:(1): 83–96.
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290:who studied
279:
278:
219:
204:Institutions
187:
83:(2021-05-14)
81:May 14, 2021
46:Ross in 2014
1529:2021 deaths
1524:1942 births
1494:Ross, Lee.
1066:BioScience,
800:1721.1/1601
352:Mark Lepper
304:Mark Lepper
97:Nationality
25:Lee E. Ross
1518:Categories
1133:References
1042:, 507–512.
756:, 369–381.
742:, 639–656.
720:, 389–404.
636:, 485–494.
596:, 880–892.
585:, 279–288.
268:Sean Young
198:Psychology
58:1942-08-25
1321:"Sitemap"
1456:22517739
1305:June 17,
1276:22517739
1203:22517739
1031:494–504.
1020:890–895.
1006:16536646
948:15802662
887:15250784
858:19094952
850:15359020
767:515–546.
727:, 1999,
716:, 1991,
706:16311781
632:, 1977,
592:, 1975,
581:, 1969,
419:Research
179:Children
72:, Canada
34:Lee Ross
1447:3358840
1424:Bibcode
1395:7 April
1372:May 26,
1267:3358840
1244:Bibcode
1194:3358840
1171:Bibcode
956:1210432
698:4045697
669:7465318
622:9032175
70:Ontario
66:Toronto
1478:Press.
1454:
1444:
1274:
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1201:
1191:
1056:2012,
1038:2011,
1027:2010,
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918:2004,
885:
856:
848:
763:2002,
752:2002,
738:2001,
704:
696:
667:
620:
444:, the
440:, the
397:Awards
226:(1969)
224:
215:Thesis
194:Fields
171:Spouse
91:, U.S.
1018:, 45,
952:S2CID
854:S2CID
776:(PDF)
702:S2CID
665:S2CID
618:S2CID
325:Ph.D.
1452:PMID
1397:2012
1374:2021
1307:2021
1272:PMID
1199:PMID
1016:2009
1002:PMID
944:PMID
883:PMID
846:PMID
694:PMID
350:and
315:Life
78:Died
52:Born
1442:PMC
1432:doi
1420:109
1262:PMC
1252:doi
1240:109
1189:PMC
1179:doi
1167:109
1058:109
1029:46,
994:doi
973:doi
936:doi
904:doi
875:doi
871:111
838:doi
817:doi
796:hdl
788:doi
765:46,
686:doi
657:doi
610:doi
391:née
122:PhD
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718:7
708:.
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612::
182:4
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120:(
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111:(
60:)
56:(
27:.
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