Leopard - Knowledge

2609: 2227: 965: 2144: 1018: 1605: 2104: 1216: 883: 1131: 2357: 2196: 14495: 2748: 1590: 2435: 7490: 7135: 6852: 133: 2068: 1773: 924: 2588: 2388:, being the culprits of up to 50% of stolen leopard kills in the same area. To counter this, leopards store their kills in the trees and out of reach. Lions have a high success rate in fetching leopard kills from trees. Leopards do not seem to actively avoid their competitors but rather difference in prey and habitat preferences appear to limit their spatial overlap. In particular, leopards use heavy vegetation regardless of whether lions are present in an area and both cats are active at the same time of day. 691: 1241: 210: 2092: 2210: 2080: 1088: 1620: 1761: 2325:(18 ft 8 in) into a tree. It eats small prey immediately, but drags larger carcasses over several hundred meters and caches it safely in trees, bushes or even caves; this behaviour allows the leopard to store its prey away from rivals, and offers it an advantage over them. The way it stores the kill depends on local topography and individual preferences, varying from trees in Kruger National Park to bushes in the plain terrain of the Kalahari. 371: 168: 1180: 2421: 2476:

more gray in colour with less defined spots. They begin to eat meat at around nine weeks. Around three months of age, the young begin to follow the mother on hunts. At one year of age, cubs can probably fend for themselves, but will remain with the mother for 18–24 months. After separating from their mother, sibling cubs may travel together for months. Both male and female leopards typically reach sexual maturity at 2–2⅓ years.

2170:, the home range of a female was completely enclosed within a male's. Females live with their cubs in home ranges that overlap extensively, probably due to the association between mothers and their offspring. There may be a few other fluctuating home ranges belonging to young individuals. It is not clear if male home ranges overlap as much as those of females do. Individuals try to drive away intruders of the same sex. 1634: 2159:, most leopards tend to keep 1 km (0.62 mi) apart. Males occasionally interact with their partners and cubs, and exceptionally this can extend beyond to two generations. Aggressive encounters are rare, typically limited to defending territories from intruders. In a South African reserve, a male was wounded in a male–male territorial battle over a carcass. 2403:, following a reduction in prey numbers, tigers continued to feed on favoured prey while leopards and dholes had to increase their consumption of small prey. Leopards can live successfully in tiger habitat when there is abundant food and vegetation cover. Otherwise, they appear to be less common where tigers are numerous. The recovery of the tiger population in 2395:. Both the larger tiger and pack-living dhole dominate leopards during encounters. Interactions between the three predators involve chasing, stealing kills and direct killing. Tigers appear to inhabit the deep parts of the forest while leopards and dholes are pushed closer to the fringes. The three predators coexist by hunting different sized prey. In 2495:, and hunting is banned in Botswana and Afghanistan; in 11 sub-Saharan countries, trade is restricted to skins and body parts of 2,560 individuals. In 2007, a leopard reintroduction programme was initiated in the Russian Caucasus, where captive bred individuals are reared and trained in 0.5–0.9 ha (1.2–2.2 acres) large enclosures in 2316:

ambush prey by descending on it from trees. It stalks its prey and tries to approach as closely as possible, typically within 5 m (16 ft) of the target, and, finally, pounces on it and kills it by suffocation. It kills small prey with a bite to the back of the neck, but holds larger animals

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with males larger and heavier than females. Males stand 60–70 cm (24–28 in) at the shoulder, while females are 57–64 cm (22–25 in) tall. The head-and-body length ranges between 92 and 183 cm (36 and 72 in) with a 66 to 102 cm (26 to 40 in) long tail. Sizes vary

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Its white-tipped tail is about 60–100 cm (23.6–39.4 in) long, white underneath and with spots that form incomplete bands toward the end of the tail. The guard hairs protecting the basal hairs are short, 3–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in) in face and head, and increase in length toward the flanks

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Females give birth in a cave, crevice among boulders, hollow tree or thicket. Newborn cubs weigh 280–1,000 g (9.9–35.3 oz), and are born with closed eyes, which open four to nine days after birth. The fur of the young tends to be longer and thicker than that of adults. Their pelage is also

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that prefers medium-sized prey with a body mass ranging from 10–40 kg (22–88 lb). Prey species in this weight range tend to occur in dense habitat and to form small herds. Species that prefer open areas and have well-developed anti-predator strategies are less preferred. More than 100 prey

2178:, males have home ranges of 33–38 km (13–15 sq mi) and females of 14–16 km (5.4–6.2 sq mi); but males in northeastern Namibia of 451 km (174 sq mi) and females of 188 km (73 sq mi). They are even larger in arid and montane areas. In Nepal's 3396:

Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.;

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Stein, A.B.; Gerngross, P.; Al Hikmani, H.; Balme, G.; Bertola, L.; Drouilly, M.; Farhadinia, M.S.; Feng, L.; Ghoddousi, A.; Henschel, P.; Jhala, Y.; Khorozyan, I.; Kittle, A.; Laguardia, A.; Luo, S.-J.; Mann, G.; Miquelle, D.; Moheb, Z.; Raza, H.; Rostro-García, S.; Shivakumar, S.; Song, D. &

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animal. It is typically shy and alert when crossing roadways and encountering oncoming vehicles, but may be emboldened to attack people or other animals when threatened. Adults associate only in the mating season. Females continue to interact with their offspring even after weaning and have been

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in colour; those living in forests and mountains are much darker and deep golden. Spots fade toward the white underbelly and the insides and lower parts of the legs. Rosettes are circular in East African leopard populations, and tend to be squarish in Southern African and larger in Asian leopard

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The leopard depends mainly on its acute senses of hearing and vision for hunting. It primarily hunts at night in most areas. In western African forests and Tsavo National Park, they have also been observed hunting by day. They usually hunt on the ground. In the Serengeti, they have been seen to

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A study of leopards in the Namibian farmlands showed that the size of home ranges was not significantly affected by sex, rainfall patterns or season; the higher the prey availability in an area, the greater the leopard population density and the smaller the size of home ranges, but they tend to

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live quite close to human settlements and even in semi-developed areas. Although adaptable to human disturbances, leopards require healthy prey populations and appropriate vegetative cover for hunting for prolonged survival and thus rarely linger in heavily developed areas. Due to the leopard's

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Leopards are mainly active from dusk till dawn and will rest for most of the day and some hours at night in thickets, among rocks or over tree branches. Leopards have been observed walking 1–25 km (0.62–15.53 mi) across their range at night; wandering up to 75 km (47 mi) if

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kills up to 2 km (1.2 mi) apart. It is able to take large prey due to its powerful jaw muscles, and is therefore strong enough to drag carcasses heavier than itself up into trees; an individual was seen to haul a young giraffe weighing nearly 125 kg (276 lb) up 5.7 m

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stealth, people often remain unaware that it lives in nearby areas. As of 2020, the leopard population within forested habitats in India's tiger range landscapes was estimated at 12,172 to 13,535 individuals. Surveyed landscapes included elevations below 2,600 m (8,500 ft) in the

411:. Its body is slender and muscular reaching a length of 92–183 cm (36–72 in) with a 66–102 cm (26–40 in) long tail and a shoulder height of 60–70 cm (24–28 in). Males typically weigh 30.9–72 kg (68–159 lb), and females 20.5–43 kg (45–95 lb). 4718:

Sanchis, A.; Real, C.; Sauqué, V.; Núñez-Lahuerta, C.; Égüez, N.; Tormo, C.; Ripoll, M. P.; Carrión, Y. M.; Duarte, E. & de la Rasilla, M. (2019). "Neanderthal and carnivore activities at Llonin Cave, Asturias, northern Iberian Peninsula: Faunal study of Mousterian levels (MIS 3)".

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of its skins and bones. In spring 2013, 37 leopard skins were found during a 7-week long market survey in major Moroccan cities. In 2014, 43 leopard skins were detected during two surveys in Morocco. Vendors admitted to have imported skins from sub-Saharan Africa.

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in South Africa are generally smaller, reaching only 20–45 kg (44–99 lb) in males. The heaviest wild leopard in Southern Africa weighed around 96 kg (212 lb), and it measured 262 cm (103 in). In 2016, an Indian leopard killed in

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Leopards can climb trees quite skillfully, often resting on tree branches and descending headfirst. They can run at over 58 km/h (36 mph; 16 m/s), leap over 6 m (20 ft) horizontally, and jump up to 3 m (9.8 ft) vertically.

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Diedrich, C. G. (2013). "Late Pleistocene leopards across Europe – northernmost European German population, highest elevated records in the Swiss Alps, complete skeletons in the Bosnia Herzegowina Dinarids and comparison to the Ice Age cave art".

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and the belly to about 25–30 mm (1.0–1.2 in). Juveniles have woolly fur that appear to be dark-coloured due to the densely arranged spots. Its fur tends to grow longer in colder climates. The leopard's rosettes differ from those of the

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length, 20 cm (7.9 in) in breadth, and weighed 1 kg (2.2 lb). The skull of an African leopard measured 286 mm (11.3 in) in basal length, and 181 mm (7.1 in) in breadth, and weighed 790 g (28 oz).

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Jacobson, A. P.; Gerngross, P.; Lemeris, J. R. Jr.; Schoonover, R. F.; Anco, C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Durant, S. M.; Farhadinia, M. S.; Henschel, P.; Kamler, J. F.; Laguardia, A.; Rostro-García, S.; Stein, A. B. & Dollar, L. (2016).

2629:, who was depicted wearing leopard skin and using leopards as means of transportation. In one myth, the god was captured by pirates but two leopards rescued him. Numerous Roman mosaics from North African sites depict fauna now found only in 6284:

Thapa, K.; Pradhan, N. M. B.; Berker, J.; Dhakal, M.; Bhandari, A. R.; Gurung, G. S.; Rai, D. P.; Thapa, G. J.; Shrestha, S. & Singh, G. R. (2013). "High elevation record of a leopard cat in the Kangchenjunga Conservation Area, Nepal".

2123: 2121: 6273:; Qureshi, Q. & Yadav, S.P. (2020). Status of leopards in India, 2018. Technical Report TR/2020/16 (Report). New Delhi and Dehradun: National Tiger Conservation Authority, Government of India and Wildlife Institute of India. 2647:

also used the leopard as a symbol of leadership, and only the king was permitted to have a ceremonial leopard stool. Some African cultures considered the leopard to be a smarter, better hunter than the lion and harder to kill.

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lives with his hunting partner, the Ethiopian. When they set off to the forest, the Ethiopian changed his brown skin, and the leopard painted spots on his skin. A leopard played an important role in the 1938 Hollywood film

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Kawanishi, K.; Sunquist, M. E.; Eizirik, E.; Lynam, A. J.; Ngoprasert, D.; Wan Shahruddin, W. N.; Rayan, D. M.; Sharma, D. S. K. & Steinmetz, R. (2010). "Near fixation of melanism in leopards of the Malay Peninsula".

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Symbolae Physicae, seu Icones et Descriptiones Mammalium quae ex Itinere per Africam Borealem et Asiam Occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Secunda. Zoologica I. Mammalia

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Miracle, P. T.; Lenardić, J. M.; Brajković, D. (2010). "Last glacial climates, "Refugia", and faunal change in Southeastern Europe: Mammalian assemblages from Veternica, Velika pećina, and Vindija caves (Croatia)".

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Srivathsa, A.; Ramachandran, V.; Saravanan, P.; Sureshbabu, A.; Ganguly, D. & Ramakrishnan, U. (2023). "Topcats and underdogs: intraguild interactions among three apex carnivores across Asia's forestscapes".

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In Java, the leopard is threatened by illegal hunting and trade. Between 2011 and 2019, body parts of 51 Javan leopards were seized including six live individuals, 12 skins, 13 skulls, 20 canines and 22 claws.

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of 2–4 cubs. The mortality rate of cubs is estimated at 41–50% during the first year. Predators are the biggest cause for leopard cub mortality during their first year. Male leopards are known to cause

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geographically. Males typically weigh 30.9–72 kg (68–159 lb), and females 20.5–43 kg (45–95 lb). Occasionally, large males can grow up to 91 kg (201 lb). Leopards from the

3623: 2380:. The leopard is dominant only over the cheetah while the others have the advantage of size, pack numbers or both. Lions pose a great mortal threat and can be responsible for 22% of leopard deaths in 2304:

in southern China demonstrated variation in the leopard's diet over time; over the course of seven years, the vegetative cover receded, and leopards opportunistically shifted from primarily consuming

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Rostro-García, S.; Kamler, J. F.; Ash, E.; Clements, G. R.; Gibson, L.; Lynam, A. J.; McEwin, R.; Naing, H. & Paglia, S. (2016). "Endangered leopards: Range collapse of the Indochinese leopard (

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The leopard's fur is generally soft and thick, notably softer on the belly than on the back. Its skin colour varies between individuals from pale yellowish to dark golden with dark spots grouped in

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Balme, G. A.; Pitman, R. T.; Robinson, H. S.; Miller, J. R. B.; Funston, P. J.; Hunter, L. T. B. (2017). "Leopard distribution and abundance is unaffected by interference competition with lions".

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Miller, J. R. B.; Pitman, R. T.; Mann, G. K. H.; Fuller, A. K.; Balme, G. A. (2018). "Lions and leopards coexist without spatial, temporal or demographic effects of interspecific competition".

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Paijmans, J. L. A.; Barlow, A.; Förster, D. W.; Henneberger, K.; Meyer, M.; Nickel, B.; Nagel, D.; Havmøller, R. W.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Joger, U.; Rosendahl, W. & Hofreiter, M. (2018).

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The whitish spots on the back of its ears are thought to play a role in communication. It has been hypothesized that the white tips of their tails may function as a 'follow-me' signal in

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Rozhnov, V.V.; Yachmennikova, A.A.; Dronova, N.A.; Naidenko, S.V.; Hernandez-Blanco, J.A.; Chistopolova, M.D.; Pkhitikov, A.B.; Tembotova, F.A.; Trepet, S.A. & Chestin, I.E. (2022).

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Steinmetz, R.; Seuaturien, N.; Intanajitjuy, P.; Inrueang, P. & Prempree, K. (2021). "The effects of prey depletion on dietary niches of sympatric apex predators in Southeast Asia".

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Da Silva L. G., K.; Kawanishi, K.; Henschel P.; Kittle, A.; Sanei, A.; Reebin, A.; Miquelle, D.; Stein, A. B.; Watson, A.; Kekule, L. B.; Machado, R. B. & Eizirik, E. (2017).

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of the leopard is 9.3 years. The average life span of a leopard is 12–17 years. The oldest leopard was a captive female that died at the age of 24 years, 2 months and 13 days.

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criminals. In Benin, leopards were kept and paraded as mascots, totems and sacrifices to deities. Several leopards were kept in a menagerie originally established by King

1478:. Leopards arrived in Eurasia during the late Early to Middle Pleistocene around 1.2 to 0.6 million years ago. Four European Pleistocene leopard subspecies were proposed. 2120: 7506:

Rafiq, K.; Wayward, M. W.; Wilson, A. M.; Meloro, C.; Jordan, N. R.; Wich, S. A.; McNutt, J. W.; Golabek, K. A. (2020). "Spatial and temporal overlaps between leopards (

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Kittle, A. M.; Watson, A. C.; Chanaka Kumara, P. H. & Nimalka Sanjeewani, H. K. (2014). "Status and distribution of the leopard in the central hills of Sri Lanka".

2455:, they mate during January and February. On average, females begin to breed between the ages of 2½ and three, and males between the ages of two and three. The female's 1788:

The leopard has the largest distribution of all wild cats, occurring widely in Africa and Asia, although populations are fragmented and declining. It inhabits foremost

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outside the mating season and when raising cubs. Females usually give birth to a litter of 2–4 cubs once in 15–24 months. Both male and female leopards typically reach

6617:"Identifying priority conservation landscapes and actions for the Critically Endangered Javan leopard in Indonesia: Conserving the last large carnivore in Java Island" 2026:

observed sharing kills with their offspring when they can not obtain any prey. They produce a number of vocalizations, including growls, snarls, meows, and purrs. The

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remain largely undisturbed. It also persists in urban environments, if it is not persecuted, has sufficient prey and patches of vegetation for shelter during the day.

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Pacifici, M.; Santini, L.; Di Marco, M.; Baisero, D.; Francucci, L.; Grottolo Marasini, G.; Visconti, P. & Rondinini, C. (2013). "Generation length for mammals".

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Average daily consumption rates of 3.5 kg (7 lb 11 oz) were estimated for males and of 2.8 kg (6 lb 3 oz) for females. In the southern

8603: 8549: 2182:, male home ranges of 48 km (19 sq mi) and female ones of 5–7 km (1.9–2.7 sq mi) are smaller than those generally observed in Africa. 3398: 2399:, the average size for a leopard kill was 37.6 kg (83 lb) compared to 91.5 kg (202 lb) for tigers and 43.4 kg (96 lb) for dholes. At 2226: 1663:

habitats. Rosette patterns are unique in each individual. This pattern is thought to be an adaptation to dense vegetation with patchy shadows, where it serves as

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Cuvier, G. (1809). "Recherches sur les espėces vivantes de grands chats, pour servir de preuves et d'éclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils".

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Anco, C.; Kolokotronis, S. O.; Henschel, P.; Cunningham, S. W.; Amato, G. & Hekkala, E. (2017). "Historical mitochondrial diversity in African leopards (

8232: 2472:, in order to bring the female back into heat. Intervals between births average 15 to 24 months, but can be shorter, depending on the survival of the cubs. 6040:

Soultan, A.; Attum, O.; Hamada, A.; Hatab, E. B.; Ahmed, S. E.; Eisa, A.; Al Sharif, I.; Nagy, A. & Shohdi, W. (2017). "Recent observation for leopard

2706: 2103: 1650:. Its underbelly is white and its ringed tail is shorter than its body. Its pupils are round. Leopards living in arid regions are pale cream, yellowish to 8684: 6822: 3186: 8497: 8720:(2007). "Natural History and Cultural History: The Circulation of Hunting Leopards in Eurasia, Seventh-Seventeenth Centuries". In Mair, V. H. (ed.). 4119: 7756:

Thinley, P.; Rajaratnam, R.; Lassoie, J. P.; Morreale, S. J.; Curtis, P. D.; Vernes, K.; Leki Leki; Phuntsho, S.; Dorji, T. & Dorji, P. (2018).

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communication. However, no significant association were found between a conspicuous colour of tail patches and behavioural variables in carnivores.

964: 8799:"Estimation of leopard population size in a secondary forest within Malaysia's capital agglomeration using unsupervised classification of pugmarks" 1739:

measured 261 cm (103 in) with an estimated weight of 78.5 kg (173 lb); it was perhaps the largest known wild leopard in India.

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was born in 1959 and 1961, all cubs were spotted and bigger than a juvenile leopard. Attempts to mate a leopon with a tigress proved unsuccessful.

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provide indirect evidence of leopard presence in Europe. Leopard fossils dating to the Late Pleistocene were found in Biśnik Cave in south-central

8743:(2000). "Leopards as taphonomic agents in dolomitic Caves – Implications for bone accumulations in the hominid-bearing deposits of South Africa". 5094: 14866: 3106:

Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

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Kruuk, H. & Turner, M. (1967). "Comparative notes on predation by lion, leopard, cheetah and wild dog in the Serengeti area, East Africa".

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sequence in leopards consists mainly of grunts, also called "sawing", as it resembles the sound of sawing wood. Cubs call their mother with an

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Li, S.; Wang, D.; Lu, Z. & Mc Shea, W. J. (2010). "Cats living with pandas: The status of wild felids within giant panda range, China".

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Valenciennes, A. (1856). "Sur une nouvelles espèce de Panthère tué par M. Tchihatcheff à Ninfi, village situé à huit lieues est de Smyrne".

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of 182 African leopard museum specimens showed that some African leopards exhibit higher genetic differences than Asian leopard subspecies.

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expand if there is human interference. Sizes of home ranges vary geographically and depending on habitat and availability of prey. In the

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Balme, G. A.; Miller, J. R. B.; Pitman, R. T.; Hunter, L. T. B. (2017). "Caching reduces kleptoparasitism in a solitary, large felid".

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Sommer, R. S. & Benecke, N. (2006). "Late Pleistocene and Holocene development of the felid fauna (Felidae) of Europe: a review".

15104: 8813: 2143: 15063: 14840: 8115: 7762:) to farmers in reducing crop and livestock losses in the eastern Himalayas: Implications for conservation of large apex predators" 6315:

Kittle, A. M.; Watson, A. C.; Kumara, P. H. S. C.; Sandanayake, S. D. K. C.; Sanjeewani, H. K. N. & Fernando, T. S. P. (2014).

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The Balochistan leopard population in the south of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan is separated from the northern population by the

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In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group recognized the following eight subspecies as valid taxa:

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in the camps of livestock herders who were accompanied by armed merchants. They engaged in poaching large herbivores, sale of

14936: 14631: 8787: 8729: 8597: 7443: 7363: 7004: 6963: 6700: 5793: 5757: 5708: 5405: 5303: 5242: 5157: 5132: 4963: 4883: 4088: 3013: 2863: 14897: 7449: 6969: 6754:"Spots, stripes, tail tips and dark eyes: predicting the function of carnivore colour patterns using the comparative method" 3500:

Shivakumar, S.; Khettry, A.; Surve, N.; Rahman, H.; Ghimirey, Y.; Tharchen, L.; Zaw, T.; Waseem, M. & Jhala, Y. (2023).

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killed more than 125 people; the Panar Leopard was thought to have killed over 400 people. Both were shot by British hunter

15159: 15144: 14586: 4465: 3399:"A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" 2546:

area revealed that the leopard population decreased from 97 individuals in 2012 to 50 individuals in 2017. In this period,

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Wibisono, H. T.; Wahyudi, H. A.; Wilianto, E.; Pinondang, I. M. R.; Primajati, M.; Liswanto, D. & Linkie, M. (2018).

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Izawa, M. & Nakanishi, N. (2015). "Felidae". In Ohdachi, S. D.; Ishibashi, Y.; Iwasa, M. A. & Saitoh, T. (eds.).

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Across its range, the leopard coexists with a number of other large predators. In Africa, it is part of a large predator

15134: 15129: 2637:, the leopard was commonly represented on engravings and sculptures and was used to symbolise the power of the king or 1994:

at elevations from sea level to 2,540 m (8,330 ft). Outside protected areas, leopards were recorded in mixed

1893:, a melanistic leopard was photographed at an elevation of 4,300 m (14,100 ft) by a camera trap in May 2012. 15027: 6527:"Habitat preferences and activity patterns of the larger mammal community in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia" 4006:

Johnson, W. E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W. J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2006).

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that often overlap with a few smaller female home ranges, probably as a strategy to enhance access to females. In the

10267: 8457: 6736: 5003: 4677:"Carnivores from Los Rincones, a leopard den in the highest mountain of the Iberian range (Moncayo, Zaragoza, Spain)" 1967:

National Biodiversity Conservation Area and Nam Kan National Protected Area. In Cambodia, leopards inhabit deciduous

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in 1816, who included all the known spotted cats into this group. Oken's classification was not widely accepted, and

462: 8167:"Population dynamics and threats to an apex predator outside protected areas: implications for carnivore management" 7198:

Stander, P. E.; Haden, P. J.; Kaqece, II. & Ghau, II. (1997). "The ecology of asociality in Namibian leopards".

6354:"First structured camera-trap surveys in Karen State, Myanmar, reveal high diversity of globally threatened mammals" 3651:

Al Hikmani, H.; Spalton, A.; Zafar-ul Islam, M.; al-Johany, A.; Sulayem, M.; Al-Duais, M. & Almalki, A. (2023).

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transition. Leopards were formerly present across Europe, but became extinct in the region at around the end of the

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in 2023. It is locally extinct in Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates.

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Marciszak, A.; Lipecki, G.; Gornig, W.; Matyaszczyk, L.; Oszczepalińska, O.; Nowakowski, D.; Talamo, S. (2022).

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Forest Complex in southern Myanmar is considered a leopard stronghold. In Thailand, leopards are present in the

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Karanth, K. U. & Sunquist, M. E. (1995). "Prey selection by tiger, leopard and dhole in tropical forests".

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from the border area with Sudan moved in the area with their livestock. Rangers confiscated large amounts of

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and fragmentation, and are declining in large parts of the global range. Leopards have had cultural roles in

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Uphyrkina, O.; Johnson, E. W.; Quigley, H.; Miquelle, D.; Marker, L.; Bush, M. & O'Brien, S. J. (2001).

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Between 2002 and 2012, at least four leopards were estimated to have been poached per week in India for the

14596: 14514: 2814: 1944: 1742:

The largest recorded skull of a leopard was found in India in 1920 and measured 28 cm (11 in) in

1356:. The leopard-lion clade diverged 3.1–1.95 million years ago. Additionally, a 2016 study revealed that the 793:

were proposed by naturalists between 1794 and 1956. Since 1996, only eight subspecies have been considered

145: 6102:

Karataş, A.; Bulut, Ş. & Akbaba, B. (2021). "Camera trap records confirm the survival of the Leopard (

4878:(Second ed.). Kyoto: Shoukadoh Book Sellers and the Mammalogical Society of Japan. pp. 226−231. 4162: 422:

were proposed in the 19th and 20th centuries. Today, eight subspecies are recognised in its wide range in

14931: 14879: 14765: 14609: 14546: 14536: 14387: 12820: 10023: 8665: 8335:"Apex predators decline after an influx of pastoralists in former Central African Republic hunting zones" 2520: 2053:

and hunting during twilight, when their prey animals are active; activity patterns vary between seasons.

2010: 1976: 1928: 14770: 6299: 4440:"Variationstatistische Untersuchungen am Gebiss pleistozäner und rezenter Leoparden und anderer Feliden" 3239: 14614: 14285: 13941: 5106: 4780: 2977: 1960: 1956: 1915:

In Myanmar, leopards were recorded for the first time by camera traps in the hill forests of Myanmar's

12307: 3157: 1348:

is most likely northern Central Asia. The leopard-lion clade was distributed in the Asian and African

15119: 14733: 11146: 8661: 5400:]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 203–273. 5389: 5033: 1827:, an individual found killed in 2017 was the first sighting of the leopard in this area in 65 years. 1344:

amongst cats indicated that the leopard is closely related to the lion. The geographic origin of the

209: 37: 7489: 7134: 6851: 6435: 5839: 2356: 1215: 14664: 14204: 14099: 12838: 11128: 10856: 10823: 10799: 10620: 9872: 5468:

Eizirik, E.; Yuhki, N.; Johnson, W. E.; Menotti-Raymond, M.; Hannah, S. S.; O'Brien, S. J. (2003).

4839: 3731: 3580: 2519:

and conversion of forest to agriculturally used land, which lead to a declining natural prey base,

1130: 1025: 882: 33: 17: 8333:Äbischer, T.; Ibrahim, T.; Hickisch, R.; Furrer, R. D.; Leuenberger, C. & Wegmann, D. (2020). 5692: 3101: 1701:. In India, nine pale and white leopards were reported between 1905 and 1967. Leopards exhibiting 15164: 15124: 14479: 13866: 12847: 12578: 12271: 12206: 11588: 11164: 10637: 10159: 8890: 8517: 8024:

Hemmer, H. (1976). "Gestation period and postnatal development in felids". In Eaton, R.L. (ed.).

4439: 3078: 3059: 2981: 2955: 2702: 2693:, and the two are often used interchangeably. Naturalistic leopard-like depictions appear on the 2689:. The heraldic leopard lacks spots and sports a mane, making it visually almost identical to the 2685: 2500: 2396: 2336:; they drink water every two to three days and feed infrequently on moisture-rich plants such as 1502: 1369: 916: 8058: 7270:

Hayward, M.W.; Henschel, P.; O'Brien, J.; Hofmeyr, M.; Balme, G. & Kerley, G. I. H. (2006).

5699:. In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M. & Kalina, J. (eds.). 5617: 3603: 3003: 1391: 15001: 14871: 14695: 14090: 13842: 13655: 13531: 13143: 13125: 12953: 12647: 12638: 12280: 11018: 9810: 8285:"Potential benefits of impending Moroccan wildlife trade laws, a case study in carnivore skins" 4778:(Felidae, Mammalia) record from Equi (Massa, Italy): taphonomy, morphology, and paleoecology". 4721: 3123: 2728: 2698: 2535: 2400: 2381: 1940: 1932: 1924: 1725:

The leopard is a slender and muscular cat, with relatively short limbs and a broad head. It is

1714: 710: 656: 573: 14494: 7913:

Odden, M.; Wegge, P. & Fredriksen, T. (2010). "Do tigers displace leopards? If so, why?".

7614:"Leopard density and interspecific spatiotemporal interactions in a hyena-dominated landscape" 6684: 5741: 5287: 5226: 5037: 4991: 4951: 4274:

Tseng, Z. J.; Wang, X.; Slater, G. J.; Takeuchi, G. T.; Li, Q.; Liu, J. & Xie, G. (2014).

4120:"Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, 3810: 3434: 3108:. Vol. Tomus I (decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. pp. 41−42. 14996: 14410: 14267: 13522: 13504: 13495: 13486: 12971: 12962: 12334: 11104: 11095: 11086: 11035: 10973: 10955: 10946: 10883: 10832: 10670: 10661: 9098: 8585: 4474: 3395: 2951: 2710: 2694: 2516: 2504: 2469: 2296:

provide an important food source. The largest prey killed by a leopard was reportedly a male

2269: 1148: 1010: 750: 324: 12289: 12185: 7796:

Karanth, K. U. & Sunquist, M. E. (2000). "Behavioural correlates of predation by tiger (

2531:. Contemporary records suggest that the leopard occurs in only 25% of its historical range. 2195: 15022: 14988: 14910: 14814: 14742: 14108: 14009: 13968: 13682: 13193: 12921: 12247: 11312: 11062: 11053: 11009: 10964: 10587: 10093: 9828: 9654: 8752: 8349: 8226:

Illuminating the blind spot: A study on illegal trade in Leopard parts in India (2001–2010)

8178: 8128: 7969: 7922: 7844: 7678: 7625: 7578: 7315:

Johnson, K. G.; Wei, W.; Reid, D. G.; Jinchu, H. (1993). "Food habits of Asiatic leopards (

7037: 6915: 6628: 6454: 6398: 5570: 5481: 4848: 4730: 4690: 4553: 4483: 4392: 4195: 4138: 4019: 3344: 3281: 2853: 2809: 2776: 2747: 2404: 2179: 2156: 1706: 1539: 1357: 1032: 794: 8798: 3860: 3501: 8: 14348: 14294: 14066: 13513: 13399: 13381: 13226: 13075: 12980: 12230: 12176: 11925: 11667: 11658: 10922: 10195: 10177: 10032: 9881: 9384: 8028:. Vol. 3. Carnivore Research Institute, Univ. Washington, Seattle. pp. 143–165. 5172: 4325:"Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae)" 4243:"The utility of chemical signals as phylogenetic characters: an example from the Felidae" 2837: 2764: 2496: 2281: 1987: 1948: 1849: 1139: 904: 415: 157: 14747: 11418: 8756: 8416: 8391: 8353: 8182: 7973: 7926: 7848: 7682: 7629: 7582: 7384:

The movements of leopards in Tsavo National Park, Kenya, as determined by radio-tracking

7041: 6919: 6632: 6458: 6402: 5574: 5485: 4901:"First report of leopard fossils from a limestone cave in Kenting area, southern Taiwan" 4852: 4734: 4694: 4557: 4487: 4396: 4199: 4142: 4023: 3955: 3650: 3348: 3293: 3285: 14541: 14509: 14163: 13390: 12912: 12602: 12325: 12298: 11561: 11303: 11155: 10258: 10150: 10050: 9990: 9375: 9311: 8988: 8883: 8861: 8421: 8365: 8304: 8201: 8166: 8010: 7877: 7860: 7821: 7738: 7646: 7613: 7414: 7336: 7252: 7211: 7086: 6770: 6753: 6651: 6616: 6470: 6123: 6061: 6017: 5986: 5962: 5931: 5593: 5554: 5507: 5450: 5370: 5199: 5174: 5068: 4927: 4900: 4809: 4756: 4681: 4509: 4415: 4376: 4349: 4324: 4300: 4276:"Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats" 4275: 4259: 4242: 4218: 4183: 4043: 3985: 3826: 3368: 3040: 2680: 2309: 2022: 1968: 1897: 1820: 1726: 1569: 1435: 1287: 1208: 1187: 957: 839: 679: 489: 435: 204: 172: 8334: 8131:"Experience of the leopard re-covering through reintroduction in the Russian Caucasus" 7755: 6494: 6433: 5494: 5469: 3858: 3552:

Wibisono, H.; Wilianto, E.; Pinondang, I.; Rahman, D.A. & Chandradewi, D. (2021).

2912: 1589: 15154: 15114: 15109: 14983: 14778: 14551: 14449: 14042: 13959: 13739: 13235: 13202: 12126: 11633: 11355: 11137: 10991: 10865: 10749: 10102: 9932: 9890: 9837: 9617: 9599: 9357: 8783: 8725: 8626: 8593: 8453: 8425: 8369: 8284: 8250: 8206: 7982: 7949: 7895: 7742: 7730: 7694: 7651: 7594: 7439: 7359: 7294: 7066: 7000: 6959: 6927: 6903: 6732: 6696: 6656: 6526: 6466: 6127: 6022: 5967: 5789: 5753: 5704: 5598: 5539: 5499: 5442: 5401: 5351: 5299: 5296:

The Behavior Guide to African Mammals, Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates

5238: 5204: 5153: 5128: 4999: 4959: 4932: 4879: 4822: 4760: 4626: 4513: 4420: 4354: 4305: 4223: 4154: 4084: 4076: 4035: 3977: 3920: 3859:

Rostro-García, S.; Kamler, J.F.; Clements, G.R.; Lynam, A.J. & Naing, H. (2019).

3708: 3652: 3553: 3360: 3356: 3009: 2869: 2859: 1964: 1882: 1852:, the leopard is still relatively abundant, with greater numbers than those of other 1842: 1779: 1647: 1531: 1516: 1483: 1261: 998: 431: 408: 8308: 7418: 7256: 6474: 6221: 6065: 5511: 5374: 4793: 4650: 4565: 4047: 3752: 3044: 3029:

Nicholas, N. (1999). "A conundrum of cats: pards and their relatives in Byzantium".

2434: 14783: 14444: 14424: 14321: 14154: 13432: 12862: 12152: 11934: 11684: 10874: 10773: 10557: 10548: 10132: 9923: 9914: 9708: 9699: 9257: 8760: 8717: 8489: 8411: 8357: 8296: 8196: 8186: 8006: 7977: 7930: 7887: 7852: 7817: 7773: 7722: 7686: 7641: 7633: 7586: 7546: 7519: 7406: 7328: 7290: 7242: 7207: 7180: 7082: 7045: 6923: 6882: 6798: 6765: 6646: 6636: 6462: 6414: 6406: 6365: 6332: 6158: 6115: 6053: 6012: 6002: 5957: 5947: 5906: 5896: 5752:(Sixth ed.). Baltimore, US: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 828–831. 5660: 5588: 5578: 5535: 5489: 5454: 5434: 5360: 5194: 5186: 5064: 4922: 4912: 4856: 4818: 4789: 4746: 4738: 4698: 4646: 4596: 4580: 4561: 4499: 4491: 4410: 4400: 4344: 4336: 4295: 4287: 4254: 4213: 4203: 4146: 4027: 3989: 3969: 3822: 3770: 3726: 3575: 3480: 3352: 3289: 3220: 2668: 2492: 2464: 2385: 2377: 2337: 1999: 1991: 1920: 1736: 1694: 1508: 1471: 1122: 1114: 1106: 982: 843: 746: 439: 6163: 6142: 6119: 5175:"Why the leopard got its spots: relating pattern development to ecology in felids" 3973: 3372: 2523:

with livestock herders and high leopard mortality rates. It is also threatened by

15054: 14970: 14796: 14601: 14339: 14330: 14258: 14213: 13875: 13825: 13816: 13691: 13637: 13581: 13450: 13423: 13316: 13134: 13093: 13058: 12803: 11866: 11579: 11546: 11537: 11044: 10782: 10231: 9681: 9608: 9566: 9302: 9107: 9041: 9018: 8361: 7778: 7757: 7433: 6953: 6641: 6410: 5583: 4860: 4703: 4676: 4208: 3775: 3754: 3551: 2804: 2784: 2772: 2768: 2690: 2657: 2652: 2630: 2622: 2621:

Leopards have been featured in art, mythology and folklore of many countries. In

2594: 2587: 2480: 2365: 2333: 2329: 2321: 1886: 1866: 1805: 1743: 1698: 1555: 1301: 1265: 1048: 972: 825: 802: 702: 690: 482: 478: 399: 141: 132: 15014: 14949: 14923: 8332: 7167:

Mizutani, F. & Jewell, P. A. (1998). "Home-range and movements of leopards (

6337: 6316: 5552: 4956:

Zoo and Aquarium History : Ancient Animal Collections to Zoological Gardens

4273: 4150: 3463:

Laguardia, A.; Kamler, J. F.; Li, S.; Zhang, C.; Zhou, Z. & Shi, K. (2017).

1659:

populations. The fur tends to be grayish in colder climates, and dark golden in

923: 477:

as it stalks and ambushes its prey, which it sometimes drags up a tree. It is a

14654: 14484: 14474: 14429: 14312: 14231: 14033: 13780: 13673: 13646: 12699: 12316: 11916: 11780: 11463: 11000: 10982: 10913: 10524: 10515: 10117: 10078: 9032: 8944: 7271: 6057: 4742: 3753:

Khorozyan, I. G.; Gennady, F.; Baryshnikov, G. F. & Abramov, A. V. (2006).

3162:(Second ed.). London: British Museum of Natural History. pp. 315–317. 2999: 2909: 2722: 2644: 2524: 2289: 1952: 1862: 1772: 1467: 1365: 1229: 1156: 1118: 941: 890: 509: 8493: 8300: 7934: 7184: 6887: 6866: 6370: 6353: 6283: 5901: 5881:"Diverse locations and a long history: Historical context for urban Leopards ( 5880: 5042:

The Cat: An Introduction to the Study of Backboned Animals, Especially Mammals

4405: 3485: 3464: 3224: 1383:

of the leopard are from Eastern Africa, dating to around 2 million years ago.

1240: 1001:. As of 2023, the population was estimated to comprise 100–120 individuals in 15098: 14905: 14659: 14574: 14569: 14469: 14276: 14172: 14145: 13771: 13469: 13414: 12936: 12880: 12621: 12262: 11717: 11279: 10444: 10411: 10213: 10204: 10141: 10041: 9999: 9851: 9444: 8740: 8223: 7410: 7071:

in Tai National Park, Ivory Coast: Is rainforest habitat a "tropical haven"?"

6997:

The African leopard: a study of the ecology and behaviour of a solitary felid

6821:

Hunter, L.; Balme, G.; Walker, C.; Pretorius, K. & Rosenberg, K. (2003).

5173:

Allen, W. L.; Cuthill, I. C.; Scott-Samuel, N. E. & Baddeley, R. (2010).

4600: 3929: 3873: 3717: 3661: 3566: 3510: 2973: 2921: 2849: 2756: 2456: 2369: 2285: 2257: 2038: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1816: 1731: 1686: 1565: 1427: 1074: 931: 798: 706: 552: 534: 501: 493: 341: 177: 83: 10901: 10713: 8475:"The Decline of North Africa Since the Roman Occupation: Climatic or Human?" 7891: 7690: 7590: 7550: 7020:

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L.; Reilly, B. K. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2014).

4241:

Bininda-Emonds, O. R. P.; Decker-Flum, D. M. & Gittleman, J. L. (2001).

4031: 3900:

Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1956). "The Ceylon leopard, a distinct subspecies".

3499: 2873: 14884: 14718: 14626: 14524: 14519: 14303: 14249: 13950: 13718: 13664: 13441: 13340: 12895: 12871: 12690: 12681: 12501: 12468: 12391: 12352: 11762: 11744: 11606: 11478: 10937: 10338: 10301: 10186: 10168: 9581: 9527: 9453: 9131: 8875: 8826:"Conservation and management prospects of the Persian and Malayan leopards" 8764: 8210: 7899: 7734: 7698: 7655: 7598: 6660: 6180:"The Leopard in the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and subspecies status" 6026: 5971: 5665: 5644: 5602: 5555:"Mapping black panthers: Macroecological modeling of melanism in leopards ( 5503: 5208: 5190: 4998:(Third ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 385–396. 4936: 4424: 4358: 4309: 4291: 4227: 4182:

Mazák, J. H.; Christiansen, P.; Kitchener, A. C. & Goswami, A. (2011).

4158: 4039: 3981: 3624:"The Leopard in the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and subspecies status" 3364: 3325: 2634: 2317: 2293: 2209: 2046: 2003: 1995: 1523: 1361: 1326: 1253: 1096: 1087: 738: 669: 497: 7314: 7148:

Bertram, B. C. R. (1982). "Leopard ecology as studied by radio tracking".

6865:

Spalton, J.A.; Al Hikmani, H. M.; Willis, D. & Said, A. S. B. (2006).

6495:

Robichaud, W.; Insua-Cao; Sisomphane, P. C. & Chounnavanh, S. (2010).

6434:

Johnson, A.; Vongkhamheng, C.; Hedemark, M. & Saithongdam, T. (2006).

6039: 5879:

Powell, J.; Axmacher, J. C.; Linnell, J. D.C. & Durant, S. M. (2021).

5446: 4340: 3248:

The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia: Volume 1

2332:, leopards meet their water requirements by the bodily fluids of prey and 1717:

known as a "strawberry leopard" or "pink panther" is not well understood.

14975: 14853: 14727: 14459: 14434: 13917: 13108: 13025: 12998: 12747: 12661: 12593: 12519: 12510: 12477: 12435: 12400: 12117: 12010: 11842: 11382: 11294: 11202: 10847: 10420: 10240: 9905: 9819: 9802: 9779: 9742: 9626: 9590: 9435: 9224: 9079: 8958: 8643: 8590:

The Mark of the Beast: The Medieval Bestiary in Art, Life, and Literature

8165:

Williams, S. T.; Williams, K. S.; Lewis, B. P. & Hill, R. A. (2017).

6729:

Cat behavior: the predatory and social behavior of domestic and wild cats

6351: 5911: 4075:

Werdelin, L.; Yamaguchi, N.; Johnson, W. E. & O'Brien, S. J. (2010).

3462: 2788: 2732: 2639: 2550: 2547: 2373: 2305: 2297: 2277: 2167: 1916: 1812: 1760: 1619: 1443: 1411: 1257: 1078: 719: 513: 291: 58: 14806: 14757: 8851: 8843: 8191: 8108:"Roxanne, oldest spotted leopard in captivity, dies at Acreage preserve" 7711: 6827:) in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a preliminary project report" 6419: 6222:

Al Jumaily, M.; Mallon, D. P.; Nasher, A. K. & Thowabeh, N. (2006).

5987:"Increasing game prices may alter farmers' behaviours towards leopards ( 4917: 4504: 4495: 1834:, the leopard inhabits remain in the areas of southern and southeastern 407:. It has a pale yellowish to dark golden fur with dark spots grouped in 15068: 14845: 14529: 14126: 13372: 13303: 13290: 13257: 13043: 12781: 12541: 12089: 12066: 11952: 11943: 11892: 11857: 11833: 11597: 11496: 11445: 11391: 11373: 11346: 11253: 11203: 10602: 10575: 10503: 10486: 10249: 10222: 10068: 9972: 9956: 9792: 9672: 9512: 9348: 9215: 9007: 8975: 8959: 7997:

Sadleir, R. (1966). "Notes on the Reproduction of the larger Felidae".

7340: 6007: 5952: 5438: 4751: 2775:

in the 13th century; around 1235, three of these animals were given to

2341: 2163: 2148: 2050: 1909: 1901: 1793: 1710: 1679: 1664: 1660: 1651: 1538:. Leopard fossils dating to the Pleistocene were also excavated in the 1349: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1052: 847: 790: 525: 474: 450: 419: 370: 271: 103: 68: 7726: 7637: 7523: 7050: 7021: 5237:. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press. pp. 106–107. 1983:

Mountains during surveys in 11 nature reserves between 2002 and 2009.

1511:

and survived until about 11,000 years ago and possibly into the early

1320: 1313: 1306: 1292: 1278: 1179: 838:

It is the most widespread leopard subspecies and is native to most of

14858: 14827: 14454: 14379: 14057: 13992: 13605: 13545: 13331: 13152: 12767: 12759: 12708: 12558: 12444: 12426: 12140: 11974: 11807: 11649: 11615: 11427: 11119: 10393: 9863: 9339: 8907: 6140: 5298:. Los Angeles: The University of California Press. pp. 366–369. 4898: 2673: 2460: 2448: 2407:

during the 2000s led to a reduction in leopard population densities.

2345: 2245: 2240: 2175: 1831: 1797: 1702: 1488: 1431: 1373: 1341: 1204: 1164: 1160: 1056: 953: 730: 650: 605: 583: 567: 561: 261: 221: 108: 14689: 7864: 7332: 4008:"The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment" 4007: 2049:. In western African forests, they have been observed to be largely 2013:

where winter temperatures reach a low of −25 °C (−13 °F).

1675:, which are darker and with smaller spots inside. The leopard has a 1507:

is the most recent subspecies that appeared at the beginning of the

1463: 15048: 14832: 14712: 14676: 13754: 13217: 13034: 13010: 12371: 12221: 12167: 12103: 12098: 12051: 11983: 11901: 11771: 11520: 11511: 11409: 11364: 11244: 11077: 10814: 10723: 10692: 10652: 10539: 10471: 10379: 10370: 9690: 9486: 9239: 9122: 9089: 8938: 8926: 7117:) spatial ecology, with particular reference to Namibian farmlands" 6317:"Notes on the diet and habitat selection of the Sri Lankan Leopard 5421:

Robinson, R. (1970). "Inheritance of the black form of the leopard

5105:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. Archived from 4074: 3690:

Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences

3260: 2662: 2626: 2562: 2558: 2528: 2253: 2216: 1835: 1801: 1690: 1676: 1559: 1512: 1419: 1403: 1387: 1353: 1159:, and is listed as Critically Endangered. It is locally extinct in 1044: 994: 714: 537: 466: 443: 403: 301: 241: 98: 93: 78: 73: 63: 6595: 5936:) status, distribution, and the research efforts across its range" 5928: 5467: 5365: 5342: 4240: 4005: 2420: 516:

and modern Western culture. Leopard skins are popular in fashion.

15076: 14649: 14439: 14136: 13983: 13857: 13572: 13084: 12414: 11880: 11436: 11400: 11267: 11235: 11219: 10732: 10435: 10014: 9495: 9402: 9320: 9248: 9190: 9060: 8224:

Raza, R.H.; Chauhan, D.S.; Pasha, M.K.S. & Sinha, S. (2012).

7856: 7269: 6269: 4463: 4181: 2855:

Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference

2760: 2598: 2452: 2265: 2110: 2027: 1980: 1789: 1535: 1475: 1459: 1451: 1447: 1172: 908: 875: 863: 859: 855: 627: 470: 458: 395: 281: 113: 88: 7912: 7358:. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. 178–180. 6614: 5690: 5470:"Molecular genetics and evolution of melanism in the cat family" 4374: 3441:. Weimar: Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs. pp. 394–396. 3261:

Miththapala, S.; Seidensticker, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (1996).

801:

analysis. Later analysis revealed a ninth valid subspecies, the

14819: 14240: 14187: 13932: 13620: 13354: 12074: 11735: 11570: 11327: 10764: 9536: 9462: 9411: 9393: 9366: 9287: 9149: 8932: 8920: 6177: 4717: 4674: 3621: 3326:"Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern leopard, 3323: 2792: 2643:, since the leopard was considered the king of the forest. The 2554: 2543: 2273: 2261: 2249: 1672: 1655: 1633: 1573: 1543: 1527: 1423: 1399: 1395: 1380: 1040: 871: 770: 528: 454: 423: 251: 231: 8860: 8685:"Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London 'Zoo'" 8090: 7510:) and their competitors in the African large predator guild". 6384: 6101: 5127:. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik Publishers. pp. 92–93. 4323:

Li, G.; Davis, B. W.; Eizirik, E. & Murphy, W. J. (2016).

3175:"Mammal names proposed by Oken in his 'Lehrbuch der Zoologie'" 2459:

lasts about 46 days, and she is usually in heat for 6–7 days.

15009: 14222: 14081: 14024: 13897: 13700: 13557: 13184: 13166: 12789: 12459: 11708: 11693: 10354: 9645: 9140: 7834: 7611: 6501:

A scoping mission to Nam Kan National Protected Area, Lao PDR

6314: 5985:

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2017).

5643:

Pirie, T. J.; Thomas, R. L. & Fellowes, M. D. E. (2016).

5524: 4675:

Sauqué, V.; Rabal-Garcés, R. & Cuenca-Bescós, G. (2016).

2858:(3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 547. 2392: 2384:. Spotted hyenas are less threatening but are more likely to 2073:

A female leopard with white markings on the backs of her ears

1905: 1857: 1824: 1815:

is estimated to have drastically declined by 95%, and in the

1455: 1439: 1415: 1407: 1330: 1006: 912: 867: 754: 724: 644: 599: 577: 555: 543: 505: 449:

The leopard is adapted to a variety of habitats ranging from

194: 188: 149: 4639:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen

13596: 12492: 11817: 11753: 9426: 9158: 9016: 8452:. Reaktion Books. pp. 23–24, 31–33, 62, 99, 102, 111. 8039:

Eaton, R.L. (1977). "Reproductive biology of the leopard".

6864: 6804:

10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:TASOCI]2.0.CO;2

6352:

Saw Sha Bwe Moo; Froese, G.Z.L. & Gray, T.N.E. (2017).

5878: 5786:

Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife

2244:

species have been recorded. The most preferred species are

1386:

Leopard-like fossil bones and teeth possibly dating to the

1168: 1002: 949: 851: 762: 734:

was used as the generic name until the early 20th century.

668:, a hunting net for catching wild beasts to be used by the 427: 8251:"Open, Unregulated Trade in Wildlife in Morocco's Markets" 6820: 6695:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 318–342. 6561:"Activity patterns and home ranges of Indochinese leopard 6321:(Mammalia: Felidae) in the central highlands of Sri Lanka" 4184:"Oldest known pantherine skull and evolution of the tiger" 3706: 3005:

Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English

694:

Map showing approximate distribution of leopard subspecies

14464: 11726: 11335: 9663: 8164: 7536: 7248:

10.2981/0909-6396(2005)11[145:SAAPOL]2.0.CO;2

7166: 7019: 6731:. Berlin: Garland Publishing, Incorporated. p. 281. 6200:

Judas, J.; Paillat, P.; Khoja, A. & Boug, A. (2006).

6141:Ünal, Y.; Uysal, H.; Koca, A. & Zenbilci, M. (2023). 4899:

Chi T.-C.; Gan Y.; Yang T.-R. & Chang, C.-H. (2021).

3840:

Pocock, R. I. (1930). "The Panthers and Ounces of Asia".

15150:

National symbols of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

7505: 5394:

Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola

4835: 3759:(Carnivora, Felidae) in the Caucasus and adjacent areas" 3159:

Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946

2672:. African chiefs, European queens, Hollywood actors and 1979:. In southern China, leopards were recorded only in the 1530:. Fossil remains were also excavated in the Iberian and 8389: 7568: 6246:"Living with Leopards Outside Protected Areas in India" 5340: 4280:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4083:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 59–82. 2391:

In Asia, the leopard's main competitors are tigers and

2360:

A lioness steals a leopard kill in Kruger National Park

8797:

Sanei, A.; Zakaria, M.; Yusof, E.; Roslan, M. (2011).

7795: 7668: 7612:

Vissia, S.; Fattebert, J.; van Langevelde, F. (2022).

7197: 5125:

Field Guide to the Mammals of the Kruger National Park

4873: 4581:"The Iberian Peninsula, the last European refugium of 3918: 3899: 3155: 1705:

were recorded between 1990 and 2015 in South Africa's

6199: 5103:

Wild Cats: status survey and conservation action plan

5092: 4079:. In Macdonald, D. W. & Loveridge, A. J. (eds.). 3815:

Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of London

3263:"Phylogeographic subspecies recognition in leopards ( 2463:

lasts for 90 to 105 days. Cubs are usually born in a

993:

It is the smallest leopard subspecies and considered

637:"Panther" is another common name, derived from Latin 12557: 9953: 7828: 6787:"The adaptive significance of coloration in mammals" 4958:. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 295–329. 4466:"The first radiocarbon-dated remains of the Leopard 4322: 8672:. London: George Allen & Unwin. pp. 36–51. 7948:Harihar, A.; Pandav, B. & Goyal, S. P. (2011). 6952:Bothma, Jacobus du P.; Walker, Clive (2013-11-11). 6904:"Hunting behaviour in west African forest leopards" 6503:. Fauna & Flora International. pp. 33−42. 5984: 5703:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 159–168. 5642: 5381: 4578: 3796:

Handleiding Tot de Beoefening der Dierkunde, I Deel

378:Present and historical distribution of the leopard 8625: 7947: 7224: 6106:L., 1758) in eastern Turkey (Mammalia: Felidae)". 5691:Hunter, L.; Henschel, P. & Ray, J. C. (2013). 4774:Ghezzo, E. & Rook, L. (2015). "The remarkable 4624: 3611:. Berolini: Officina Academica. pp. Plate 17. 3179:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 3156:Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966). 789:Following Linnaeus' first description, 27 leopard 496:, leopard populations are currently threatened by 8782:(in Persian). Tehran: Sepehr Publication Center. 8512: 8510: 8482:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 6871:persist in the Jabal Samhan Nature Reserve, Oman" 6816: 6814: 5848:The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 4118:Davis, B. W.; Li, G. & Murphy, W. J. (2010). 3601: 3465:"The current distribution and status of leopards 2300:weighing 900 kg (2,000 lb). A study in 1410:. Until 1940, similar fossils dating back to the 434:, before migrating into Eurasia around the Early– 15096: 10353: 8392:"The illegal exploitation of the Javan Leopard ( 6901: 6682: 6147:L., 1758) in the Mediterranean region of Turkey" 5055:Pocook, R. I. (1932). "The Leopards of Africa". 4470:(Linnaeus, 1758) from the Pleistocene of Poland" 3687: 3134:. Jena: August Schmid & Comp. p. 1052. 2759:kept leopards in captivity to be slaughtered in 2447:In some areas, leopards mate all year round. In 2085:A female leopard showing white spots on the tail 8648:The Temple Tiger, and More Man-eaters of Kumaon 8592:. London: Taylor & Francis. pp. 3–16. 8231:(Report). New Delhi: TRAFFIC India, WWF India. 7386:(M.Sc. thesis). Nairobi: University of Nairobi. 6436:"Effects of human–carnivore conflict on tiger ( 6202:"Status of the Arabian leopard in Saudi Arabia" 6178:Spalton, J. A. & Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). 5924: 5922: 5387: 5057:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 4538: 4536: 4534: 4070: 4068: 3622:Spalton, J. A. & Al Hikmani, H. M. (2006). 3539:Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 3432: 3397:Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). 3254: 3250:. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 222–239. 2655:'s "How the Leopard Got His Spots", one of his 1564:In 1953, a male leopard and a female lion were 1340:Results of a phylogenetic analysis of chemical 621: 8507: 7501: 7499: 7377: 7375: 6811: 6143:"New records of the living Anatolian Leopard ( 5885:) in the early anthropocene From Seoul, Korea" 5615: 5398:Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2 5388:Heptner, V. G. & Sludskii, A. A. (1992) . 4996:The mammals of the southern African sub region 4001: 3999: 3732:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T15961A50660903.en 3581:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T15962A50660931.en 2410: 14395: 11217: 9058: 8891: 8158: 8105: 8063:); Physical characteristics and distribution" 7564: 7562: 7560: 7356:The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals 7110: 7022:"Social interactions between a male leopard ( 6308: 5874: 5872: 5837: 5784:Burnie, D. & Wilson, D. E., eds. (2001). 5626:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 5028: 5026: 4994:. In Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (eds.). 4806: 4117: 3842:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 3839: 3811:"Description of some new species of Mammalia" 3746: 2614:Leopard head ornament from the Court of Benin 2280:. Leopards also kill smaller carnivores like 1372:with the snow leopard at some point in their 8905: 8660: 8443: 8441: 8439: 8437: 8435: 8282: 8248: 7263: 7150:Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 6990: 6988: 6986: 6951: 6572:Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society 6243: 5919: 5783: 4867: 4635:Goldfuss, 1810 from the Bísnik Cave, Poland" 4627:"Two forms of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene 4531: 4459: 4457: 4177: 4175: 4113: 4111: 4065: 3789: 3681: 3391: 3389: 3319: 3317: 3149: 3099: 2972: 2739:killed about 42 people in Karnataka, India. 430:. It initially evolved in Africa during the 8642: 8038: 7996: 7791: 7789: 7605: 7496: 7425: 7396: 7372: 7227:"Spacing and activity patterns of leopards 7111:Marker, L. L. & Dickman, A. J. (2005). 6683:Sunquist, M. E. & Sunquist, F. (2002). 6224:"Status Report on Arabian Leopard in Yemen" 4585:Linnaeus 1758 during the Upper Pleistocene" 4579:Sauqué, V. & Cuenca‑Bescós, G. (2013). 4370: 4368: 4077:"Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae)" 3996: 3808: 3798:. Breda: Boekdrukkerij van Nys. p. 23. 1750: 1418:and caves at 40 sites in Europe, including 673: 663: 638: 546: 29:Large spotted cat native to Africa and Asia 14402: 14388: 9078: 8898: 8884: 8447: 8023: 7557: 7479:South African Journal of Wildlife Research 7124:South African Journal of Wildlife Research 6565:in the Eastern Plains Landscape, Cambodia" 6151:Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 6078: 5869: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5118: 5116: 5048: 5023: 4949: 4773: 4625:Marciszak, A. & Stefaniak, K. (2010). 4431: 3960:) revealed by archival museum specimens". 3707:Ghoddousi, A. & Khorozyan, I. (2023). 3536: 3213:The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 3076: 3057: 3008:. New York: Greenwich House. p. 349. 2950: 2836: 2713:, the last of which uses a black panther. 2679:The leopard is a frequently used motif in 2676:dancers wore coats made of leopard skins. 2542:Surveys in the Central African Republic's 2351: 1364:are more similar to each other than their 1214: 1178: 1129: 1086: 1016: 963: 922: 881: 369: 166: 131: 13301: 9790: 8973: 8724:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 8722:Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World 8583: 8432: 8415: 8200: 8190: 7981: 7777: 7645: 7472:"Water-use by southern Kalahari leopards" 7246: 7231:in the Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal" 7064: 7049: 6983: 6958:. Springer Science & Business Media. 6955:Larger Carnivores of the African Savannas 6886: 6802: 6769: 6758:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 6726: 6650: 6640: 6418: 6369: 6336: 6162: 6079:Toyran, K. (2018). "Noteworthy record of 6016: 6006: 5961: 5951: 5910: 5900: 5664: 5592: 5582: 5546: 5493: 5364: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5198: 4926: 4916: 4750: 4702: 4503: 4454: 4414: 4404: 4377:"Historical biogeography of the leopard ( 4348: 4299: 4258: 4247:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 4217: 4207: 4172: 4108: 3774: 3730: 3579: 3484: 3386: 3314: 2998: 1337:, consisting of the lion and the jaguar. 1155:It occurs in mainland Southeast Asia and 11647: 8636: 8623: 7786: 7431: 7381: 7353: 6902:Jenny, D. & Zuberbuhler, K. (2005). 6867:"Critically endangered Arabian leopards 6751: 6524: 6237: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5420: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5220: 5218: 5044:. London: John Murray. pp. 391–439. 4542: 4365: 3435:"Über de la Metheries schwarzen Panther" 3209:"The Classification of existing Felidae" 3089:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1302. 3066:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1298. 3028: 2962:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 1069. 2746: 2577: 2355: 2142: 2016: 1896:In Sri Lanka, leopards were recorded in 1239: 689: 10721: 9484: 9005: 8547: 8472: 8390:Gomez, L. & Shepherd, C.R. (2021). 8242: 8067:Comparative Mammalian Brain Collections 7147: 7026:) and two generations of his offspring" 6999:. New York: Columbia University Press. 6678: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6670: 5991:) and other carnivores in South Africa" 5810:"Is this the longest leopard in India?" 5673: 5461: 5341:Stein, A. B. & Hayssen, V. (2010). 5122: 5113: 4983: 4381:) and its extinct Eurasian populations" 4081:Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids 3602:Hemprich, W.; Ehrenberg, C. G. (1830). 3093: 2988:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 884. 2946: 2944: 2905: 2903: 2515:The leopard is primarily threatened by 1522:Leopards depicted in cave paintings in 473:. It relies on its spotted pattern for 14: 15097: 14409: 13814: 12050: 7469: 7390: 7354:Mills, M. G. L. & Hes, L. (1997). 7347: 7319:) in Wolong Reserve, Sichuan, China". 7058: 6994: 5777: 5323: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5054: 5032: 4631:Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene 4437: 3919:Kittle, A.M. & Watson, A. (2020). 3237: 3206: 2966: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2832: 2830: 2783:. In modern times, leopards have been 2507:in 2018 survived as of February 2022. 1685:Melanistic leopards are also known as 1276:genera is thought to have lived about 524:The English name "leopard" comes from 361: 14694: 14693: 14383: 13288: 12745: 12049: 11201: 10336: 9777: 8957: 8879: 8051: 6215: 5739: 5728: 5285: 5262: 5224: 5215: 5147: 5093:Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. (1996). 4989: 4131:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 3172: 3077:Lewis, C. T. & Short, C. (1879). 3058:Lewis, C. T. & Short, C. (1879). 2045:disturbed. In some regions, they are 2009:In the Russian Far East, it inhabits 1963:. In Laos, leopards were recorded in 1856:species. Some leopard populations in 1639:A melanistic leopard or black panther 1542:. Leopard fossils were also found in 1311:, followed by the snow leopard about 15082:B22785BC-F90D-4948-9FE3-8ECCE4A2ECD2 8682: 8628:The International Flag Book in Color 8283:Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2015). 8249:Bergin, D. & Nijman, V. (2014). 6823:"The landscape ecology of leopards ( 6784: 6667: 6558: 3132:Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung 3121: 2941: 2716: 2292:and cheetah. In urban environments, 2215:Leopard applying a throat bite to a 784: 10268:South African small-spotted genet ( 8586:"The Lion, bloodline, and kingship" 8417:10.3897/natureconservation.43.59399 7758:"The ecological benefit of tigers ( 6525:Gray, T. N. & Phan, C. (2011). 5235:Field Guide to the Mammals of Egypt 5075: 3930:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3874:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3718:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3662:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3567:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3511:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3294:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x 3032:Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies 2922:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2880: 2827: 2185: 1900:and in unprotected forest patches, 24: 8710: 8650:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8011:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1966.tb01746.x 7822:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb01076.x 7272:"Prey preferences of the leopard ( 7225:Odden, M. & Wegge, P. (2005). 7212:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05806.x 7171:) on a livestock ranch in Kenya". 7087:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05296.x 7067:"Spatial organization of leopards 6771:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01942.x 6440:) and prey populations in Lao PDR" 5179:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 5069:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1932.tb01085.x 4260:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01297.x 3827:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb06524.x 3755:"Taxonomic status of the leopard, 2572: 1579: 1368:, indicating that their ancestors 737:The leopard was designated as the 25: 15176: 10612:Broad-striped Malagasy mongoose ( 8837: 8745:Journal of Archaeological Science 8666:"The Spotted Devil of Gummalapur" 7435:Serengeti: a kingdom of predators 6083:in Turkey (Carnivora: Felidae)". 5889:Frontiers in Conservation Science 2661:, a leopard with no spots in the 2138: 15105:IUCN Red List vulnerable species 14493: 10337: 8819:from the original on 2011-10-02. 8676: 8654: 8617: 8577: 8541: 8503:from the original on 2006-09-14. 8466: 8383: 8379:from the original on 2020-10-03. 8326: 8276: 8238:from the original on 2020-09-24. 8217: 8122: 8099: 8084: 8032: 8017: 7990: 7983:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.01981.x 7941: 7906: 7871: 7749: 7705: 7662: 7530: 7488: 7463: 7308: 7304:from the original on 2012-11-05. 7295:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00139.x 7218: 7191: 7160: 7141: 7133: 7104: 7013: 6945: 6928:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00565.x 6895: 6858: 6850: 6778: 6745: 6720: 6608: 6589: 6585:from the original on 2016-02-22. 6484:from the original on 2017-08-10. 6467:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00049.x 6085:Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 5540:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00731.x 4823:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2005.00040.x 3640:from the original on 2015-06-19. 3606:. In Dr. C. G. Ehrenberg (ed.). 3439:Zoologische Annalen. Erster Band 3382:from the original on 2011-09-10. 3357:10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x 2707:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2607: 2586: 2499:; six individuals released into 2433: 2419: 2318:by the throat and strangles them 2225: 2208: 2194: 2117: 2102: 2090: 2078: 2066: 1986:In Java, leopards inhabit dense 1943:protected area complexes and in 1771: 1759: 1632: 1618: 1602: 1588: 1497:, which in turn was replaced by 1442:to several sites across France, 1121:, but is locally extinct in the 208: 56: 12746: 9778: 8844:IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group: 8824:Zakaria, M.; Sanei, A. (2011). 8606:from the original on 2024-05-05 8566:from the original on 2023-11-29 8550:"How the Leopard Got His Spots" 8530:from the original on 2008-08-05 8315:from the original on 2020-01-07 8265:from the original on 2018-10-31 8147:from the original on 2023-11-11 8073:from the original on 2011-01-03 7452:from the original on 2024-05-05 7093:from the original on 2024-05-05 6972:from the original on 2024-01-06 6934:from the original on 2018-09-25 6709:from the original on 2024-04-30 6552: 6541:from the original on 2024-05-05 6531:The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 6518: 6507:from the original on 2019-04-07 6488: 6427: 6378: 6345: 6293: 6277: 6263: 6252:from the original on 2012-12-21 6193: 6171: 6134: 6095: 6072: 6033: 5978: 5858:from the original on 2019-05-02 5831: 5820:from the original on 2019-04-06 5802: 5766:from the original on 2024-05-05 5717:from the original on 2024-05-05 5636: 5609: 5518: 5414: 5312:from the original on 2024-05-05 5251:from the original on 2024-05-05 5166: 5141: 5012:from the original on 2024-05-05 4972:from the original on 2024-05-05 4943: 4892: 4829: 4800: 4794:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.12.020 4767: 4711: 4668: 4657:from the original on 2018-09-25 4618: 4607:from the original on 2023-07-18 4572: 4566:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.009 4520:from the original on 2024-05-05 4316: 4267: 4234: 4097:from the original on 2018-09-25 4054:from the original on 2020-10-04 3949: 3912: 3893: 3852: 3833: 3802: 3783: 3700: 3644: 3615: 3595: 3545: 3530: 3493: 3456: 3445:from the original on 2024-05-05 3426: 3415:from the original on 2020-01-17 3303:from the original on 2016-02-17 3267:): molecular genetic variation" 3231: 3200: 3189:from the original on 2023-12-09 3166: 3138:from the original on 2024-05-05 3115: 2742: 2486: 2232:Leopard caches a kill in a tree 1603: 1009:; it was therefore assessed as 13289: 4444:Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 3070: 3051: 3022: 2992: 2302:Wolong National Nature Reserve 2129:Video of a leopard in the wild 2097:A leopard climbing down a tree 2021:The leopard is a solitary and 1973:Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary 1891:Kanchenjunga Conservation Area 1501:around 0.3 million years ago. 1264:analysis showed that the last 1226:analysis of molecular variance 13: 1: 10024:Malabar large-spotted civet ( 8670:Nine Man-Eaters and one Rogue 8396:) and Sunda Clouded Leopard ( 8289:Biodiversity and Conservation 6120:10.1080/09397140.2021.1924419 5750:Walker's Mammals of the World 5495:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-3 5150:Indian Mammals: A Field Guide 4952:"Zoological gardens of Japan" 3974:10.1080/24701394.2017.1307973 3763:Russian Journal of Theriology 3711:Panthera pardus ssp. tulliana 2820: 2625:, it was a symbol of the god 2561:and trading leopard skins in 1572:. Their offspring known as a 14286:Indonesian mountain weasel ( 13942:North American river otter ( 12830:Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk ( 9884:Macrogalidia musschenbroekii 8689:National Geographic Magazine 8362:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108326 7779:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.007 7113:"Factors affecting leopard ( 6642:10.1371/journal.pone.0198369 6411:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.07.001 5584:10.1371/journal.pone.0170378 5152:. Gurgaon, India: Hachette. 4861:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.06.003 4704:10.1080/08912963.2014.977882 4209:10.1371/journal.pone.0025483 3776:10.15298/rusjtheriol.05.1.06 2815:Panther (legendary creature) 2011:temperate coniferous forests 1945:Hala Bala Wildlife Sanctuary 1904:, grasslands, home gardens, 1244:Two cladograms proposed for 1235: 651: 606: 584: 568: 562: 519: 461:and montane areas. It is an 394:) is one of the five extant 146:Maasai Mara National Reserve 7: 15160:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 15145:National symbols of Somalia 11147:Somalian slender mongoose ( 8518:"Benin: an African kingdom" 7954:to the recovery of a tiger 6338:10.11609/JoTT.o3731.6214-21 6164:10.15666/aeer/2102_10431059 4651:10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117 4151:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036 3408:(Special Issue 11): 73–75. 2798: 2751:Animal trainer with leopard 2737:spotted devil of Gummalapur 2411:Reproduction and life cycle 1977:Mondulkiri Protected Forest 1961:Endau-Rompin National Parks 1841:Leopard populations in the 1693:in leopards is caused by a 1304:. The tiger diverged about 1063:. It is locally extinct in 685: 54:Early Pleistocene – Present 10: 15181: 15140:National symbols of Malawi 14615:Monkeys in Chinese culture 14100:Asian small-clawed otter ( 12839:American hog-nosed skunk ( 12821:Molina's hog-nosed skunk ( 11129:Angolan slender mongoose ( 10824:Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( 9873:Small-toothed palm civet ( 8523:. London: British Museum. 8171:Royal Society Open Science 7999:International Zoo Yearbook 7962:Journal of Applied Ecology 7030:African Journal of Ecology 6908:African Journal of Ecology 6325:Journal of Threatened Taxa 6108:Zoology in the Middle East 6058:10.1515/mammalia-2015-0089 4954:. In Kisling, V.N. (ed.). 4781:Quaternary Science Reviews 4743:10.1016/j.crpv.2018.06.001 4546:Quaternary Science Reviews 3923:Panthera pardus ssp.kotiya 3504:Panthera pardus ssp. fusca 2720: 2510: 1951:, leopards are present in 1845:are small and fragmented. 1766:Leopard in a tree in India 1553: 1549: 1482:from the beginning of the 645: 622: 600: 578: 556: 31: 15135:National symbols of Benin 15130:Mammals described in 1758 15038: 14702: 14502: 14491: 14417: 14185: 14134: 14125: 14079: 14055: 14022: 14005: 13981: 13930: 13913: 13896: 13867:Saharan striped polecat ( 13855: 13838: 13797: 13752: 13735: 13726: 13717: 13618: 13594: 13570: 13553: 13544: 13467: 13412: 13370: 13353: 13329: 13312: 13297: 13284: 13256: 13215: 13182: 13165: 13106: 13056: 13023: 13006: 12997: 12934: 12893: 12860: 12848:Striped hog-nosed skunk ( 12801: 12780: 12758: 12754: 12741: 12677: 12660: 12619: 12591: 12579:Mediterranean monk seal ( 12574: 12540: 12490: 12457: 12422: 12413: 12387: 12370: 12351: 12308:Juan Fernández fur seal ( 12272:South American fur seal ( 12260: 12243: 12219: 12207:South American sea lion ( 12202: 12165: 12148: 12139: 12115: 12087: 12065: 12061: 12045: 12009: 11982: 11973: 11914: 11888: 11879: 11855: 11831: 11816: 11805: 11706: 11680: 11632: 11589:South American gray fox ( 11559: 11533: 11509: 11492: 11477: 11462: 11325: 11292: 11275: 11266: 11233: 11213: 11197: 11165:Common slender mongoose ( 11117: 11075: 11031: 10935: 10909: 10900: 10845: 10812: 10795: 10762: 10745: 10712: 10691: 10650: 10638:Narrow-striped mongoose ( 10633: 10600: 10583: 10574: 10537: 10511: 10502: 10485: 10469: 10433: 10407: 10392: 10368: 10349: 10345: 10332: 10300: 10296: 10160:Crested servaline genet ( 10115: 10076: 10067: 10012: 9986: 9971: 9949: 9903: 9859: 9850: 9801: 9786: 9773: 9741: 9643: 9579: 9562: 9553: 9525: 9508: 9475: 9424: 9337: 9300: 9283: 9274: 9237: 9213: 9204: 9188: 9120: 9087: 9074: 9054: 9001: 8984: 8969: 8953: 8915: 8494:10.1080/00045605109352048 8301:10.1007/s10531-015-1042-1 7935:10.1007/s11284-010-0723-1 7837:Journal of Animal Ecology 7808:) in Nagarahole, India". 7671:Journal of Animal Ecology 7571:Journal of Animal Ecology 7470:Bothma, J. du P. (2005). 7185:10.1017/S0952836998002118 6888:10.1017/S0030605306000743 6563:Panthera pardus delacouri 6387:Panthera pardus delacouri 6371:10.1017/S0030605316001113 6233:(Special Issue 1): 20–25. 6211:(Special Issue 1): 11–19. 5902:10.3389/fcosc.2021.765911 4876:The Wild Mammals of Japan 4629:Panthera spelaea fossilis 4406:10.1186/s12862-018-1268-0 3821:: 261−263, plate XXXIII. 3655:Panthera pardus ssp. nimr 3486:10.1017/S0030605315000988 3225:10.1080/00222931709487018 2491:The leopard is listed on 1414:were excavated mostly in 1360:of the leopard, lion and 1352:since at least the early 956:and has been assessed as 626:originally referred to a 465:predator, hunting mostly 377: 368: 358: 353: 330: 323: 205:Scientific classification 203: 186: 164: 155: 139: 130: 47: 38:Leopards (disambiguation) 14223:Stoat/Beringian ermine ( 14091:African clawless otter ( 13843:African striped weasel ( 13656:Yellow-throated marten ( 13532:Formosan ferret-badger ( 13236:Western mountain coati ( 13227:Eastern mountain coati ( 13144:Western lowland olingo ( 13126:Eastern lowland olingo ( 12954:Southern spotted skunk ( 12648:Southern elephant seal ( 12639:Northern elephant seal ( 12429:Pagophilus groenlandicus 11206:("dog-like" carnivorans) 11019:Stripe-necked mongoose ( 10640:Mungotictis decemlineata 9515:Herpailurus yagouaroundi 8962:("cat-like" carnivorans) 8624:Pedersen, C. F. (1971). 8140:(Special issue): 67–71. 7411:10.1515/mamm.1967.31.1.1 7382:Hamilton, P. H. (1976). 6145:Panthera pardus tulliana 5038:"Different kind of Cats" 4990:Mills, M. G. L. (2005). 4840:Quaternary International 4633:Panthera spelaea spelaea 4601:10.4000/quaternaire.6468 4385:BMC Evolutionary Biology 3962:Mitochondrial DNA Part A 3881:: e.T124159083A163986056 3633:(Special Issue 1): 4–8. 3518:: e.T215195524A215195533 3433:Meyer, F. A. A. (1794). 2954:& Short, C. (1879). 2852:; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). 2312:and other smaller prey. 1751:Distribution and habitat 870:and most likely also in 485:at the age 2–2.5 years. 34:Leopard (disambiguation) 14480:Animal-assisted therapy 14268:Yellow-bellied weasel ( 13523:Burmese ferret-badger ( 13505:Chinese ferret-badger ( 13496:Bornean ferret badger ( 13487:Vietnam ferret-badger ( 12972:Eastern spotted skunk ( 12963:Western spotted skunk ( 12693:Leptonychotes weddellii 12335:Subantarctic fur seal ( 12281:Australasian fur seal ( 11105:Black-footed mongoose ( 11087:Bushy-tailed mongoose ( 11036:White-tailed mongoose ( 10974:Indian brown mongoose ( 10956:Short-tailed mongoose ( 10947:Small Indian mongoose ( 10884:Flat-headed kusimanse ( 10857:Alexander's kusimanse ( 10833:Common dwarf mongoose ( 10800:Pousargues's mongoose ( 10662:Brown-tailed mongoose ( 10621:Grandidier's mongoose ( 9875:Arctogalidia trivirgata 9099:Sunda clouded leopard ( 8868:Encyclopædia Britannica 8588:. In Hassig, D. (ed.). 8342:Biological Conservation 7892:10.1111/1749-4877.12461 7766:Biological Conservation 7691:10.1111/1365-2656.12883 7591:10.1111/1365-2656.12654 6840:: 24–30. Archived from 6559:Gray, T. N. E. (2013). 6391:Biological Conservation 6189:(Special Issue 1): 4–8. 5840:"Record panther skull ( 5616:Divyabhanusinh (1993). 4992:"Subfamily Pantherinae" 4032:10.1126/science.1122277 2986:A Greek–English Lexicon 2521:human–wildlife conflict 2501:Caucasus Nature Reserve 2397:Nagarhole National Park 2352:Enemies and competitors 2006:between 2008 and 2014. 1947:bordering Malaysia. In 1811:The leopard's range in 1720: 1491: million years ago 1379:The oldest unambiguous 1323: million years ago 1316: million years ago 1309: million years ago 1295: million years ago 1281: million years ago 1039:It occurs from eastern 538: 529: 14109:Congo clawless otter ( 14012:Hydrictis maculicollis 14010:Spotted-necked otter ( 13969:Southern river otter ( 13920:Pteronura brasiliensis 13683:European pine marten ( 13194:South American coati ( 12922:Palawan stink badger ( 12248:New Zealand sea lion ( 11313:Japanese raccoon dog ( 11010:Crab-eating mongoose ( 10965:Indian grey mongoose ( 10588:Ring-tailed vontsira ( 10399:(bone-crushing hyenas) 10094:Central African oyan ( 9655:Chinese mountain cat ( 8871:(11th ed.). 1911. 8765:10.1006/jasc.1999.0470 8106:Salisbury, S. (2014). 7950:"Responses of leopard 6995:Bailey, T. N. (1993). 6727:Leyhausen, P. (1979). 6693:Wild Cats of the World 6389:) in Southeast Asia". 6319:Panthera pardus kotiya 6248:. Conservation India. 5838:Prater, S. H. (1921). 5666:10.4102/abc.v46i1.2034 5645:"Erythristic leopards 5191:10.1098/rspb.2010.1734 4722:Comptes Rendus Palevol 4292:10.1098/rspb.2013.2686 3790:Schlegel, H. (1857). " 3604:"Felis, pardus?, nimr" 3238:Pocock, R. I. (1939). 3207:Pocock, R. I. (1917). 2779:by Holy Roman Emperor 2752: 2729:Leopard of Rudraprayag 2536:illegal wildlife trade 2401:Kui Buri National Park 2382:Sabi Sand Game Reserve 2368:with lions, cheetahs, 2361: 2270:white-eyelid mangabeys 2152: 1925:Western Forest Complex 1697:and is inherited as a 1318:and the leopard about 1249: 753:also subordinated the 695: 674: 664: 639: 547: 414:The leopard was first 14997:Paleobiology Database 14349:Back-striped weasel ( 14295:Black-footed ferret ( 14067:Smooth-coated otter ( 13845:Poecilogale albinucha 13514:Javan ferret-badger ( 13400:Sumatran hog badger ( 13382:Northern hog badger ( 13076:Crab-eating raccoon ( 12981:Pygmy spotted skunk ( 12702:Lobodon carcinophagus 12438:Histriophoca fasciata 12231:Australian sea lion ( 12177:California sea lion ( 11926:American black bear ( 11668:Black-backed jackal ( 11659:Side-striped jackal ( 11499:Chrysocyon brachyurus 10923:Long-nosed mongoose ( 10196:Rusty-spotted genet ( 10033:Large-spotted civet ( 9882:Sulawesi palm civet ( 9811:Owston's palm civet ( 9385:Andean mountain cat ( 8775:Analysis of leopard ( 8394:Panthera pardus melas 7618:Ecology and Evolution 7551:10.1093/beheco/arx098 7432:Schaller, G. (1972). 7317:Panthera pardus fusca 6752:Ortolani, A. (1999). 6244:Arthreya, V. (2012). 5740:Nowak, R. M. (1999). 5347:(Carnivora: Felidae)" 4341:10.1101/gr.186668.114 4124:(Carnivora: Felidae)" 3725:: e.T15961A50660903. 3574:: e.T15962A50660931. 3173:Allen, J. A. (1902). 3100:Linnaeus, C. (1758). 2911:Wibisono, H. (2024). 2750: 2695:coat of arms of Benin 2578:Cultural significance 2517:habitat fragmentation 2505:Alaniya National Park 2359: 2146: 2017:Behaviour and ecology 1625:Rosettes of a leopard 1454:, in the north up to 1358:mitochondrial genomes 1243: 1011:Critically Endangered 751:Reginald Innes Pocock 693: 418:in 1758, and several 14164:Long-tailed weasel ( 13742:Lyncodon patagonicus 13391:Greater hog badger ( 12913:Sunda stink badger ( 12603:Hawaiian monk seal ( 12326:Guadalupe fur seal ( 12299:Antarctic fur seal ( 12290:Galápagos fur seal ( 12186:Galápagos sea lion ( 11304:Common raccoon dog ( 11156:Cape gray mongoose ( 11096:Jackson's mongoose ( 11056:Paracynictis selousi 11047:Cynictis penicillata 10671:Durrell's vontsira ( 10259:Giant forest genet ( 10051:Large Indian civet ( 9991:Small Indian civet ( 9600:Sunda leopard cat ( 9376:Southern tiger cat ( 9312:African golden cat ( 8989:African palm civet ( 8832:. Supplement 7: 1–5. 8548:Kipling, R. (1902). 8473:Murphey, R. (1951). 7321:Journal of Mammalogy 6869:Panthera pardus nimr 5854:(Part IV): 933–935. 5618:"On mutant leopards 5123:Schütze, H. (2002). 3809:Gray, J. E. (1862). 3541:. Tome XIV: 136–164. 3274:Conservation Biology 2929:: e.T15954A254576956 2810:List of largest cats 2440:Leopard cubs in tree 2405:Rajaji National Park 2268:preyed upon include 2180:Bardia National Park 2157:Kruger National Park 2109:A leopard hunting a 1988:tropical rainforests 1713:. The cause of this 1707:Madikwe Game Reserve 1611:3D model of skeleton 1540:Japanese archipelago 1113:It is native to the 662:originates in Latin 542:, that derives from 32:For other uses, see 14207:M. aistoodonnivalis 14043:Hairy-nosed otter ( 13960:Neotropical otter ( 13740:Patagonian weasel ( 13203:White-nosed coati ( 12403:Cystophora cristata 12394:Erignathus barbatus 12127:Northern fur seal ( 11904:Helarctos malayanus 11540:Atelocynus microtis 11247:U. cinereoargenteus 11138:Egyptian mongoose ( 11065:Rhynchogale melleri 11063:Meller's mongoose ( 11054:Selous's mongoose ( 11038:Ichneumia albicauda 10992:Collared mongoose ( 10866:Angolan kusimanse ( 10750:Liberian mongoose ( 10103:West African oyan ( 10002:Civettictis civetta 9933:Golden palm civet ( 9891:Masked palm civet ( 9866:Arctictis binturong 9840:Hemigalus derbyanus 9838:Banded palm civet ( 9829:Hose's palm civet ( 9618:Rusty-spotted cat ( 8757:2000JArSc..27..665D 8695:on November 5, 2005 8448:Morris, D. (2014). 8404:Nature Conservation 8354:2020BCons.24108326A 8192:10.1098/rsos.161090 8183:2017RSOS....461090W 8112:The Palm Beach Post 8093:Nature Conservation 8041:Zoologischer Garten 7974:2011JApEc..48..806H 7927:2010EcoR...25..875O 7915:Ecological Research 7880:Integrative Zoology 7849:1995JAnEc..64..439K 7683:2018JAnEc..87.1709M 7630:2022EcoEv..12E9365V 7583:2017JAnEc..86..634B 7438:. New York: Knopf. 7042:2014AfJEc..52..574P 6920:2005AfJEc..43..197J 6633:2018PLoSO..1398369W 6459:2006AnCon...9..421J 6447:Animal Conservation 6403:2016BCons.201..293R 5575:2017PLoSO..1270378D 5486:2003CBio...13..448E 5185:(1710): 1373–1380. 4950:Kawata, K. (2001). 4918:10.7717/peerj.12020 4853:2010QuInt.212..137M 4735:2019CRPal..18..113S 4695:2016HBio...28..479S 4558:2013QSRv...76..167D 4496:10.1017/RDC.2022.33 4488:2022Radcb..64.1359M 4438:Schmid, E. (1940). 4397:2018BMCEE..18..156P 4200:2011PLoSO...625483M 4143:2010MolPE..56...64D 4024:2006Sci...311...73J 3937:: e.T15959A50660847 3669:: e.T15958A46767457 3349:2001MolEc..10.2617U 3286:1996ConBi..10.1115M 2683:, most commonly as 2497:Sochi National Park 2282:black-backed jackal 1949:Peninsular Malaysia 1885:basin and hills in 1850:Indian subcontinent 1568:in Hanshin Park in 1486:was replaced about 1325:. The leopard is a 1140:Indochinese leopard 905:Indian subcontinent 158:Conservation status 14411:Mammals in culture 14322:European polecat ( 14155:Colombian weasel ( 13805:(African polecats) 13433:Caucasian badger ( 13361:(Eurasian badgers) 12811:(hog-nosed skunks) 12548:("southern seals") 12447:Halichoerus grypus 12378:("northern seals") 12250:Phocarctos hookeri 12155:Eumetopias jubatus 12153:Steller sea lion ( 11935:Asian black bear ( 11685:African wild dog ( 11639:(wolf-like canids) 10916:Atilax paludinosus 10875:Common kusimanse ( 10802:Dologale dybowskii 10774:Gambian mongoose ( 10558:Western falanouc ( 10549:Eastern falanouc ( 10518:Cryptoprocta ferox 10423:Parahyaena brunnea 10178:Johnston's genet ( 10133:Abyssinian genet ( 10085:(African linsangs) 9993:Viverricula indica 9924:Brown palm civet ( 9915:Asian palm civet ( 9822:Cynogale bennettii 9813:Chrotogale owstoni 9709:European wildcat ( 9700:Black-footed cat ( 9290:Leptailurus serval 9258:Asian golden cat ( 9024:(Asiatic linsangs) 8830:Asia Life Sciences 8772:Sanei, A. (2007). 8584:Haist, M. (1999). 7810:Journal of Zoology 7715:Biological Reviews 7539:Behavioral Ecology 7512:Journal of Zoology 7283:Journal of Zoology 7200:Journal of Zoology 7173:Journal of Zoology 7075:Journal of Zoology 7065:Jenny, D. (1996). 6834:Ecological Journal 6008:10.7717/peerj.3369 5953:10.7717/peerj.1974 5814:The Times of India 5528:Journal of Zoology 5439:10.1007/BF00958904 5286:Estes, R. (1991). 5225:Hoath, R. (2009). 5148:Menon, V. (2014). 4810:Journal of Zoology 4682:Historical Biology 4286:(1774): 20132686. 3087:A Latin Dictionary 3064:A Latin Dictionary 2960:A Latin Dictionary 2753: 2362: 2153: 1969:dipterocarp forest 1898:Yala National Park 1821:sub-Saharan Africa 1796:, and areas where 1727:sexually dimorphic 1570:Nishinomiya, Japan 1436:Santander Province 1390:were excavated in 1250: 1188:Sri Lankan leopard 1059:. It is listed as 915:. It is listed as 840:Sub-Saharan Africa 749:in 1902. In 1917, 718:was first used by 696: 680:masculine singular 643:and ancient Greek 436:Middle Pleistocene 15092: 15091: 14984:Open Tree of Life 14696:Taxon identifiers 14687: 14686: 14450:Laboratory animal 14377: 14376: 14373: 14372: 14369: 14368: 14365: 14364: 14361: 14360: 14340:Siberian weasel ( 14331:American ermine ( 14259:Japanese weasel ( 14214:Mountain weasel ( 14198: 14121: 14120: 13907: 13892: 13891: 13888: 13887: 13876:Striped polecat ( 13826:Marbled polecat ( 13808: 13793: 13792: 13765: 13713: 13712: 13692:Japanese marten ( 13638:American marten ( 13631: 13489:M. cucphuongensis 13480: 13463: 13462: 13451:European badger ( 13424:Japanese badger ( 13364: 13317:American badger ( 13280: 13279: 13276: 13275: 13252: 13251: 13248: 13247: 13176: 13135:Northern olingo ( 13119: 13094:Cozumel raccoon ( 13069: 12993: 12992: 12947: 12906: 12814: 12795: 12737: 12736: 12733: 12732: 12729: 12728: 12725: 12724: 12721: 12720: 12711:Ommatophoca rossi 12684:Hydrurga leptonyx 12671: 12668:(Antarctic seals) 12641:M. angustirostris 12632: 12615: 12614: 12581:Monachus monachus 12568: 12551: 12536: 12535: 12532: 12531: 12381: 12364: 12347: 12346: 12209:Otaria flavescens 12198: 12197: 12109: 12077:Odobenus rosmarus 12041: 12040: 12037: 12036: 12033: 12032: 12029: 12028: 11992: 11969: 11968: 11965: 11964: 11867:Spectacled bear ( 11825: 11801: 11800: 11797: 11796: 11793: 11792: 11641: 11628: 11627: 11547:Crab-eating fox ( 11538:Short-eared dog ( 11486: 11471: 11458: 11457: 11340: 11282:Otocyon megalotis 11226: 11193: 11192: 11189: 11188: 11185: 11184: 11181: 11180: 11177: 11176: 11045:Yellow mongoose ( 10896: 10895: 10783:Banded mongoose ( 10752:Liberiictus kuhni 10706: 10687: 10686: 10683: 10682: 10570: 10569: 10496: 10465: 10464: 10461: 10460: 10457: 10456: 10401: 10362: 10328: 10327: 10324: 10323: 10320: 10319: 10292: 10291: 10288: 10287: 10284: 10283: 10280: 10279: 10232:Servaline genet ( 10151:Bourlon's genet ( 10126: 10087: 10063: 10062: 9945: 9944: 9917:P. hermaphroditus 9769: 9768: 9765: 9764: 9761: 9760: 9737: 9736: 9733: 9732: 9729: 9728: 9725: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9682:African wildcat ( 9639: 9638: 9609:Flat-headed cat ( 9549: 9548: 9333: 9332: 9270: 9269: 9184: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9108:Clouded leopard ( 9067: 9042:Spotted linsang ( 9026: 8991:Nandinia binotata 8789:978-964-6123-74-8 8739:DeRuiter, D. J.; 8731:978-0-8248-2884-4 8718:Allsen, Thomas T. 8683:Owen, J. (2005). 8599:978-0-8153-2952-7 7727:10.1111/brv.12998 7638:10.1002/ece3.9365 7524:10.1111/jzo.12781 7445:978-0-394-47242-3 7365:978-0-947430-55-9 7051:10.1111/aje.12154 7006:978-1-932846-11-9 6965:978-3-662-03766-9 6847:on March 4, 2009. 6785:Caro, T. (2005). 6702:978-0-226-77999-7 5795:978-0-7894-7764-4 5759:978-0-8018-5789-8 5710:978-1-4081-8996-2 5701:Mammals of Africa 5407:978-90-04-08876-4 5352:Mammalian Species 5305:978-0-520-08085-0 5244:978-977-416-254-1 5231:(Linnaeus, 1758)" 5159:978-93-5009-761-8 5134:978-1-86872-594-6 5099:(Linnaeus, 1758)" 5034:Mivart, St. G. J. 4965:978-0-8493-2100-9 4885:978-4-87974-691-7 4090:978-0-19-923445-5 3343:(11): 2617–2633. 3337:Molecular Ecology 3122:Oken, L. (1816). 3015:978-0-517-41425-5 2865:978-0-8018-8221-0 2838:Wozencraft, W. C. 2717:Attacks on people 2481:generation length 2378:African wild dogs 2338:gemsbok cucumbers 2239:The leopard is a 2124: 2004:production forest 1992:deciduous forests 1965:Nam Et-Phou Louey 1883:Brahmaputra River 1843:Arabian Peninsula 1532:Italian Peninsula 1517:Iberian Peninsula 1495:P. p. sickenbergi 1484:Early Pleistocene 1462:, in the east to 1262:mitochondrial DNA 1256:studies based on 1222: 1221: 1055:into the western 999:Arabian Peninsula 903:It occurs in the 785:Living subspecies 432:Early Pleistocene 382: 381: 198: 181: 16:(Redirected from 15172: 15120:Felids of Africa 15085: 15084: 15072: 15071: 15059: 15058: 15057: 15031: 15030: 15018: 15017: 15005: 15004: 14992: 14991: 14979: 14978: 14966: 14965: 14953: 14952: 14950:NHMSYS0000377062 14940: 14939: 14927: 14926: 14914: 14913: 14901: 14900: 14888: 14887: 14875: 14874: 14862: 14861: 14849: 14848: 14836: 14835: 14823: 14822: 14810: 14809: 14800: 14799: 14787: 14786: 14774: 14773: 14761: 14760: 14751: 14750: 14738: 14737: 14736: 14723: 14722: 14721: 14691: 14690: 14497: 14445:Animals in sport 14425:Animal husbandry 14404: 14397: 14390: 14381: 14380: 14313:Malayan weasel ( 14232:Steppe polecat ( 14205:Sichuan weasel ( 14197: 14196: 14192: 14132: 14131: 14069:L. perspicillata 14034:Eurasian otter ( 13911: 13910: 13906: 13905: 13901: 13812: 13811: 13807: 13806: 13802: 13781:Greater grison ( 13764: 13763: 13759: 13733: 13732: 13724: 13723: 13674:Nilgiri marten ( 13647:Pacific marten ( 13630: 13629: 13625: 13551: 13550: 13534:M. subaurantiaca 13479: 13478: 13477:(ferret-badgers) 13474: 13368: 13367: 13363: 13362: 13358: 13310: 13309: 13299: 13298: 13286: 13285: 13180: 13179: 13175: 13174: 13170: 13118: 13117: 13113: 13068: 13067: 13063: 13004: 13003: 12946: 12945: 12944:(spotted skunks) 12941: 12905: 12904: 12900: 12813: 12812: 12808: 12799: 12798: 12794: 12793: 12785: 12756: 12755: 12743: 12742: 12700:Crabeater seal ( 12675: 12674: 12670: 12669: 12665: 12631: 12630: 12629:(elephant seals) 12626: 12605:N. schauinslandi 12572: 12571: 12567: 12566: 12562: 12555: 12554: 12550: 12549: 12545: 12420: 12419: 12385: 12384: 12380: 12379: 12375: 12368: 12367: 12363: 12362: 12356: 12317:Brown fur seal ( 12292:A. galapagoensis 12179:Z. californianus 12146: 12145: 12113: 12112: 12108: 12107: 12093: 12063: 12062: 12055: 12047: 12046: 11991: 11990: 11986: 11980: 11979: 11895:Melursus ursinus 11886: 11885: 11829: 11828: 11824: 11821: 11814: 11813: 11781:Ethiopian wolf ( 11645: 11644: 11640: 11637: 11490: 11489: 11485: 11482: 11475: 11474: 11470: 11467: 11356:Blanford's fox ( 11339: 11332: 11273: 11272: 11231: 11230: 11225: 11222: 11215: 11214: 11207: 11199: 11198: 11001:Ruddy mongoose ( 10983:Javan mongoose ( 10914:Marsh mongoose ( 10907: 10906: 10886:C. platycephalus 10719: 10718: 10710: 10709: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10581: 10580: 10525:Malagasy civet ( 10509: 10508: 10500: 10499: 10495: 10490: 10483: 10482: 10478: 10405: 10404: 10400: 10397: 10366: 10365: 10361: 10358: 10351: 10350: 10347: 10346: 10334: 10333: 10298: 10297: 10125: 10122: 10086: 10083: 10074: 10073: 9984: 9983: 9980: 9969: 9968: 9964: 9951: 9950: 9857: 9856: 9799: 9798: 9788: 9787: 9775: 9774: 9569:Otocolobus manul 9560: 9559: 9482: 9481: 9358:Geoffroy's cat ( 9281: 9280: 9211: 9210: 9202: 9201: 9197: 9085: 9084: 9076: 9075: 9072: 9071: 9066: 9063: 9056: 9055: 9033:Banded linsang ( 9025: 9022: 9014: 9013: 9003: 9002: 8982: 8981: 8971: 8970: 8963: 8955: 8954: 8900: 8893: 8886: 8877: 8876: 8872: 8864: 8833: 8820: 8818: 8806:Tropical Ecology 8803: 8793: 8779:) status in Iran 8768: 8735: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8700: 8691:. Archived from 8680: 8674: 8673: 8658: 8652: 8651: 8640: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8621: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8611: 8581: 8575: 8574: 8572: 8571: 8565: 8554: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8535: 8529: 8522: 8514: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8479: 8470: 8464: 8463: 8445: 8430: 8429: 8419: 8387: 8381: 8380: 8378: 8339: 8330: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8320: 8280: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8270: 8255:TRAFFIC Bulletin 8246: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8230: 8221: 8215: 8214: 8204: 8194: 8162: 8156: 8155: 8153: 8152: 8146: 8135: 8126: 8120: 8119: 8114:. Archived from 8103: 8097: 8096: 8088: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8078: 8055: 8049: 8048: 8036: 8030: 8029: 8026:The World's Cats 8021: 8015: 8014: 7994: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7910: 7904: 7903: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7832: 7826: 7825: 7793: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7753: 7747: 7746: 7721:(6): 2114–2135. 7709: 7703: 7702: 7677:(6): 1709–1726. 7666: 7660: 7659: 7649: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7566: 7555: 7554: 7545:(5): 1348–1358. 7534: 7528: 7527: 7503: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7486: 7476: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7457: 7429: 7423: 7422: 7394: 7388: 7387: 7379: 7370: 7369: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7312: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7280: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7250: 7235:Wildlife Biology 7222: 7216: 7215: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7145: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7131: 7121: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7017: 7011: 7010: 6992: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6977: 6949: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6939: 6899: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6862: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6848: 6846: 6831: 6818: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6749: 6743: 6742: 6724: 6718: 6717: 6715: 6714: 6680: 6665: 6664: 6654: 6644: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6569: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6512: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6444: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6422: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6349: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6331:(9): 6214–6221. 6312: 6306: 6305: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6241: 6235: 6234: 6228: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6206: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6184: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6157:(2): 1043–1059. 6138: 6132: 6131: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6091:(11): 7348–7353. 6076: 6070: 6069: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6020: 6010: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5965: 5955: 5926: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5904: 5876: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5771: 5737: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5688: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5649:in South Africa" 5640: 5634: 5633: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5596: 5586: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5497: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5390:"Bars (leopard)" 5385: 5379: 5378: 5368: 5338: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5317: 5283: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5222: 5213: 5212: 5202: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5145: 5139: 5138: 5120: 5111: 5110: 5090: 5073: 5072: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5030: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4930: 4920: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4754: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4662: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4612: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4540: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4507: 4482:(6): 1359–1372. 4461: 4452: 4451: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4418: 4408: 4372: 4363: 4362: 4352: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4303: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4221: 4211: 4179: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4161:. Archived from 4128: 4115: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4072: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4059: 4003: 3994: 3993: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3902:Spolia Zeylanica 3897: 3891: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3792:Felis orientalis 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3734: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3628: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3583: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3450: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3414: 3403: 3393: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3334: 3321: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3308: 3302: 3280:(4): 1115–1132. 3271: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3143: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3109: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3074: 3068: 3067: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3026: 3020: 3019: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2948: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2907: 2878: 2877: 2834: 2669:Bringing Up Baby 2611: 2593:Leopards on the 2590: 2493:CITES Appendix I 2437: 2423: 2334:succulent plants 2229: 2212: 2201:Leopard stalking 2198: 2186:Hunting and diet 2126: 2125: 2106: 2094: 2082: 2070: 2000:secondary forest 1806:riparian forests 1775: 1763: 1737:Himachal Pradesh 1695:recessive allele 1636: 1622: 1608: 1607: 1595:Mounted skeleton 1592: 1509:Late Pleistocene 1492: 1324: 1317: 1310: 1296: 1282: 1218: 1203:It is native to 1200: 1182: 1152: 1134: 1133: 1123:Korean peninsula 1115:Russian Far East 1110: 1101:P. p. orientalis 1091: 1090: 1036: 1020: 990: 967: 948:It is native to 945: 926: 900: 885: 835: 834:(Linnaeus, 1758) 811: 810: 797:on the basis of 747:Joel Asaph Allen 677: 667: 654: 648: 647: 642: 632:Acinonyx jubatus 625: 624: 619: 616: 613: 609: 603: 602: 597: 594: 591: 587: 581: 580: 571: 565: 559: 558: 550: 541: 532: 440:Late Pleistocene 373: 336: 213: 212: 192: 175: 170: 169: 135: 125: 55: 51:Temporal range: 45: 44: 21: 15180: 15179: 15175: 15174: 15173: 15171: 15170: 15169: 15095: 15094: 15093: 15088: 15080: 15075: 15067: 15062: 15053: 15052: 15047: 15034: 15026: 15021: 15013: 15008: 15000: 14995: 14987: 14982: 14974: 14971:Observation.org 14969: 14961: 14956: 14948: 14943: 14935: 14930: 14922: 14917: 14909: 14904: 14896: 14891: 14883: 14878: 14870: 14865: 14857: 14852: 14844: 14839: 14831: 14826: 14818: 14813: 14805: 14803: 14797:panthera-pardus 14795: 14790: 14782: 14777: 14769: 14764: 14756: 14754: 14748:Panthera_pardus 14746: 14741: 14734:Panthera pardus 14732: 14731: 14726: 14717: 14716: 14711: 14704:Panthera pardus 14698: 14688: 14683: 14498: 14489: 14413: 14408: 14378: 14357: 14333:M. richardsonii 14277:European mink ( 14194: 14193: 14191: 14181: 14173:American mink ( 14146:Amazon weasel ( 14117: 14075: 14051: 14018: 14001: 13977: 13926: 13903: 13902: 13900: 13884: 13851: 13834: 13804: 13803: 13801: 13789: 13772:Lesser grison ( 13761: 13760: 13758: 13748: 13709: 13627: 13626: 13624: 13614: 13590: 13566: 13540: 13476: 13475: 13473: 13459: 13408: 13360: 13359: 13357: 13349: 13325: 13306: 13293: 13272: 13244: 13211: 13172: 13171: 13169: 13161: 13115: 13114: 13112: 13102: 13065: 13064: 13062: 13052: 13019: 12989: 12956:S. angustifrons 12943: 12942: 12940: 12930: 12903:(stink badgers) 12902: 12901: 12899: 12889: 12881:Striped skunk ( 12856: 12850:C. semistriatus 12810: 12809: 12807: 12787: 12786: 12784: 12776: 12770:Ailurus fulgens 12750: 12717: 12667: 12666: 12664: 12656: 12628: 12627: 12625: 12611: 12587: 12564: 12563: 12561: 12547: 12546: 12544: 12528: 12486: 12453: 12409: 12377: 12376: 12374: 12360: 12358: 12357: 12355: 12343: 12256: 12239: 12215: 12194: 12161: 12135: 12102: 12097: 12095: 12094: 12092: 12088: 12083: 12057: 12053: 12025: 12005: 11988: 11987: 11961: 11910: 11875: 11851: 11822: 11820: 11810: 11789: 11718:Golden jackal ( 11702: 11676: 11638: 11636: 11624: 11555: 11549:Cerdocyon thous 11529: 11505: 11483: 11481: 11468: 11466: 11454: 11419:Rüppell's fox ( 11333: 11331: 11321: 11306:N. procyonoides 11288: 11280:Bat-eared fox ( 11262: 11227: 11223: 11209: 11205: 11173: 11158:H. pulverulenta 11113: 11071: 11027: 10994:U. semitorquata 10949:U. auropunctata 10931: 10892: 10841: 10808: 10791: 10758: 10741: 10703: 10701: 10696: 10695: 10679: 10646: 10629: 10596: 10590:Galidia elegans 10566: 10533: 10493: 10491: 10489: 10479: 10474: 10453: 10445:Spotted hyena ( 10429: 10412:Striped hyena ( 10398: 10396: 10388: 10359: 10357: 10341: 10316: 10276: 10214:Aquatic genet ( 10205:Pardine genet ( 10142:Angolan genet ( 10123: 10121: 10111: 10096:P. richardsonii 10084: 10082: 10059: 10042:Malayan civet ( 10008: 10000:African civet ( 9976: 9975: 9965: 9960: 9959: 9955: 9941: 9899: 9846: 9831:Diplogale hosei 9795: 9782: 9757: 9717: 9635: 9575: 9555: 9545: 9521: 9504: 9477: 9471: 9445:Eurasian lynx ( 9420: 9329: 9296: 9276: 9266: 9233: 9206: 9198: 9193: 9176: 9116: 9068: 9064: 9050: 9023: 9010: 8997: 8978: 8965: 8961: 8949: 8911: 8904: 8862:"Leopard" 8859: 8853:Panthera pardus 8846:Panthera pardus 8840: 8823: 8816: 8801: 8796: 8790: 8777:Panthera pardus 8771: 8738: 8732: 8716: 8713: 8711:Further reading 8708: 8707: 8698: 8696: 8681: 8677: 8659: 8655: 8641: 8637: 8622: 8618: 8609: 8607: 8600: 8582: 8578: 8569: 8567: 8563: 8557:Just So Stories 8552: 8546: 8542: 8533: 8531: 8527: 8520: 8516: 8515: 8508: 8500: 8477: 8471: 8467: 8460: 8446: 8433: 8400:) in Indonesia" 8398:Neofelis diardi 8388: 8384: 8376: 8337: 8331: 8327: 8318: 8316: 8281: 8277: 8268: 8266: 8247: 8243: 8235: 8228: 8222: 8218: 8163: 8159: 8150: 8148: 8144: 8133: 8127: 8123: 8104: 8100: 8089: 8085: 8076: 8074: 8061:Panthera pardus 8057: 8056: 8052: 8037: 8033: 8022: 8018: 7995: 7991: 7956:Panthera tigris 7952:Panthera pardus 7946: 7942: 7911: 7907: 7876: 7872: 7833: 7829: 7802:Panthera pardus 7798:Panthera tigris 7794: 7787: 7760:Panthera tigris 7754: 7750: 7710: 7706: 7667: 7663: 7610: 7606: 7567: 7558: 7535: 7531: 7508:Panthera pardus 7504: 7497: 7487: 7474: 7468: 7464: 7455: 7453: 7446: 7430: 7426: 7395: 7391: 7380: 7373: 7366: 7352: 7348: 7333:10.2307/1382285 7313: 7309: 7301: 7278: 7274:Panthera pardus 7268: 7264: 7229:Panthera pardus 7223: 7219: 7196: 7192: 7169:Panthera pardus 7165: 7161: 7146: 7142: 7132: 7119: 7115:Panthera pardus 7109: 7105: 7096: 7094: 7069:Panthera pardus 7063: 7059: 7024:Panthera pardus 7018: 7014: 7007: 6993: 6984: 6975: 6973: 6966: 6950: 6946: 6937: 6935: 6900: 6896: 6863: 6859: 6849: 6844: 6829: 6825:Panthera pardus 6819: 6812: 6783: 6779: 6750: 6746: 6739: 6725: 6721: 6712: 6710: 6703: 6687:Panthera pardus 6681: 6668: 6627:(6): e0198369. 6613: 6609: 6594: 6590: 6582: 6567: 6557: 6553: 6544: 6542: 6523: 6519: 6510: 6508: 6493: 6489: 6481: 6442: 6438:Panthera tigris 6432: 6428: 6383: 6379: 6350: 6346: 6313: 6309: 6298: 6294: 6282: 6278: 6268: 6264: 6255: 6253: 6242: 6238: 6226: 6220: 6216: 6204: 6198: 6194: 6182: 6176: 6172: 6139: 6135: 6104:Panthera pardus 6100: 6096: 6081:Panthera pardus 6077: 6073: 6042:Panthera pardus 6038: 6034: 5989:Panthera pardus 5983: 5979: 5934:Panthera pardus 5927: 5920: 5883:Panthera pardus 5877: 5870: 5861: 5859: 5836: 5832: 5823: 5821: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5796: 5782: 5778: 5769: 5767: 5760: 5744:Panthera pardus 5738: 5729: 5720: 5718: 5711: 5695:Panthera pardus 5689: 5674: 5647:Panthera pardus 5641: 5637: 5620:Panthera pardus 5614: 5610: 5569:(4): e0170378. 5557:Panthera pardus 5551: 5547: 5523: 5519: 5474:Current Biology 5466: 5462: 5423:Panthera pardus 5419: 5415: 5408: 5386: 5382: 5345:Panthera pardus 5339: 5324: 5315: 5313: 5306: 5290:Panthera pardus 5284: 5263: 5254: 5252: 5245: 5229:Panthera pardus 5223: 5216: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5146: 5142: 5135: 5121: 5114: 5097:Panthera pardus 5091: 5076: 5053: 5049: 5031: 5024: 5015: 5013: 5006: 4988: 4984: 4975: 4973: 4966: 4948: 4944: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4872: 4868: 4834: 4830: 4805: 4801: 4776:Panthera pardus 4772: 4768: 4716: 4712: 4673: 4669: 4660: 4658: 4623: 4619: 4610: 4608: 4583:Panthera pardus 4577: 4573: 4541: 4532: 4523: 4521: 4468:Panthera pardus 4462: 4455: 4436: 4432: 4379:Panthera pardus 4373: 4366: 4329:Genome Research 4321: 4317: 4272: 4268: 4239: 4235: 4180: 4173: 4165: 4126: 4116: 4109: 4100: 4098: 4091: 4073: 4066: 4057: 4055: 4018:(5757): 73–77. 4004: 3997: 3958:Panthera pardus 3954: 3950: 3940: 3938: 3917: 3913: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3882: 3863:Panthera pardus 3857: 3853: 3838: 3834: 3807: 3803: 3788: 3784: 3757:Panthera pardus 3751: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3705: 3701: 3686: 3682: 3672: 3670: 3649: 3645: 3637: 3626: 3620: 3616: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3556:Panthera pardus 3550: 3546: 3535: 3531: 3521: 3519: 3498: 3494: 3467:Panthera pardus 3461: 3457: 3448: 3446: 3431: 3427: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3401: 3394: 3387: 3379: 3332: 3328:Panthera pardus 3322: 3315: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3269: 3265:Panthera pardus 3259: 3255: 3242:Panthera pardus 3236: 3232: 3205: 3201: 3192: 3190: 3185:(27): 373−379. 3171: 3167: 3154: 3150: 3141: 3139: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3098: 3094: 3075: 3071: 3056: 3052: 3027: 3023: 3016: 2997: 2993: 2971: 2967: 2949: 2942: 2932: 2930: 2915:Panthera pardus 2908: 2881: 2866: 2844:Panthera pardus 2835: 2828: 2823: 2805:Leopard pattern 2801: 2773:Tower of London 2769:John of England 2745: 2725: 2719: 2658:Just So Stories 2653:Rudyard Kipling 2631:tropical Africa 2623:Greek mythology 2619: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2603: 2602: 2601: 2595:Magerius Mosaic 2591: 2580: 2575: 2573:Human relations 2513: 2489: 2445: 2444: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2438: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2426:Leopards mating 2424: 2413: 2354: 2330:Kalahari Desert 2237: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2221: 2220: 2219: 2213: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2199: 2188: 2147:A male leopard 2141: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2118: 2113: 2107: 2098: 2095: 2086: 2083: 2074: 2071: 2019: 1919:. The Northern 1887:Northeast India 1867:Gangetic plains 1786: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1780:grooming itself 1776: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1753: 1723: 1699:recessive trait 1644: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1628: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1582: 1580:Characteristics 1562: 1556:Panthera hybrid 1554:Main articles: 1552: 1487: 1398:, northeast of 1366:nuclear genomes 1319: 1312: 1305: 1291: 1277: 1266:common ancestor 1238: 1195: 1147: 1144:P. p. delacouri 1128: 1104: 1085: 1049:Iranian Plateau 1030: 980: 973:Arabian leopard 939: 917:Near Threatened 898: 844:locally extinct 833: 826:African leopard 803:Arabian leopard 787: 703:scientific name 688: 617: 614: 611: 595: 592: 589: 522: 483:sexual maturity 479:solitary animal 391:Panthera pardus 349: 338: 334:Panthera pardus 332: 319: 207: 199: 182: 171: 167: 160: 142:African leopard 126: 124: 123: 122: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 53: 52: 49: 41: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15178: 15168: 15167: 15165:Apex predators 15162: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15125:Felids of Asia 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15090: 15089: 15087: 15086: 15073: 15060: 15044: 15042: 15036: 15035: 15033: 15032: 15019: 15006: 14993: 14980: 14967: 14954: 14941: 14928: 14915: 14902: 14889: 14876: 14863: 14850: 14837: 14824: 14811: 14801: 14788: 14775: 14762: 14752: 14739: 14724: 14708: 14706: 14700: 14699: 14685: 14684: 14682: 14681: 14680: 14679: 14669: 14668: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14655:Whale watching 14652: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14632:Spotted hyenas 14629: 14624: 14623: 14622: 14617: 14612: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14578: 14577: 14572: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14533: 14532: 14527: 14522: 14512: 14506: 14504: 14500: 14499: 14492: 14490: 14488: 14487: 14485:Working animal 14482: 14477: 14475:Service animal 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14442: 14437: 14432: 14427: 14421: 14419: 14415: 14414: 14407: 14406: 14399: 14392: 14384: 14375: 14374: 14371: 14370: 14367: 14366: 14363: 14362: 14359: 14358: 14356: 14355: 14351:M. strigidorsa 14346: 14337: 14328: 14319: 14310: 14304:Least weasel ( 14301: 14292: 14283: 14274: 14265: 14256: 14250:Haida ermine ( 14247: 14238: 14234:M. eversmannii 14229: 14220: 14211: 14201: 14199: 14183: 14182: 14180: 14179: 14170: 14161: 14152: 14142: 14140: 14129: 14123: 14122: 14119: 14118: 14116: 14115: 14106: 14097: 14087: 14085: 14077: 14076: 14074: 14073: 14063: 14061: 14053: 14052: 14050: 14049: 14040: 14030: 14028: 14020: 14019: 14017: 14016: 14006: 14003: 14002: 14000: 13999: 13989: 13987: 13979: 13978: 13976: 13975: 13966: 13962:L. longicaudis 13957: 13951:Marine otter ( 13948: 13938: 13936: 13928: 13927: 13925: 13924: 13914: 13908: 13894: 13893: 13890: 13889: 13886: 13885: 13883: 13882: 13873: 13863: 13861: 13853: 13852: 13850: 13849: 13839: 13836: 13835: 13833: 13832: 13822: 13820: 13809: 13795: 13794: 13791: 13790: 13788: 13787: 13778: 13768: 13766: 13750: 13749: 13747: 13746: 13736: 13730: 13721: 13715: 13714: 13711: 13710: 13708: 13707: 13698: 13689: 13680: 13671: 13665:Beech marten ( 13662: 13653: 13644: 13634: 13632: 13616: 13615: 13613: 13612: 13602: 13600: 13592: 13591: 13589: 13588: 13578: 13576: 13568: 13567: 13565: 13564: 13554: 13548: 13542: 13541: 13539: 13538: 13529: 13520: 13511: 13502: 13493: 13483: 13481: 13465: 13464: 13461: 13460: 13458: 13457: 13448: 13442:Asian badger ( 13439: 13430: 13420: 13418: 13410: 13409: 13407: 13406: 13397: 13388: 13384:A. albogularis 13378: 13376: 13365: 13351: 13350: 13348: 13347: 13341:Honey badger ( 13337: 13335: 13327: 13326: 13324: 13323: 13313: 13307: 13302: 13295: 13294: 13282: 13281: 13278: 13277: 13274: 13273: 13271: 13270: 13269: 13268: 13262: 13260: 13254: 13253: 13250: 13249: 13246: 13245: 13243: 13242: 13233: 13223: 13221: 13213: 13212: 13210: 13209: 13200: 13190: 13188: 13177: 13163: 13162: 13160: 13159: 13150: 13141: 13132: 13122: 13120: 13104: 13103: 13101: 13100: 13091: 13082: 13078:P. cancrivorus 13072: 13070: 13054: 13053: 13051: 13050: 13046:B. sumichrasti 13041: 13031: 13029: 13021: 13020: 13018: 13017: 13007: 13001: 12995: 12994: 12991: 12990: 12988: 12987: 12978: 12969: 12960: 12950: 12948: 12932: 12931: 12929: 12928: 12919: 12909: 12907: 12891: 12890: 12888: 12887: 12878: 12872:Hooded skunk ( 12868: 12866: 12858: 12857: 12855: 12854: 12845: 12836: 12827: 12817: 12815: 12796: 12778: 12777: 12775: 12774: 12764: 12762: 12752: 12751: 12739: 12738: 12735: 12734: 12731: 12730: 12727: 12726: 12723: 12722: 12719: 12718: 12716: 12715: 12706: 12697: 12691:Weddell seal ( 12688: 12682:Leopard seal ( 12678: 12672: 12658: 12657: 12655: 12654: 12645: 12635: 12633: 12617: 12616: 12613: 12612: 12610: 12609: 12599: 12597: 12589: 12588: 12586: 12585: 12575: 12569: 12552: 12538: 12537: 12534: 12533: 12530: 12529: 12527: 12526: 12517: 12508: 12502:Caspian seal ( 12498: 12496: 12488: 12487: 12485: 12484: 12475: 12469:Spotted seal ( 12465: 12463: 12455: 12454: 12452: 12451: 12442: 12433: 12423: 12417: 12411: 12410: 12408: 12407: 12398: 12392:Bearded seal ( 12388: 12382: 12365: 12361:or true seals) 12359:(earless seals 12349: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12342: 12341: 12332: 12323: 12314: 12305: 12296: 12287: 12278: 12268: 12266: 12258: 12257: 12255: 12254: 12244: 12241: 12240: 12238: 12237: 12227: 12225: 12217: 12216: 12214: 12213: 12203: 12200: 12199: 12196: 12195: 12193: 12192: 12183: 12173: 12171: 12163: 12162: 12160: 12159: 12149: 12143: 12137: 12136: 12134: 12133: 12123: 12121: 12110: 12085: 12084: 12082: 12081: 12071: 12069: 12059: 12058: 12043: 12042: 12039: 12038: 12035: 12034: 12031: 12030: 12027: 12026: 12024: 12023: 12022: 12021: 12015: 12013: 12007: 12006: 12004: 12003: 12002: 12001: 11995: 11993: 11977: 11971: 11970: 11967: 11966: 11963: 11962: 11960: 11959: 11950: 11941: 11932: 11922: 11920: 11912: 11911: 11909: 11908: 11899: 11889: 11883: 11877: 11876: 11874: 11873: 11863: 11861: 11853: 11852: 11850: 11849: 11845:A. melanoleuca 11839: 11837: 11826: 11811: 11806: 11803: 11802: 11799: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11791: 11790: 11788: 11787: 11778: 11769: 11763:Eastern wolf ( 11760: 11751: 11745:African wolf ( 11742: 11733: 11727:Domestic dog ( 11724: 11714: 11712: 11704: 11703: 11701: 11700: 11691: 11681: 11678: 11677: 11675: 11674: 11665: 11655: 11653: 11642: 11630: 11629: 11626: 11625: 11623: 11622: 11613: 11607:Sechuran fox ( 11604: 11600:L. gymnocercus 11595: 11586: 11580:Darwin's fox ( 11577: 11567: 11565: 11557: 11556: 11554: 11553: 11544: 11534: 11531: 11530: 11528: 11527: 11517: 11515: 11507: 11506: 11504: 11503: 11493: 11487: 11472: 11460: 11459: 11456: 11455: 11453: 11452: 11443: 11434: 11425: 11416: 11407: 11398: 11389: 11380: 11371: 11362: 11353: 11349:V. bengalensis 11343: 11341: 11323: 11322: 11320: 11319: 11310: 11300: 11298: 11290: 11289: 11287: 11286: 11276: 11270: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11260: 11251: 11241: 11239: 11228: 11218: 11211: 11210: 11195: 11194: 11191: 11190: 11187: 11186: 11183: 11182: 11179: 11178: 11175: 11174: 11172: 11171: 11162: 11153: 11144: 11135: 11125: 11123: 11115: 11114: 11112: 11111: 11102: 11093: 11089:B. crassicauda 11083: 11081: 11073: 11072: 11070: 11069: 11060: 11051: 11042: 11032: 11029: 11028: 11026: 11025: 11016: 11007: 10998: 10989: 10980: 10971: 10962: 10953: 10943: 10941: 10933: 10932: 10930: 10929: 10920: 10910: 10904: 10898: 10897: 10894: 10893: 10891: 10890: 10881: 10872: 10863: 10853: 10851: 10843: 10842: 10840: 10839: 10830: 10820: 10818: 10810: 10809: 10807: 10806: 10796: 10793: 10792: 10790: 10789: 10780: 10770: 10768: 10760: 10759: 10757: 10756: 10746: 10743: 10742: 10740: 10739: 10729: 10727: 10716: 10707: 10689: 10688: 10685: 10684: 10681: 10680: 10678: 10677: 10668: 10658: 10656: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10644: 10634: 10631: 10630: 10628: 10627: 10623:G. grandidieri 10618: 10608: 10606: 10598: 10597: 10595: 10594: 10584: 10578: 10572: 10571: 10568: 10567: 10565: 10564: 10555: 10545: 10543: 10535: 10534: 10532: 10531: 10522: 10512: 10506: 10497: 10480: 10470: 10467: 10466: 10463: 10462: 10459: 10458: 10455: 10454: 10452: 10451: 10441: 10439: 10431: 10430: 10428: 10427: 10418: 10408: 10402: 10390: 10389: 10387: 10386: 10376: 10374: 10363: 10343: 10342: 10330: 10329: 10326: 10325: 10322: 10321: 10318: 10317: 10315: 10314: 10313: 10312: 10306: 10304: 10294: 10293: 10290: 10289: 10286: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10274: 10265: 10256: 10247: 10238: 10229: 10220: 10211: 10202: 10193: 10187:Letaba genet ( 10184: 10175: 10169:Common genet ( 10166: 10157: 10148: 10139: 10129: 10127: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10109: 10100: 10090: 10088: 10071: 10065: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10057: 10048: 10039: 10030: 10020: 10018: 10010: 10009: 10007: 10006: 9997: 9987: 9981: 9966: 9954: 9947: 9946: 9943: 9942: 9940: 9939: 9935:P. zeylonensis 9930: 9921: 9911: 9909: 9901: 9900: 9898: 9897: 9893:Paguma larvata 9888: 9879: 9870: 9860: 9854: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9844: 9835: 9826: 9817: 9807: 9805: 9796: 9791: 9784: 9783: 9771: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9763: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9756: 9755: 9754: 9753: 9747: 9745: 9739: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9731: 9730: 9727: 9726: 9723: 9722: 9719: 9718: 9716: 9715: 9706: 9697: 9688: 9679: 9670: 9664:Domestic cat ( 9661: 9651: 9649: 9641: 9640: 9637: 9636: 9634: 9633: 9624: 9620:P. rubiginosus 9615: 9606: 9597: 9593:P. bengalensis 9587: 9585: 9577: 9576: 9574: 9573: 9567:Pallas's cat ( 9563: 9557: 9551: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9544: 9543: 9533: 9531: 9523: 9522: 9520: 9519: 9509: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9502: 9492: 9490: 9479: 9473: 9472: 9470: 9469: 9460: 9454:Iberian lynx ( 9451: 9442: 9432: 9430: 9422: 9421: 9419: 9418: 9409: 9400: 9391: 9382: 9373: 9364: 9355: 9345: 9343: 9335: 9334: 9331: 9330: 9328: 9327: 9318: 9308: 9306: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9294: 9284: 9278: 9272: 9271: 9268: 9267: 9265: 9264: 9255: 9245: 9243: 9235: 9234: 9232: 9231: 9221: 9219: 9208: 9199: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9178: 9177: 9175: 9174: 9165: 9156: 9147: 9138: 9132:Snow leopard ( 9128: 9126: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9114: 9105: 9095: 9093: 9082: 9069: 9059: 9052: 9051: 9049: 9048: 9039: 9029: 9027: 9011: 9006: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8995: 8985: 8979: 8974: 8967: 8966: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8947: 8945:Laurasiatheria 8941: 8935: 8929: 8923: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8903: 8902: 8895: 8888: 8880: 8874: 8873: 8857: 8839: 8838:External links 8836: 8835: 8834: 8821: 8812:(1): 209–217. 8794: 8788: 8769: 8751:(8): 665–684. 8736: 8730: 8712: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8675: 8653: 8635: 8616: 8598: 8576: 8540: 8506: 8488:(2): 116–132. 8465: 8458: 8431: 8382: 8325: 8295:(1): 199–201. 8275: 8241: 8216: 8157: 8121: 8118:on 2014-08-11. 8098: 8083: 8050: 8031: 8016: 7989: 7968:(3): 806–814. 7940: 7921:(4): 875–881. 7905: 7870: 7843:(4): 439–450. 7827: 7816:(2): 255–265. 7785: 7748: 7704: 7661: 7604: 7577:(3): 634–644. 7556: 7529: 7518:(4): 246–259. 7495: 7462: 7444: 7424: 7389: 7371: 7364: 7346: 7327:(3): 646–650. 7307: 7289:(4): 298–313. 7262: 7241:(2): 145–152. 7217: 7206:(2): 343–364. 7190: 7179:(2): 269–286. 7159: 7140: 7103: 7081:(3): 427–440. 7057: 7036:(4): 574–576. 7012: 7005: 6982: 6964: 6944: 6914:(3): 197–200. 6894: 6881:(3): 287–294. 6857: 6810: 6797:(2): 125–136. 6777: 6764:(4): 433–476. 6744: 6737: 6719: 6701: 6666: 6607: 6588: 6551: 6537:(2): 311−318. 6517: 6487: 6453:(4): 421–430. 6426: 6377: 6364:(3): 537−543. 6344: 6307: 6292: 6276: 6262: 6236: 6214: 6192: 6170: 6133: 6114:(3): 198–205. 6094: 6071: 6052:(1): 115–117. 6032: 5977: 5918: 5868: 5830: 5801: 5794: 5776: 5758: 5727: 5709: 5672: 5635: 5608: 5545: 5534:(3): 201–206. 5517: 5480:(5): 448–453. 5460: 5433:(1): 190–197. 5413: 5406: 5380: 5359:(900): 30–48. 5322: 5304: 5261: 5243: 5214: 5165: 5158: 5140: 5133: 5112: 5109:on 2014-02-22. 5074: 5063:(2): 543–591. 5047: 5022: 5004: 4982: 4964: 4942: 4891: 4884: 4866: 4847:(2): 137–148. 4828: 4799: 4766: 4729:(1): 113–141. 4710: 4689:(4): 479–506. 4667: 4645:(3): 339–351. 4617: 4571: 4530: 4453: 4430: 4364: 4315: 4266: 4233: 4194:(10): e25483. 4171: 4168:on 2016-03-05. 4107: 4089: 4064: 3995: 3968:(3): 455–473. 3948: 3911: 3892: 3851: 3832: 3801: 3782: 3745: 3699: 3680: 3643: 3614: 3594: 3544: 3529: 3492: 3479:(1): 153−159. 3455: 3425: 3385: 3313: 3253: 3230: 3199: 3165: 3148: 3114: 3102:"Felis pardus" 3092: 3069: 3050: 3021: 3014: 2991: 2974:Liddell, H. G. 2965: 2940: 2879: 2864: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2800: 2797: 2757:ancient Romans 2744: 2741: 2723:Leopard attack 2721:Main article: 2718: 2715: 2645:Ashanti people 2613: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2592: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2525:trophy hunting 2512: 2509: 2488: 2485: 2439: 2432: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2353: 2350: 2231: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2214: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2140: 2139:Social spacing 2137: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2116: 2114: 2108: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2018: 2015: 1953:Belum-Temengor 1863:Shivalik Hills 1777: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1722: 1719: 1687:black panthers 1682:number of 38. 1638: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1551: 1548: 1480:P. p. begoueni 1468:Czech Republic 1237: 1234: 1230:fixation index 1224:Results of an 1220: 1219: 1212: 1207:and listed as 1201: 1184: 1183: 1176: 1157:southern China 1153: 1136: 1135: 1126: 1119:northern China 1111: 1093: 1092: 1083: 1037: 1027:P. p. tulliana 1022: 1021: 1014: 991: 969: 968: 961: 946: 928: 927: 920: 901: 891:Indian leopard 887: 886: 879: 836: 822: 821: 818: 815: 786: 783: 687: 684: 521: 518: 510:Ancient Greece 380: 379: 375: 374: 366: 365: 356: 355: 351: 350: 339: 328: 327: 321: 320: 316:P. pardus 313: 311: 307: 306: 299: 295: 294: 289: 285: 284: 279: 275: 274: 269: 265: 264: 259: 255: 254: 249: 245: 244: 239: 235: 234: 229: 225: 224: 219: 215: 214: 201: 200: 187: 184: 183: 165: 162: 161: 156: 153: 152: 137: 136: 128: 127: 119: 118: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 50: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15177: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15102: 15100: 15083: 15078: 15074: 15070: 15065: 15061: 15056: 15050: 15046: 15045: 15043: 15041: 15037: 15029: 15024: 15020: 15016: 15011: 15007: 15003: 14998: 14994: 14990: 14985: 14981: 14977: 14972: 14968: 14964: 14959: 14955: 14951: 14946: 14942: 14938: 14933: 14929: 14925: 14920: 14916: 14912: 14907: 14903: 14899: 14894: 14890: 14886: 14881: 14877: 14873: 14868: 14864: 14860: 14855: 14851: 14847: 14842: 14838: 14834: 14829: 14825: 14821: 14816: 14812: 14808: 14802: 14798: 14793: 14789: 14785: 14780: 14776: 14772: 14767: 14763: 14759: 14753: 14749: 14744: 14740: 14735: 14729: 14725: 14720: 14714: 14710: 14709: 14707: 14705: 14701: 14697: 14692: 14678: 14675: 14674: 14673: 14670: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14660:Whale worship 14658: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14647: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14607: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14576: 14575:Horse worship 14573: 14571: 14570:Horses in art 14568: 14567: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14521: 14518: 14517: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14507: 14505: 14501: 14496: 14486: 14483: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14470:Equestrianism 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14433: 14431: 14428: 14426: 14423: 14422: 14420: 14416: 14412: 14405: 14400: 14398: 14393: 14391: 14386: 14385: 14382: 14354: 14352: 14347: 14345: 14343: 14338: 14336: 14334: 14329: 14327: 14325: 14320: 14318: 14316: 14311: 14309: 14307: 14302: 14300: 14298: 14293: 14291: 14289: 14288:M. lutreolina 14284: 14282: 14280: 14275: 14273: 14271: 14266: 14264: 14262: 14257: 14255: 14253: 14248: 14246: 14244: 14239: 14237: 14235: 14230: 14228: 14226: 14221: 14219: 14217: 14212: 14210: 14208: 14203: 14202: 14200: 14190: 14189: 14184: 14178: 14176: 14171: 14169: 14167: 14162: 14160: 14158: 14153: 14151: 14149: 14144: 14143: 14141: 14139: 14138: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14124: 14114: 14112: 14107: 14105: 14103: 14098: 14096: 14094: 14089: 14088: 14086: 14084: 14083: 14078: 14072: 14070: 14065: 14064: 14062: 14060: 14059: 14054: 14048: 14046: 14041: 14039: 14037: 14032: 14031: 14029: 14027: 14026: 14021: 14015: 14013: 14008: 14007: 14004: 13998: 13996: 13991: 13990: 13988: 13986: 13985: 13980: 13974: 13972: 13967: 13965: 13963: 13958: 13956: 13954: 13949: 13947: 13945: 13944:L. canadensis 13940: 13939: 13937: 13935: 13934: 13929: 13923: 13921: 13918:Giant otter ( 13916: 13915: 13912: 13909: 13899: 13895: 13881: 13879: 13874: 13872: 13870: 13865: 13864: 13862: 13860: 13859: 13854: 13848: 13846: 13841: 13840: 13837: 13831: 13829: 13824: 13823: 13821: 13819: 13818: 13813: 13810: 13800: 13796: 13786: 13784: 13779: 13777: 13775: 13770: 13769: 13767: 13757: 13756: 13751: 13745: 13743: 13738: 13737: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13716: 13706: 13704: 13699: 13697: 13695: 13690: 13688: 13686: 13681: 13679: 13677: 13676:M. gwatkinsii 13672: 13670: 13668: 13663: 13661: 13659: 13654: 13652: 13650: 13645: 13643: 13641: 13636: 13635: 13633: 13623: 13622: 13617: 13611: 13609: 13604: 13603: 13601: 13599: 13598: 13593: 13587: 13585: 13580: 13579: 13577: 13575: 13574: 13569: 13563: 13561: 13556: 13555: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13543: 13537: 13535: 13530: 13528: 13526: 13521: 13519: 13517: 13516:M. orientalis 13512: 13510: 13508: 13503: 13501: 13499: 13494: 13492: 13490: 13485: 13484: 13482: 13472: 13471: 13466: 13456: 13454: 13449: 13447: 13445: 13440: 13438: 13436: 13431: 13429: 13427: 13422: 13421: 13419: 13417: 13416: 13411: 13405: 13403: 13398: 13396: 13394: 13389: 13387: 13385: 13380: 13379: 13377: 13375: 13374: 13369: 13366: 13356: 13352: 13346: 13344: 13339: 13338: 13336: 13334: 13333: 13328: 13322: 13320: 13319:Taxidea taxus 13315: 13314: 13311: 13308: 13305: 13300: 13296: 13292: 13287: 13283: 13266: 13265: 13264: 13263: 13261: 13259: 13255: 13241: 13239: 13234: 13232: 13230: 13229:N. meridensis 13225: 13224: 13222: 13220: 13219: 13214: 13208: 13206: 13201: 13199: 13197: 13192: 13191: 13189: 13187: 13186: 13181: 13178: 13168: 13164: 13158: 13156: 13151: 13149: 13147: 13142: 13140: 13138: 13133: 13131: 13129: 13124: 13123: 13121: 13111: 13110: 13105: 13099: 13097: 13092: 13090: 13088: 13083: 13081: 13079: 13074: 13073: 13071: 13061: 13060: 13055: 13049: 13047: 13042: 13040: 13038: 13033: 13032: 13030: 13028: 13027: 13022: 13016: 13014: 13009: 13008: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12996: 12986: 12984: 12979: 12977: 12975: 12970: 12968: 12966: 12961: 12959: 12957: 12952: 12951: 12949: 12939: 12938: 12933: 12927: 12925: 12920: 12918: 12916: 12915:M. javanensis 12911: 12910: 12908: 12898: 12897: 12892: 12886: 12884: 12879: 12877: 12875: 12870: 12869: 12867: 12865: 12864: 12859: 12853: 12851: 12846: 12844: 12842: 12841:C. leuconotus 12837: 12835: 12833: 12832:C. humboldtii 12828: 12826: 12824: 12819: 12818: 12816: 12806: 12805: 12800: 12797: 12791: 12783: 12779: 12773: 12771: 12766: 12765: 12763: 12761: 12757: 12753: 12749: 12744: 12740: 12714: 12712: 12707: 12705: 12703: 12698: 12696: 12694: 12689: 12687: 12685: 12680: 12679: 12676: 12673: 12663: 12659: 12653: 12651: 12646: 12644: 12642: 12637: 12636: 12634: 12624: 12623: 12618: 12608: 12606: 12601: 12600: 12598: 12596: 12595: 12590: 12584: 12582: 12577: 12576: 12573: 12570: 12560: 12556: 12553: 12543: 12539: 12525: 12523: 12520:Baikal seal ( 12518: 12516: 12514: 12511:Ringed seal ( 12509: 12507: 12505: 12500: 12499: 12497: 12495: 12494: 12489: 12483: 12481: 12478:Harbor seal ( 12476: 12474: 12472: 12467: 12466: 12464: 12462: 12461: 12456: 12450: 12448: 12443: 12441: 12439: 12436:Ribbon seal ( 12434: 12432: 12430: 12425: 12424: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12412: 12406: 12404: 12401:Hooded seal ( 12399: 12397: 12395: 12390: 12389: 12386: 12383: 12373: 12369: 12366: 12354: 12350: 12340: 12338: 12337:A. tropicalis 12333: 12331: 12329: 12324: 12322: 12320: 12315: 12313: 12311: 12306: 12304: 12302: 12297: 12295: 12293: 12288: 12286: 12284: 12279: 12277: 12275: 12270: 12269: 12267: 12265: 12264: 12263:Arctocephalus 12259: 12253: 12251: 12246: 12245: 12242: 12236: 12234: 12229: 12228: 12226: 12224: 12223: 12218: 12212: 12210: 12205: 12204: 12201: 12191: 12189: 12188:Z. wollebaeki 12184: 12182: 12180: 12175: 12174: 12172: 12170: 12169: 12164: 12158: 12156: 12151: 12150: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12138: 12132: 12130: 12125: 12124: 12122: 12120: 12119: 12114: 12111: 12105: 12100: 12096:(eared seals: 12091: 12086: 12080: 12078: 12073: 12072: 12070: 12068: 12064: 12060: 12056: 12048: 12044: 12019: 12018: 12017: 12016: 12014: 12012: 12008: 11999: 11998: 11997: 11996: 11994: 11985: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11972: 11958: 11956: 11951: 11949: 11947: 11942: 11940: 11938: 11937:U. thibetanus 11933: 11931: 11929: 11928:U. americanus 11924: 11923: 11921: 11919: 11918: 11913: 11907: 11905: 11900: 11898: 11896: 11891: 11890: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11878: 11872: 11870: 11865: 11864: 11862: 11860: 11859: 11854: 11848: 11846: 11843:Giant panda ( 11841: 11840: 11838: 11836: 11835: 11830: 11827: 11819: 11815: 11812: 11809: 11804: 11786: 11784: 11779: 11777: 11775: 11770: 11768: 11766: 11761: 11759: 11757: 11752: 11750: 11748: 11743: 11741: 11739: 11734: 11732: 11730: 11729:C. familiaris 11725: 11723: 11721: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11711: 11710: 11705: 11699: 11697: 11692: 11690: 11688: 11687:Lycaon pictus 11683: 11682: 11679: 11673: 11671: 11666: 11664: 11662: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11652: 11651: 11646: 11643: 11635: 11631: 11621: 11619: 11614: 11612: 11610: 11605: 11603: 11601: 11596: 11594: 11592: 11587: 11585: 11583: 11578: 11576: 11574: 11569: 11568: 11566: 11564: 11563: 11558: 11552: 11550: 11545: 11543: 11541: 11536: 11535: 11532: 11526: 11524: 11519: 11518: 11516: 11514: 11513: 11508: 11502: 11500: 11495: 11494: 11491: 11488: 11480: 11476: 11473: 11465: 11461: 11451: 11449: 11444: 11442: 11440: 11435: 11433: 11431: 11426: 11424: 11422: 11417: 11415: 11413: 11408: 11406: 11404: 11399: 11397: 11395: 11390: 11388: 11386: 11383:Tibetan fox ( 11381: 11379: 11377: 11372: 11370: 11368: 11363: 11361: 11359: 11354: 11352: 11350: 11345: 11344: 11342: 11337: 11330: 11329: 11324: 11318: 11316: 11315:N. viverrinus 11311: 11309: 11307: 11302: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11296: 11291: 11285: 11283: 11278: 11277: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11265: 11259: 11257: 11256:U. littoralis 11252: 11250: 11248: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11238: 11237: 11232: 11229: 11221: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11200: 11196: 11170: 11168: 11163: 11161: 11159: 11154: 11152: 11150: 11145: 11143: 11141: 11136: 11134: 11132: 11131:H. flavescens 11127: 11126: 11124: 11122: 11121: 11116: 11110: 11108: 11103: 11101: 11099: 11094: 11092: 11090: 11085: 11084: 11082: 11080: 11079: 11074: 11068: 11066: 11061: 11059: 11057: 11052: 11050: 11048: 11043: 11041: 11039: 11034: 11033: 11030: 11024: 11022: 11021:U. vitticolla 11017: 11015: 11013: 11008: 11006: 11004: 10999: 10997: 10995: 10990: 10988: 10986: 10981: 10979: 10977: 10972: 10970: 10968: 10963: 10961: 10959: 10954: 10952: 10950: 10945: 10944: 10942: 10940: 10939: 10934: 10928: 10926: 10925:Xenogale naso 10921: 10919: 10917: 10912: 10911: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10899: 10889: 10887: 10882: 10880: 10878: 10873: 10871: 10869: 10864: 10862: 10860: 10855: 10854: 10852: 10850: 10849: 10844: 10838: 10836: 10831: 10829: 10827: 10822: 10821: 10819: 10817: 10816: 10811: 10805: 10803: 10798: 10797: 10794: 10788: 10786: 10781: 10779: 10777: 10772: 10771: 10769: 10767: 10766: 10761: 10755: 10753: 10748: 10747: 10744: 10738: 10736: 10731: 10730: 10728: 10726: 10725: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10711: 10708: 10699: 10698:sensu stricto 10694: 10690: 10676: 10674: 10669: 10667: 10665: 10660: 10659: 10657: 10655: 10654: 10649: 10643: 10641: 10636: 10635: 10632: 10626: 10624: 10619: 10617: 10615: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10605: 10604: 10599: 10593: 10591: 10586: 10585: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10573: 10563: 10561: 10556: 10554: 10552: 10547: 10546: 10544: 10542: 10541: 10536: 10530: 10528: 10527:Fossa fossana 10523: 10521: 10519: 10514: 10513: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10501: 10498: 10488: 10484: 10481: 10477: 10473: 10468: 10450: 10448: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10438: 10437: 10432: 10426: 10424: 10421:Brown hyena ( 10419: 10417: 10415: 10414:Hyaena hyaena 10410: 10409: 10406: 10403: 10395: 10391: 10385: 10383: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10373: 10372: 10367: 10364: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10340: 10335: 10331: 10310: 10309: 10308: 10307: 10305: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10273: 10271: 10266: 10264: 10262: 10257: 10255: 10253: 10248: 10246: 10244: 10241:Hausa genet ( 10239: 10237: 10235: 10230: 10228: 10226: 10221: 10219: 10217: 10212: 10210: 10208: 10203: 10201: 10199: 10194: 10192: 10190: 10185: 10183: 10181: 10176: 10174: 10172: 10167: 10165: 10163: 10158: 10156: 10154: 10149: 10147: 10145: 10144:G. angolensis 10140: 10138: 10136: 10135:G. abyssinica 10131: 10130: 10128: 10120: 10119: 10114: 10108: 10106: 10101: 10099: 10097: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10081: 10080: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10066: 10056: 10054: 10049: 10047: 10045: 10044:V. tangalunga 10040: 10038: 10036: 10031: 10029: 10027: 10022: 10021: 10019: 10017: 10016: 10011: 10005: 10003: 9998: 9996: 9994: 9989: 9988: 9985: 9982: 9979: 9978:sensu stricto 9974: 9970: 9967: 9963: 9958: 9952: 9948: 9938: 9936: 9931: 9929: 9927: 9922: 9920: 9918: 9913: 9912: 9910: 9908: 9907: 9902: 9896: 9894: 9889: 9887: 9885: 9880: 9878: 9876: 9871: 9869: 9867: 9862: 9861: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9852:Paradoxurinae 9849: 9843: 9841: 9836: 9834: 9832: 9827: 9825: 9823: 9820:Otter civet ( 9818: 9816: 9814: 9809: 9808: 9806: 9804: 9800: 9797: 9794: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9776: 9772: 9751: 9750: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9744: 9740: 9714: 9712: 9711:F. silvestris 9707: 9705: 9703: 9698: 9696: 9694: 9689: 9687: 9685: 9680: 9678: 9676: 9671: 9669: 9667: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9632: 9630: 9629:P. viverrinus 9627:Fishing cat ( 9625: 9623: 9621: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9602:P. javanensis 9598: 9596: 9594: 9591:Leopard cat ( 9589: 9588: 9586: 9584: 9583: 9578: 9572: 9570: 9565: 9564: 9561: 9558: 9552: 9542: 9540: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9530: 9529: 9524: 9518: 9516: 9511: 9510: 9507: 9501: 9499: 9494: 9493: 9491: 9489: 9488: 9483: 9480: 9474: 9468: 9466: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9452: 9450: 9448: 9443: 9441: 9439: 9438:L. canadensis 9436:Canada lynx ( 9434: 9433: 9431: 9429: 9428: 9423: 9417: 9415: 9410: 9408: 9406: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9392: 9390: 9388: 9383: 9381: 9379: 9374: 9372: 9370: 9365: 9363: 9361: 9356: 9354: 9352: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9342: 9341: 9336: 9326: 9324: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9304: 9299: 9293: 9291: 9286: 9285: 9282: 9279: 9273: 9263: 9261: 9260:C. temminckii 9256: 9254: 9252: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9241: 9236: 9230: 9228: 9225:Marbled cat ( 9223: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9217: 9212: 9209: 9203: 9200: 9196: 9195:sensu stricto 9192: 9187: 9173: 9171: 9166: 9164: 9162: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9125: 9124: 9119: 9113: 9111: 9106: 9104: 9102: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9092: 9091: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9070: 9062: 9057: 9053: 9047: 9045: 9044:P. pardicolor 9040: 9038: 9036: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9021: 9020: 9015: 9012: 9009: 9004: 9000: 8994: 8992: 8987: 8986: 8983: 8980: 8977: 8972: 8968: 8964: 8956: 8952: 8946: 8942: 8940: 8936: 8934: 8930: 8928: 8924: 8922: 8918: 8917: 8914: 8909: 8901: 8896: 8894: 8889: 8887: 8882: 8881: 8878: 8870: 8869: 8863: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8849: 8847: 8842: 8841: 8831: 8827: 8822: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8800: 8795: 8791: 8785: 8781: 8780: 8776: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8741:Berger, L. R. 8737: 8733: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8715: 8714: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8679: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8657: 8649: 8645: 8639: 8630: 8629: 8620: 8605: 8601: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8580: 8562: 8559:. Macmillan. 8558: 8551: 8544: 8526: 8519: 8513: 8511: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8476: 8469: 8461: 8459:9781780233185 8455: 8451: 8444: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8436: 8427: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8410:(43): 25–39. 8409: 8405: 8401: 8399: 8395: 8386: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8336: 8329: 8314: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8279: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8245: 8234: 8227: 8220: 8212: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8177:(4): 161090. 8176: 8172: 8168: 8161: 8143: 8139: 8132: 8125: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8102: 8094: 8087: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8062: 8054: 8047:(5): 329–351. 8046: 8042: 8035: 8027: 8020: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7993: 7984: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7957: 7953: 7944: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7909: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7874: 7866: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7838: 7831: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7804:) and dhole ( 7803: 7799: 7792: 7790: 7780: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7761: 7752: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7708: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7665: 7657: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7624:(10): e9365. 7623: 7619: 7615: 7608: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7533: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7502: 7500: 7491: 7484: 7480: 7473: 7466: 7451: 7447: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7428: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7393: 7385: 7378: 7376: 7367: 7361: 7357: 7350: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7311: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7277: 7275: 7266: 7258: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7230: 7221: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7194: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7163: 7155: 7151: 7144: 7136: 7130:(2): 105–115. 7129: 7125: 7118: 7116: 7107: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7070: 7061: 7052: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7025: 7016: 7008: 7002: 6998: 6991: 6989: 6987: 6971: 6967: 6961: 6957: 6956: 6948: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6898: 6889: 6884: 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5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5935: 5925: 5923: 5913: 5912:11250/2999764 5908: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5884: 5875: 5873: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5843: 5834: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5797: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5765: 5761: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5745: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5696: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5667: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5648: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5621: 5612: 5604: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5558: 5549: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5521: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5409: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5367: 5366:10.1644/900.1 5362: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5348: 5346: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5291: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5230: 5221: 5219: 5210: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5169: 5161: 5155: 5151: 5144: 5136: 5130: 5126: 5119: 5117: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5098: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5027: 5011: 5007: 5005:9780521844185 5001: 4997: 4993: 4986: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4887: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4841: 4832: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4803: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4714: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4678: 4671: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4621: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4584: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4469: 4460: 4458: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4380: 4371: 4369: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4270: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4176: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4123: 4114: 4112: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4069: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4002: 4000: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3952: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3924: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3855: 3848:(2): 307–336. 3847: 3843: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3758: 3749: 3733: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3712: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3647: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3618: 3610: 3605: 3598: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3548: 3540: 3533: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3505: 3496: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3468: 3459: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3392: 3390: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3329: 3320: 3318: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3266: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3243: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3161: 3160: 3152: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3127: 3118: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3082: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3025: 3017: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3001: 3000:Partridge, E. 2995: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2947: 2945: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2851: 2850:Wilson, D. E. 2847: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2831: 2826: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2749: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2691:heraldic lion 2688: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2633:. During the 2632: 2628: 2624: 2610: 2600: 2596: 2589: 2570: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2457:estrous cycle 2454: 2450: 2436: 2422: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2358: 2349: 2347: 2344:and Kalahari 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2294:domestic dogs 2291: 2287: 2286:bat-eared fox 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2258:common duiker 2255: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2228: 2218: 2211: 2197: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2162:Males occupy 2160: 2158: 2151:his territory 2150: 2149:scent-marking 2145: 2115: 2112: 2105: 2100: 2093: 2088: 2081: 2076: 2069: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2040: 2039:intraspecific 2035: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2014: 2012: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1929:Kaeng Krachan 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1912:plantations. 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1889:. In Nepal's 1888: 1884: 1880: 1879:Western Ghats 1876: 1875:Eastern Ghats 1872: 1871:Central India 1868: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1817:Sahara desert 1814: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1781: 1774: 1762: 1748: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1733: 1732:Cape Province 1728: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1635: 1621: 1606: 1591: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1561: 1557: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1534:, and in the 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1504:P. p. spelaea 1500: 1499:P. p. antiqua 1496: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1428:Genista Caves 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1322: 1315: 1308: 1303: 1300: 1294: 1289: 1286: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1247: 1242: 1233: 1231: 1228:and pairwise 1227: 1217: 1213: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1102: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1075:Dasht-e Kavir 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 978: 974: 971: 970: 966: 962: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 937: 933: 932:Javan leopard 930: 929: 925: 921: 918: 914: 911:and southern 910: 906: 902: 899:(Meyer, 1794) 896: 892: 889: 888: 884: 880: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 842:, but likely 841: 837: 831: 827: 824: 823: 819: 816: 813: 812: 809: 806: 804: 800: 799:mitochondrial 796: 792: 782: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 735: 733: 732: 727: 726: 721: 717: 716: 712: 709:in 1758. The 708: 707:Carl Linnaeus 704: 700: 692: 683: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 658: 653: 641: 635: 633: 629: 608: 586: 575: 570: 564: 554: 553:ancient Greek 549: 545: 540: 536: 535:Middle French 531: 527: 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 502:Ancient Egypt 499: 495: 494:IUCN Red List 491: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 463:opportunistic 460: 456: 452: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 412: 410: 406: 405: 401: 397: 393: 392: 387: 376: 372: 367: 364: 363: 357: 352: 347: 343: 337: 335: 329: 326: 325:Binomial name 322: 318: 317: 312: 309: 308: 305: 304: 300: 297: 296: 293: 290: 287: 286: 283: 280: 277: 276: 273: 270: 267: 266: 263: 260: 257: 256: 253: 250: 247: 246: 243: 240: 237: 236: 233: 230: 227: 226: 223: 220: 217: 216: 211: 206: 202: 196: 190: 185: 179: 174: 163: 159: 154: 151: 147: 143: 138: 134: 129: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 46: 43: 39: 35: 27: 19: 15040:Felis pardus 15039: 14703: 14627:Seal hunting 14525:Bear hunting 14520:Bear-baiting 14430:Draft animal 14350: 14341: 14332: 14323: 14314: 14305: 14296: 14287: 14278: 14269: 14260: 14251: 14242: 14233: 14224: 14215: 14206: 14186: 14174: 14165: 14156: 14147: 14135: 14110: 14101: 14092: 14080: 14068: 14056: 14045:L. sumatrana 14044: 14035: 14023: 14011: 13994: 13982: 13970: 13961: 13952: 13943: 13931: 13919: 13877: 13868: 13856: 13844: 13828:V. peregusna 13827: 13815: 13782: 13773: 13753: 13741: 13728:Lyncodontini 13719:Ictonychinae 13703:M. zibellina 13702: 13693: 13684: 13675: 13666: 13658:M. flavigula 13657: 13648: 13640:M. americana 13639: 13619: 13607: 13595: 13583: 13571: 13560:Eira barbara 13559: 13533: 13525:M. personata 13524: 13515: 13506: 13497: 13488: 13468: 13452: 13443: 13435:M. canescens 13434: 13425: 13413: 13401: 13392: 13383: 13371: 13342: 13330: 13318: 13237: 13228: 13216: 13204: 13195: 13183: 13154: 13145: 13136: 13127: 13107: 13095: 13086: 13077: 13057: 13045: 13044:Cacomistle ( 13036: 13024: 13013:Potos flavus 13012: 12982: 12973: 12964: 12955: 12935: 12923: 12914: 12894: 12882: 12873: 12861: 12849: 12840: 12831: 12822: 12802: 12769: 12710: 12701: 12692: 12683: 12649: 12640: 12620: 12604: 12592: 12580: 12565:(monk seals) 12521: 12512: 12503: 12491: 12479: 12470: 12458: 12446: 12437: 12428: 12402: 12393: 12336: 12328:A. townsendi 12327: 12318: 12310:A. philippii 12309: 12300: 12291: 12282: 12274:A. australis 12273: 12261: 12249: 12232: 12220: 12208: 12187: 12178: 12166: 12154: 12128: 12116: 12076: 11955:U. maritimus 11954: 11953:Polar bear ( 11945: 11944:Brown bear ( 11936: 11927: 11915: 11903: 11894: 11893:Sloth bear ( 11868: 11856: 11844: 11832: 11782: 11773: 11764: 11755: 11746: 11737: 11728: 11719: 11707: 11696:Cuon alpinus 11695: 11686: 11670:L. mesomelas 11669: 11660: 11648: 11617: 11608: 11599: 11598:Pampas fox ( 11590: 11581: 11572: 11560: 11548: 11539: 11523:S. venaticus 11522: 11510: 11498: 11497:Maned wolf ( 11479:Cerdocyonina 11447: 11446:Fennec fox ( 11438: 11429: 11421:V. rueppelli 11420: 11411: 11402: 11393: 11392:Arctic fox ( 11385:V. ferrilata 11384: 11375: 11374:Corsac fox ( 11366: 11357: 11348: 11347:Bengal fox ( 11326: 11314: 11305: 11293: 11281: 11255: 11254:Island fox ( 11246: 11234: 11167:H. sanguinea 11166: 11157: 11148: 11140:H. ichneumon 11139: 11130: 11118: 11106: 11097: 11088: 11076: 11064: 11055: 11046: 11037: 11020: 11011: 11002: 10993: 10984: 10975: 10967:U. edwardsii 10966: 10958:U. brachyura 10957: 10948: 10936: 10924: 10915: 10885: 10876: 10867: 10859:C. alexandri 10858: 10846: 10834: 10825: 10813: 10801: 10784: 10776:M. gambianus 10775: 10763: 10751: 10735:S. suricatta 10734: 10722: 10697: 10672: 10663: 10651: 10639: 10622: 10613: 10601: 10589: 10559: 10550: 10538: 10526: 10517: 10494:carnivorans) 10475: 10446: 10434: 10422: 10413: 10381: 10369: 10339:Herpestoidea 10302:Herpestoidea 10269: 10261:G. victoriae 10260: 10251: 10250:Cape genet ( 10242: 10234:G. servalina 10233: 10224: 10223:King genet ( 10216:G. piscivora 10215: 10206: 10197: 10188: 10180:G. johnstoni 10179: 10170: 10161: 10152: 10143: 10134: 10116: 10105:P. leightoni 10104: 10095: 10077: 10052: 10043: 10035:V. megaspila 10034: 10026:V. civettina 10025: 10013: 10001: 9992: 9977: 9961: 9934: 9925: 9916: 9904: 9892: 9883: 9874: 9865: 9839: 9830: 9821: 9812: 9710: 9701: 9693:F. margarita 9692: 9683: 9674: 9673:Jungle cat ( 9665: 9656: 9644: 9628: 9619: 9611:P. planiceps 9610: 9601: 9592: 9582:Prionailurus 9580: 9568: 9538: 9526: 9514: 9513:Jaguarundi ( 9497: 9485: 9464: 9455: 9446: 9437: 9425: 9413: 9404: 9395: 9386: 9377: 9368: 9360:L. geoffroyi 9359: 9350: 9349:Pampas cat ( 9338: 9322: 9313: 9301: 9289: 9259: 9250: 9238: 9227:P. marmorata 9226: 9214: 9194: 9169: 9167: 9160: 9151: 9142: 9133: 9121: 9109: 9100: 9088: 9043: 9034: 9017: 8990: 8943:Superorder: 8937:Infraclass: 8866: 8852: 8845: 8829: 8809: 8805: 8778: 8774: 8748: 8744: 8721: 8697:. Retrieved 8693:the original 8688: 8678: 8669: 8662:Anderson, K. 8656: 8647: 8638: 8627: 8619: 8608:. Retrieved 8589: 8579: 8568:. Retrieved 8556: 8543: 8532:. Retrieved 8485: 8481: 8468: 8449: 8407: 8403: 8397: 8393: 8385: 8345: 8341: 8328: 8317:. Retrieved 8292: 8288: 8278: 8267:. Retrieved 8261:(1): 65–70. 8258: 8254: 8244: 8219: 8174: 8170: 8160: 8149:. Retrieved 8137: 8124: 8116:the original 8111: 8101: 8092: 8086: 8075:. Retrieved 8066: 8060: 8053: 8044: 8040: 8034: 8025: 8019: 8002: 7998: 7992: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7951: 7943: 7918: 7914: 7908: 7886:(1): 19–32. 7883: 7879: 7873: 7857:10.2307/5647 7840: 7836: 7830: 7813: 7809: 7806:Cuon alpinus 7805: 7801: 7800:), leopard ( 7797: 7769: 7765: 7759: 7751: 7718: 7714: 7707: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7621: 7617: 7607: 7574: 7570: 7542: 7538: 7532: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7482: 7478: 7465: 7454:. 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Retrieved 2926: 2920: 2914: 2854: 2843: 2781:Frederick II 2754: 2743:In captivity 2736: 2726: 2684: 2678: 2667: 2656: 2650: 2638: 2635:Benin Empire 2620: 2597:from modern 2567: 2551:pastoralists 2541: 2533: 2514: 2490: 2487:Conservation 2478: 2474: 2446: 2390: 2374:brown hyenas 2363: 2327: 2314: 2308:to pursuing 2278:gray langurs 2238: 2172: 2161: 2154: 2055: 2043: 2036: 2031: 2020: 2008: 1996:agricultural 1985: 1957:Taman Negara 1937:Khlong Saeng 1914: 1895: 1853: 1847: 1840: 1829: 1810: 1787: 1741: 1724: 1684: 1669: 1645: 1563: 1524:Chauvet Cave 1521: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1479: 1474:in southern 1438:in northern 1385: 1378: 1362:snow leopard 1345: 1339: 1334: 1327:sister taxon 1298: 1284: 1273: 1269: 1254:phylogenetic 1251: 1245: 1223: 1197:Deraniyagala 1192:P. p. kotiya 1191: 1143: 1100: 1097:Amur leopard 1072: 1033:Valenciennes 1026: 976: 935: 894: 830:P. p. pardus 829: 817:Distribution 807: 788: 778: 774: 766: 758: 742: 739:type species 736: 729: 723: 713: 711:generic name 705:proposed by 699:Felis pardus 698: 697: 672:in combats. 659: 657:generic name 636: 631: 523: 498:habitat loss 487: 457:, including 448: 413: 402: 390: 389: 385: 383: 359: 333: 331: 315: 314: 302: 42: 26: 14854:iNaturalist 14728:Wikispecies 14460:Pack animal 14435:Fur farming 14342:M. sibirica 14324:M. putorius 14297:M. nigripes 14279:M. lutreola 14252:M. haidarum 14148:N. africana 14111:A. congicus 14102:A. cinereus 14093:A. capensis 13993:Sea otter ( 13971:L. provocax 13878:I. striatus 13799:Ictonychini 13694:M. melampus 13606:Wolverine ( 13584:P. pennanti 13507:M. moschata 13498:M. everetti 13444:M. leucurus 13402:A. hoevenii 13393:A. collaris 13343:M. capensis 13238:N. olivacea 13153:Olinguito ( 13109:Bassaricyon 13096:P. pygmaeus 13026:Bassariscus 12999:Procyonidae 12974:S. putorius 12965:S. gracilis 12883:M. mephitis 12874:M. macroura 12768:Red panda ( 12748:Musteloidea 12709:Ross seal ( 12662:Lobodontini 12594:Neomonachus 12522:P. sibirica 12480:P. vitulina 12445:Grey seal ( 12427:Harp seal ( 12319:A. pusillus 12283:A. forsteri 12118:Callorhinus 12052:Pinnipedia 12011:Musteloidea 11783:C. simensis 11747:C. lupaster 11616:Hoary fox ( 11609:L. sechurae 11582:L. fulvipes 11573:L. culpaeus 11469:(true dogs) 11428:Swift fox ( 11403:V. macrotis 11295:Nyctereutes 11204:Caniformia 11149:H. ochracea 11107:B. nigripes 11098:B. jacksoni 10985:U. javanica 10902:Herpestinae 10877:C. obscurus 10868:C. ansorgei 10848:Crossarchus 10704:(mongooses) 10693:Herpestidae 10673:S. durrelli 10664:S. concolor 10614:G. fasciata 10551:E. goudotii 10472:Herpestidae 10382:P. cristata 10243:G. thierryi 10198:G. maculata 10162:G. cristata 10153:G. bourloni 9906:Paradoxurus 9864:Binturong ( 9803:Hemigalinae 9780:Viverroidea 9743:Viverroidea 9702:F. nigripes 9554:Leopard cat 9539:P. concolor 9456:L. pardinus 9405:L. tigrinus 9396:L. pardalis 9387:L. jacobita 9378:L. guttulus 9351:L. colocola 9110:N. nebulosa 9080:Pantherinae 8960:Feliformia 8644:Corbett, J. 8095:(5): 87–94. 8005:: 184–187. 7958:population" 7772:: 119–125. 7405:(1): 1–27. 6397:: 293–300. 6271:Jhala, Y.V. 6044:in Egypt". 5632:(1): 88−89. 5622:from India" 4817:(1): 7–19. 4788:: 131–151. 4752:10651/49880 4589:Quaternaire 4552:: 167–193. 4475:Radiocarbon 4335:(1): 1–11. 4253:(1): 1–15. 3587:11 November 3219:: 329–350. 3039:: 253–298. 2956:"lěǒpardus" 2763:as well as 2733:Jim Corbett 2548:transhumant 2470:infanticide 2386:steal kills 2310:bamboo rats 2306:tufted deer 2168:Ivory Coast 2164:home ranges 2023:territorial 1917:Karen State 1902:tea estates 1819:by 97%. In 1813:West Africa 1444:Switzerland 1412:Pleistocene 1258:nuclear DNA 1252:Results of 1079:Dasht-e Lut 936:P. p. melas 895:P. p. fusca 720:Lorenz Oken 620:. The word 610:), meaning 588:), meaning 572:could be a 514:West Africa 354:Subspecies 292:Pantherinae 288:Subfamily: 15099:Categories 14620:Orangutans 14530:Teddy bear 14315:M. nudipes 14306:M. nivalis 14270:M. kathiah 14225:M. erminea 14216:M. altaica 14166:N. frenata 14157:N. felipei 14127:Mustelinae 13869:I. libycus 13783:G. vittata 13649:M. caurina 13426:M. anakuma 13304:Mustelidae 13291:Mustelidae 13267:see below↓ 13258:Mustelidae 13155:B. neblina 13066:(raccoons) 13037:B. astutus 13035:Ringtail ( 13011:Kinkajou ( 12983:S. pygmaea 12924:M. marchei 12782:Mephitidae 12650:M. leonina 12542:Monachinae 12513:P. hispida 12504:P. caspica 12301:A. gazella 12233:N. cinerea 12129:C. ursinus 12067:Odobenidae 12020:see below↓ 12000:see below↓ 11984:Pinnipedia 11902:Sun bear ( 11869:T. ornatus 11858:Tremarctos 11834:Ailuropoda 11772:Red wolf ( 11738:C. latrans 11661:L. adustus 11618:L. vetulus 11591:L. griseus 11521:Bush dog ( 11412:V. pallida 11410:Pale fox ( 11394:V. lagopus 11365:Cape fox ( 11245:Gray fox ( 11003:U. smithii 10835:H. parvula 10826:H. hirtula 10714:Mungotinae 10603:Galidictis 10576:Galidiinae 10504:Euplerinae 10487:Eupleridae 10476:sensu lato 10447:C. crocuta 10380:Aardwolf ( 10311:see below↓ 10252:G. tigrina 10225:G. poensis 10207:G. pardina 10189:G. letabae 10171:G. genetta 10069:Genettinae 10053:V. zibetha 9973:Viverrinae 9962:sensu lato 9957:Viverrinae 9926:P. jerdoni 9793:Viverridae 9752:see below↓ 9691:Sand cat ( 9498:A. jubatus 9323:C. caracal 9216:Pardofelis 9035:P. linsang 8976:Feliformia 8699:2007-09-05 8610:2021-09-07 8570:2023-05-14 8534:2016-03-29 8348:: 108326. 8319:2017-01-11 8269:2015-03-23 8151:2023-11-11 8077:2008-06-07 8059:"Leopard ( 7485:: 131–137. 7456:2020-09-18 7156:: 341–352. 7097:2021-09-06 6976:2024-01-06 6938:2018-09-25 6791:BioScience 6713:2021-05-19 6545:2019-04-16 6511:2019-04-07 6256:2012-12-10 5932:"Leopard ( 5895:: 765911. 5862:2019-08-24 5824:2018-03-14 5770:2021-05-19 5746:(Leopard)" 5721:2021-05-19 5659:(1): 1–5. 5316:2021-05-19 5255:2021-05-19 5016:2021-05-19 4976:2021-09-07 4911:: e12020. 4661:2017-08-24 4611:2023-07-18 4524:2023-07-18 4391:(1): 156. 4101:2018-09-25 4058:2019-07-05 3908:: 115–116. 3449:2019-04-05 3419:2019-07-25 3307:2017-03-09 3193:2024-03-14 3142:2019-04-06 3111:(in Latin) 3060:"panthera" 2821:References 2346:sour grass 2342:watermelon 2248:, such as 1921:Tenasserim 1910:eucalyptus 1798:grasslands 1794:rainforest 1778:A leopard 1711:Mpumalanga 1680:chromosome 1665:camouflage 1661:rainforest 1652:ochraceous 1422:Cave near 1370:hybridized 1350:Palearctic 1342:secretions 1209:Vulnerable 1069:Tajikistan 1065:Uzbekistan 1061:Endangered 1053:Hindu Kush 977:P. p. nimr 958:Endangered 848:Mauritania 814:Subspecies 791:subspecies 526:Old French 490:Vulnerable 488:Listed as 475:camouflage 451:rainforest 420:subspecies 272:Feliformia 268:Suborder: 191:Appendix I 173:Vulnerable 15055:Q47450956 14587:Kangaroos 14557:Elephants 14455:Livestock 14261:M. itatsi 14195:(weasels) 14058:Lutrogale 13995:E. lutris 13953:L. felina 13762:(grisons) 13685:M. martes 13628:(martens) 13546:Guloninae 13332:Mellivora 13205:N. narica 13146:B. medius 13137:B. gabbii 13128:B. alleni 13116:(olingos) 13085:Raccoon ( 12937:Spilogale 12823:C. chinga 12804:Conepatus 12760:Ailuridae 12559:Monachini 12471:P. largha 12141:Otariinae 12104:sea lions 12099:fur seals 12090:Otariidae 11975:Mustelida 11946:U. arctos 11808:Arctoidea 11765:C. lycaon 11720:C. aureus 11650:Lupulella 11562:Lycalopex 11439:V. vulpes 11437:Red fox ( 11401:Kit fox ( 11376:V. corsac 11120:Herpestes 10733:Meerkat ( 10492:(Malagasy 10394:Hyaeninae 10355:Hyaenidae 10270:G. felina 9684:F. lybica 9496:Cheetah ( 9414:L. wiedii 9403:Oncilla ( 9369:L. guigna 9340:Leopardus 9321:Caracal ( 9314:C. aurata 9249:Bay cat ( 9170:P. pardus 9168:Leopard ( 9143:P. tigris 9101:N. diardi 9019:Prionodon 8919:Kingdom: 8908:Carnivora 8848:in Africa 8632:. Morrow. 8426:233286106 8370:213766740 7743:259903849 6685:"Leopard 6578:: 39−47. 6128:235564429 6001:: e3369. 5946:: e1974. 5288:"Leopard 5227:"Leopard 5095:"Leopard 4761:134157124 4514:255850069 3867:delacouri 3469:in China" 3124:"1. Art, 2978:Scott, R. 2842:"Species 2777:Henry III 2674:burlesque 2461:Gestation 2449:Manchuria 2246:ungulates 2241:carnivore 2176:Serengeti 2047:nocturnal 1832:West Asia 1802:woodlands 1703:erythrism 1566:crossbred 1446:, Italy, 1432:Gibraltar 1402:, and in 1374:evolution 1297:from the 1236:Evolution 1205:Sri Lanka 1165:Singapore 1161:Hong Kong 1081:deserts. 1057:Himalayas 987:Ehrenberg 960:in 2021. 954:Indonesia 759:P. tigris 731:Leopardus 623:λέοπάρδος 569:Leopardos 563:leopardos 557:λέοπάρδος 548:leopardus 520:Etymology 467:ungulates 416:described 310:Species: 262:Carnivora 228:Kingdom: 222:Eukaryota 15155:Panthera 15115:Big cats 15110:Leopards 15049:Wikidata 15010:Species+ 14937:14000250 14872:10200769 14755:BioLib: 14713:Wikidata 14677:Werewolf 14610:Gorillas 14606:Simians 14241:Ferret ( 14175:N. vison 14036:L. lutra 13904:(otters) 13898:Lutrinae 13755:Galictis 13667:M. foina 13582:Fisher ( 13470:Melogale 13453:M. meles 13373:Arctonyx 13218:Nasuella 13196:N. nasua 13173:(coatis) 13087:P. lotor 12863:Mephitis 12622:Mirounga 12372:Phocinae 12353:Phocidae 12222:Neophoca 12168:Zalophus 12075:Walrus ( 11774:C. rufus 11756:C. lupus 11736:Coyote ( 11571:Culpeo ( 11512:Speothos 11448:V. zerda 11430:V. velox 11367:V. chama 11078:Bdeogale 10976:U. fusca 10815:Helogale 10785:M. mungo 10724:Suricata 10653:Salanoia 10560:E. major 10540:Eupleres 10371:Proteles 10360:(hyenas) 10124:(genets) 9675:F. chaus 9666:F. catus 9657:F. bieti 9537:Cougar ( 9487:Acinonyx 9465:L. rufus 9463:Bobcat ( 9412:Margay ( 9394:Ocelot ( 9367:Kodkod ( 9288:Serval ( 9251:C. badia 9240:Catopuma 9150:Jaguar ( 9134:P. uncia 9123:Panthera 9090:Neofelis 9008:Feloidea 8939:Eutheria 8933:Mammalia 8927:Chordata 8925:Phylum: 8921:Animalia 8814:Archived 8664:(1954). 8646:(1955). 8604:Archived 8561:Archived 8525:Archived 8498:Archived 8374:Archived 8313:Archived 8309:34533018 8263:Archived 8233:Archived 8211:28484625 8142:Archived 8138:Cat News 8071:Archived 7900:32627329 7735:37449566 7699:30010193 7656:36225822 7599:28217865 7450:Archived 7419:84619500 7399:Mammalia 7299:Archived 7257:86140708 7091:Archived 6970:Archived 6932:Archived 6707:Archived 6661:29949588 6621:PLOS ONE 6604:: 20–23. 6598:Cat News 6580:Archived 6539:Archived 6505:Archived 6479:Archived 6475:73637721 6302:Cat News 6287:Cat News 6250:Archived 6231:Cat News 6209:Cat News 6187:Cat News 6066:90676105 6046:Mammalia 6027:28584709 5972:27168983 5856:Archived 5818:Archived 5816:. 2016. 5764:Archived 5715:Archived 5697:Leopard" 5653:Bothalia 5603:28379961 5563:PLOS ONE 5512:19021807 5504:12620197 5427:Genetica 5375:44839740 5310:Archived 5249:Archived 5209:20961899 5036:(1900). 5010:Archived 4970:Archived 4937:34513335 4655:Archived 4605:Archived 4518:Archived 4450:: 1–179. 4425:30348080 4359:26518481 4310:24225466 4228:22016768 4188:PLOS ONE 4159:20138224 4122:Panthera 4095:Archived 4052:Archived 4048:41672825 4040:16400146 3982:28423965 3941:17 March 3885:17 March 3738:17 March 3673:17 March 3635:Archived 3631:Cat News 3522:17 March 3443:Archived 3410:Archived 3406:Cat News 3377:Archived 3365:11883877 3298:Archived 3187:Archived 3136:Archived 3126:Panthera 3045:56160515 3002:(1983). 2980:(1889). 2874:62265494 2840:(2005). 2799:See also 2793:circuses 2681:heraldry 2663:Highveld 2627:Dionysus 2563:Am Dafok 2559:bushmeat 2529:poaching 2266:Primates 2254:bushbuck 2217:bushbuck 1990:and dry 1941:Khao Sok 1933:Kui Buri 1854:Panthera 1836:Anatolia 1691:Melanism 1648:rosettes 1560:Pumapard 1513:Holocene 1470:and the 1420:Furninha 1404:Valdarno 1388:Pliocene 1354:Pliocene 1346:Panthera 1335:Panthera 1299:Panthera 1288:diverged 1285:Neofelis 1274:Neofelis 1270:Panthera 1246:Panthera 1107:Schlegel 1051:and the 1045:Caucasus 1043:and the 983:Hemprich 779:Panthera 743:Panthera 715:Panthera 701:was the 686:Taxonomy 665:panthera 660:Panthera 574:compound 471:primates 444:Holocene 409:rosettes 404:Panthera 342:Linnaeus 303:Panthera 278:Family: 252:Mammalia 242:Chordata 238:Phylum: 232:Animalia 218:Domain: 178:IUCN 3.1 18:Leopards 15077:ZooBank 15069:4969816 14924:1006022 14846:5219436 14650:Whaling 14646:Whales 14642:Weasels 14582:Jaguars 14566:Horses 14542:Coyotes 14440:Hunting 14243:M. furo 14188:Mustela 14137:Neogale 13984:Enhydra 13858:Ictonyx 13817:Vormela 13774:G. cuja 13701:Sable ( 13608:G. gulo 13573:Pekania 13558:Tayra ( 13355:Melinae 13167:Nasuina 13059:Procyon 12415:Phocini 12054:(seals) 11989:(seals) 11881:Ursinae 11823:(bears) 11818:Ursidae 11694:Dhole ( 11484:(zorro) 11358:V. cana 11268:Vulpini 11236:Urocyon 11220:Canidae 11012:U. urva 10516:Fossa ( 10436:Crocuta 10118:Genetta 10015:Viverra 9556:lineage 9478:lineage 9447:L. lynx 9303:Caracal 9277:lineage 9275:Caracal 9207:lineage 9205:Bay cat 9191:Felinae 9152:P. onca 9141:Tiger ( 9061:Felidae 8931:Class: 8910:species 8906:Extant 8855:in Asia 8753:Bibcode 8450:Leopard 8350:Bibcode 8202:5414262 8179:Bibcode 7970:Bibcode 7923:Bibcode 7845:Bibcode 7679:Bibcode 7647:9534747 7626:Bibcode 7579:Bibcode 7341:1382285 7038:Bibcode 6916:Bibcode 6652:6021038 6629:Bibcode 6455:Bibcode 6399:Bibcode 6018:5452990 5963:4861552 5594:5381760 5571:Bibcode 5482:Bibcode 5455:5446868 5447:5480762 5200:3061134 4928:8388558 4849:Bibcode 4731:Bibcode 4691:Bibcode 4554:Bibcode 4484:Bibcode 4416:6198532 4393:Bibcode 4350:4691742 4301:3843846 4219:3189913 4196:Bibcode 4139:Bibcode 4020:Bibcode 4012:Science 3990:4348541 3345:Bibcode 3282:Bibcode 2933:30 June 2785:trained 2771:at the 2765:execute 2703:Somalia 2686:passant 2599:Tunisia 2511:Threats 2453:Siberia 2370:spotted 2274:guenons 2111:bushpig 2051:diurnal 2034:sound. 2032:urr-urr 2028:roaring 1981:Qinling 1848:In the 1790:savanna 1709:and in 1677:diploid 1550:Hybrids 1536:Balkans 1515:in the 1476:Hungary 1472:Baranya 1466:in the 1460:England 1452:Germany 1448:Austria 1392:Perrier 1381:fossils 1333:within 1302:lineage 1268:of the 1173:Vietnam 1109:, 1857) 1047:to the 1035:, 1856) 997:to the 995:endemic 989:, 1830) 944:, 1809) 909:Myanmar 876:Lesotho 864:Tunisia 860:Algeria 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