Leprosy - Knowledge

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levels, specifically to below one case per 10,000 population". Diagnosis and treatment with multidrug therapy are effective, and a 45% decline in disease burden has occurred since multidrug therapy has become more widely available. The organization emphasizes the importance of fully integrating leprosy treatment into public health services, effective diagnosis and treatment, and access to information. The approach includes supporting an increase in health care professionals who understand the disease, and a coordinated and renewed political commitment that includes coordination between countries and improvements in the methodology for collecting and analysing data.

428: 501: 416: 464: 1972:(צָרַע, – tsaw-rah' – to be struck with leprosy, to be leprous) and the Greek (λεπρός–lepros), are of broader classification than the more narrow use of the term related to Hansen's Disease. Any progressive skin disease (a whitening or splotchy bleaching of the skin, raised manifestations of scales, scabs, infections, rashes, etc....), as well as generalized molds and surface discoloration of any clothing, leather, or discoloration on walls or surfaces throughout homes all, came under the "law of leprosy" (Leviticus 14:54–57). Ancient sources such as the 1375: 2067:, becoming a major health issue, the ecclesiastic leaders of the time discussed how to assist those affected as well as change the attitude of society towards them. They also tried this by using the name "Holy disease" instead of the commonly used "Elephant's disease" (elephantiasis), implying that God did not create this disease to punish people but to purify them for heaven. Although not always successful in persuading the public and a cure was never found by Greek medicians, they created an environment where victims could get 1271:. It appears to be 26% to 41% effective (based on controlled trials) and about 60% effective based on observational studies with two doses possibly working better than one. The WHO concluded in 2018 that the BCG vaccine at birth reduces leprosy risk and is recommended in countries with high incidence of TB and people who have leprosy. People living in the same home as a person with leprosy are suggested to take a BCG booster which may improve their immunity by 56%. Development of a more effective vaccine is ongoing. 440: 2292:

that it is a punishment for sins or moral transgressions (distinct from other diseases and misfortunes, which are in general thought of as being according to the will of God). Socioeconomic factors also have a direct impact. Lower-class domestic workers who are often employed by those in a higher socioeconomic class may find their employment in jeopardy as physical manifestations of the disease become apparent. Skin discoloration and darker pigmentation resulting from the disease also have social repercussions.

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associated with the disease. Because of this stigma, leprosy can affect a person's participation in social activities and may also affect the lives of their family and friends. People with leprosy are also at a higher risk for problems with their mental well-being. The social stigma may contribute to problems obtaining employment, financial difficulties, and social isolation. Efforts to reduce discrimination and reduce the stigma surrounding leprosy may help improve outcomes for people with leprosy.

990: 60: 452: 2087:(sing. leprosarium) that treated people with leprosy in the 12th and 13th century seems to indicate a rise in cases, possibly in connection with the increase in urbanisation as well as returning crusaders from the Middle East. France alone had nearly 2,000 leprosaria during this period. Additionally to the new leprosia, further steps were taken by secular and religious leaders to prevent further spread of the disease. The 1260:

home. The WHO recommends that preventive medicine be given to people who are in close contact with someone who has leprosy. The suggested preventive treatment is a single dose of rifampicin (SDR) in adults and children over 2 years old who do not already have leprosy or tuberculosis. Preventive treatment is associated with a 57% reduction in infections within 2 years and a 30% reduction in infections within 6 years.

2044: 1920: 1284: 12185: 1495:. Registered prevalence is a useful proxy indicator of the disease burden, as it reflects the number of active leprosy cases diagnosed with the disease and receiving treatment with MDT at a given point in time. The prevalence rate is defined as the number of cases registered for MDT treatment among the population in which the cases have occurred, again at a given point in time. 2122: 2063:, whose writings were later embraced by Byzantine and Latin writers. Gregory, for example, did not only compose sermons urging Christians to assist victims of the disease, but also condemned pagans or Christians who justified rejecting lepers on the allegation that God had sent them the disease to punish them. As cases of leprosy increased during these years in the 1709:"at a time when there was substantial interaction among the Indus Civilization, Mesopotamia, and Egypt, there needs to be additional skeletal and molecular evidence of leprosy in India and Africa to confirm the African origin of the disease". A proven human case was verified by DNA taken from the shrouded remains of a man discovered by researchers from the 2243:, known in 1955 as the Louisiana Leper Home, was the only leprosy hospital on the mainland United States. Leprosy patients from all over the United States were sent to Carville in order to be kept in isolation away from the public, as not much about leprosy transmission was known at the time and stigma against those with leprosy was high (see 1472:(8%). Although the number of cases worldwide continues to fall, there are parts of the world where leprosy is more common, including Brazil, South Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan), some parts of Africa (Tanzania, Madagascar, Mozambique), and the western Pacific. About 150 to 250 cases are diagnosed in the United States each year. 1632: 302:

the 20 years from 1994 to 2014, 16 million people worldwide were cured of leprosy. About 200 cases per year are reported in the United States. Central Florida accounted for 81% of cases in Florida and nearly 1 out of 5 leprosy cases nationwide. Separating people affected by leprosy by placing them in

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is equated to one thought to have died out in the human population in mediaeval times. Despite this, and speculation regarding past transmission through trade in squirrel furs, there does not seem to be a high risk of squirrel to human transmission from the wild population. Although Leprosy continues

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after multidrug therapy had become widely available in India. In 1983, the National Leprosy Elimination Programme, previously the National Leprosy Control Programme, changed its methods from surveillance to the treatment of people with leprosy. India still accounts for over half of the global disease

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Multidrug therapy (MDT) remains highly effective, and people are no longer infectious after the first monthly dose. It is safe and easy to use under field conditions because of its presentation in calendar blister packs. Post-treatment relapse rates remain low. Resistance has been reported in several

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Early detection of the disease is important, since physical and neurological damage may be irreversible even if cured. Medications can decrease the risk of those living with people who have leprosy from acquiring the disease and likely those with whom people with leprosy come into contact outside the

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Folk beliefs, lack of education, and religious connotations of the disease continue to influence social perceptions of those affected in many parts of the world. In Brazil, for example, folklore holds that leprosy is a disease transmitted by dogs, or that it is associated with sexual promiscuity, or

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observed isolation treatment for leprosy patients first-hand while visiting Norway, applying these methods in British India with the financial and logistical assistance of Protestant missionaries. Colonialist and religious viewpoints of the disease continued to be a major factor in the treatment and

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attacks nerve endings and destroys the body's ability to feel pain and injury. Without feeling pain, people with leprosy have an increased risk of injuring themselves. Injuries become infected and result in tissue loss. Fingers, toes, and limbs become shortened and deformed as the tissue is absorbed

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Borderline leprosy is of intermediate severity and is the most common form. Skin lesions resemble tuberculoid leprosy, but are more numerous and irregular; large patches may affect a whole limb, and peripheral nerve involvement with weakness and loss of sensation is common. This type is unstable and

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The greatest risk factor for developing leprosy is contact with another person infected by leprosy. People who are exposed to a person who has leprosy are 5–8 times more likely to develop leprosy than members of the general population. Leprosy also occurs more commonly among those living in poverty.

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Approximately 30% of people affected with leprosy experience nerve damage. The nerve damage sustained is reversible when treated early, but becomes permanent when appropriate treatment is delayed by several months. Damage to nerves may cause loss of muscle function, leading to paralysis. It may also

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Leprosy is not highly contagious. People with leprosy can live with their families and go to school and work. In the 1980s, there were 5.2 million cases globally, but by 2020 this decreased to fewer than 200,000. Most new cases occur in 14 countries, with India accounting for more than half. In

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who took care of the lepers due to the still persisting moral stigma and who ran the leprosaria. Although the leprosaria in Western Europe removed the sick from society, they were never a place to quarantine them or from which they could not leave: lepers would go beg for alms for the upkeep of the

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The social perception of leprosy in the general population was in general mixed. On one hand, people feared getting infected with the disease and thought of people suspected of leprosy to be unclean, untrustworthy, and occasionally morally corrupt. On the other hand, Jesus' interaction with lepers,

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is five years. People may begin to notice symptoms within the first year or up to 20 years after infection. The first noticeable sign of leprosy is often the development of pale or pink coloured patches of skin that may be insensitive to temperature or pain. Patches of discolored skin are sometimes

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depicts the title character's mother, Miriam, and younger sister, Tirzah, are imprisoned by the Roman empire. When they are freed years later, they have leprosy and leave town for the Valley of the Lepers, rather than stay and reunite with Ben-Hur. They leave the colony, and when Jesus dies on the

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Norway was the location of a progressive stance on leprosy tracking and treatment and played an influential role in European understanding of the disease. In 1832, Dr. JJ Hjort conducted the first leprosy survey, thus establishing a basis for epidemiological surveys. Subsequent surveys resulted in

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Although leprosy has been curable since the mid-20th century, left untreated it can cause permanent physical impairments and damage to a person's nerves, skin, eyes, and limbs. Despite leprosy not being very infectious and having a low pathogenicity, there is still significant stigma and prejudice

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develop leprosy, and genetic factors are suspected to play a role in susceptibility to an infection. Cases of leprosy often cluster in families and several genetic variants have been identified. In many people who are exposed, the immune system is able to eliminate the leprosy bacteria during the

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Do fingers and toes fall off when someone gets leprosy? No. The bacillus attacks nerve endings and destroys the body's ability to feel pain and injury. Without feeling pain, people injure themselves on fire, thorns, rocks, even hot coffee cups. Injuries become infected and result in tissue loss.

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Conditions that reduce immune function, such as malnutrition, other illnesses, or genetic mutations, may increase the risk of developing leprosy. Infection with HIV does not appear to increase the risk of developing leprosy. Certain genetic factors in the person exposed have been associated with

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In countries or areas where leprosy is uncommon, such as the United States, diagnosis of leprosy is often delayed because healthcare providers are unaware of leprosy and its symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment prevent nerve involvement, the hallmark of leprosy, and the disability it causes.

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do not develop the disease. Spread is thought to occur through a cough or contact with fluid from the nose of a person infected by leprosy. Genetic factors and immune function play a role in how easily a person catches the disease. Leprosy does not spread during pregnancy to the unborn child or

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A goal of the World Health Organization is to "eliminate leprosy" and in 2016 the organization launched "Global Leprosy Strategy 2016–2020: Accelerating towards a leprosy-free world". Elimination of leprosy is defined as "reducing the proportion of leprosy patients in the community to very low

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Despite now effective treatment and education efforts, leprosy stigma continues to be problematic in developing countries where the disease is common. Leprosy is most common amongst impoverished populations where social stigma is likely to be compounded by poverty. Fears of ostracism, loss of

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fibers in the skin of a person with leprosy are damaged. This damage usually results in hair loss to the area, a loss of the ability to sweat, and numbness (decreased ability to detect sensations such as temperature and touch). Further peripheral nerve damage may result in skin dryness, more

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strains suggests that they were of human origin for at most a few hundred years. Thus, it is suspected that armadillos first acquired the organism incidentally from early European explorers of the Americas. This incidental transmission was sustained in the armadillo population, and it may be

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In extreme cases in northern India, leprosy is equated with an "untouchable" status that "often persists long after individuals with leprosy have been cured of the disease, creating lifelong prospects of divorce, eviction, loss of employment, and ostracism from family and social networks."

2146:. Their work resulted in the establishment of the National Leprosy Research and Treatment Center. Danielssen and Boeck believed the cause of leprosy transmission was hereditary. This stance was influential in advocating for the isolation of those infected by sex to prevent reproduction. 1224:

in the lesions. In this form of leprosy, Mycobacteria leprae are found in lesions in large numbers. This is the most unfavorable clinical variant of leprosy, which occurs with a generalized lesion of the skin, mucous membranes, eyes, peripheral nerves, lymph nodes, and internal organs.

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enacted the Leprosy Act of 1898, which mandated the compulsory segregation of people with leprosy by authorities in newly established leper asylums, where they were segregated by sex to prevent sexual activity. The act, which proved difficult to enforce, was repealed in 1983 by the

670:, a threatened species in Great Britain, were found to carry leprosy in November 2016. It has been suggested that the trade in red squirrel fur, highly prized in the medieval period and intensively traded, may have been responsible for the leprosy epidemic in medieval Europe. A pre- 1736:

in southeast England and dating back to AD 415–545. These findings suggest a different path for the spread of leprosy, meaning it may have originated in Western Eurasia. This study also indicates that there were more strains in Europe at the time than previously determined.

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is set in a leper colony in Belgian Congo. The story is also predominantly about a disillusioned architect working with a doctor on devising new cure and amenities for mutilated victims of lepers; the title, too, refers to the condition of mutilation and disfigurement in the

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by Red Hook Studios, a hero character known as the Leper suffers from this disease. He was once a benevolent king who embraced the sick and downtrodden, but abdicated his throne following an assassination attempt after he was infected to wander the world and marvel at its

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in the 1960s and 1970s. Later, Indian scientist Shantaram Yawalkar and his colleagues formulated a combined therapy using rifampicin and dapsone, intended to mitigate bacterial resistance. Multi-drug therapy (MDT) combining all three drugs was first recommended by the

1059:(PCR)-based technique. This molecular test alone is not sufficient to diagnose a person, but this approach may be used to identify someone who is at high risk of developing or transmitting leprosy such as those with few lesions or an atypical clinical presentation. 271:

through sexual contact. Leprosy occurs more commonly among people living in poverty. There are two main types of the disease – paucibacillary and multibacillary, which differ in the number of bacteria present. A person with paucibacillary disease has five or fewer

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In 2018, there were 208,619 new cases of leprosy recorded, a slight decrease from 2017. In 2015, 94% of the new leprosy cases were confined to 14 countries. India reported the greatest number of new cases (60% of reported cases), followed by Brazil (13%) and

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in skin smears are considered diagnostic; however, the diagnosis is typically made without laboratory tests, based on symptoms. If a person has a new leprosy diagnosis and already has a visible disability caused by leprosy, the diagnosis is considered late.

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Duthie MS, Frevol A, Day T, Coler RN, Vergara J, Rolf T, et al. (February 2020). "A phase 1 antigen dose escalation trial to evaluate safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of the leprosy vaccine candidate LepVax (LEP-F1 + GLA-SE) in healthy adults".

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As the disease became more prevalent in Western Europe in the fifth century, efforts began to set up permanent institutions to house and feed lepers. These efforts were, inclusively, the work of bishops in France at the end of the sixth century, such as in

1846:, the first Black woman to graduate from the University of Hawai'i with a masters in chemistry, discovered how to make the oil water-soluble. This technique led to marked improvements in patients with Hansen's disease who were treated in Hawai'i. 258:

from repeated injuries or infection through unnoticed wounds. An infected person may also experience muscle weakness and poor eyesight. Leprosy symptoms may begin within one year, but, for some people, symptoms may take 20 years or more to occur.

1936:, supplied all endemic countries with free multidrug therapy in blister packs, channeled through ministries of health. This free provision was extended in 2000 and again in 2005, 2010 and 2015 with donations by the multidrug therapy manufacturer 2095:

expelled lepers from city limits. Segregation from mainstream society became common, and people with leprosy were often required to wear clothing that identified them as such or carry a bell announcing their presence. As in the East, it was the

401:(additional bacterial or viral infections) can result in tissue loss, causing fingers and toes to become shortened and deformed, as cartilage is absorbed into the body. A person's immune response differs depending on the form of leprosy. 8849: 1028:. Thickened nerves are associated with leprosy and can be accompanied by loss of sensation or muscle weakness, but muscle weakness without the characteristic skin lesion and sensory loss is not considered a reliable sign of leprosy. 1483:'s "Global Strategy for Reducing Disease Burden Due to Leprosy") and national (e.g., the International Federation of Anti-Leprosy Associations) initiatives have reduced the total number and the number of new cases of the disease. 1330:

For people with nerve damage, protective footwear may help prevent ulcers and secondary infection. Canvas shoes may be better than PVC boots. There may be no difference between double rocker shoes and below-knee plaster. Topical

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alike. Often, the identity cultivated by a community environment is preferable to reintegration, and models of self-management and collective agency independent of NGOs and government support have been desirable and successful.

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through the WHO. In the latest agreement signed between the company and the WHO in October 2015, the provision of free multidrug therapy by the WHO to all endemic countries will run until the end of 2025. At the national level,

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do not develop leprosy; casual contact such as shaking hands and sitting next to someone with leprosy does not lead to transmission. People are considered non-infectious 72 hours after starting appropriate multi-drug therapy.

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burden. According to WHO, new cases in India during 2019 diminished to 114,451 patients (57% of the world's total new cases). Until 2019, Indians could justify a petition for divorce with their spouse's diagnosis of leprosy.

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The number of new leprosy cases is difficult to measure and monitor because of leprosy's long incubation period, delays in diagnosis after onset of the disease, and lack of medical care in affected areas. The registered

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A novel vaccine called LepVax entered clinical trials in 2017 with the first encouraging results reported on 24 participants published in 2020. If successful, this would be the first leprosy-specific vaccine available.

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numbness, and muscle weaknesses or paralysis in the area affected. The skin can crack and if the skin injuries are not carefully cared for, there is a risk for a secondary infection that can lead to more severe damage.

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For countries where leprosy is endemic, further interventions include an improved screening of close contacts, improved treatment regimens, and interventions to reduce stigma and discrimination against people who have

715:. Older research suggested the skin as the main route of transmission, but research has increasingly favored the respiratory route. Transmission occurs through inhalation of bacilli present in upper airway secretion. 2104:

Multiple groups in western Europe from the middle ages faced social ostracization and discrimination that was justified, in part, due to claims that they were the descendants of lepers. These groups included the

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The Seven Books of Paulus Aegineta: Translated from the Greek with Commentary Embracing a Complete View of the Knowledge Possessed by the Greeks, Romans and Arabians on all Subjects Connected with Medicine and

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Leprosy incidence peaked in the United States in 1983, followed by a steep decline. However, case numbers have been slowly rising again since 2000. In 2020, 159 cases of leprosy were reported in the country.

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This confirms the spread of the disease along the migration, colonisation, and slave trade routes taken from East Africa to India, West Africa to the New World, and from Africa into Europe and vice versa.

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and may be a source of infection for some humans in the United States or other locations in the armadillos' home range. In armadillo leprosy, lesions do not persist at the site of entry in animals,

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suffers from leprosy. His condition seems to be cured by the magic of the fantasy land he finds himself in, but he resists believing in its reality, for example, by continuing to perform a regular

9745: 1664:(2005) determined that leprosy originated in East Africa or the Near East and traveled with humans along their migration routes, including those of trade in goods and slaves. The four strains of 294:

for six months. Treatment for multibacillary leprosy uses the same medications for 12 months. A number of other antibiotics may also be used. These treatments are provided free of charge by the

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that Viserys suffers from "a form of leprosy". Leprosy is not mentioned in the novel, where Viserys instead suffers from various health issues relating to his obesity, including infections and

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is a movie about Pi'ilani, whose husband, Ko'olau, and son, Kalei, contracted Hansen's disease. The family fought those who sought to capture and kill Hawaiians afflicted with Hansen's disease.

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skin macules and patches where skin sensations are lost because of damaged peripheral nerves that have been attacked by the human host's immune cells. TT is characterized by the formation of

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Yawalkar SJ, McDougall AC, Languillon J, Ghosh S, Hajra SK, Opromolla DV, et al. (May 1982). "Once-monthly rifampicin plus daily dapsone in initial treatment of lepromatous leprosy".

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tree oil was used topically to manage Hansen's disease for centuries. Chaulmoogra oil could not be taken orally without causing nausea or injected without forming an abscess. In 1915,

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Job CK, Drain V, Truman R, Deming AT, Sanchez RM, Hastings RC (April 1992). "The pathogenesis of leprosy in the nine-banded armadillo and the significance of IgM antibodies to PGL-1".

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the writing of church leaders and the Christian focus on charitable works led to viewing the lepers as "chosen by God" or seeing the disease as a means of obtaining access to heaven.

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from the human body often described are the skin and the nasal mucosa, although their relative importance is not clear. Lepromatous cases show large numbers of organisms deep in the

2394:, a Catholic priest from Belgium, himself eventually contracting leprosy, ministered to lepers who had been placed under a government-sanctioned medical quarantine on the island of 9294: 9028: 7517: 2247:). The Carville leprosarium was known for its innovations in reconstructive surgery for those with leprosy. In 1941, 22 patients at Carville underwent trials for a new drug called 2828:. Because of armadillos' armor, skin lesions are hard to see. Abrasions around the eyes, nose and feet are the most common signs. Infected armadillos make up a large reservoir of 9935: 1899:

was recognized as early as 1898 by Schäffer, in particular, that of the ulcerated mucosa. The mechanism of plantar ulceration in leprosy and its treatment was first described by

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Resistance has developed to initial treatment. Until the introduction of MDT in the early 1980s, leprosy could not be diagnosed and treated successfully within the community.

2563:. The film humanizes the people affected and opens by saying that "there is no shortage of ugliness in the world, but by closing our eyes on ugliness, we will intensify it." 3836: 2824:. This is believed to be because armadillos have a low body temperature. Leprosy lesions appear mainly in cooler body regions such as the skin and mucous membranes of the 1656:, in 2005, geneticists traced the origins and worldwide distribution of leprosy from East Africa or the Near East along human migration routes. They found four strains of 3690: 6202: 7774: 10425: 8591: 5513:

Singh N, Manucha V, Bhattacharya SN, Arora VK, Bhatia A (June 2004). "Pitfalls in the cytological classification of borderline leprosy in the Ridley-Jopling scale".

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Suzuki K, Akama T, Kawashima A, Yoshihara A, Yotsu RR, Ishii N (February 2012). "Current status of leprosy: epidemiology, basic science and clinical perspectives".

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and occurring on cloth, leather, or houses, as well as skin. Traditional Judaism and Jewish rabbinical authorities, both historical and modern, emphasize that the

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by the 1860s, authorities in the West frequently embraced isolation treatment due to a combination of reasons, including fears of the disease spreading from the

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There is no recommended test to diagnose latent leprosy in people without symptoms. Few people with latent leprosy test positive for anti PGL-1. The presence of

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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration. (n.d.). National Hansen's disease (leprosy) program Retrieved from

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Loughry WJ, Truman RW, McDonough CM, Tilak MK, Garnier S, et al. (2009) "Is leprosy spreading among nine-banded armadillos in the southeastern United States?"

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Merle CS, Cunha SS, Rodrigues LC (February 2010). "BCG vaccination and leprosy protection: review of current evidence and status of BCG in leprosy control".

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as a safety check. Donaldson gained experience with the disease as a young man in India, where his father worked in a missionary for people with leprosy.

8093:[See: Orr, James, M.A., D.D. General Editor. "Entry for 'Leper; Leprosy'". "International Standard Bible Encyclopedia". 1915. Access-date=6 January 2017 2302: 427: 2011:). The Bible's description of leprosy is congruous (if lacking detail) with the symptoms of modern leprosy, but the relationship between this disease, 1797:

which included a commentary on all medical and surgical knowledge and descriptions and remedies to do with leprosy from the Romans, Greeks, and Arabs.

1024:). Experiencing sensory loss at the skin lesion is a feature that can help determine if the lesion is caused by leprosy or by another disorder such as 369:; muscle weakness; reddish skin; smooth, shiny, diffuse thickening of facial skin, ear, and hand; loss of sensation in fingers and toes; thickening of 3609: 2332: 1220:, but, typically, detectable nerve damage is late. Loss of eyebrows and lashes can be seen in advanced disease. LL is characterized by the absence of 1157:. In this form of leprosy Mycobacterium leprae are either absent from the lesion or occur in very small numbers. This type of leprosy is most benign. 9767: 2388:

had leprosy from the age of 12 and kept a personal journal that documented her struggles and suffering. It was published as an autobiography in 1923.

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believed that those affected by leprosy were being punished by God for sinful behavior. Moral associations have persisted throughout history. Pope

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An outbreak in chimpanzees in West Africa is showing that the bacteria can infect another species and also possibly have additional rodent hosts.

1781:, originally dating to c. 600 BC but only surviving in emended texts no earlier than the 5th century. They were separately described by 2414:, Norwegian writer whose leprosy is thought to have influenced her poetry, which is characterized by a strong religious faith in God's salvation. 11506: 2681:) to act on his behalf at a probate hearing, but proves to be using the outward trappings of chronic illness to conceal a deadly secret agenda. 5701:

Jardim MR, Antunes SL, Santos AR, Nascimento OJ, Nery JA, Sales AM, et al. (July 2003). "Criteria for diagnosis of pure neural leprosy".

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Written accounts of leprosy date back thousands of years. Various skin diseases translated as leprosy appear in the ancient Indian text, the

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Leprosy is not sexually transmitted and is not spread through pregnancy to the unborn child. The majority (95%) of people who are exposed to

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resulted in Westerners coming into increasing contact with regions where the disease was endemic, including British India. English surgeon

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countries, although the number of cases is small. People with rifampicin-resistant leprosy may be treated with second line drugs such as

7796: 3759: 1965:(200 BC), prohibited contact with those infected with the disease and made marriage to a person infected with leprosy punishable. 9927: 9543: 7926: 7770: 7448: 7444: 3577: 3474: 2015:, and Hansen's disease has been disputed. The biblical perception that people with leprosy were unclean can be found in a passage from 997:

In countries where people are frequently infected, a person is considered to have leprosy if they have one of the following two signs:

275:, numb skin patches, while a person with multibacillary disease has more than five skin patches. The diagnosis is confirmed by finding 7845: 5812:

Mishra B, Mukherjee A, Girdhar A, Husain S, Malaviya GN, Girdhar BK (1995). "Neuritic leprosy: further progression and significance".

12220: 9382: 4946: 3720: 2663:, is portrayed by wearing a mask to conceal his leprosy. There is no historical account that Baldwin wore a mask to hide his leprosy. 2424:, who used the Japanese fear of her leprosy to listen to their battle plans and deliver the information to the American forces under 1074:

The World Health Organization system distinguishes "paucibacillary" and "multibacillary" based upon the proliferation of bacteria. ("

6612: 254:, skin, and eyes. This nerve damage may result in a lack of ability to feel pain, which can lead to the loss of parts of a person's 6820: 5491: 2071:

and were never expressly banned from society, as sometimes happened in Western Europe. Theodore Balsamon, a 12th-century jurist in

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affiliated with the national program will continue to be provided with an appropriate free supply of multidrug therapy by the WHO.

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to be diagnosed in immigrants to the UK, the last known human case of leprosy arising in the UK was recorded over 200 years ago.

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still has sanatoriums (although Japan's sanatoriums no longer have active leprosy cases, nor are survivors held in them by law).

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is recommended for all people with leprosy, for six months for paucibacillary leprosy and 12 months for multibacillary leprosy.

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Transmission of leprosy occurs during close contact with those who are infected. Transmission of leprosy is through the upper

10229: 9628:"Recognizing the Leper: Hindu Myth, British Medicine, and the Crisis of Realism in Rudyard Kipling's "The Mark of the Beast"" 9603: 9537: 9452: 9423: 8880: 8796: 8708: 8571: 8473: 8442: 8417: 7633: 7500: 7348: 7310: 7283: 6780: 5600: 5460: 5113: 4712:

Chavarro-Portillo B, Soto CY, Guerrero MI (September 2019). "Mycobacterium leprae's evolution and environmental adaptation".

4186: 4116: 3928: 3781: 3753: 3449: 3405: 3372: 1801: 9429: 9327: 8621: 4333:

Meredith A, Del Pozo J, Smith S, Milne E, Stevenson K, McLuckie J (September 2014). "Leprosy in red squirrels in Scotland".

1988:

of Leviticus is a spiritual ailment with no direct relationship to Hansen's disease or physical contagions. The relation of

1327:

activity. Evidence on the potential benefits and harms of alternative regimens for drug-resistant leprosy is not available.

9715: 8603: 5053:"Genetic Susceptibility to Leprosy-From Classic Immune-Related Candidate Genes to Hypothesis-Free, Whole Genome Approaches" 4936:"What Is Leprosy?"| from News-Medical.Net – Latest Medical News and Research from Around the World. Web. 20 November 2010. 6414:"The impact of leprosy on the mental wellbeing of leprosy-affected persons and their family members - a systematic review" 3659: 1705:, Rajasthan, in northwest India, the discoverers suggest that, if the disease did migrate from Africa to India during the 1070:

Several different approaches for classifying leprosy exist. There are similarities between the classification approaches.

10317: 9912: 9360: 9261: 5258: 2575: 11938: 11917: 8729: 5380:"Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) as a Potential Point of Care Laboratory Test for Leprosy Diagnosis-A Systematic Review" 2135:

the establishment of a national leprosy registry to study the causes of leprosy and for tracking the rate of infection.

11882: 11716: 11021: 10194: 8385: 8104: 7460: 6334: 5955:

Setia MS, Steinmaus C, Ho CS, Rutherford GW (March 2006). "The role of BCG in prevention of leprosy: a meta-analysis".

3976:"Leprosy As a Complex Infection: Breakdown of the Th1 and Th2 Immune Paradigm in the Immunopathogenesis of the Disease" 3853: 2695:

about a leper colony in Hawaii. This novel follows the story of a seven-year-old girl taken from her family and put on

2602: 1475:

In the 1960s, there were tens of millions of leprosy cases recorded when the bacteria started to develop resistance to

12004: 10159: 10070: 9161: 5026: 4863: 3307: 2971: 2483:

has a story "The Mark of the Beast" in which a traveller on horseback literally stumbles into a leper colony in India.

1182:

may become more like lepromatous leprosy or may undergo a reversal reaction, becoming more like the tuberculoid form.

11809: 11529: 10922: 7943: 6166: 2593: 1088:, though developed by the WHO, uses Ridley-Jopling and not the WHO system. It also adds an indeterminate ("I") entry. 938:

conductance). Numerous molecular mechanisms have been associated with this nerve damage including the presence of a

11784: 11031: 9687: 8354: 7250: 6911: 6846: 10015:"Reprogramming adult Schwann cells to stem cell-like cells by leprosy bacilli promotes dissemination of infection" 4260: 12136: 9657: 9098: 5773:"Three cases of pure neuritic (PN) leprosy at detection in which skin lesions became visible during their course" 3948: 2075:, noted that lepers were allowed to enter the same churches, cities and assemblies that healthy people attended. 1828: 10094:"In vivo partial reprogramming by bacteria promotes adult liver organ growth without fibrosis and tumorigenesis" 6700: 6579: 5153: 2004: 11853: 11843: 11750: 10990: 10616: 9479: 8756: 3632: 2000: 1881:, which was first described in 1530. Many early cases thought to be leprosy could actually have been syphilis. 1710: 914:

Most leprosy complications are the result of nerve damage. The nerve damage occurs from direct invasion by the

894:

may cause a person to be susceptible to develop leprosy symptoms after exposure to the bacteria. The region of

6765:. World Health Organization technical report series. Vol. 716. World Health Organization. pp. 1–60. 6726: 6117:

Yamazaki-Nakashimada MA, Unzueta A, Berenise Gámez-González L, González-Saldaña N, Sorensen RU (August 2020).

5431:"The WHO Skin NTD mobile application – a paradigm shift in leprosy diagnosis through Artificial Intelligence?" 4682: 4612:

Alcaïs A, Mira M, Casanova JL, Schurr E, Abel L (February 2005). "Genetic dissection of immunity in leprosy".

2008: 439: 11183: 10874: 10711: 3534:

Rodrigues LC, Lockwood DN (June 2011). "Leprosy now: epidemiology, progress, challenges, and research gaps".

2871: 2170: 1942: 1811: 1378: 5744:

Mendiratta V, Khan A, Jain A (2006). "Primary neuritic leprosy: a reappraisal at a tertiary care hospital".

1267:

vaccine offers a variable amount of protection against leprosy in addition to its closely related target of

12116: 11961: 11594: 11350: 11105: 10796: 10726: 6033:

World Health Organization (June 2018). "BCG vaccine: WHO position paper, February 2018 - Recommendations".

3599: 3206:

Schreuder PA, Noto S, Richardus JH (January 2016). "Epidemiologic trends of leprosy for the 21st century".

2772:

suffers from a debilitating disease where parts of his body develop lesions and slowly rot away over time.

2477: 5298: 918:

bacteria and a person's immune response resulting in inflammation. The molecular mechanism underlying how

12210: 12102: 12008: 11947: 11873: 11100: 10631: 10586: 8949: 2742: 2139: 1911:

The word "leprosy" comes from the Greek word "λέπος (lépos) – skin" and "λεπερός (leperós) – scaly man".

1785:

in 460 BC. However, Hansen's disease probably did not exist in Greece or the Middle East before the

1745:

Literary attestation of leprosy is unclear because of the ambiguity of many early sources, including the

535: 346: 9202: 7559:

Irgens LM (March 2002). "Oppdagelsen av leprabasillen" [The discovery of the leprosy bacillus].

1697:

Skeletal remains discovered in 2009 represent the oldest documented evidence for leprosy, dating to the

1366: 1264: 598: 12215: 12175: 11662: 11453: 11173: 9842:"The armadillo: a model for the neuropathy of leprosy and potentially other neurodegenerative diseases" 8010:"The stigmatization of leprosy in India and its impact on future approaches to elimination and control" 7825:

Japan repealed its "Leprosy Prevention Laws" in 1996, but former patients still reside in sanatoriums.

6670: 6549: 5671: 2850:

Studies have demonstrated that the disease is endemic in the UK red Eurasian squirrel population, with

2628: 1790: 648: 495: 451: 282:

Leprosy is curable with multidrug therapy. Treatment of paucibacillary leprosy is with the medications

242: 152: 9469: 8981:"Explaining a complex disease process: talking to patients about Hansen's disease (leprosy) in Brazil" 7782: 5556:

Ridley DS, Jopling WH (1966). "Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system".

2288:

employment, or expulsion from family and society may contribute to a delayed diagnosis and treatment.

11993: 11777: 11711: 11375: 10209: 9198: 9133: 7947: 7800: 6816: 6643: 6586: 6553: 6463:"A systematic review of multi-level stigma interventions: state of the science and future directions" 6338: 4264: 3845: 3140: 2352:

Interventions in the "Global Leprosy Strategy 2016–2020: Accelerating towards a leprosy-free world":

1992:

to "leprosy" comes from translations of Hebrew Biblical texts into Greek and ensuing misconceptions.

1867: 1480: 1056: 370: 295: 247: 11498: 10417: 3243:"Two Cases of Leprosy in Siblings Caused by Mycobacterium lepromatosis and Review of the Literature" 613:

creates difficulty definitively identifying the bacterial organism under a strict interpretation of

345:, which continues to be a barrier to self-reporting and early treatment. Leprosy is classified as a 12130: 11794: 11608: 11218: 10864: 10801: 10696: 10328: 5592: 4174: 2644: 1216:, thickened dermis, and frequent involvement of the nasal mucosa resulting in nasal congestion and 1113: 1092: 31: 9128: 7472: 6116: 4511:"Leprosy in pre-Norman Suffolk, UK: biomolecular and geochemical analysis of the woman from Hoxne" 12032: 12018: 11799: 11628: 11570: 11483: 11178: 10897: 10869: 10499: 8672: 8667: 7745: 7152: 4479: 3171: 2870:

It has been shown that leprosy can reprogram cells in mouse and armadillo models, similar to how

2825: 2764: 2656: 2405: 1361: 1343:

applied to the skin improves skin changes to a greater degree when compared to saline dressings.

516: 500: 397:

accompanied or preceded by nerve problems including numbness or tenderness in the hands or feet.

9129:"The final push strategy to eliminate leprosy as a public health problem: questions and answers" 4969:

Truman RW, Singh P, Sharma R, Busso P, Rougemont J, Paniz-Mondolfi A, et al. (April 2011).

4290: 3441: 2367:

In some instances in India, community-based rehabilitation is embraced by local governments and

12025: 11979: 11927: 11892: 11804: 11755: 11724: 11699: 11458: 11370: 10686: 9772: 8237: 8212: 7182:

Schuenemann VJ, Avanzi C, Krause-Kyora B, Seitz A, Herbig A, Inskip S, et al. (May 2018).

5103: 4647:

Lockwood DN, Lambert SM (January 2011). "Human immunodeficiency virus and leprosy: an update".

4108: 3803: 2813: 1824: 1635: 899: 891: 338: 211: 10368: 9738:"EW's West of Westeros: EW goes to the set of House of the Dragon episode 8 on Apple Podcasts" 8135: 7623: 7490: 7338: 7300: 7273: 3745:

Leprosy and stigma in the South Pacific: a region-by-region history with first person accounts

3136: 12161: 12064: 11899: 11360: 11287: 10975: 10509: 10489: 10281: 7804: 5177: 4375:

Monot M, Honoré N, Garnier T, Araoz R, Coppee JY, et al. (2005). "On the origin of leprosy".

3743: 3569: 2875: 2798: 2092: 2088: 262:

Leprosy is spread between people, although extensive contact is necessary. Leprosy has a low

17: 9840:

Sharma R, Lahiri R, Scollard DM, Pena M, Williams DL, Adams LB, et al. (January 2013).

9527: 7923: 5584: 4100: 3466: 2439: 2399: 631:

Naturally occurring infection has been reported in nonhuman primates (including the African

11825: 11789: 11767: 11619: 11586: 11559: 10706: 10504: 10479: 8587: 7853: 7400: 7106: 7047: 6988: 6236: 3712: 2782: 2598: 2190: 2064: 2056: 1895: 1718: 1653: 1640: 1213: 614: 491: 386: 255: 236: 146: 7093:

Robbins G, Tripathy VM, Misra VN, Mohanty RK, Shinde VS, Gray KM, et al. (May 2009).

6975:

Robbins G, Tripathy VM, Misra VN, Mohanty RK, Shinde VS, Gray KM, et al. (May 2009).

4938: 3962:

Fingers and toes become shortened and deformed as the cartilage is absorbed into the body.

2055:

Early medieval understanding of leprosy was influenced by early Christian writers such as

309:

Leprosy has affected humanity for thousands of years. The disease takes its name from the

8: 12060: 11955: 11858: 11838: 11745: 11667: 11579: 11428: 11365: 11340: 11314: 11168: 11146: 10741: 10701: 10621: 10611: 10306: 9050:

Barrett R (June 2005). "Self-mortification and the stigma of leprosy in northern India".

8527:

Covey HC (1 June 2001). "People with leprosy (Hansen's disease) during the Middle Ages".

5585: 4755:

Eichelmann K, González González SE, Salas-Alanis JC, Ocampo-Candiani J (September 2013).

2769: 2759: 2754: 2524: 2432: 2282: 2240: 2227: 2110: 398: 125: 10204: 9383:"Diocesan committee prepares to commemorate Josephine Cafrine's 109th death anniversary" 8925: 8900: 8812:"Global leprosy (Hansen disease) update, 2019: time to step-up prevention initiatives". 7110: 7051: 6992: 6812: 6240: 5483: 4757:"Leprosy. An update: definition, pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis, and treatment" 2444: 2080: 12152: 12068: 11905: 11848: 11735: 11277: 11141: 11026: 10985: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10676: 10133: 10120: 10093: 10039: 10014: 9866: 9841: 9649: 9574: 9253: 9067: 8681: 8645: 8544: 8465: 8459: 8346: 8229: 8180: 8072: 8036: 8009: 7906: 7727: 7679: 7654: 7396: 7242: 7210: 7183: 7129: 7094: 7070: 7035: 7011: 6976: 6942: 6877: 6489: 6462: 6438: 6413: 6316: 6278: 6143: 6118: 6058: 6015: 5932: 5907: 5726: 5647: 5620: 5538: 5406: 5379: 5355: 5328: 5234: 5207: 5165: 5079: 5052: 4995: 4970: 4832: 4806:"Leprosy: review of the epidemiological, clinical, and etiopathogenic aspects - Part 1" 4805: 4786: 4737: 4589: 4562: 4540: 4420: 4393: 4358: 4076: 4052:"Interventions for ulceration and other skin changes caused by nerve damage in leprosy" 4051: 4002: 3975: 3897: 3434: 3267: 3242: 3219: 3047: 2949: 2612: 2559: 2143: 2032: 2024: 1626: 132: 8540: 8225: 7829: 7715: 7428: 6094: 6077: 5968: 4911: 4886: 4754: 4725: 4457: 4442: 4237: 4220: 3547: 3397: 3357:. World Health Organization. Regional Office for South-East Asia. 2018. p. xiii. 3172:"New Leprosy Bacterium: Scientists Use Genetic Fingerprint To Nail 'Killing Organism'" 2356:

Early detection of cases focusing on children to reduce transmission and disabilities.

2251:. The results were described as miraculous, and soon after the success of promin came 1831:

in 1873, making it the first bacterium to be identified as causing disease in humans.

11760: 11684: 11335: 11041: 10917: 10912: 10791: 10765: 10691: 10681: 10519: 10494: 10339: 10225: 10190: 10137: 10125: 10092:

Hess S, Kendall TJ, Pena M, Yamane K, Soong D, Adams L, et al. (November 2022).

10044: 9957: 9898: 9871: 9822: 9653: 9599: 9533: 9475: 9448: 9419: 9245: 9075: 9002: 8930: 8876: 8792: 8704: 8633: 8567: 8548: 8469: 8438: 8413: 8381: 8279: 8233: 8076: 8041: 7910: 7898: 7719: 7684: 7629: 7568: 7529: 7496: 7436: 7392: 7344: 7306: 7279: 7215: 7134: 7075: 7016: 6934: 6910:

Monot M, Honoré N, Garnier T, Araoz R, Coppée JY, Lacroix C, et al. (May 2005).

6869: 6794: 6786: 6776: 6531: 6494: 6443: 6387: 6320: 6308: 6254: 6148: 6099: 6050: 6007: 5972: 5937: 5862: 5821: 5794: 5753: 5718: 5652: 5596: 5565: 5530: 5452: 5411: 5360: 5239: 5157: 5109: 5084: 5000: 4916: 4837: 4778: 4741: 4729: 4664: 4629: 4594: 4532: 4425: 4362: 4350: 4242: 4192: 4182: 4122: 4112: 4101: 4081: 4007: 3924: 3901: 3849: 3749: 3551: 3505: 3445: 3411: 3401: 3368: 3272: 3223: 3039: 3035: 2941: 2933: 2928: 2911: 2550: 2425: 2417: 2381: 2178: 2028: 2020: 1933: 1874: 1857:

was introduced. The search for further effective antileprosy drugs led to the use of

1733: 1706: 1698: 1374: 1292: 1209: 1021: 951: 841: 712: 632: 393: 350: 337:; 'scale'), while the term "Hansen's disease" is named after the Norwegian physician 251: 231: 120: 10311: 9257: 8406: 7974: 7731: 7432: 7184:"Ancient genomes reveal a high diversity of Mycobacterium leprae in medieval Europe" 6946: 6881: 6647: 6019: 5730: 5542: 5169: 4544: 3051: 2953: 2359:

Enhanced healthcare services and improved access for people who may be marginalized.

1870:

in 1981. These three antileprosy drugs are still used in the standard MDT regimens.

361:

Common symptoms present in the different types of leprosy include a runny nose; dry

12205: 12082: 11550: 11433: 11282: 11188: 11136: 11006: 10781: 10716: 10379: 10215: 10115: 10105: 10034: 10026: 9861: 9853: 9812: 9641: 9632: 9566: 9237: 9059: 8992: 8920: 8912: 8821: 8637: 8617: 8536: 8494: 8275: 8263: 8221: 8172: 8068: 8031: 8021: 7890: 7711: 7674: 7666: 7205: 7195: 7124: 7114: 7065: 7055: 7006: 6996: 6926: 6861: 6766: 6521: 6484: 6474: 6433: 6425: 6377: 6300: 6244: 6138: 6130: 6089: 6062: 6042: 5999: 5964: 5927: 5919: 5880: 5852: 5784: 5710: 5642: 5632: 5522: 5442: 5401: 5391: 5350: 5340: 5229: 5219: 5149: 5074: 5064: 4990: 4982: 4906: 4898: 4827: 4817: 4790: 4768: 4721: 4656: 4621: 4584: 4574: 4522: 4480:"Could squirrel fur trade have contributed to England's medieval leprosy outbreak?" 4415: 4405: 4342: 4232: 4071: 4067: 4063: 3997: 3987: 3893: 3543: 3393: 3358: 3262: 3254: 3215: 3031: 2923: 2670: 2538: 2411: 2212: 2091:

of 1179 required lepers to have their own priests and churches and a 1346 edict by

1776: 1312: 1221: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1025: 1009: 958: 755: 657: 557: 272: 80: 8842:"Hindu Marriage Act: Parliament passes law removing leprosy as ground for divorce" 7036:"Infection, disease, and biosocial processes at the end of the Indus Civilization" 6640:"WHO | Global leprosy update, 2015: time for action, accountability and inclusion" 6304: 6273: 6134: 6046: 5637: 5430: 5137: 4822: 3773: 1062:

New approaches propose tools to diagnose leprosy through Artificial Intelligence.

12189: 12093: 11863: 11643: 11418: 11345: 11016: 10731: 10576: 10514: 10333: 9413: 9319: 9241: 9226:"Communities of the afflicted: constituting leprosy through place in South India" 8401: 8026: 7930: 7778: 7384: 7200: 7119: 7060: 7001: 6845:

Monot M, Honoré N, Garnier T, Araoz R, Coppée JY, Lacroix C, et al. (2005).

6382: 6365: 5345: 4773: 4756: 4579: 4463: 4449: 4410: 2863: 2773: 2717: 2652: 2617: 2581: 2480: 2097: 2068: 2060: 1981: 1900: 1726: 1226: 977: 902:, giving rise to current speculation that the two disorders may be linked at the 683: 374: 10385: 10013:

Masaki T, Qu J, Cholewa-Waclaw J, Burr K, Raaum R, Rambukkana A (January 2013).

9709: 9679: 7492:

Population History and the Family: A Journal of Interdisciplinary History Reader

7034:

Robbins Schug G, Blevins KE, Cox B, Gray K, Mushrif-Tripathy V (December 2013).

2154: 11740: 11541: 11533: 11478: 11468: 11385: 10927: 10755: 10382: 10110: 10030: 5857: 5840: 5396: 5329:"PCR-based techniques for leprosy diagnosis: from the laboratory to the clinic" 2509: 2504: 2278: 2244: 2218: 2195: 2138:

Early leprosy research throughout Europe was conducted by Norwegian scientists

2072: 1492: 1320: 636: 409:, which may lead to additional infections, ulcerations, and joint deformities. 342: 310: 303: 10344: 9445:

The leper king and his Heirs: Baldwin IV and the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem

9352: 9225: 9063: 8997: 8980: 6930: 6865: 6479: 6461:

Rao D, Elshafei A, Nguyen M, Hatzenbuehler ML, Frey S, Go VF (February 2019).

5714: 4902: 4660: 4625: 4221:"Uncultivable bacteria: implications and recent trends towards identification" 2490: 1075: 12199: 11730: 11652: 11565: 11463: 11438: 11393: 11355: 11223: 11090: 10950: 10902: 10834: 10806: 9984:"Medieval love of squirrel fur may have helped spread leprosy, study reveals" 8725: 7894: 7593:"The Trailblazing Black Woman Chemist Who Discovered a Treatment for Leprosy" 7153:"DNA of Jesus-Era Shrouded Man in Jerusalem Reveals Earliest Case of Leprosy" 6342: 5456: 5447: 5069: 3992: 2937: 2692: 2678: 2660: 2391: 2186: 2166: 2158: 1996: 1955: 1756: 1753: 1746: 1680: 1032: 931: 734:, but whether they reach the skin surface in sufficient numbers is doubtful. 570: 565: 534:

is a relatively newly identified mycobacterium isolated from a fatal case of

276: 263: 10296: 8785:

Leprosy, Racism, And Public Health: Social Policy In Chronic Disease Control

6790: 5018: 4855: 4803: 4196: 4126: 3299: 1012:, although occasionally reddish or copper-colored. The lesions may be flat ( 12051: 11985: 11689: 11676: 11408: 10980: 10960: 10775: 10770: 10760: 10601: 10151: 10129: 10062: 10048: 9875: 9826: 9471:

Fra gamle dage: memoarer, dagbøker, salmer og dikt av kvinner ca. 1660-1880

9249: 9169: 9079: 9006: 8934: 8916: 8080: 8045: 7951: 7902: 7572: 7533: 7219: 7138: 7079: 7020: 6938: 6873: 6763:

Epidemiology of leprosy in relation to control. Report of a WHO Study Group

6535: 6498: 6447: 6391: 6312: 6277:

for "Phase 1 LEP-F1 + GLA-SE Vaccine Trial in Healthy Adult Volunteers" at

6258: 6197: 6152: 6103: 6078:"Leprosy post-exposure prophylaxis: innovation and precision public health" 6054: 6011: 5976: 5941: 5798: 5757: 5722: 5656: 5534: 5415: 5364: 5243: 5161: 5088: 5004: 4920: 4841: 4782: 4733: 4668: 4633: 4598: 4536: 4429: 4354: 4246: 4085: 4011: 3905: 3555: 3509: 3415: 3276: 3227: 3043: 2967: 2945: 2648: 2457: 2421: 2174: 2173:, efforts by Christian missionaries and a lack of understanding concerning 2023:, it did not explicitly make a moral judgement on those with leprosy. Some 1760: 1268: 1238:

Leprosy may also occur with only neural involvement, without skin lesions.

970: 927: 903: 663: 644: 602: 10396: 9902: 9645: 7881:

Vernon G (February 2022). "Dr E W Price, the discoverer of podoconiosis".

7723: 7688: 7670: 6798: 6170: 5923: 5866: 5825: 5789: 5772: 5669: 5569: 5224: 4986: 3258: 1668:

are based in specific geographic regions where each predominantly occurs:

890:

early infection stage before severe symptoms develop. A genetic defect in

12074: 11443: 11268: 10970: 10636: 10363: 9817: 9800: 8626:

The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

7655:"Experimental and clinical studies on rifampicin in treatment of leprosy" 6580:"Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002" 6512:"Global leprosy update, 2016: accelerating reduction of disease burden". 4804:

Joel Carlos Lastória JC, Milanez Morgado de Abreu MA (March–April 2014).

4527: 4510: 2841: 2677:, a person with leprosy asks private investigator Adrian Monk (played by 2222: 2182: 1858: 1839: 1782: 1749: 1631: 1479:, the most common treatment option at the time. International (e.g., the 1324: 1316: 1304: 291: 191: 160: 10220: 9768:"House of the Dragon: All the Fire and Blood Easter Eggs From Episode 8" 9578: 8826: 8685: 8350: 8334: 7246: 6526: 3363: 2395: 1246:

Leprosy may cause the victim to lose limbs and digits but not directly.

12122: 12108: 11772: 11704: 11680: 11403: 11244: 11121: 10839: 10811: 10581: 10391: 9857: 9071: 8649: 8184: 7456: 7234: 6771: 6429: 6003: 4268: 2837: 2674: 2633: 2570: 2385: 2084: 1961: 1873:

Leprosy was once believed to be highly contagious and was treated with

1862: 1843: 1786: 1488: 1336: 1332: 1296: 989: 962: 671: 640: 287: 183: 178: 9928:"Leprosy, ancient scourge of humans, found to assail wild chimpanzees" 9627: 9106: 4443:"Red squirrels in the British Isles are infected with leprosy bacilli" 3944: 3884:

Talhari C, Talhari S, Penna GO (2015). "Clinical aspects of leprosy".

620:

While the causative organisms have to date been impossible to culture

59: 11528: 11448: 11398: 11162: 10749: 10721: 10626: 10461: 10447: 10374: 9570: 8873:

Disease: The extraordinary stories behind history's deadliest killers

8788: 8305:

Barber M (July 1994). "The Order of Saint Lazarus and the Crusades".

7424: 6704: 5526: 4346: 4141:"Genomics Insights into the Biology and Evolution of Leprosy Bacilli" 2016: 1805: 1729:, dated by radiocarbon methods to the first half of the 1st century. 1722: 1469: 1340: 1217: 738: 625: 508: 378: 10264: 8752: 8653: 8641: 8176: 6249: 6224: 3390:

Learning from leprosy: insight into the human innate immune response

2449: 682:

which closely matched the strain carried by modern red squirrels on

353:

was started in 1954 to draw awareness to those affected by leprosy.

11473: 11095: 11075: 11011: 10965: 10907: 10844: 10786: 10606: 10555: 10484: 9595:

Sekigahara 1600: The Final Struggle for Power (Campaign Series, 40)

7452: 7416: 7412: 5670:

Kumar, Bhushan, Uprety, Shraddha, Dogra, Sunil (11 February 2016).

4561:

Penna ML, Penna GO, Iglesias PC, Natal S, Rodrigues LC (May 2016).

2181:

and how contagious the disease was. The rapid expansion of Western

1969: 1937: 1878: 1772: 1766: 1714: 1702: 1121: 1001:

Skin lesion consistent with leprosy and with definite sensory loss.

553: 421:

Paucibacillary leprosy (PB): Pale skin patch with loss of sensation

406: 10405: 7846:"Former Hansen's disease patients still struggling with prejudice" 7181: 6634: 6632: 6630: 306:

still occurs in some areas of India, China, Africa, and Thailand.

11272: 11126: 10955: 10942: 10892: 10821: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10205:

Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leprosy

7440: 6366:"Update on the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of leprosy" 5621:"Leprosy: a review of laboratory and therapeutic aspects--part 2" 5558:

International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases

5429:

Quilter EE, Butlin CR, Carrion C, Ruiz-Postigo JA (1 June 2024).

5142:

International Journal of Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases

3355:

Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leprosy

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The oldest strains of leprosy known from Europe are from

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cream or zinc paste, but the evidence for this is weak.

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While this text defines the leper as 1923:Two lepers denied entrance to town, 14th century 1815:Distribution of leprosy around the world in 1891 1008:Skin lesions can be single or many, and usually 507:, one of the causative agents of leprosy: As an 479: 341:. Leprosy has historically been associated with 9556: 9093: 9091: 9089: 8950:"Stigma Related to Leprosy – A Scientific View" 8778: 8776: 8774: 8723: 7797:"Communicable Diseases Department, Leprosy FAQ" 7653:Rees RJ, Pearson JM, Waters MF (January 1970). 5906:Duthie MS, Gillis TP, Reed SG (November 2011). 5838: 5614: 5612: 5257:Moschella SL, Garcia-Albea V (September 2016). 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5135: 4932: 4930: 4646: 4474: 4472: 3201: 3199: 3197: 1853:) became available in the 1940s. In the 1950s, 993:Testing for loss of sensation with monofilament 703:developing lepromatous or tuberculoid leprosy. 67:Rash on the chest and abdomen caused by leprosy 9320:"Seychelles: 14 Inspiring Women of Seychelles" 8522: 8520: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8058: 7862: 7789: 7695: 6364:Reibel F, Cambau E, Aubry A (September 2015). 5839:Talwar S, Jha PK, Tiwari VD (September 1992). 5046: 5044: 4181:(4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. 3838:WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy – Eight report 885:Not all people who are infected or exposed to 605:) in the laboratory. The inability to culture 11514: 10933:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta 10433: 9925: 9184: 8594:[Some news of the Cagots in France]. 8375: 8369: 7265: 6668: 6193:"Trial set for world's first leprosy vaccine" 5618: 5555: 5317: 5299:"National Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) Program" 5126: 4884: 4556: 4554: 3658:. Independat News & Media. Archived from 3387: 3058: 2820:) in south central United States often carry 2776:, the actor playing the role, explained on a 2517:'s leper settlement, including Father Damien. 1800:Leprosy did not exist in the Americas before 737:Leprosy may also be transmitted to humans by 656:transmitted back to humans, making leprosy a 10587:Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma) 9497:"5 Famous Spies Who Made Philippine History" 9086: 8875:. UK: Quercus Editions Ltd. pp. 26–27. 8771: 8298: 8133: 7586: 7584: 7582: 7552: 7482: 7275:Medical Meanings: A Glossary of Word Origins 6760: 6075: 5764: 5737: 5694: 5609: 5190: 5182:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 4927: 4469: 4326: 3912: 3574:Health Resources and Services Administration 3440:. 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London: Sydenham Society. 5482:Smith DS (19 August 2008). 5206:Bhat RM, Prakash C (2012). 4761:Actas Dermo-Sifiliograficas 4175:"Mycobacteria and Nocardia" 2140:Daniel Cornelius Danielssen 1943:nongovernment organizations 1765: 1346: 1095:, three groupings are used. 744: 536:diffuse lepromatous leprosy 10: 12237: 11454:Mucous membrane pemphigoid 10111:10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100820 10031:10.1016/j.cell.2012.12.014 9598:. Osprey Publishing (UK). 9443:Hamilton, Bernard (2000). 8979:White C (September 2005). 8948:admin (11 February 2016). 8529:The Social Science Journal 8103:Shurpin Y (6 April 2022). 7771:"Syphilis through history" 7495:. MIT Press. p. 132. 7278:. ACP Press. p. 133. 6912:"On the origin of leprosy" 6847:"On the origin of leprosy" 6819:(WHO). 13 September 2021. 5858:10.5935/0305-7518.19920031 5397:10.3390/tropicalmed3040107 5268:. p. 3, Section 2.3. 5105:Manson's tropical diseases 3024:The Journal of Dermatology 2910:Sophie M. Worobec (2008). 2856:Mycobacterium lepromatosis 2420:was a Filipino spy during 2276: 2210: 1976:(Sifra 63) make clear that 1968:The Hebraic root tsara or 1849:The first effective drug ( 1679:, Nepal, north India, and 1624: 1620: 1359: 1055:can be identified using a 926:has been shown to bind to 649:Multilocus sequence typing 643:macaque), armadillos, and 564:is surrounded by the waxy 496:Mycobacterium lepromatosis 489: 347:neglected tropical disease 327: 315: 243:Mycobacterium lepromatosis 234:infection by the bacteria 153:Mycobacterium lepromatosis 29: 12151: 12092: 12050: 12003: 11937: 11916: 11881: 11872: 11823: 11778:Papulonecrotic tuberculid 11712:Tuberculous lymphadenitis 11660: 11651: 11642: 11618: 11549: 11540: 11417: 11384: 11328: 11313: 11304: 11261: 11232: 11211: 11202: 11155: 11114: 11083: 11072: 11054: 10999: 10941: 10883: 10820: 10740: 10669: 10658: 10649: 10564: 10528: 10460: 10453: 10354: 10258: 10210:World Health Organization 9891:Indian Journal of Leprosy 9199:World Health Organization 9134:World Health Organization 9064:10.1525/maq.2005.19.2.216 8998:10.1525/maq.2005.19.3.310 8755:. Store norske leksikon. 8728:. Store norske leksikon. 8670:(11 May 1912). "Cagots". 8461:Medieval English medicine 7948:World Health Organization 7801:World Health Organization 6817:World Health Organization 6727:"Epidemiology of Leprosy" 6644:World Health Organization 6587:World Health Organization 6554:World Health Organization 6480:10.1186/s12916-018-1244-y 6339:World Health Organization 6082:The Lancet. Global Health 5992:Expert Review of Vaccines 5881:"Embrace a village - FAQ" 5746:Indian Journal of Leprosy 5715:10.1007/s00415-003-1081-5 5156:(inactive 28 June 2024). 4903:10.1136/bmj.328.7454.1447 4683:"Epidemiology of Leprosy" 4661:10.1016/j.det.2010.08.016 4626:10.1016/j.coi.2004.11.006 4265:World Health Organization 3846:World Health Organization 3631:Walsh F (31 March 2007). 3141:World Health Organization 2591:— The lead character in 2513:dramatizes the island of 2489:— Jack London published 2272: 2129: 1057:polymerase chain reaction 445:Hands deformed by leprosy 296:World Health Organization 205: 197: 177: 169: 159: 141: 131: 119: 71: 66: 57: 49: 44: 12131:Corynebacterium jeikeium 11795:Tuberculous pericarditis 11609:Actinomyces gerencseriae 11219:Thrombocytopenic purpura 10865:Dermatitis herpetiformis 10850:Acute contact dermatitis 10802:Pityriasis rubra pilaris 10727:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome 10697:Lichen simplex chronicus 10577:Epidermal inclusion cyst 10214:(Report). October 2018. 7895:10.1177/0967772019888406 7518:"Leprosy in New Zealand" 7305:. B&H. p. 194. 6761:Organization WH (1985). 5515:Diagnostic Cytopathology 5448:10.47276/lr.95.2.2024030 5070:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01674 3993:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01635 2645:Kingdom of Heaven (film) 2206: 474: 32:Leprosy (disambiguation) 11800:Urogenital tuberculosis 11629:Propionibacterium acnes 11571:Cutaneous actinomycosis 11484:Squamous-cell carcinoma 11479:Systemic histoplasmosis 10870:Porphyria cutanea tarda 10500:Squamous-cell carcinoma 9684:Encyclopedia Britannica 8673:British Medical Journal 8668:British Medical Journal 8134:van der Loos H (1968). 7783:Encyclopædia Britannica 7659:British Medical Journal 7516:Montgomerie JZ (1988). 6931:10.1126/science/1109759 6866:10.1126/science/1109759 5057:Frontiers in Immunology 4394:"On the age of leprosy" 3980:Frontiers in Immunology 3945:"Q and A about leprosy" 3465:CDC (26 January 2018). 2970:. The Free Dictionary. 2968:"Definition of leprosy" 2826:upper respiratory tract 2758:, the TV adaptation of 2657:Baldwin IV of Jerusalem 2406:Baldwin IV of Jerusalem 2392:Saint Damien De Veuster 2161:on his deathbed in 1889 2150:Leprosy and imperialism 1752:and Kausika Sutra, the 1648:Historical distribution 1362:Epidemiology of leprosy 1195:and lepromatous ("LL") 601:, and cannot be grown ( 11805:Tuberculous dactylitis 11756:Tuberculous cellulitis 11459:Cicatricial pemphigoid 11376:Acne keloidalis nuchae 11371:Folliculitis decalvans 10098:Cell Reports. Medicine 9291:Seychelles News Agency 8917:10.3201/eid2908.220367 8213:Social Science Journal 8061:Clinics in Dermatology 7465:Stephanus Antiochensis 6703:. ILEP. Archived from 6271:Clinical trial number 4887:"Treatment of leprosy" 3886:Clinics in Dermatology 3208:Clinics in Dermatology 2814:nine-banded armadillos 2162: 2126: 2048: 1924: 1825:Gerhard Armauer Hansen 1816: 1675:strain 2 in Ethiopia, 1644: 1464: 1371: 1288: 994: 892:cell-mediated immunity 520: 339:Gerhard Armauer Hansen 212:Gerhard Armauer Hansen 12162:Gardnerella vaginalis 12065:Nocardia brasiliensis 11361:Loose anagen syndrome 11288:Necrobiosis lipoidica 11224:Actinic/solar purpura 10898:Insect bite reactions 10687:Seborrheic dermatitis 10510:Merkel-cell carcinoma 10490:Molluscum contagiosum 9646:10.1353/vcr.2016.0011 9195:"Leprosy elimination" 9138:. 18 September 2003. 8724:Svein Atle Skålevåg. 8703:. McGill University. 8566:. Oxford: Blackwell. 8137:The Miracles of Jesus 8105:"Is Tzaraat Leprosy?" 7950:(WHO). Archived from 7929:14 April 2021 at the 7869:Arch Dermato Syphilis 7671:10.1136/bmj.1.5688.89 7591:Magazine S, Wong KM. 7409:Marcellus the Emperic 6646:(WHO). Archived from 6341:(WHO). Archived from 5924:10.4161/hv.7.11.16848 5790:10.5025/hansen.69.101 4987:10.1056/NEJMoa1010536 4335:The Veterinary Record 4267:(WHO). Archived from 3259:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0076 2876:transcription factors 2874:are generated by the 2862:strain discovered on 2799:The Covenant of Water 2715:— In the video game 2157: 2124: 2089:third Lateran Council 2046: 1922: 1814: 1634: 1377: 1369: 1286: 1004:Positive skin smears. 992: 680:Mycobacterium leprae, 503: 365:; eye problems; skin 53:Hansen's disease (HD) 11768:Lichen scrofulosorum 11620:Propionibacteriaceae 11560:Actinomyces israelii 11184:Annulare centrifugum 10707:Glucagonoma syndrome 10505:Basal-cell carcinoma 10480:Seborrheic keratosis 10185:Pam Fessler (2020). 10158:. 16 November 2022. 9818:10.47276/lr.76.3.198 9626:Fernandez J (2016). 9230:Medical Anthropology 9109:on 17 September 2006 8848:. 13 February 2019. 8753:"Carl Wilhelm Boeck" 7597:Smithsonian Magazine 7302:The Gospels and Acts 7272:Haubrich WS (2003). 7235:"The Name 'Leprosy'" 7159:. 16 December 2009. 6733:. 11 February 2016. 6418:Global Mental Health 5703:Journal of Neurology 4945:. 18 November 2009. 4689:. 11 February 2016. 4649:Dermatologic Clinics 4528:10.1099/jmm.0.000606 4462:12 June 2022 at the 4456:, 11 November 2016. 4448:12 June 2022 at the 4297:. 11 February 2016. 4173:McMurray DN (1996). 4147:. 11 February 2016. 3919:Kulkarni GS (2008). 3810:. 11 February 2016. 3742:McMenamin D (2011). 3178:. 28 November 2008. 2916:Dermatologic Therapy 2852:Mycobacterium leprae 2822:Mycobacterium leprae 2818:Dasypus novemcinctus 2808:Infection of animals 2783:Entertainment Weekly 2699:'s leper settlement. 2615:has an album titled 2611:— Death metal band 2599:Stephen R. Donaldson 2191:Henry Vandyke Carter 2065:Eastern Roman Empire 2057:Gregory of Nazianzus 1823:, was discovered by 1654:comparative genomics 492:Mycobacterium leprae 399:Secondary infections 237:Mycobacterium leprae 147:Mycobacterium leprae 30:For other uses, see 12061:Nocardia asteroides 11956:Mycobacterium avium 11859:Lepromatous leprosy 11839:Tuberculoid leprosy 11580:Tropheryma whipplei 11429:Aphthous stomatitis 11366:Lichen planopilaris 11341:Androgenic alopecia 11147:Fixed drug eruption 10722:Pemphigus foliaceus 10622:Granular cell tumor 10069:. 17 January 2013. 9990:. 25 October 2017. 9776:. 10 October 2022. 9532:. CABI. p. 8. 9359:. 14 January 2016. 8680:(2680): 1091–1092. 8466:David & Charles 7777:13 May 2013 at the 7710:(8283): 1199–1202. 7489:Rotberg RI (2001). 7405:Octavius Horatianus 7233:Lendrum FC (1954). 7111:2009PLoSO...4.5669R 7052:2013PLoSO...884814R 6993:2009PLoSO...4.5669R 6925:(5724): 1040–1042. 6860:(5724): 1040–1042. 6241:2016Natur.537...12. 6173:on 15 November 2015 5484:"Leprosy: Overview" 5305:on 10 February 2011 5225:10.1155/2012/181089 4897:(7454): 1447–1448. 3780:. 22 October 2018. 3467:"World Leprosy Day" 2860:Mycobacteria leprae 2770:Viserys I Targaryen 2760:George R. R. Martin 2755:House of the Dragon 2629:"Weird Al" Yankovic 2433:Henry IV of England 2308:Leprosy in Tahiti, 2283:Leper colony stigma 2241:Carville, Louisiana 2219:colonial government 2047:Medieval leper bell 1915:Society and culture 1394: < 1.5 1136:tuberculoid ("BT") 1132:tuberculoid ("TT"), 900:Parkinson's disease 726:Two exit routes of 674:skull excavated in 517:Ziehl–Neelsen stain 515:appears red when a 126:Infectious diseases 12211:Bacterial diseases 12153:Bifidobacteriaceae 12094:Corynebacteriaceae 12069:Nocardia farcinica 11906:Aquarium granuloma 11849:Borderline leprosy 11736:Erythema induratum 11449:Pemphigus vulgaris 11278:Granuloma annulare 11142:Carcinoid syndrome 11027:Tuberous sclerosis 10986:Coccidioidomycosis 10860:Bullous pemphigoid 10855:Pemphigus vulgaris 10787:Secondary syphilis 10677:Contact dermatitis 10355:External resources 9858:10.1242/dmm.010215 9389:. 8 January 2016. 9224:Staples J (2014). 9172:on 18 October 2014 8871:Dobson M (2013) . 8846:The Economic Times 8783:Gussow Z (2021) . 8606:on 8 October 2021. 8499:Intriguing history 8495:"Medieval Leprosy" 8408:The Medieval world 8262:Brenner E (2010). 7954:on 11 October 2014 7856:on 26 August 2009. 7807:on 1 February 2010 7397:Caelius Aurelianus 6650:on 18 October 2016 6615:on 22 October 2019 6430:10.1017/gmh.2020.3 6279:ClinicalTrials.gov 6004:10.1586/ERV.09.161 4939:"What is Leprosy?" 2560:The House Is Black 2491:"Koolau the Leper" 2400:Kingdom of Hawaiʻi 2163: 2144:Carl Wilhelm Boeck 2127: 2049: 2033:Isidore of Seville 1925: 1817: 1645: 1627:History of leprosy 1465: 1460: > 20 1372: 1293:leprostatic agents 1289: 1172:borderline ("BB") 995: 699:develop symptoms. 521: 385:of the testes and 357:Signs and symptoms 12216:Tropical diseases 12171: 12170: 12147: 12146: 12046: 12045: 12042: 12041: 11761:Tuberculous gumma 11644:Corynebacterineae 11638: 11637: 11587:Whipple's disease 11496: 11495: 11492: 11491: 11336:Telogen effluvium 11300: 11299: 11296: 11295: 11257: 11256: 11253: 11252: 11198: 11197: 11050: 11049: 10918:Lichen spinulosus 10913:Keratosis pilaris 10792:Mycosis fungoides 10692:Stasis dermatitis 10682:Atopic dermatitis 10645: 10644: 10520:Trichoepithelioma 10495:Actinic keratosis 10415: 10414: 10231:978-92-9022-638-3 9605:978-1-85532-395-7 9592:Bryant A (1995). 9539:978-1-78064-682-4 9526:Webber R (2015). 9454:978-0-521-64187-6 9425:978-0-7432-3301-9 9412:Tayman J (2007). 9387:Seychelles Weekly 9357:Seychelles Nation 8882:978-1-4351-5166-6 8798:978-0-3670-0292-3 8710:978-0-494-72613-6 8573:978-1-4051-2964-0 8562:Moore RI (2007). 8501:. 24 April 2017. 8475:978-0-06-496016-8 8444:978-1-112-20443-2 8419:978-1-85585-081-1 8243:on 15 August 2016 8203:Covey HC (2001). 7944:"WHO donated MDT" 7635:978-0-521-43686-1 7502:978-0-262-68130-8 7477:Guido de Cauliaco 7393:Scribonius Largus 7389:Serenus Samonicus 7350:978-1-58330-592-8 7312:978-1-4336-8101-1 7285:978-1-930513-49-5 6782:978-92-4-120716-4 6707:on 12 August 2014 6345:on 4 October 2014 6167:"Leprosy Vaccine" 6041:(24): 3408–3410. 5918:(11): 1172–1183. 5602:978-0-7216-2921-6 5115:978-1-4160-4470-3 5025:. 29 April 2013. 4981:(17): 1626–1633. 4862:. 29 April 2013. 4521:(11): 1640–1649. 4188:978-0-9631172-1-2 4118:978-0-8385-8529-0 3930:978-81-8448-242-3 3755:978-0-7864-6323-7 3451:978-0-313-34102-1 3432:Byrne JP (2008). 3407:978-0-12-381302-2 3374:978-92-9022-638-3 3306:. 29 April 2013. 2844:and lymph nodes. 2551:Forugh Farrokhzad 2426:Douglas MacArthur 2418:Josefina Guerrero 2382:Josephine Cafrine 2228:Indian government 2179:medical diagnosis 2029:Gregory the Great 1934:Nippon Foundation 1759:, and the Hebrew 1734:Great Chesterford 1707:3rd millennium BC 1699:2nd millennium BC 1618: 1617: 1560:No. of new cases 1236: 1235: 1222:epithelioid cells 1155:epithelioid cells 952:peripheral nerves 883: 882: 713:respiratory tract 651:of the armadillo 615:Koch's postulates 394:incubation period 377:; and changes in 371:peripheral nerves 351:World Leprosy Day 252:respiratory tract 217: 216: 173:Multidrug therapy 39:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 12228: 12188: 12187: 12186: 12179: 12083:Rhodococcus equi 11879: 11878: 11746:Prosector's wart 11658: 11657: 11653:Mycobacteriaceae 11649: 11648: 11551:Actinomycetaceae 11547: 11546: 11523: 11516: 11509: 11500: 11499: 11434:Oral candidiasis 11311: 11310: 11209: 11208: 11137:Erythema nodosum 11081: 11080: 11070: 11069: 11063: 11062: 11007:Tinea versicolor 10845:Bullous impetigo 10782:Pityriasis rosea 10717:Lichen sclerosus 10702:Darier's disease 10667: 10666: 10656: 10655: 10612:Kaposi's sarcoma 10458: 10457: 10442: 10435: 10428: 10419: 10418: 10256: 10255: 10235: 10223: 10200: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10167: 10148: 10142: 10141: 10123: 10113: 10089: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10078: 10059: 10053: 10052: 10042: 10010: 10004: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9980: 9974: 9973: 9971: 9969: 9954: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9923: 9917: 9916: 9911: 9886: 9880: 9879: 9869: 9837: 9831: 9830: 9820: 9796: 9790: 9789: 9787: 9785: 9764: 9758: 9757: 9755: 9753: 9734: 9728: 9727: 9725: 9723: 9706: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9676: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9665: 9633:Victorian Review 9623: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9589: 9583: 9582: 9571:10.2307/40093803 9554: 9548: 9547: 9523: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9492: 9486: 9485: 9465: 9459: 9458: 9440: 9434: 9433: 9409: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9379: 9373: 9372: 9370: 9368: 9349: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9326:. 9 March 2017. 9316: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9283: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9269: 9221: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9191: 9182: 9181: 9179: 9177: 9168:. Archived from 9158: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9125: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9114: 9105:. Archived from 9095: 9084: 9083: 9047: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9036: 9017: 9011: 9010: 9000: 8976: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8945: 8939: 8938: 8928: 8911:(8): 1698–1700. 8896: 8887: 8886: 8868: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8838: 8832: 8831: 8829: 8809: 8803: 8802: 8780: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8748: 8742: 8741: 8739: 8737: 8721: 8715: 8714: 8696: 8690: 8689: 8664: 8658: 8657: 8656:on 27 June 2022. 8652:. Archived from 8614: 8608: 8607: 8584: 8578: 8577: 8559: 8553: 8552: 8524: 8515: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8491: 8480: 8479: 8458:Rubin S (1974). 8455: 8449: 8448: 8430: 8424: 8423: 8411: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8373: 8367: 8366: 8364: 8362: 8330: 8315: 8314: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8259: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8248: 8242: 8236:. Archived from 8209: 8200: 8189: 8188: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8131: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8120: 8100: 8094: 8091: 8085: 8084: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8039: 8029: 8005: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7979:Science Reporter 7970: 7964: 7963: 7961: 7959: 7940: 7934: 7921: 7915: 7914: 7878: 7872: 7871:1898; 44:159–174 7866: 7860: 7857: 7841: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7793: 7787: 7768: 7762: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7742: 7736: 7735: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7682: 7650: 7644: 7643: 7619: 7613: 7612: 7610: 7608: 7588: 7577: 7576: 7563:(in Norwegian). 7556: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7545: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7486: 7480: 7473:Abū Bakr al-Rāzī 7377: 7371: 7370: 7364:Adams F (1678). 7361: 7355: 7354: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7269: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7213: 7203: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7149: 7143: 7142: 7132: 7122: 7090: 7084: 7083: 7073: 7063: 7031: 7025: 7024: 7014: 7004: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6955: 6916: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6890: 6851: 6842: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6774: 6758: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6723: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6697: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6666: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6636: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6611:. Archived from 6601: 6595: 6594: 6584: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6546: 6540: 6539: 6529: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6492: 6482: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6441: 6409: 6396: 6395: 6385: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6299:(7): 1700–1707. 6287: 6281: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6252: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6146: 6129:(8): 1841–1850. 6114: 6108: 6107: 6097: 6073: 6067: 6066: 6030: 6024: 6023: 5987: 5981: 5980: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5935: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5860: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5814:Acta Leprologica 5809: 5803: 5802: 5792: 5768: 5762: 5761: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5650: 5640: 5616: 5607: 5606: 5590: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5553: 5547: 5546: 5527:10.1002/dc.20012 5510: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5450: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5409: 5399: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5358: 5348: 5324: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5301:. Archived from 5294: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5274: 5263: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5237: 5227: 5203: 5188: 5187: 5181: 5173: 5133: 5124: 5123: 5102:Cook GC (2009). 5099: 5093: 5092: 5082: 5072: 5048: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5015: 5009: 5008: 4998: 4966: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4943:News-Medical.net 4934: 4925: 4924: 4914: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4835: 4825: 4810:An Bras Dermatol 4801: 4795: 4794: 4776: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4592: 4582: 4558: 4549: 4548: 4530: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4476: 4467: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4423: 4413: 4389: 4380: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4347:10.1136/vr.g5680 4330: 4324: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4287: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4271:on 9 August 2020 4257: 4251: 4250: 4240: 4216: 4205: 4204: 4170: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4106: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4079: 4047: 4016: 4015: 4005: 3995: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3958: 3956: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3865:on 5 August 2013 3864: 3858:. Archived from 3843: 3833: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3770: 3764: 3763: 3739: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3531: 3514: 3513: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3439: 3429: 3420: 3419: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3366: 3351: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3296: 3281: 3280: 3270: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3203: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3168: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3133: 3056: 3055: 3019: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2931: 2907: 2795: 2751: 2739: 2727: 2714: 2704: 2686: 2671:Monk (TV Series) 2668: 2642: 2626: 2610: 2590: 2568: 2548: 2539:A Burnt-Out Case 2535: 2522: 2502: 2495:Tales of Hawai'i 2488: 2472: 2465:Leprosy in media 2445:Ōtani Yoshitsugu 2438:Vietnamese poet 2412:Ingeborg Grytten 2335: 2323: 2314: 2311: 2305: 2213:Leprosy in India 2081:Chalon-sur-Saône 2025:Early Christians 1949:Historical texts 1770: 1638:, discoverer of 1498: 1497: 1459: 1453: 1447: 1441: 1435: 1429: 1423: 1417: 1411: 1405: 1399: 1393: 1387: 1313:fluoroquinolones 1151:epithelioid cell 1099: 1098: 1026:tinea versicolor 959:white blood cell 749: 748: 666:Sciurus vulgaris 658:zoonotic disease 560:and rod-shaped. 466: 454: 442: 430: 418: 375:nasal cartilages 336: 330: 329: 324: 318: 317: 273:poorly pigmented 224:Hansen's disease 222:, also known as 111: 110: 107: 106: 103: 100: 97: 94: 91: 88: 85: 62: 42: 41: 21: 12236: 12235: 12231: 12230: 12229: 12227: 12226: 12225: 12196: 12195: 12194: 12184: 12182: 12174: 12172: 12167: 12143: 12088: 12038: 11999: 11933: 11912: 11868: 11864:Histoid leprosy 11819: 11666: 11663:M. tuberculosis 11634: 11614: 11536: 11527: 11497: 11488: 11420: 11413: 11380: 11346:Alopecia areata 11324: 11306: 11292: 11249: 11228: 11204: 11194: 11151: 11110: 11096:Viral exanthems 11074: 11058: 11056: 11046: 11017:Pityriasis alba 10995: 10937: 10879: 10816: 10736: 10732:Zinc deficiency 10662: 10660: 10641: 10569: 10560: 10524: 10515:Nevus sebaceous 10449: 10446: 10416: 10411: 10410: 10350: 10349: 10267: 10242: 10232: 10203: 10197: 10181: 10179:Further reading 10176: 10175: 10165: 10163: 10150: 10149: 10145: 10090: 10086: 10076: 10074: 10061: 10060: 10056: 10011: 10007: 9997: 9995: 9982: 9981: 9977: 9967: 9965: 9964:. 30 March 2019 9956: 9955: 9951: 9941: 9939: 9924: 9920: 9909: 9887: 9883: 9838: 9834: 9797: 9793: 9783: 9781: 9766: 9765: 9761: 9751: 9749: 9736: 9735: 9731: 9721: 9719: 9708: 9707: 9703: 9693: 9691: 9678: 9677: 9673: 9663: 9661: 9624: 9620: 9610: 9608: 9606: 9590: 9586: 9555: 9551: 9540: 9524: 9520: 9510: 9508: 9493: 9489: 9482: 9466: 9462: 9455: 9441: 9437: 9426: 9410: 9406: 9396: 9394: 9381: 9380: 9376: 9366: 9364: 9351: 9350: 9343: 9333: 9331: 9318: 9317: 9310: 9300: 9298: 9285: 9284: 9277: 9267: 9265: 9222: 9218: 9208: 9206: 9193: 9192: 9185: 9175: 9173: 9160: 9159: 9155: 9145: 9143: 9127: 9126: 9122: 9112: 9110: 9097: 9096: 9087: 9048: 9044: 9034: 9032: 9019: 9018: 9014: 8977: 8973: 8963: 8961: 8946: 8942: 8897: 8890: 8883: 8869: 8865: 8855: 8853: 8840: 8839: 8835: 8811: 8810: 8806: 8799: 8781: 8772: 8762: 8760: 8749: 8745: 8735: 8733: 8722: 8718: 8711: 8697: 8693: 8665: 8661: 8642:10.2307/2841703 8615: 8611: 8585: 8581: 8574: 8560: 8556: 8525: 8518: 8508: 8506: 8493: 8492: 8483: 8476: 8456: 8452: 8445: 8433:Clay R (1909). 8431: 8427: 8420: 8399: 8395: 8388: 8374: 8370: 8360: 8358: 8331: 8318: 8303: 8299: 8289: 8287: 8268:History Compass 8260: 8256: 8246: 8244: 8240: 8207: 8201: 8192: 8177:10.2307/2803354 8161: 8157: 8147: 8145: 8132: 8128: 8118: 8116: 8101: 8097: 8092: 8088: 8057: 8053: 8006: 8002: 7992: 7990: 7971: 7967: 7957: 7955: 7942: 7941: 7937: 7931:Wayback Machine 7922: 7918: 7879: 7875: 7867: 7863: 7844: 7836:. 25 May 2001. 7828: 7824: 7820: 7810: 7808: 7795: 7794: 7790: 7779:Wayback Machine 7769: 7765: 7755: 7753: 7744: 7743: 7739: 7700: 7696: 7665:(5688): 89–92. 7651: 7647: 7636: 7620: 7616: 7606: 7604: 7589: 7580: 7557: 7553: 7543: 7541: 7514: 7510: 7503: 7487: 7483: 7429:Aëtius of Amida 7378: 7374: 7362: 7358: 7351: 7337: 7336: 7332: 7322: 7320: 7313: 7297: 7293: 7286: 7270: 7266: 7256: 7254: 7231: 7227: 7194:(5): e1006997. 7180: 7176: 7166: 7164: 7151: 7150: 7146: 7091: 7087: 7032: 7028: 6973: 6969: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6914: 6908: 6904: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6849: 6843: 6836: 6826: 6824: 6811: 6810: 6806: 6783: 6759: 6750: 6740: 6738: 6725: 6724: 6720: 6710: 6708: 6699: 6698: 6694: 6684: 6682: 6667: 6663: 6653: 6651: 6638: 6637: 6628: 6618: 6616: 6603: 6602: 6598: 6582: 6578: 6577: 6573: 6563: 6561: 6548: 6547: 6543: 6511: 6510: 6506: 6459: 6455: 6410: 6399: 6362: 6358: 6348: 6346: 6333: 6332: 6328: 6288: 6284: 6270: 6266: 6250:10.1038/537012a 6223: 6222: 6218: 6208: 6206: 6201:. 6 June 2014. 6191: 6190: 6186: 6176: 6174: 6165: 6164: 6160: 6115: 6111: 6074: 6070: 6031: 6027: 5988: 5984: 5953: 5949: 5904: 5900: 5890: 5888: 5883:. 3 June 2021. 5879: 5878: 5874: 5837: 5833: 5810: 5806: 5769: 5765: 5742: 5738: 5699: 5695: 5685: 5683: 5668: 5664: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5581: 5577: 5554: 5550: 5511: 5507: 5497: 5495: 5480: 5476: 5466: 5464: 5427: 5423: 5376: 5372: 5325: 5318: 5308: 5306: 5297: 5295: 5288: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5261: 5255: 5251: 5204: 5191: 5175: 5174: 5134: 5127: 5116: 5100: 5096: 5049: 5042: 5032: 5030: 5017: 5016: 5012: 4967: 4963: 4952: 4950: 4937: 4935: 4928: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4854: 4853: 4849: 4802: 4798: 4753: 4749: 4710: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4645: 4641: 4610: 4606: 4573:(5): e0004703. 4559: 4552: 4507: 4503: 4493: 4491: 4478: 4477: 4470: 4464:Wayback Machine 4450:Wayback Machine 4441: 4437: 4390: 4383: 4374: 4370: 4341:(11): 285–286. 4331: 4327: 4318: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4274: 4272: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4217: 4208: 4189: 4171: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4119: 4097: 4093: 4062:(7): CD012235. 4048: 4019: 3972: 3968: 3954: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3917: 3913: 3882: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3772: 3771: 3767: 3756: 3740: 3736: 3726: 3724: 3719:. 6 June 2011. 3711: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3679: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3662:on 8 April 2010 3652: 3648: 3629: 3625: 3615: 3613: 3608:. August 2023. 3598: 3597: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3532: 3517: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3463: 3459: 3452: 3430: 3423: 3408: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3353: 3352: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3298: 3297: 3284: 3239: 3235: 3204: 3195: 3185: 3183: 3170: 3169: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3135: 3134: 3059: 3020: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2864:Brownsea Island 2840:at the site of 2810: 2774:Paddy Considine 2718:Darkest Dungeon 2653:William Monahan 2651:and written by 2582:My Uncle Oswald 2481:Rudyard Kipling 2475:Life's Handicap 2467: 2456:British writer 2378: 2346: 2339: 2336: 2327: 2324: 2315: 2312: 2306: 2285: 2275: 2266: 2261: 2237: 2215: 2209: 2204: 2152: 2132: 2119: 2069:palliative care 2061:John Chrysostom 2041: 1982:ritual impurity 1951: 1930: 1917: 1909: 1901:Ernest W. Price 1837: 1743: 1650: 1636:G. H. A. Hansen 1629: 1623: 1463: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1389: 1385: 1364: 1358: 1349: 1281: 1257: 1251:into the body. 1244: 1227:Histoid leprosy 1194: 1190:Multibacillary 1171: 1169: 1165:Multibacillary 1135: 1133: 1129:Paucibacillary 1105:Ridley-Jopling 1068: 1031:In some cases, 987: 978:autonomic nerve 912: 747: 709: 692: 684:Brownsea Island 664:Red squirrels ( 611:M. lepromatosis 595:M. lepromatosis 583:M. lepromatosis 540:M. lepromatosis 532:M. lepromatosis 528:M. lepromatosis 498: 490:Main articles: 488: 485:M. lepromatosis 477: 470: 467: 458: 455: 446: 443: 434: 431: 422: 419: 359: 115: 82: 78: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12234: 12224: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12193: 12192: 12169: 12168: 12166: 12165: 12157: 12155: 12149: 12148: 12145: 12144: 12142: 12141: 12140: 12139: 12127: 12126: 12125: 12113: 12112: 12111: 12098: 12096: 12090: 12089: 12087: 12086: 12079: 12078: 12077: 12056: 12054: 12048: 12047: 12044: 12043: 12040: 12039: 12037: 12036: 12029: 12022: 12014: 12012: 12001: 12000: 11998: 11997: 11994:M. haemophilum 11990: 11989: 11988: 11976: 11975: 11974: 11944: 11942: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11931: 11923: 11921: 11914: 11913: 11911: 11910: 11909: 11908: 11896: 11888: 11886: 11876: 11874:Nontuberculous 11870: 11869: 11867: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11831: 11829: 11821: 11820: 11818: 11817: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11781: 11780: 11770: 11765: 11764: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11741:Lupus vulgaris 11738: 11733: 11721: 11720: 11719: 11709: 11708: 11707: 11702: 11692: 11687: 11685:Ghon's complex 11673: 11671: 11655: 11646: 11640: 11639: 11636: 11635: 11633: 11632: 11624: 11622: 11616: 11615: 11613: 11612: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11591: 11590: 11589: 11575: 11574: 11573: 11568: 11555: 11553: 11544: 11542:Actinomycineae 11538: 11537: 11534:Actinomycetota 11526: 11525: 11518: 11511: 11503: 11494: 11493: 11490: 11489: 11487: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11469:Coxsackievirus 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11425: 11423: 11415: 11414: 11412: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11390: 11388: 11382: 11381: 11379: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11332: 11330: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11308: 11302: 11301: 11298: 11297: 11294: 11293: 11291: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11265: 11263: 11259: 11258: 11255: 11254: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11247: 11242: 11236: 11234: 11230: 11229: 11227: 11226: 11221: 11215: 11213: 11206: 11200: 11199: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11192: 11186: 11181: 11179:Gyratum repens 11176: 11171: 11165: 11159: 11157: 11153: 11152: 11150: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11118: 11116: 11112: 11111: 11109: 11108: 11103: 11101:Toxic erythema 11098: 11093: 11091:Drug eruptions 11087: 11085: 11078: 11067: 11060: 11052: 11051: 11048: 11047: 11045: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11003: 11001: 10997: 10996: 10994: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10963: 10958: 10953: 10947: 10945: 10939: 10938: 10936: 10935: 10930: 10928:Lichen nitidus 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10889: 10887: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10842: 10837: 10832: 10830:Herpes simplex 10826: 10824: 10818: 10817: 10815: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10752: 10746: 10744: 10738: 10737: 10735: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10673: 10671: 10664: 10653: 10647: 10646: 10643: 10642: 10640: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10573: 10571: 10562: 10561: 10559: 10558: 10553: 10548: 10543: 10538: 10532: 10530: 10526: 10525: 10523: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10466: 10464: 10455: 10451: 10450: 10445: 10444: 10437: 10430: 10422: 10413: 10412: 10409: 10408: 10399: 10388: 10371: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10352: 10351: 10348: 10347: 10336: 10325: 10314: 10299: 10284: 10268: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10259:Classification 10253: 10252: 10241: 10240:External links 10238: 10237: 10236: 10230: 10201: 10196:978-1631495038 10195: 10180: 10177: 10174: 10173: 10143: 10104:(11): 100820. 10084: 10054: 10025:(1–2): 51–67. 10005: 9975: 9949: 9918: 9897:(2): 137–151. 9881: 9832: 9811:(3): 198–208. 9805:Leprosy Review 9791: 9759: 9742:Apple Podcasts 9729: 9701: 9671: 9618: 9604: 9584: 9549: 9538: 9518: 9487: 9480: 9460: 9453: 9435: 9424: 9404: 9374: 9341: 9308: 9275: 9216: 9183: 9153: 9120: 9085: 9058:(2): 216–230. 9042: 9012: 8991:(3): 310–330. 8971: 8940: 8888: 8881: 8863: 8833: 8804: 8797: 8770: 8743: 8716: 8709: 8691: 8659: 8609: 8590:(March 1798). 8579: 8572: 8554: 8516: 8481: 8474: 8450: 8443: 8425: 8418: 8393: 8387:978-0801470769 8386: 8368: 8345:(1/2): 16–28. 8316: 8297: 8274:(5): 388–406. 8254: 8190: 8155: 8126: 8095: 8086: 8051: 8000: 7965: 7935: 7916: 7873: 7861: 7859: 7858: 7842: 7818: 7788: 7763: 7737: 7694: 7645: 7634: 7614: 7578: 7567:(7): 708–709. 7551: 7528:(2): 115–152. 7508: 7501: 7481: 7463:translated by 7433:Sicamus Aëtius 7372: 7356: 7349: 7330: 7311: 7291: 7284: 7264: 7225: 7188:PLOS Pathogens 7174: 7144: 7085: 7046:(12): e84814. 7026: 6967: 6902: 6834: 6804: 6781: 6748: 6718: 6692: 6661: 6626: 6596: 6571: 6541: 6504: 6453: 6397: 6376:(9): 383–393. 6356: 6326: 6282: 6264: 6216: 6184: 6158: 6109: 6068: 6025: 5998:(2): 209–222. 5982: 5963:(3): 162–170. 5947: 5912:Human Vaccines 5898: 5872: 5851:(3): 263–268. 5845:Leprosy Review 5831: 5820:(4): 187–194. 5804: 5783:(2): 101–106. 5763: 5752:(3): 261–267. 5736: 5709:(7): 806–809. 5693: 5662: 5631:(3): 389–401. 5608: 5601: 5575: 5564:(3): 255–273. 5548: 5521:(6): 386–388. 5505: 5474: 5435:Leprosy Review 5421: 5370: 5316: 5286: 5249: 5189: 5148:(2): 169–170. 5125: 5114: 5094: 5040: 5010: 4961: 4926: 4877: 4847: 4816:(2): 205–218. 4796: 4767:(7): 554–563. 4747: 4704: 4674: 4655:(1): 125–128. 4639: 4604: 4550: 4501: 4468: 4435: 4381: 4368: 4325: 4312: 4282: 4252: 4231:(4): 174–177. 4206: 4187: 4162: 4132: 4117: 4091: 4017: 3966: 3936: 3929: 3911: 3876: 3855:978-9241209687 3854: 3825: 3795: 3765: 3754: 3734: 3704: 3673: 3646: 3623: 3591: 3561: 3542:(6): 464–470. 3515: 3488: 3457: 3450: 3421: 3406: 3380: 3373: 3321: 3282: 3253:(3): 522–527. 3233: 3193: 3158: 3057: 3030:(2): 121–129. 2985: 2959: 2922:(6): 518–537. 2901: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2791: 2765:Fire and Blood 2747: 2735: 2723: 2710: 2700: 2691:is a novel by 2682: 2664: 2638: 2622: 2606: 2586: 2564: 2544: 2531: 2518: 2505:James Michener 2498: 2484: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2454: 2453:(feudal lord). 2442: 2436: 2429: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2389: 2377: 2374: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2318: 2316: 2307: 2300: 2279:Leprosy stigma 2274: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2245:Leprosy stigma 2236: 2233: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2196:decolonization 2151: 2148: 2131: 2128: 2118: 2115: 2073:Constantinople 2040: 2037: 2031:(540–604) and 1950: 1947: 1929: 1928:Treatment cost 1926: 1916: 1913: 1908: 1905: 1836: 1833: 1742: 1739: 1717:, next to the 1691: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1673: 1666:M. leprae 1649: 1646: 1625:Main article: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1493:disease burden 1456: 1450: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1414: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1390: 1384: 1383: 1382: 1360:Main article: 1357: 1354: 1348: 1345: 1321:clarithromycin 1280: 1277: 1256: 1253: 1243: 1240: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1166: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1119: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1103: 1097: 1096: 1089: 1082: 1079: 1067: 1066:Classification 1064: 1006: 1005: 1002: 986: 983: 911: 908: 881: 880: 878: 873: 870: 866: 865: 858: 853: 850: 846: 845: 838: 833: 830: 826: 825: 818: 813: 810: 806: 805: 794: 789: 786: 782: 781: 779: 774: 771: 767: 766: 763: 758: 753: 746: 743: 708: 705: 691: 688: 676:Hoxne, Suffolk 637:sooty mangabey 487: 478: 476: 473: 472: 471: 468: 461: 459: 456: 449: 447: 444: 437: 435: 432: 425: 423: 420: 413: 358: 355: 304:leper colonies 215: 214: 209: 203: 202: 201:209,000 (2018) 199: 195: 194: 181: 175: 174: 171: 167: 166: 163: 157: 156: 143: 139: 138: 135: 129: 128: 123: 117: 116: 114: 113: 75: 73: 69: 68: 64: 63: 55: 54: 51: 47: 46: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12233: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12203: 12201: 12191: 12181: 12180: 12177: 12164: 12163: 12159: 12158: 12156: 12154: 12150: 12138: 12135: 12134: 12133: 12132: 12128: 12124: 12121: 12120: 12119: 12118: 12114: 12110: 12107: 12106: 12105: 12104: 12100: 12099: 12097: 12095: 12091: 12085: 12084: 12080: 12076: 12073: 12072: 12071: 12070: 12066: 12062: 12058: 12057: 12055: 12053: 12049: 12035: 12034: 12030: 12028: 12027: 12023: 12021: 12020: 12016: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12006: 12002: 11996: 11995: 11991: 11987: 11984: 11983: 11982: 11981: 11977: 11973: 11972:MAI infection 11970: 11969: 11968: 11964: 11963: 11958: 11957: 11952: 11950: 11946: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11936: 11930: 11929: 11925: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11915: 11907: 11904: 11903: 11902: 11901: 11897: 11895: 11894: 11890: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11871: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11836: 11833: 11832: 11830: 11828: 11827: 11822: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11779: 11776: 11775: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11731:Scrofuloderma 11729: 11728: 11727: 11726: 11722: 11718: 11715: 11714: 11713: 11710: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11697: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11682: 11678: 11675: 11674: 11672: 11670: 11669: 11664: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11641: 11631: 11630: 11626: 11625: 11623: 11621: 11617: 11611: 11610: 11606: 11602: 11599: 11598: 11597: 11596: 11592: 11588: 11585: 11584: 11582: 11581: 11576: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11566:Actinomycosis 11564: 11563: 11562: 11561: 11557: 11556: 11554: 11552: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11524: 11519: 11517: 11512: 11510: 11505: 11504: 11501: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11439:Lichen planus 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11426: 11424: 11422: 11416: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11394:Onychomycosis 11392: 11391: 11389: 11387: 11383: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11356:Tinea capitis 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11333: 11331: 11327: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11316: 11312: 11309: 11305:Miscellaneous 11303: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11270: 11267: 11266: 11264: 11260: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11231: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11216: 11214: 11210: 11207: 11203:Nonblanchable 11201: 11190: 11187: 11185: 11182: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11160: 11158: 11154: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11113: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11088: 11086: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11071: 11068: 11064: 11061: 11053: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11004: 11002: 11000:Hypopigmented 10998: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10951:Acne vulgaris 10949: 10948: 10946: 10944: 10940: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10903:Lichen planus 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10890: 10888: 10886: 10882: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10835:Herpes zoster 10833: 10831: 10828: 10827: 10825: 10823: 10819: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10807:Parapsoriasis 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10747: 10745: 10743: 10739: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10674: 10672: 10668: 10665: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10648: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10574: 10572: 10567: 10563: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10547: 10544: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10533: 10531: 10527: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10467: 10465: 10463: 10459: 10456: 10452: 10443: 10438: 10436: 10431: 10429: 10424: 10423: 10420: 10407: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10394: 10393: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10381: 10377: 10376: 10372: 10370: 10366: 10365: 10361: 10360: 10357: 10353: 10346: 10342: 10341: 10337: 10335: 10331: 10330: 10326: 10324: 10320: 10319: 10315: 10313: 10309: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10298: 10294: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10283: 10279: 10278: 10274: 10270: 10269: 10266: 10261: 10257: 10251: 10247: 10244: 10243: 10233: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10213: 10211: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10192: 10189:. Liveright. 10188: 10183: 10182: 10161: 10157: 10153: 10147: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10088: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10058: 10050: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10032: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10016: 10009: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9979: 9963: 9959: 9953: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9922: 9914: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9896: 9892: 9885: 9877: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9836: 9828: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9802: 9795: 9779: 9775: 9774: 9769: 9763: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9733: 9717: 9713: 9712: 9705: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9675: 9659: 9655: 9651: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9634: 9629: 9622: 9607: 9601: 9597: 9596: 9588: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9553: 9545: 9541: 9535: 9531: 9530: 9522: 9506: 9502: 9501:Esquiremag.ph 9498: 9491: 9483: 9477: 9473: 9472: 9464: 9456: 9450: 9446: 9439: 9431: 9427: 9421: 9417: 9416: 9408: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9378: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9353:"Nation Home" 9348: 9346: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9315: 9313: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9282: 9280: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9220: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9190: 9188: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9157: 9141: 9137: 9135: 9130: 9124: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9046: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9016: 9008: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8975: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8944: 8936: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8895: 8893: 8884: 8878: 8874: 8867: 8851: 8847: 8843: 8837: 8828: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8808: 8800: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8758: 8754: 8747: 8731: 8727: 8720: 8712: 8706: 8702: 8695: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8674: 8669: 8663: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8613: 8605: 8601: 8598:(in German). 8597: 8593: 8589: 8583: 8575: 8569: 8565: 8558: 8550: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8535:(2): 315–21. 8534: 8530: 8523: 8521: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8477: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8462: 8454: 8446: 8440: 8436: 8429: 8421: 8415: 8410: 8409: 8403: 8397: 8389: 8383: 8379: 8372: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8313:(3): 439–456. 8312: 8308: 8301: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8265: 8258: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8220:(2): 315–21. 8219: 8215: 8214: 8206: 8199: 8197: 8195: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8166: 8159: 8143: 8139: 8138: 8130: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8099: 8090: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8055: 8047: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8004: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7969: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7939: 7932: 7928: 7925: 7920: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7877: 7870: 7865: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7826: 7822: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7792: 7785: 7784: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7767: 7751: 7747: 7741: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7698: 7690: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7649: 7641: 7637: 7631: 7627: 7626: 7618: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7555: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7512: 7504: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7485: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7368: 7360: 7352: 7346: 7342: 7341: 7334: 7318: 7314: 7308: 7304: 7303: 7295: 7287: 7281: 7277: 7276: 7268: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7229: 7221: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7178: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7148: 7140: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7089: 7081: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7030: 7022: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6971: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6913: 6906: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6848: 6841: 6839: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6808: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6764: 6757: 6755: 6753: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6600: 6592: 6589:(WHO). 2002. 6588: 6581: 6575: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6545: 6537: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6508: 6500: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6464: 6457: 6449: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6415: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6393: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6360: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6330: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6286: 6280: 6276: 6275: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6204: 6200: 6199: 6194: 6188: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6154: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6113: 6105: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6072: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6029: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5986: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5868: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5835: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5697: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5613: 5604: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5588: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5552: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5509: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5374: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5323: 5321: 5304: 5300: 5293: 5291: 5271: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5185: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5132: 5130: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5047: 5045: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4931: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4708: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4557: 4555: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4388: 4386: 4379:308: 1040–42. 4378: 4372: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4316: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4167: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4104: 4095: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4013: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3932: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3880: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3839: 3832: 3830: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3747: 3746: 3738: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3601: 3595: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3453: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3437: 3428: 3426: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3376: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2802: 2800: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2761: 2757: 2756: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2711: 2708: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2693:Alan Brennert 2690: 2683: 2680: 2679:Tony Shalhoub 2676: 2672: 2667:December 2005 2665: 2662: 2661:Edward Norton 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2595: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2541: 2540: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2499: 2496: 2492: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2469: 2468: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2447:, a Japanese 2446: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2376:Notable cases 2373: 2370: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2353: 2350: 2344:Public policy 2334: 2329: 2322: 2317: 2304: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2270: 2264:United States 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2235:United States 2232: 2229: 2224: 2223:British India 2220: 2217:In 1898, the 2214: 2199: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2187:Victorian era 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2167:Western world 2160: 2159:Father Damien 2156: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2123: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2099: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2045: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 2001:Matthew 8:1–4 1998: 1997:New Testament 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1957: 1956:Atharava Veda 1946: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1921: 1912: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1813: 1809: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1791:Francis Adams 1788: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1768: 1762: 1758: 1757:Ebers Papyrus 1755: 1751: 1748: 1738: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1713:in a tomb in 1712: 1708: 1704: 1701:. Located at 1700: 1695: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1681:New Caledonia 1678: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1448: 13.5–15 1442: 12–13.5 1436: 10.5–12 1388: No data 1380: 1376: 1368: 1363: 1353: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1285: 1276: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1252: 1249: 1242:Complications 1239: 1231: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1200: 1198:A30.4, A30.5 1197: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1168:midborderline 1167: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147:hypopigmented 1144: 1141: 1139:A30.1, A30.2 1138: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1010:hypopigmented 1003: 1000: 999: 998: 991: 982: 979: 974: 972: 968: 964: 960: 955: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 932:demyelination 929: 928:Schwann cells 925: 921: 917: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 888: 879: 877: 874: 871: 868: 867: 864: 863: 859: 857: 854: 851: 848: 847: 844: 843: 839: 837: 834: 831: 828: 827: 824: 823: 819: 817: 814: 811: 808: 807: 804: 803: 799: 795: 793: 790: 787: 784: 783: 780: 778: 775: 772: 769: 768: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 751: 750: 742: 740: 735: 733: 729: 724: 721: 716: 714: 704: 700: 698: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 667: 661: 659: 654: 650: 646: 645:red squirrels 642: 638: 634: 629: 627: 623: 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 577:Genetically, 575: 573: 572: 571:Mycobacterium 567: 566:cell envelope 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 497: 493: 486: 482: 465: 460: 453: 448: 441: 436: 429: 424: 417: 412: 411: 410: 408: 402: 400: 395: 390: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 354: 352: 348: 344: 343:social stigma 340: 335: 323: 312: 307: 305: 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 280: 278: 274: 269: 265: 264:pathogenicity 260: 257: 253: 249: 245: 244: 239: 238: 233: 229: 225: 221: 213: 210: 208: 204: 200: 196: 193: 189: 185: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 162: 158: 155: 154: 149: 148: 144: 140: 136: 134: 130: 127: 124: 122: 118: 109: 77: 76: 74: 72:Pronunciation 70: 65: 61: 56: 52: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 12160: 12129: 12115: 12101: 12081: 12059: 12052:Nocardiaceae 12033:M. abscessus 12031: 12024: 12019:M. fortuitum 12017: 11992: 11986:Buruli ulcer 11978: 11960: 11954: 11948: 11926: 11898: 11891: 11834: 11824: 11723: 11694: 11690:Pott disease 11677:Tuberculosis 11661: 11627: 11607: 11593: 11578: 11558: 11409:Ingrown nail 11036: 10981:Dermatophyte 10976:Gonococcemia 10961:Folliculitis 10602:Neurofibroma 10570:subcutaneous 10401: 10390: 10373: 10362: 10338: 10327: 10316: 10301: 10286: 10271: 10221:10665/274127 10208: 10186: 10164:. Retrieved 10155: 10146: 10101: 10097: 10087: 10075:. Retrieved 10066: 10057: 10022: 10018: 10008: 9996:. Retrieved 9987: 9978: 9966:. Retrieved 9961: 9952: 9940:. Retrieved 9931: 9921: 9894: 9890: 9884: 9852:(1): 19–24. 9849: 9845: 9835: 9808: 9804: 9794: 9782:. Retrieved 9771: 9762: 9750:. Retrieved 9741: 9732: 9720:. Retrieved 9710: 9704: 9692:. Retrieved 9683: 9674: 9662:. Retrieved 9637: 9631: 9621: 9609:. Retrieved 9594: 9587: 9562: 9559:Books Abroad 9558: 9552: 9528: 9521: 9509:. Retrieved 9500: 9490: 9470: 9463: 9444: 9438: 9414: 9407: 9395:. Retrieved 9386: 9377: 9365:. Retrieved 9356: 9332:. Retrieved 9323: 9299:. Retrieved 9290: 9266:. Retrieved 9233: 9229: 9219: 9207:. Retrieved 9174:. Retrieved 9170:the original 9165: 9156: 9144:. Retrieved 9132: 9123: 9111:. Retrieved 9107:the original 9102: 9055: 9051: 9045: 9033:. Retrieved 9024: 9015: 8988: 8984: 8974: 8962:. Retrieved 8953: 8943: 8908: 8904: 8872: 8866: 8854:. 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Retrieved 4144: 4135: 4102: 4094: 4059: 4055: 3983: 3979: 3969: 3960: 3953:. Retrieved 3939: 3920: 3914: 3892:(1): 26–37. 3889: 3885: 3879: 3867:. Retrieved 3860:the original 3837: 3816:. Retrieved 3807: 3798: 3786:. Retrieved 3777: 3768: 3744: 3737: 3725:. Retrieved 3716: 3707: 3695:. Retrieved 3687:Bangkok Post 3686: 3676: 3664:. Retrieved 3660:the original 3649: 3636: 3626: 3614:. Retrieved 3603: 3594: 3582:. Retrieved 3573: 3564: 3539: 3535: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3479:. Retrieved 3470: 3460: 3435: 3389: 3383: 3364:10665/274127 3354: 3312:. Retrieved 3303: 3250: 3246: 3236: 3214:(1): 24–31. 3211: 3207: 3184:. Retrieved 3176:ScienceDaily 3175: 3149:. Retrieved 3027: 3023: 2976:. Retrieved 2962: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2869: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2836:multiply in 2833: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2811: 2797: 2781: 2763: 2753: 2741: 2729: 2716: 2713:January 2016 2706: 2688: 2659:, played by 2649:Ridley Scott 2647:directed by 2632: 2616: 2592: 2580: 2574: 2573:short story 2558: 2537: 2525: 2508: 2494: 2474: 2460:(1910–1977). 2458:Peter Greave 2448: 2422:World War II 2366: 2351: 2347: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2267: 2259:21st century 2238: 2216: 2202:20th century 2175:bacteriology 2171:Global South 2164: 2137: 2133: 2117:19th century 2103: 2077: 2054: 2050: 2012: 2009:Luke 5:12–16 2005:Mark 1:40–45 1994: 1989: 1985: 1977: 1967: 1960: 1954: 1952: 1931: 1910: 1894: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1872: 1848: 1838: 1820: 1818: 1802:colonization 1799: 1794: 1777: 1744: 1731: 1696: 1692: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1651: 1639: 1485: 1474: 1466: 1430: 9–10.5 1356:Epidemiology 1350: 1329: 1325:bactericidal 1309: 1291:A number of 1290: 1273: 1269:tuberculosis 1262: 1258: 1247: 1245: 1237: 1201:Lepromatous 1142:Tuberculoid 1118:Description 1069: 1061: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1030: 1007: 996: 975: 971:phagocytosis 966: 956: 947: 923: 919: 915: 913: 886: 884: 860: 840: 820: 796: 736: 727: 725: 719: 717: 710: 707:Transmission 701: 696: 693: 690:Risk factors 679: 665: 662: 652: 630: 621: 619: 610: 606: 594: 590: 582: 578: 576: 569: 561: 549: 548: 543: 539: 531: 527: 523: 522: 512: 504: 484: 480: 403: 391: 360: 308: 300: 281: 267: 261: 241: 235: 227: 223: 219: 218: 161:Risk factors 151: 145: 36: 12075:Nocardiosis 12026:M. chelonae 11980:M. ulcerans 11928:M. gordonae 11893:M. kansasii 11464:Herpesvirus 11444:Leukoplakia 11269:Scleroderma 11156:Specialized 11084:Generalized 11059:involvement 10971:Candidiasis 10663:involvement 10637:Myxoid cyst 10485:Acrochordon 10364:MedlinePlus 10166:18 November 10077:18 November 9784:28 December 9773:Vanity Fair 9664:21 February 9611:28 February 9397:15 November 9367:16 November 9334:15 November 9301:15 November 9268:22 November 9236:(1): 6–20. 8636:: 376–385. 8588:von Zach FX 8509:10 November 8361:10 November 8290:10 November 8020:(1): e113. 7850:Japan Times 7607:27 December 7544:3 September 7469:Alsharavius 6960:22 November 6895:22 November 6772:10665/40171 6685:24 February 6619:26 February 6564:19 December 6274:NCT03302897 5686:12 February 5033:28 February 4870:28 February 4494:21 November 4323:45: 144–52. 4321:J Wildl Dis 4155:11 February 3778:www.cdc.gov 3727:28 November 3314:28 February 3151:10 February 2842:inoculation 2838:macrophages 2750:August 2022 2609:August 1988 2576:The Visitor 2471:August 1891 2313: 1895 2185:during the 2183:imperialism 2093:King Edward 2039:Middle Ages 1859:clofazimine 1840:Chaulmoogra 1789:. In 1846, 1783:Hippocrates 1750:Atharvaveda 1454: 15–20 1424: 7.5–9 1418: 6–7.5 1412: 4.5–6 1406: 3–4.5 1400: 1.5–3 1317:minocycline 1305:clofazimine 1218:nose bleeds 1178:Borderline 1016:), raised ( 965:may engulf 963:macrophages 904:biochemical 511:bacterium, 389:may occur. 292:clofazimine 256:extremities 207:Named after 192:clofazimine 50:Other names 12200:Categories 12123:Erythrasma 12109:Diphtheria 11900:M. marinum 11773:Tuberculid 11705:Rich focus 11700:Meningitis 11681:Ghon focus 11404:Paronychia 11245:Vasculitis 11169:Multiforme 11167:Erythema ( 11122:Cellulitis 11073:Blanchable 10822:Blistering 10812:Ichthyosis 10670:Eczematous 10582:Hemangioma 10392:Patient UK 10340:DiseasesDB 9962:Vet Record 9752:20 October 9722:20 January 9640:: 89–105. 9481:8200062503 9176:9 February 9113:9 February 8171:(4): 598. 8109:Chabad.org 8067:(1): 3–7. 7889:(1): 2–5. 7811:31 January 7471:, Rhases ( 7461:Haly Abbas 7447:; Arabic: 7439:, Nonnus, 7427:, Aetius ( 7167:31 January 6654:14 January 6209:20 October 6177:20 October 5891:2 February 5498:1 February 5441:(2): 1–3. 5390:(4): 107. 5218:: 181089. 4720:: 105041. 3955:22 January 3666:31 January 3584:12 January 3186:31 January 2978:25 January 2897:References 2675:Randy Zisk 2634:Poodle Hat 2571:Roald Dahl 2440:Hàn Mặc Tử 2386:Seychelles 2277:See also: 2211:See also: 2085:leprosaria 1962:Manusmriti 1863:rifampicin 1844:Alice Ball 1787:Common Era 1778:Compendium 1489:prevalence 1337:clioquinol 1333:ketanserin 1297:rifampicin 1255:Prevention 1134:borderline 1051:bacterial 739:armadillos 672:Norman era 641:cynomolgus 639:, and the 633:chimpanzee 626:armadillos 288:rifampicin 184:Rifampicin 179:Medication 11826:M. leprae 11725:cutaneous 11399:Psoriasis 11307:disorders 11262:Indurated 11163:Urticaria 11115:Localized 11057:epidermal 10840:Varicella 10750:Psoriasis 10661:epidermal 10627:Leiomyoma 10529:Pigmented 10462:Epidermal 10386:neuro/187 10375:eMedicine 10138:253577148 9694:16 August 9654:164335632 9035:7 October 8964:7 October 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