525:. White rioters openly targeted and lynched several blacks. Those who attempted to stop the lynchings were threatened by the white mob with physical violence. As blacks fled into St. Louis, white rioters threatened to kill them upon their return. White Illinois National Guardmen, sent to quell the riot either did nothing to stop the violence or participated in the attacks on the black community instead. One black child was shot and thrown into a burning building, while white prostitutes openly attacked black women. After the riots, of the 134 persons indicted, only nine whites who were put on trial went to prison while 12 indicted blacks who went to trial were imprisoned. Nearly one-third of the total 134 persons indicted were black. The conviction rate, mathematically, was more than doubled for blacks than for whites.
851:
605:. These rights included a speedy and fair trial by an impartial jury. Other citizen rights included the right to be informed of the nature of the crime accused, the ability to have witnesses in the defense's favor, and to be represented by counsel in court. Many blacks felt betrayed by the Republicans due to the bill's slow process to the Senate. A silent protest march by many blacks took place in front of the Capitol grounds and White House in 1922 while the bill's constitutionality was being contemplated. A protest sign read, "Congress discusses constitutionality while the smoke of burning bodies darkens the heavens."
626:
31:
614:
827:, the Volstead Act overriding presidential veto, and the Jones law. These laws authorized federal enforcement and essentially prohibited the sale of liquor in the United States. Saint Louis had a large beer-brewing industry, and before Prohibition, Missouri was the second-largest wine-producing state in the country. Both industries had been started and developed by German immigrants to the state. Prohibition would seriously damage the economies of Dyer's major city and state.
416:
589:, Alabama, and stated he would sign the bill if it was passed by the Senate. With high interest in the bill across the country, described as an "insistent country-wide demand", the bill passed by a large margin (230 to 119) on January 26, 1922. The first such federal legislation to gain House passage in the twentieth century, it would have enabled the federal government to prosecute the crime. Southern authorities seldom did so. In the South, most blacks had been
568:, which would have made lynching a federal crime. In his speech, he anticipated some members likely objections about the federal government sponsoring "social" legislation, and noted that lynching violated individuals' rights under the 14th Amendment. In addition, he noted that Congress had passed child labor laws and the Prohibition amendment. He said:
722:(NAACP) for supporting his bill and praised their continuing to publicize the terrible human toll of lynching in the United States. In Chicago, 4000 people attended his anti-lynching rally. Dyer's campaign received positive coverage by the white mainstream press, which helped strengthen an anti-lynching movement in the West.
840:, Dyer had nothing to do with the voting fraud. The House voted to unseat Dyer, who was active in legislative work, by a 147-to-98 vote. During the vote to oust Dyer, 22 Representatives voted "present", rather than give a vote for or against. By a 126 to 108 vote to replace Dyer, the House seated a Democrat,
742:
The political power of the white
Democrats in the South came from their having disfranchised most blacks from 1890 to 1910. The South was essentially a one-party, Democratic region in which only whites voted and held office, well into the 1960s, but Congressional representation was based on the total
725:
The national attention received by Dyer's anti-lynching bill and speaking campaign may have helped reduce lynchings in the South. More significantly, the Great
Migration was underway, and black workers by the tens of thousands were leaving the South for Northern and Midwestern industrial cities, for
432:
Dyer was defeated for re-election from his district in 1932, 1934 and 1936, and decided to retire from politics. Dyer represented the 12th
District of Missouri, which had a majority African-American population. They were disappointed by the Republican failure to pass an anti-lynching bill during the
750:
From 1882 to 1968 "...nearly 200 anti-lynching bills were introduced in
Congress, and three passed the House. Seven presidents between 1890 and 1952 petitioned Congress to pass a federal law." None was approved by the Senate because of the powerful opposition of the Southern Democratic voting bloc.
663:
by
Southern white Democrats prevented consideration of the bill and defeated it. After the Democrats had held up voting on all the national business in the Senate for a week in December 1922 by their filibuster, the Republicans realized they could not overcome the tactic and finally conceded defeat
453:
Dyer continued his anti-usury campaign in 1914 by authoring a law that prevented banks from charging excessive interest rates on loans in
Washington, D.C., which was then governed by Congress. Dyer believed that money lenders went after financially vulnerable people, authorizing loan contracts for
685:
in the late 1890s had shown that black lynch victims were accused of rape or attempted rape only one third of the time. Rather, the murders of blacks were an extreme form of white extrajudicial punishment and community control, often targeting blacks who were economic competitors with whites, who
1068:
Dyer voted 1,556 times out of 2,035 Congressional roll calls. He missed voting 482 times, or 28%, in the
Congressional time frame starting on April 5, 1911, and ending on March 1, 1933. The two time periods when Dyer missed voting 80% of the time were April–June 1912, and October–December 1922.
738:
anti-lynching bill was introduced, lynchings had dropped to 15 per year. In 1935 and 1938, Senator Borah repeated his constitutional arguments against the bill; he added that he believed such legislation was no longer needed, because the rate of lynchings had fallen so dramatically. By 1940, 1.5
593:
from 1890 to 1911 by constitutional changes and discriminatory legislation after southern
Democrats regained power in the state legislatures. Unable to vote, blacks were disqualified from serving on juries or holding any political office; they had virtually no political power within the official
577:
Black leaders in the North had insisted that the
Republican Party National platform for the presidential election of 1920 include support for anti-lynching legislation. After the election, the black community complained when months passed without Harding's getting a bill introduced and passed by
476:
tubes in the St. Louis area. Dyer asked the committee to extend the pneumatic tube service from two to five miles, at a cost of $ 50,000. According to Dyer, the tube extension would promote business and private citizens in East St. Louis by reducing delivery time by 11 hours and 50 minutes. By
815:
stock. Dyer contended he did not know that the company made liquor, a contraband product in the U.S. during
Prohibition and was forced to sell at a loss. He believed Hiram Walker and other company liquor stocks had been sold on the NYCE without acknowledgement that these were whiskey companies.
701:
In 1923, to gain national support for his anti-lynching bill, which was to be heard again that year in the Senate, Dyer toured the western United States to generate public support. His motto for his anti-lynching campaign was "We have just begun to fight." (This was the statement made famous by
572:
If Congress has felt its duty to do these things, why should it not also assume jurisdiction and enact laws to protect the lives of citizens of the United States against lynch law and mob violence? Are the rights of property, or what a citizen shall drink, or the ages and conditions under which
680:
Following the defeat of his first bill in the Senate in 1922, Dyer tried unsuccessfully twice more to get it passed by the Senate. Some of the bill's opponents claimed that the threat of lynching protected white women from sexual advances from black men. The studies by the journalist
835:
Dyer served 11 terms in office for Missouri's 12th District. During his second term in office, on June 19, 1914, he was suspended from taking his seat in the House of Representatives due to contested voting election returns in 1912 in Missouri's 12th District. According to
428:
In 1910, Dyer successfully ran and was elected Congressman to the U.S. House of Representatives. He was repeatedly re-elected, though his time in Congress was briefly interrupted between 1914 and 1915 due to a dispute over 1912 election results, but was reelected in 1914.
284:
in 1918. In 1920, the Republican Party supported such legislation in its platform from the National Convention. In January 1922, Dyer's bill was passed by the House, which approved it by a wide margin due to "insistent countrywide demand". The bill was defeated by
540:. They settled in St. Louis along with immigrants from southern and eastern Europe where industrialization had led to a strong economy and an increase in jobs. Dyer also knew of the continuing high rate of lynchings, mostly of blacks by whites in
795:, stating that he believed the Philippines would be independent by the next Congress. He stated he favored Philippine independence. He said that the US would always "be proud of the Philippines and what we have accomplished here for the
1897:
520:
against blacks, also against a background of competition over jobs. Two white police officers were killed early in the confrontation. In retaliation, white mobs killed 35 blacks, mutilated the bodies, and threw them into the
407:. The money lender, in front of Att. Dyer, tore up the railroad worker's loan. Dyer organized a group of wealthy merchants in St. Louis who through investigations were able to keep interest rates low in Missouri.
1902:
419:
Leonidas C. Dyer from Missouri was elected to Congress in 1910. In 1918 he authored the Dyer anti-lynching bill. Although passed in the House in 1922, the bill was defeated in the Senate by a Southern Democratic
655:
and believed that the bill was not constitutional. He was especially concerned about the clause that provided for federal authorities to punish state officials "remiss in the suppression of lynchings."
373:
began, Dyer joined the United States Army and served in combat during the Santiago campaign as a private in 1898. He was promoted to colonel during the war, and served as a member of the staff of
532:. His district in St. Louis had mostly African-American residents and he wanted to protect his constituents and other citizens. Many black people from his district had migrated to St. Louis from
1882:
1081:. Black voters had been disappointed that the Republicans had failed to deliver on their promise to pass an anti-lynching law, part of the national platform in 1920, and by President
1455:
767:
In 1919, Dyer authored an anti-crime law that made transporting stolen cars across state borders a federal crime, to be prosecuted by federal law enforcement. In 1956, the
621:
from North Carolina, Harris & Ewing, 1914. Southern Democratic senators filibustered the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill in December 1922 and twice more to prevent its passage.
454:
unnecessary purposes. Dyer stated that usury was "an ancient moral crime against the poor and helpless." He advocated for each state to pass similar anti-usury laws.
719:
553:
811:(NYCE) on April 10, 1929, had received a letter written by Dyer that demanded he be returned money after he had bought and sold at a loss Canadian whiskey company
820:
602:
269:
reformer, Dyer authored an anti-usury law in 1914 that limited excessive loan rates by bank lenders in the nation's capital, then still governed by Congress.
1721:
1380:
1907:
1867:
1862:
1802:
1767:
403:) interest on a $ 100 loan after having paid $ 480 interest in 14 months. None of the interest payment to the money lender was used to pay off the
300:
In 1919, Dyer authored the motor-vehicle theft law, which made transporting stolen automobiles across state lines a federal crime. By 1956, the
399:
reform campaign that eventually gained national attention. Dyer successfully represented a railroad clerk who was being charged 34% monthly (
309:
1857:
690:
was a time of high rates of lynchings in rural areas), or those who failed to "stay in their place". In 1919, according to the Pittsburgh
775:
said that the law had led to the recovery of 227,752 stolen automobiles worth $ 212,679,296 (equivalent to $ 2.39 billion in 2023).
556:(NAACP), who had been working on a national anti-lynching campaign, Dyer helped develop and agreed to sponsor anti-lynching legislation.
747:
legislation that protected and enforced the constitutional rights of voting and citizenship for African Americans and other minorities.
1653:
1448:
1361:
601:
Proponents of Dyer's anti-lynching bill believed that lynching and mob violence took away African-American citizens' rights under the
1892:
1877:
1872:
1808:
1773:
590:
54:
1517:
1750:
1214:
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and for the American people." The Philippines were granted commonwealth status in 1935 and finally given independence in 1946.
44:
1689:
1343:
1310:
1887:
1166:
Ernest Harvier, "Political Effect of the Dyer Bill: Delay in Enacting Anti-Lynching Law Diverted Thousands of Negro Votes"
1852:
1449:"Proceedings of the U.S. Senate on June 13, 2005 regarding the 'Senate Apology' as Reported in the 'Congressional Record
759:
of Virginia, the US Senate officially apologized for not having passed an anti-lynching law "when it was most needed."
537:
348:
266:
243:
175:
847:
Gill served in the House from June 19, 1914, until March 3, 1915. He was defeated by Dyer in the 1914 elections.
1847:
1377:
850:
768:
1096:
After three successive defeats, Dyer retired from politics and returned to private law practice as an attorney.
756:
1090:
495:
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population. The situation of disfranchisement did not change markedly until passage in the 1960s of federal
1400:"House Passes Bill to Curb Lynching— Votes 230 to 119 Making It a Federal Crime and Providing Penalties",
1726:
The Negroes' Temporary Farewell: Jim Crow and the Exclusion of African Americans from Congress, 1887–1929
1471:
1429:
1389:
The Negroes' Temporary Farewell: Jim Crow and the Exclusion of African Americans from Congress, 1887–1929
1165:
739:
million blacks had left the South in the Great Migration. Another five million left from 1940 to 1970.
640:
581:
Dyer introduced a revised version of the bill in the House of Representatives in 1921. U.S. President
1642:
1108:, on December 15, 1957, at the age of 86. Dyer was buried in the Oak Grove Cemetery in Saint Louis.
468:
On March 29, 1916, Dyer spoke before a Senate Committee advocating H.R. 10484, to fund a U.S. Postal
1630:
1589:
1335:
1302:
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370:
364:
344:
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203:
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reported that the law had enabled the recovery of cars worth more than $ 212 million. In terms of
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attracted many voters to Democratic candidates because he was putting people to work through the
565:
491:
404:
329:
281:
1462:, "Part 3, Mr. Craig", at African American Studies, University of Buffalo, accessed 26 July 2011
254:
from 1911 to 1933. In 1898, enrolling in the U.S. Army as a private, Dyer served notably in the
1500:
808:
788:
541:
533:
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service in St. Louis. Under the existing service, U.S. mail was transported by compressed air
1681:
1105:
1086:
672:
that the "good negroes of the South did not want the legislation for 'they do not need it'."
438:
290:
239:
207:
1368:, 22 December 2009, Edsitement, National Endowment for the Humanities, accessed 26 July 2011
1327:
1294:
332:, the son of James Coleman Dyer and Martha E. (Camp) Dyer. His father's family had roots in
1842:
1837:
1507:, 11 November 1991, Vol. 253, Issue 16, p. 16, Nell Painter Website, accessed 1 August 2011
549:
337:
273:
8:
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were trying to advance in society, who were in debt to landowners (settlement season for
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505:
247:
147:
113:
90:
1253:
1819:
1602:
731:
618:
294:
125:
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comparison, the city of Boston had eight miles of U.S. Postal pneumatic tube service.
1732:
1685:
1551:
1339:
1306:
652:
582:
522:
374:
1898:
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri
1211:
528:
Dyer was distressed by such mob violence, with its disregard for the courts and the
1759:
1078:
735:
711:
545:
434:
352:
78:
1264:
Committee on Post Offices and Postal Roads United States Senate (March 29, 1916),
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1459:
1384:
1218:
772:
703:
463:
1085:'s approach to dealing with economic problems. The administration of President
1082:
665:
595:
585:, a Republican spoke in favor of Dyer's anti-lynching bill at an appearance in
517:
513:
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After Dyer's bill reached the Senate and received a favorable report from the
340:
was born; he was elected as a Republican Congressman from Missouri (1869–71).
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752:
687:
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317:
313:
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In June 2005, through passing a bipartisan resolution sponsored by senators
415:
1077:
Dyer ran unsuccessfully for re-election in 1932, 1934 and 1936, during the
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812:
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682:
509:
564:
Calling for an end to mob violence, on April 1, 1918, Dyer introduced the
238:(June 11, 1871 – December 15, 1957) was an American politician, reformer,
30:
784:
529:
305:
1903:
Members of the United States House of Representatives removed by contest
660:
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children shall work, any more important to the Nation than life itself?
421:
286:
198:
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After the war, the young Dyer served as assistant circuit attorney in
796:
392:
164:
1706:
Morrow, James B. (June 21, 1914). "Usury The Bugbear of the Poor".
1413:
1136:
Morrow, James B. (June 21, 1914). "Usury The Bugbear of the Poor".
727:
499:
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277:
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campaign and was elected to Congress as a Republican in 1910. As a
251:
50:
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had started some of his work and welfare programs. Dyer followed
1248:
1246:
516:, brought in to replace them. In July, mob violence broke out in
1391:, Black Americans in Congress, US Congress, accessed 5 June 2012
1676:
Howard, Marilyn K.; Rucker, Walter C.; Upton, James N. (2007).
1293:
Howard, Marilyn K.; Rucker, Walter C.; Upton, James N. (2007).
792:
707:
473:
1243:
1414:
Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon"
715:
695:
648:
396:
386:
308:, Dyer voted against various anti-liquor laws, including the
262:
1326:
Lupton, John A.; Rucker, Walter C.; Upton, James N. (2007).
791:. On December 22, he spoke before the Philippine Senate in
720:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
559:
554:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
261:
Working as an attorney in St. Louis, Dyer started an anti-
457:
433:
1920s, and attracted to Democratic candidates during the
301:
778:
694:, many Southerners viewed the practice of lynching as a
651:, spoke against it. Borah was concerned about issues of
297:
in the U.S. Senate in December 1922, in 1923, and 1924.
1883:
American military personnel of the Spanish–American War
1596:
1362:"Lesson 1: NAACP’s Anti-Lynching Campaign in the 1920s"
1229:
1227:
643:, some Republican senators, including most prominently
598:
generally never convicted a white of lynching a black.
1733:"Senate Apologizes for Not Passing Anti-Lynching Laws"
1552:"Senate Apologizes for Not Passing Anti-Lynching Laws"
706:.) Dyer attracted mixed black and white audiences in
1587:"Congressman Asks Return of Losses On Whisky Stock",
1238:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress,
1627:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
1224:
1807:
1772:
246:, he served eleven terms in the U.S. Congress as a
380:
358:
1675:
1325:
1292:
1829:
1603:Brett Dufur, "History of Missouri Wine Industry"
1072:
258:; and was promoted to colonel at the war's end.
1221:, The Political Graveyard, accessed 22 Apr 2009
1202:, The Political Graveyard, accessed 21 Apr 2009
1583:
1581:
424:. Dyer's motto: "We have just begun to fight."
1605:, Missouri Wine Country, accessed 19 Oct 2009
1494:
1334:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp.
594:system. In the few cases that came to trial,
355:degree in 1893, and was admitted to the bar.
310:Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
1803:U.S. House of Representatives
1768:U.S. House of Representatives
1301:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p.
762:
1908:Activists for African-American civil rights
1735:. Fox News. Associated Press. June 13, 2005
1578:
1554:. Fox News. Associated Press. June 13, 2005
783:In December 1922, Dyer had traveled to the
323:
320:. He was defeated for re-election in 1932.
1868:Washington University School of Law alumni
1863:Central Wesleyan College (Missouri) alumni
1728:, Black Americans in Congress, US Congress
1617:(June 20, 1914), "Ballot Frauds Cost Seat"
830:
802:
787:, then a U.S. territory, according to the
29:
1423:
1161:
1159:
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608:
45:U.S. House of Representatives
1478:, 3 December 1922, accessed 20 July 2011
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1186:"Ex-Rep. Dyer Dies at 86 in St. Louis",
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
849:
726:jobs, education, and a chance to escape
647:, an otherwise progressive Senator from
624:
612:
414:
1710:. Boston, Massachusetts. p. SM 10.
1524:. Pittsburgh. June 28, 1919. p. 6.
1430:"Calder Is Friend of Negro, He Insists"
1420:, Vol. 17, 2000, accessed 10 March 2008
1234:Dyer, Leonidas Carstarphen, (1871–1957)
1140:. Boston, Massachusetts. p. SM 10.
819:Dyer had voted against the Prohibition
675:
560:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill introduced 1918
512:workers, out on strike, attacked black
485:
410:
193:Martha Dyer Collins, Catherine Verwoert
1830:
1809:Missouri's 12th congressional district
1774:Missouri's 12th congressional district
1705:
1357:
1355:
1144:
1135:
458:Advocated postal pneumatic tube system
276:in 1917 and the high rate of reported
103:March 4, 1915 – March 3, 1933
68:March 4, 1911 – June 18, 1914
1546:
1544:
1444:
1442:
1271:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1118:
779:Advocation of Philippine independence
730:laws and violence. By 1934, when the
480:
343:Leonidas attended common schools and
1472:"Filibuster Kills Anti-Lynching Bil"
1436:, 22 May 1922, accessed 26 July 2011
1371:
1172:, 9 July 1922, accessed 26 July 2011
1858:People from Warren County, Missouri
1722:"Anti-Lynching Legislation Renewed"
1678:Encyclopedia of American race riots
1631:"Gill, Michael Joseph, (1864–1918)"
1378:"Anti-Lynching Legislation Renewed"
1352:
1330:Encyclopedia of American race riots
1297:Encyclopedia of American race riots
1093:and providing social aid programs.
312:. Dyer served in Congress from the
13:
1664:
1541:
1518:"Mississippi's 'Orderly' Lynching"
1439:
1175:
349:Washington University in St. Louis
280:in the South, Dyer introduced the
14:
1919:
504:In May 1917, a riot broke out in
448:
1893:Anti-racism in the United States
1878:Military personnel from Missouri
1873:American anti-lynching activists
1684:, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
1501:Nell Painter, "Who Was Lynched?"
1254:Leonidas Dryer Elected Positions
328:Dyer was born near Warrenton in
1647:
1635:
1620:
1608:
1565:
1528:
1510:
1481:
1465:
1407:
1394:
1366:NAACP's Anti-Lynching Campaigns
1319:
844:, who took the oath of office.
718:, and Chicago. He thanked the
381:St. Louis attorney and reformer
377:, future Governor of Missouri.
359:Service in Spanish–American War
16:American politician (1871–1957)
1258:
1205:
1193:
1:
1801:Member of the
1766:Member of the
1751:U.S. House of Representatives
1699:
1643:"Leonidas Dyer Missing Votes"
1091:Works Progress Administration
1073:Retirement from public office
630:
536:, in the exodus known as the
496:Lynching in the United States
1200:"Index to Politicians: Dyer"
1111:
7:
1888:United States Army colonels
1715:
242:, and military officer. A
10:
1924:
1853:Politicians from St. Louis
489:
461:
384:
362:
1816:
1799:
1791:
1781:
1764:
1756:
1749:
1571:"Sees Philippines Free",
1418:Constitutional Commentary
1404:, January 27, 1922, p. 27
1212:"Dyer Family of Virginia"
763:Anti-automobile theft law
395:, where he championed an
236:Leonidas Carstarphen Dyer
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1590:The Atlanta Constitution
1099:
668:of North Carolina told
664:on Dyer's bill. Senator
345:Central Wesleyan College
324:Early life and education
204:Central Wesleyan College
1458:March 22, 2012, at the
831:Terms and voting record
803:Contraband liquor stock
566:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
492:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
330:Warren County, Missouri
282:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
1848:Lawyers from St. Louis
1266:Pneumatic Tube Service
857:
809:New York Curb Exchange
636:
622:
609:Senate filibuster 1922
575:
425:
1190:(Dec 17, 1957), p. 21
1188:The Los Angeles Times
1106:Saint Louis, Missouri
1087:Franklin D. Roosevelt
854:Honorable Congressman
853:
628:
616:
570:
490:Further information:
462:Further information:
445:, also a Republican.
439:Franklin D. Roosevelt
418:
385:Further information:
240:civil rights activist
208:Washington University
1724:, Historical Essay:
1655:Congressional Record
1538:(July 1923), p. 127.
1387:, Historical Essay:
1240:accessed 22 Apr 2009
821:Eighteenth Amendment
789:1898 Treaty of Paris
676:Aftermath and legacy
603:Fourteenth Amendment
486:St. Louis riots 1917
411:Congressional career
371:Spanish–American War
365:Spanish–American War
347:. He studied law at
338:David Patterson Dyer
274:East St. Louis riots
256:Spanish–American War
1575:(December 23, 1922)
641:Judiciary Committee
248:U.S. Representative
148:Warrenton, Missouri
1820:James R. Claiborne
1708:Boston Daily Globe
1615:The New York Times
1573:The New York Times
1476:The New York Times
1434:The New York Times
1402:The New York Times
1383:2012-04-21 at the
1217:2012-11-05 at the
1170:The New York Times
1138:Boston Daily Globe
858:
838:The New York Times
670:The New York Times
637:
623:
619:Lee Slater Overman
481:Anti-lynching bill
426:
336:, where his uncle
295:Southern Democrats
126:James R. Claiborne
1826:
1825:
1817:Succeeded by
1782:Succeeded by
1691:978-0-313-33301-9
1593:(April 11, 1929).
1522:The Gazette Times
1503:, reprinted from
1345:978-0-313-33301-9
1312:978-0-313-33301-9
1066:
1065:
755:of Louisiana and
653:state sovereignty
583:Warren G. Harding
523:Mississippi River
375:Herbert S. Hadley
272:Horrified by the
233:
232:
217:U.S. Army colonel
158:December 15, 1957
1915:
1811:
1792:Preceded by
1776:
1760:Harry M. Coudrey
1757:Preceded by
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546:W. E. B. Du Bois
435:Great Depression
167:, Missouri, U.S.
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136:Personal details
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704:John Paul Jones
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538:Great Migration
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1641:Govtrac.us,
1637:
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1534:"Lynching",
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869:Year started
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813:Hiram Walker
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757:George Allen
749:
745:civil rights
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683:Ida B. Wells
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510:white ethnic
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467:
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291:conservative
271:
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235:
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160:(1957-12-15)
121:Succeeded by
98:
86:Succeeded by
63:
1843:1957 deaths
1838:1871 births
785:Philippines
530:rule of law
401:408% annual
306:Prohibition
287:filibusters
267:progressive
109:Preceded by
74:Preceded by
1832:Categories
1814:1915–1933
1779:1911–1914
1739:2011-07-19
1700:Newspapers
1558:2011-07-19
1536:The Crisis
1505:The Nation
874:Year ended
661:filibuster
617:U.S. Sen.
587:Birmingham
578:Congress.
422:filibuster
397:anti-usury
244:Republican
222:Profession
214:Occupation
199:Alma mater
185:Clara Hyer
176:Republican
1112:Citations
797:Filipinos
771:Director
542:the South
534:the South
506:St. Louis
405:principal
393:St. Louis
369:When the
289:by white
278:lynchings
165:St. Louis
99:In office
64:In office
1716:Internet
1682:Westport
1456:Archived
1381:Archived
1215:Archived
1051:Eleventh
732:Costigan
728:Jim Crow
712:Portland
500:Lynching
437:, after
334:Virginia
252:Missouri
225:Attorney
190:Children
57:district
51:Missouri
1336:188–190
1268:, p. 82
983:Seventh
552:of the
316:to the
1806:from
1771:from
1688:
1491:(1892)
1342:
1309:
1083:Hoover
1000:Eighth
932:Fourth
898:Second
823:, the
793:Manila
736:Wagner
708:Denver
498:, and
474:vacuum
182:Spouse
150:, U.S.
1670:Books
1100:Death
1034:Tenth
1017:Ninth
966:Sixth
949:Fifth
915:Third
881:First
716:Omaha
649:Idaho
387:Usury
353:LL.B.
263:usury
250:from
146:near
49:from
1686:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1307:ISBN
1061:1933
1056:1931
1044:1931
1039:1929
1027:1929
1022:1927
1010:1927
1005:1925
993:1925
988:1923
976:1923
971:1921
959:1921
954:1919
942:1919
937:1917
925:1917
920:1915
908:1914
903:1913
891:1913
886:1911
864:Term
807:The
548:and
155:Died
141:Born
55:12th
1303:183
769:FBI
302:FBI
53:'s
1834::
1680:.
1629:,
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508:;
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734:-
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
