369:
31:
589:
Zeno was vastly unpopular due to a lack of dynastic prestige, with his only familial ties to the imperial throne being his marriage to
Ariadne, the daughter of Leo I, and through his now-dead son Leo II. Additionally, because he was an Isaurian, he was seen as a foreigner by the Byzantine elite, and
562:
His death having occurred so soon after he became emperor has led to speculation among some modern scholars that he was poisoned by either his mother or father so that Zeno could become sole emperor. However, no contemporary sources raised this suggestion even though Zeno was unpopular; thus it is
598:
as emperor in
January 475. Zeno fled, and Basiliscus ruled for 20 months before Zeno returned and retook the throne. Zeno's rule was marked by constant unrest, and it was only through cunning and bribery that he managed to rule for 17 years until his death on 9 April 491.
421:. As the grandson of Leo I, Leo II had a strong claim to succeed his throne. Leo I, who was becoming increasingly ill, felt obligated to declare a successor to the imperial throne, but passed over his son-in-law on account of his unpopularity. Accordingly, Leo II was made
585:
in 476 and was almost executed in 477 after his father was murdered by Zeno, but was saved by
Ariadne. The confusion likely stems from the fact that Basiliscus was renamed Leo in order to avoid association with the usurper who rose against Zeno.
696:
gives 18 and 29 January. The latter source is often thought to be more accurate, hence why Leo's death is usually given as 18 January. However, and contradictorily, scholars often used 9 February for Zeno's
678:
Some authors have argued that the date given refers not to Leo II's elevation, but to his death. This, however, would necessitate labeling the entire document as fake, which is highly unlikely.
1517:
544:, another 6th-century historian, states that Leo II died after a rule of 10 months, that is, from January to November 474. This is also corroborated by the 9th-century writer
567:, a 6th-century chronicler, says that Leo II did not actually die, but was rather taken by Ariadne and hidden at a monastery. This is likely a confusion with
3155:
1141:
555:
simply wrote that Leo II died sometime in the autumn of 474. He died aged 7, which is corroborated by the 6th-century writers John
Malalas and
1515:
McEvoy, M. A. (2019). 'Leo II, Zeno, and the transfer of power from a son to his father in AD 474', in J.-W. Drijvers and N. Lenski (eds).
352:). Leo II was made co-emperor with his grandfather Leo I on 17 November 473, and became sole emperor on 18 January 474 after Leo I died of
1761:
3140:
2286:
1394:
Wonderful Things: Byzantium
Through Its Art: Papers From the 42nd Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, London, 20β22 March 2009
639:
3165:
3080:
2948:
1601:
1579:
1560:
1534:
1506:
1487:
1456:
1423:
1401:
1382:
1361:
1331:
1312:
1289:
1270:
1246:
1227:
563:
considered likely that Leo II's death was natural, especially taking into account the high child mortality rate of the time.
3113:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
2293:
3170:
2916:
504:
wrote that during the reign of Leo II, his father Zeno was the true power behind the throne. On 29 January 474, the
442:
85:
3145:
1635:
1341:
3150:
2882:
2865:
2692:
2680:
1178:
2853:
2645:
2607:
2567:
2534:
1611:
3068:
2894:
2721:
2687:
2651:
2540:
1627:
1468:
2709:
1754:
692:
446:
536:, would give a death date of 8/9 December. However, he also states that Leo died on "November of the 13th
3130:
2790:
2469:
1935:
202:
1442:
3100:
3056:
3034:
2985:
2872:
2663:
2432:
1774:
1448:
3007:
2975:
2800:
1980:
1739:
453:
3017:
2970:
2517:
2164:
545:
2825:
2805:
2579:
2459:
1747:
1438:
1154:
3095:
3074:
2980:
1770:
1434:
1300:
3160:
3029:
3024:
3000:
2995:
2911:
2748:
2736:
2507:
2132:
1689:
1147:
3012:
2960:
2820:
2795:
2760:
2675:
2589:
2439:
2270:
450:
326:
8:
3135:
2943:
2928:
2906:
2841:
2830:
2785:
2731:
2221:
2159:
2122:
568:
441:(also by Leo I) in November 473, making him co-emperor alongside his grandfather. He was
2990:
2933:
2877:
2859:
2848:
2810:
2780:
2658:
2376:
2280:
2030:
1999:
1992:
1623:
1616:
1544:
1346:
1184:
1121:
552:
1348:
The Roman
Emperors: A Biographical Guide to the Rulers of Imperial Rome 31 BC β AD 476
690:
gives Leo I's death and Zeno's coronation as 3 and 9 February respectively, while the
2955:
2901:
2742:
2640:
2615:
2464:
2326:
2062:
2047:
1925:
1893:
1631:
1597:
1575:
1556:
1549:
1530:
1502:
1483:
1452:
1419:
1397:
1378:
1357:
1327:
1308:
1285:
1266:
1242:
1223:
1166:
564:
540:... as was written by the most learned Nestorianos, whose chronicle ended with Leo".
526:
states that he reigned "1 year and 23 days", which, reckoning from his coronation as
410:
338:
283:
3085:
3062:
2965:
2938:
2923:
2889:
2815:
2775:
2765:
2490:
2387:
2250:
2205:
2200:
2072:
1589:
1475:
1256:
648:
541:
530:
512:
505:
501:
491:
470:
435:
357:
233:
70:
60:
360:
on 29 January, and they co-ruled for a short time before Leo II died in late 474.
2726:
2716:
2625:
2412:
2320:
2308:
2302:
2154:
1975:
1945:
1888:
1868:
1714:
1682:
1372:
1260:
1203:
556:
414:
342:
98:
1470:
Holiness and Power: Constantinopolitan Holy Men and
Authority in the 5th Century
368:
2620:
2584:
2529:
2422:
2345:
2243:
2237:
2169:
2149:
1903:
1863:
1731:
1699:
1653:
1411:
666:
659:
579:
519:
425:
402:
372:
330:
295:
273:
263:
238:
229:
221:
191:
156:
108:
35:
518:
under Leo II, as Leo was too young to sign official documents. Leo II died in
413:, the daughter of then-emperor Leo I. He was the maternal grandson of Emperor
3124:
3090:
3050:
2594:
2402:
2210:
1353:
590:
the treasury was empty on his ascension. Zeno's sole rule was opposed by the
460:
383:
322:
56:
431:(heir to the throne) by Leo I around October 472, and was later promoted to
2835:
2630:
2562:
2557:
2547:
2370:
2232:
1873:
1721:
1160:
1132:
687:
591:
523:
142:
1572:
Holy Sites
Encircled: The Early Byzantine Concentric Churches of Jerusalem
1479:
832:
830:
828:
2699:
2574:
2524:
2449:
2023:
1970:
1913:
549:
214:
1499:
From Rome to
Byzantium AD 363 to 565: the Transformation of Ancient Rome
984:
2755:
2670:
2635:
2600:
2512:
2427:
2187:
2180:
2127:
2107:
2052:
2017:
2010:
1955:
1920:
1783:
825:
644:
595:
476:, which is dated to 17 November 473. He was also appointed as the sole
244:
1769:
2502:
2454:
2364:
2351:
2138:
2067:
2040:
2035:
2004:
1950:
1898:
1833:
1828:
1324:
Children of
Achilles: the Greeks in Asia Minor Since the Days of Troy
537:
498:
484:
353:
226:
136:
30:
2770:
2552:
2444:
2397:
2357:
2339:
2259:
2194:
2174:
2144:
2117:
2112:
2097:
2087:
2057:
1965:
1960:
1908:
1883:
1878:
1843:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1172:
652:
2704:
2407:
2314:
2227:
2082:
1858:
1444:
The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume 2, AD 395β527
572:
406:
378:
334:
258:
2476:
2333:
2215:
1987:
1853:
508:, with the approval of Empress Verina, made his father Zeno co-
477:
418:
643:
and other authors relied for the 473 date on the arguments of
2077:
1848:
1838:
1818:
1062:
873:
871:
869:
305:
299:
242:
1052:
1050:
1823:
1813:
974:
972:
970:
594:, with Verina, the widow of Leo I, proclaiming her brother
866:
815:
813:
754:
752:
401:
Leo II, called "the Younger", was born in 467, the son of
1047:
1025:
1023:
1094:
1092:
1035:
1008:
967:
931:
895:
854:
487:
on 18 January 474, Leo II acceded to the throne as sole
996:
883:
810:
749:
737:
1079:
1077:
1020:
715:
713:
1432:
1089:
990:
955:
919:
842:
836:
725:
522:
shortly after 10 October 474. The 6th-century writer
1282:
Emperor and Priest: the Imperial Office in Byzantium
1193:
Chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor (8th century).
943:
907:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
1074:
710:
1615:
1548:
1467:
1345:
1305:Roman Emperors in Context: Theodosius to Justinian
620:Some modern authors, relying on a passage of the
1618:History of the Byzantine Empire: Vol. 1, 324β1453
785:
764:
669:. However, modern scholars date the event to 472.
559:. The death of Leo II left Zeno as sole emperor.
3122:
1569:
1068:
466:gives a detailed account of his coronation as
377:of Leo II, showing Leo and Zeno enthroned and
1755:
1196:Chronicle of Victor of Tunnuna (6th century).
356:. His father Zeno was made co-emperor by the
1594:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
1217:
877:
449:, and the ceremony was presided over by the
1555:. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
1543:
1056:
657:
577:
528:
510:
489:
468:
458:
433:
423:
154:
68:
3156:Burials at the Church of the Holy Apostles
1762:
1748:
29:
1588:
1501:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
1284:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
819:
743:
1610:
1518:The Fifth Century: Age of Transformation
1465:
1002:
731:
367:
1596:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
1370:
1262:The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy
1218:Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy A. (2004).
1190:Chronicle of Nestorianos (6th century).
1029:
640:Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
3123:
1524:
1321:
1279:
1255:
1098:
961:
925:
913:
889:
848:
44:
1743:
1410:
1391:
1340:
1298:
1083:
1041:
1014:
978:
949:
937:
901:
860:
758:
719:
571:, the son of the Byzantine commander
40:
1236:
1138:Chronicle of Domninos (6th century).
779:
1574:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1496:
991:Jones, Martindale & Morris 1980
837:Jones, Martindale & Morris 1980
804:
329:from 473 to 474. He was the son of
13:
1107:
14:
3182:
655:in linking Leo II's elevation to
1416:The Decline of the Ancient World
1220:Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome
337:general and future emperor, and
1474:. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter.
1301:"The Imperial Reigns of Leo II"
1211:
681:
672:
631:
347:
47:
3141:5th-century Byzantine emperors
1570:Shalev-Hurvitz, Vered (2015).
1551:History of the Byzantine State
1377:. Chicester: Wiley-Blackwell.
1265:. Cambridge University Press.
1239:Fighting Emperors of Byzantium
614:
1:
3166:Monarchs who died as children
1628:University of Wisconsin Press
1396:. Farnham: Ashgate Variorum.
625:
602:
311:
176:
1371:Gregory, Timothy E. (2010).
704:
693:Auctarium Prosperi Havniense
628:495), date his birth to 469.
447:Hippodrome of Constantinople
341:, a daughter of the emperor
306:
16:Eastern Roman emperor in 474
7:
1433:Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin;
1222:. New York: Facts On File.
203:Church of the Holy Apostles
10:
3187:
3171:Sons of Byzantine emperors
3035:Constantine XI Palaiologos
2986:Andronikos III Palaiologos
2873:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
1449:Cambridge University Press
622:Life of Daniel the Stylite
480:for 474 around this time.
363:
300:
243:
164:October 472 β November 473
3146:5th-century Roman consuls
3111:
3043:
3008:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
2976:Andronikos II Palaiologos
2801:Constantine IX Monomachos
2489:
2386:
2269:
2096:
1934:
1782:
1728:
1719:
1711:
1706:
1696:
1687:
1679:
1674:
1647:
1527:Emperors Don't Die in Bed
1412:Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin
1125:(Anonymous, 7th century).
1117:(Anonymous, 6th century).
575:. Basiliscus was crowned
279:
269:
257:
220:
213:
209:
197:
185:
172:
168:
152:
114:
104:
94:
84:
66:
55:
28:
23:
2971:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1466:Kosinski, RafaΕ (2016).
1326:. London: I. B. Tauris.
1280:Dagron, Gilbert (2003).
878:Adkins & Adkins 2004
607:
546:Theophanes the Confessor
395:the Welfare of the State
130:Leo I (until 18 January)
2826:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
2460:Tiberius II Constantine
3151:Ancient child monarchs
2981:Michael IX Palaiologos
1374:A History of Byzantium
1143:Ecclesiastical History
1115:Anonymus Valesianus II
658:
578:
529:
511:
490:
469:
459:
434:
424:
398:
225:
155:
133:Zeno (from 29 January)
69:
3075:Thessalonian emperors
3069:Trapezuntine emperors
3030:John VIII Palaiologos
3025:Manuel II Palaiologos
2996:John VI Kantakouzenos
2912:Andronikos I Komnenos
2749:Constantine Lekapenos
1777:and empresses regnant
1690:Eastern Roman emperor
1480:10.1515/9783110419221
1322:Freely, John (2010).
1299:Croke, Brian (2021).
1148:Evagrius Scholasticus
665:with the eruption of
371:
247:ΞΊΞ±αΏΟΞ±Ο ΞΞΟΞ½ Ξ±α½Ξ³ΞΏΟ
ΟΟΞΏΟ
189:November 474 (aged 7)
3013:John VII Palaiologos
2961:Theodore II Laskaris
2821:Constantine X Doukas
2761:Nikephoros II Phokas
1525:Meijer, Fik (2004).
637:The writers of the
451:Ecumenical Patriarch
327:Eastern Roman Empire
2944:Theodore I Laskaris
2929:Alexios III Angelos
2907:Alexios II Komnenos
2831:Romanos IV Diogenes
2786:Romanos III Argyros
2732:Romanos I Lekapenos
1612:Vasiliev, Alexander
1545:Ostrogorsky, George
1497:Lee, A. D. (2013).
1392:James, Liz (2013).
1237:Carr, John (2015).
1200:Extracts of History
1129:Makhtbhanuth Zabhne
1069:Shalev-Hurvitz 2015
1044:, pp. 160β162.
1017:, pp. 327β328.
993:, pp. 663β664.
981:, pp. 159β160.
940:, pp. 156β157.
904:, pp. 153β159.
863:, pp. 149β151.
839:, pp. 664β665.
761:, pp. 146β148.
548:. The 20th-century
483:When Leo I died of
456:. The 10th-century
381:and each holding a
321:, briefly ruled as
38:of Leo II, marked:
3131:5th-century births
3063:Britannic emperors
3057:Palmyrene emperors
2991:John V Palaiologos
2934:Alexios IV Angelos
2883:Constantine Doukas
2878:Alexios I Komnenos
2866:Constantine Doukas
2849:Michael VII Doukas
2811:Michael VI Bringas
2377:Romulus Augustulus
2000:Trebonianus Gallus
1993:Herennius Etruscus
1775:Byzantine emperors
1707:Political offices
1624:Madison, Wisconsin
1185:Michael the Syrian
1122:Chronicon Paschale
553:George Ostrogorsky
399:
3118:
3117:
2956:John III Vatatzes
2902:Manuel I Komnenos
2641:Michael I Rangabe
2485:
2484:
2327:Petronius Maximus
1926:Severus Alexander
1894:Septimius Severus
1738:
1737:
1729:Succeeded by
1697:Succeeded by
1649:Leo II (emperor)
1603:978-0-8047-2630-6
1590:Treadgold, Warren
1581:978-0-19-965377-5
1562:978-0-813-51198-6
1536:978-1-134-38405-1
1508:978-0-7486-6835-9
1489:978-3-11-041707-4
1458:978-0-521-20159-9
1435:Martindale, J. R.
1425:978-1-317-87305-1
1403:978-1-4094-5514-1
1384:978-1-4051-8471-7
1363:978-0-684-18388-6
1333:978-1-84511-941-6
1314:978-1-000-38830-5
1291:978-0-521-80123-2
1272:978-0-521-84026-2
1257:Cooley, Alison E.
1248:978-1-4738-5640-0
1241:. Pen and Sword.
1229:978-0-8160-7482-2
892:, pp. 81β82.
565:Victor of Tunnuna
390:salus reipublicae
289:
288:
253:
252:
78:17 November 473 β
3178:
2966:John IV Laskaris
2939:Alexios V Doukas
2924:Isaac II Angelos
2890:John II Komnenos
2816:Isaac I Komnenos
2776:Constantine VIII
2766:John I Tzimiskes
2493:Byzantine Empire
2267:
2266:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1712:Preceded by
1680:Preceded by
1670:
1663:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1621:
1607:
1585:
1566:
1554:
1540:
1512:
1493:
1473:
1462:
1429:
1407:
1388:
1367:
1351:
1337:
1318:
1295:
1276:
1252:
1233:
1206:, 12th century).
1153:Book XIV of the
1135:, 13th century).
1102:
1096:
1087:
1081:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1057:Ostrogorsky 1956
1054:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
823:
817:
808:
802:
783:
777:
762:
756:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
698:
685:
679:
676:
670:
663:
649:Theodorus Lector
635:
629:
627:
618:
583:
542:Theodorus Lector
534:
516:
506:Byzantine Senate
502:Warren Treadgold
495:
474:
464:
439:
429:
391:
358:Byzantine Senate
351:
349:
316:
313:
309:
303:
302:
249:
248:
211:
210:
181:
178:
160:
125:
74:
50:
49:
46:
42:
33:
21:
20:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3107:
3051:Gallic emperors
3039:
2727:Constantine VII
2508:Constantine III
2495:
2492:
2481:
2390:
2382:
2321:Valentinian III
2309:Constantius III
2303:Priscus Attalus
2287:Constantine III
2273:
2265:
2155:Valerius Valens
2100:
2092:
1938:
1930:
1889:Didius Julianus
1869:Marcus Aurelius
1786:
1778:
1768:
1734:
1725:
1717:
1702:
1693:
1685:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1638:
1604:
1582:
1563:
1537:
1509:
1490:
1459:
1426:
1404:
1385:
1364:
1334:
1315:
1292:
1273:
1249:
1230:
1214:
1209:
1204:Joannes Zonaras
1187:(12th century).
1175:, 6th century).
1110:
1108:Primary sources
1105:
1097:
1090:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
977:
968:
960:
956:
948:
944:
936:
932:
924:
920:
912:
908:
900:
896:
888:
884:
876:
867:
859:
855:
847:
843:
835:
826:
818:
811:
803:
786:
778:
765:
757:
750:
742:
738:
730:
726:
718:
711:
707:
702:
701:
686:
682:
677:
673:
647:, who followed
636:
632:
619:
615:
610:
605:
557:John of Ephesus
389:
366:
346:
317:β 474), called
314:
237:
205:
190:
179:
148:
139:(West, 473β474)
127:
126:
121:
90:17 November 473
79:
51:
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3184:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3010:
3005:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2887:
2875:
2870:
2846:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2806:Theodora (III)
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2702:
2697:
2685:
2673:
2668:
2656:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2621:Constantine VI
2618:
2613:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2585:Theodosius III
2582:
2577:
2572:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2530:Constantine IV
2527:
2522:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2388:Eastern Empire
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2318:
2311:
2306:
2299:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2271:Western Empire
2264:
2263:
2256:
2244:Magnus Maximus
2240:
2238:Valentinian II
2235:
2230:
2225:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2170:Constantius II
2167:
2165:Constantine II
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2033:
2028:
2020:
2015:
1997:
1985:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1940:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1864:Antoninus Pius
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1787:27 BC β AD 235
1780:
1779:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1695:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1675:Regnal titles
1672:
1671:
1654:Leonid dynasty
1651:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1608:
1602:
1586:
1580:
1567:
1561:
1541:
1535:
1522:
1513:
1507:
1494:
1488:
1463:
1457:
1430:
1424:
1408:
1402:
1389:
1383:
1368:
1362:
1342:Grant, Michael
1338:
1332:
1319:
1313:
1296:
1290:
1277:
1271:
1253:
1247:
1234:
1228:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1163:(6th century).
1151:
1150:(6th century).
1139:
1136:
1126:
1118:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1101:, p. 108.
1088:
1073:
1071:, p. 231.
1061:
1046:
1034:
1032:, p. 117.
1019:
1007:
1005:, p. 148.
995:
983:
966:
964:, p. 159.
954:
952:, p. 110.
942:
930:
928:, p. 158.
918:
906:
894:
882:
865:
853:
851:, p. 508.
841:
824:
822:, p. 153.
820:Treadgold 1997
809:
807:, p. 100.
784:
763:
748:
746:, p. 154.
744:Treadgold 1997
736:
724:
722:, p. 328.
708:
706:
703:
700:
699:
680:
671:
667:Mount Vesuvius
630:
612:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
520:Constantinople
365:
362:
350: 457β474
287:
286:
281:
277:
276:
271:
267:
266:
261:
255:
254:
251:
250:
218:
217:
207:
206:
201:
199:
195:
194:
192:Constantinople
187:
183:
182:
174:
170:
169:
166:
165:
162:
150:
149:
147:
146:
140:
134:
131:
120:
119:
118:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
88:
82:
81:
76:
64:
63:
53:
52:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3183:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3110:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2688:Theodora (II)
2686:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2595:Constantine V
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:Anastasius II
2578:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2403:Theodosius II
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2211:Valentinian I
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2133:Constantine I
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2123:Constantius I
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1646:
1639:
1637:0-299-80925-0
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1529:. Routledge.
1528:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1447:. Cambridge:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:. Routledge.
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1307:. Routledge.
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1156:Chronographia
1152:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1086:, p. 91.
1085:
1080:
1078:
1070:
1065:
1059:, p. 62.
1058:
1053:
1051:
1043:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1016:
1011:
1004:
1003:Kosinski 2016
999:
992:
987:
980:
975:
973:
971:
963:
958:
951:
946:
939:
934:
927:
922:
916:, p. 69.
915:
910:
903:
898:
891:
886:
880:, p. 38.
879:
874:
872:
870:
862:
857:
850:
845:
838:
833:
831:
829:
821:
816:
814:
806:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
782:, p. 55.
781:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
760:
755:
753:
745:
740:
734:, p. 67.
733:
732:Vasiliev 1952
728:
721:
716:
714:
709:
695:
694:
689:
684:
675:
668:
664:
662:
661:
654:
650:
646:
642:
641:
634:
623:
617:
613:
600:
597:
593:
587:
584:
582:
581:
574:
570:
566:
560:
558:
554:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
533:
532:
525:
521:
517:
515:
514:
507:
503:
500:
496:
494:
493:
486:
481:
479:
475:
473:
472:
465:
463:
462:
461:De Ceremoniis
455:
452:
448:
444:
440:
438:
437:
430:
428:
427:
420:
416:
412:
409:general, and
408:
404:
396:
392:
386:
385:
380:
376:
375:
370:
361:
359:
355:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
308:
297:
293:
285:
282:
278:
275:
272:
268:
265:
262:
260:
256:
246:
240:
236:
235:
231:
228:
223:
219:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
193:
188:
184:
175:
171:
167:
163:
161:
159:
158:
151:
144:
141:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
124:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
89:
87:
83:
77:
75:
73:
72:
65:
62:
58:
57:Roman emperor
54:
37:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3161:House of Leo
3018:Andronikos V
3016:
2999:
2947:
2915:
2893:
2881:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2840:
2834:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2708:
2691:
2679:
2662:
2650:
2644:
2631:Nikephoros I
2606:
2605:
2599:
2566:
2563:Justinian II
2558:Tiberius III
2548:Justinian II
2539:
2533:
2516:
2468:
2440:Anastasius I
2431:
2417:
2375:
2371:Julius Nepos
2363:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2233:Theodosius I
2220:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2150:Maximinus II
2137:
2039:
2022:
2009:
2003:
1991:
1979:
1912:
1874:Lucius Verus
1722:Roman consul
1720:
1688:
1669:November 474
1666:
1659:
1652:
1617:
1593:
1571:
1550:
1526:
1521:. Edipuglia.
1516:
1498:
1469:
1443:
1415:
1393:
1373:
1352:. New York:
1347:
1323:
1304:
1281:
1261:
1238:
1219:
1212:Bibliography
1199:
1179:
1167:
1161:John Malalas
1155:
1142:
1133:Bar Hebraeus
1128:
1120:
1114:
1064:
1037:
1030:Gregory 2010
1010:
998:
986:
957:
945:
933:
921:
909:
897:
885:
856:
844:
739:
727:
691:
688:John Malalas
683:
674:
656:
638:
633:
621:
616:
592:House of Leo
588:
576:
561:
527:
524:John Malalas
509:
488:
482:
467:
457:
432:
422:
417:and Empress
400:
394:
388:
382:
373:
318:
291:
290:
153:
145:(West, 474)
143:Julius Nepos
122:
80:November 474
67:
43:leo et zeno
18:
3077:(1224β1242)
3071:(1204β1461)
2860:Konstantios
2737:Christopher
2710:Constantine
2700:Michael III
2681:Constantine
2664:Constantine
2646:Theophylact
2575:Philippicus
2525:Constans II
2450:Justinian I
2346:Severus III
2294:Constans II
2048:Claudius II
2024:Silbannacus
1971:Gordian III
1946:Maximinus I
1914:Diadumenian
1099:Freely 2010
962:Meijer 2004
926:Meijer 2004
914:Dagron 2003
890:Dagron 2003
849:Cooley 2012
697:coronation.
550:Byzantinist
319:the Younger
215:Regnal name
95:Predecessor
3136:474 deaths
3125:Categories
2854:Andronikos
2842:Nikephoros
2791:Michael IV
2756:Romanos II
2676:Theophilos
2671:Michael II
2652:Staurakios
2636:Staurakios
2608:Nikephoros
2601:Artabasdos
2513:Heraclonas
2470:Theodosius
2428:Basiliscus
2188:Nepotianus
2181:Magnentius
2175:Constans I
2128:Severus II
2108:Diocletian
2053:Quintillus
2018:Aemilianus
2011:Volusianus
1956:Gordian II
1921:Elagabalus
1784:Principate
1439:Morris, J.
1354:Scribner's
1084:Jones 2014
1042:Croke 2021
1015:Grant 1985
979:Croke 2021
950:James 2013
938:Croke 2021
902:Croke 2021
861:Croke 2021
759:Croke 2021
720:Grant 1985
645:Otto Seeck
603:References
596:Basiliscus
569:Basiliscus
387:, marked:
315: 467
245:Ξα½ΟΞΏΞΊΟΞ¬ΟΟΟ
180: 467
86:Coronation
3096:Classical
3081:Empresses
3065:(286β296)
3059:(267β273)
3053:(260β274)
2796:Michael V
2722:Alexander
2535:Heraclius
2503:Heraclius
2455:Justin II
2365:Glycerius
2352:Anthemius
2222:Procopius
2160:Martinian
2139:Maxentius
2068:Florianus
2041:Saloninus
2036:Gallienus
2005:Hostilian
1981:Philip II
1951:Gordian I
1899:Caracalla
1834:Vespasian
1829:Vitellius
1180:Chronicle
780:Carr 2015
705:Citations
538:indiction
499:historian
485:dysentery
354:dysentery
227:Imperator
137:Glycerius
115:Alongside
105:Successor
3091:Usurpers
3086:Augustae
3044:See also
2949:Nicholas
2771:Basil II
2568:Tiberius
2553:Leontius
2541:Tiberius
2518:Tiberius
2496:610β1453
2491:Eastern/
2445:Justin I
2398:Arcadius
2358:Olybrius
2340:Majorian
2281:Honorius
2260:Eugenius
2195:Vetranio
2145:Licinius
2118:Galerius
2113:Maximian
2098:Dominate
2088:Numerian
2058:Aurelian
2031:Valerian
1976:Philip I
1966:Balbinus
1961:Pupienus
1909:Macrinus
1884:Pertinax
1879:Commodus
1844:Domitian
1809:Claudius
1804:Caligula
1799:Tiberius
1794:Augustus
1614:(1952).
1592:(1997).
1547:(1956).
1441:(1980).
1414:(2014).
1344:(1985).
1259:(2012).
1173:Jordanes
805:Lee 2013
653:Kedrenos
531:augustus
513:augustus
492:augustus
471:augustus
436:augustus
407:Isaurian
335:Isaurian
234:Augustus
123:See list
71:Augustus
61:the East
3101:Eastern
3001:Matthew
2895:Alexios
2743:Stephen
2705:Basil I
2590:Leo III
2465:Maurice
2408:Marcian
2391:395β610
2315:Joannes
2274:395β480
2228:Gratian
2101:284β610
2083:Carinus
2063:Tacitus
1939:235β285
1859:Hadrian
573:Armatus
454:Acacius
445:at the
443:crowned
411:Ariadne
379:nimbate
374:Solidus
364:History
339:Ariadne
325:of the
323:emperor
284:Ariadne
259:Dynasty
36:Solidus
2863:&
2839:&
2746:&
2717:Leo VI
2693:Thekla
2649:&
2616:Leo IV
2538:&
2477:Phocas
2433:Marcus
2418:Leo II
2334:Avitus
2251:Victor
2216:Valens
2206:Jovian
2201:Julian
2073:Probus
2008:&
1988:Decius
1936:Crisis
1854:Trajan
1665:
1634:
1600:
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1559:
1533:
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1360:
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1168:Romana
660:caesar
580:caesar
497:. The
478:consul
426:caesar
419:Verina
333:, the
292:Leo II
280:Mother
270:Father
264:Leonid
230:Caesar
198:Burial
157:Caesar
24:Leo II
2659:Leo V
2626:Irene
2413:Leo I
2078:Carus
1849:Nerva
1839:Titus
1819:Galba
1771:Roman
1715:Leo I
1683:Leo I
1667:Died:
1660:Born:
608:Notes
415:Leo I
405:, an
384:mappa
343:Leo I
296:Greek
239:Greek
222:Latin
99:Leo I
3015:(w.
2998:(w.
2946:(w.
2917:John
2914:(w.
2892:(w.
2880:(w.
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2643:(w.
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2002:(w.
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1978:(w.
1911:(w.
1904:Geta
1824:Otho
1814:Nero
1773:and
1732:Zeno
1726:474
1700:Zeno
1694:474
1632:ISBN
1598:ISBN
1576:ISBN
1557:ISBN
1531:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1484:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1398:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1328:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1243:ISBN
1224:ISBN
651:and
403:Zeno
331:Zeno
307:LeΕn
301:ΞΞΟΞ½
274:Zeno
232:Leo
186:Died
173:Born
109:Zeno
48:augΒ·
45:pΒ·pΒ·
41:dΒ·nΒ·
2836:Leo
2781:Zoe
2027:(?)
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