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70:: "Pulps have been understood as signs of a secret history of readers, and they have been valued because they have been read. The more they are read, the more they are valued, and the more they are read, the closer the relationship between the very act of circulation and reading and the construction of a lesbian community becomes…. Characters use the reading of novels as a way to understand that they are not alone." Joan Nestle refers to lesbian pulp fiction as “survival literature.” Lesbian pulp fiction provided representation for lesbian identities, brought a surge of awareness to lesbians, and created space for lesbian organizing leading up to Stonewall.
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196:" division, to satisfy the demand for pulp fiction. Unlike many publishers, Fawcett made a point of publishing lesbian pulp written by lesbians, or sometimes by heterosexual women, rather than by heterosexual men. It made a significant contribution to the lesbian community to have lesbian authors writing more or less authentic stories about what it was like to be a lesbian, as opposed to only having heterosexual men writing stories about lesbians for the titillation of other men. During the time it was unlikely for most lesbians to find a “happily ever after” outside of these pulps, which still often ended unhappily and were explicitly
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fantasy. Covers might have a few provocative lines of text meant to draw attention to the sexy and scandalous nature of what was between the covers. Publishers inserted words such as "twilight", "odd", "strange", "shadows", and "queer" in the titles of these books. Author Ann Bannon has stated that men would read the covers literally, attracted to the art of half-dressed women in a bedroom scene, and women would read the covers iconically: two women looking at each other, or one woman standing, another on a bed, with the trigger words of "strange" or "twilight" meaning that the book had lesbian content in it.
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after the war, there appeared a new and often subversive trend in publishing that allowed for books to be written, cheaply produced, and widely distributed using technology previously unavailable. These books were dubbed "pulp" fiction because they were inexpensive and usually sensational or low-brow, much like the "pulp" magazines of the first half of the 20th century. Pulps were not necessarily "low brow." Many pulp authors are now celebrated with commemorative hardcover editions. These mass market paperbacks, printed and bound on cheap paper, often addressed "dirty" topics like drugs, gangs,
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615:– the male authors frequently used female names. One retrospective summed up the genre as, "The vast majority of these lesbian novels were written by men, designed to fulfill straight men's fantasies...But perhaps 40 or 50 lesbian (pulp) novels were written by women, and were also good enough to becoming underground classics...The pulps also reached isolated, small-town lesbians who could read them and see that they were not the only lesbians in the world."
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sexual encounters. Virile adventures were more male centered, perhaps with at least one male main character, and featured graphic depictions of sex. According to Keller, the difference between pro-lesbian and virile adventure novels could often be seen on the front covers of the books. Pro-lesbian novels featured covers that were much less sexual, with women typically fully clothed and alone, such as seen on the cover of
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276:. The Committee concluded their investigation with a report that required publishers to conform to certain moral standards in the content and publicizing of their books, or else face fines or imprisonment. As a result, authors were forced to limit their stories to fit these requirements. However, as the decade went on, publishers became bolder in printing material that might be judged as immoral.
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and made it clear that the reader would find sex scenes inside. Additionally, some blurbs were written by doctors, who would recommend the books on the basis of their value as case studies, suggesting that people would read the novels for their educational value and demonstrating the way in which lesbianism was pathologized at the time.
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as readily, although most of the larger paperback publishers were wary of postal censorship, and, for instance, took care not to publish works that were overly supportive of "deviant" lifestyles. In terms of lesbian fiction, these books were the only ones available in many locations to people who had
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During World War II, the military distributed small paperbacks to its forces, causing a large population of
Americans to become accustomed to having access to cheap books and thus creating a demand for the same easy access to reading material when the soldiers returned home. As a result, in the years
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material, was evident in books that served to be more graphic in nature than focusing on the relationships of the women in the stories, which also led to the decline of lesbian pulp fiction. Authors March
Hastings and Paula Christian both stated their publishers lost interest in their subject in the
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Furthermore, the covers often included blurbs on both the front and the back that emphasized the message of the illustration. These blurbs would praise the authors for their bravery in addressing their subject with honesty. They also portrayed the content of the novels as scandalous and sensational,
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However, the majority of books in the lesbian paperback fiction genre promoted myths about lesbians and lesbianism. Women who are left without men can be seduced and violated by predatory lesbians (usually butch women). The depictions of lesbianism in prison, the military, and boarding schools was a
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surged to the forefront with hundreds of authors writing stories, novels, and whole series and making them available online via the
Internet. This online publication continues to be popular to this day. In the 2000s, with increased availability of the internet and awareness of the genre, authorship
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However, certain lesbian pulp novels, including Ann Bannon's books, were reprinted in the 1980s by Naiad Press with the goal of bringing lesbian authors to light. Naiad provided new covers for the books, for example portraying silhouettes of lesbian couples on the covers of Bannon's novels. Melissa
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Due to their popularity, these books set the standard of what consisted of lesbian pulp fiction, accounting for about 85% of the genre. Pro-lesbian authors focused on subverting the norm with stories that weren't homophobic, focusing on the relationship between the couple and ending the story where
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Between 1952 and 1957, only virile adventures were published and pro-lesbian fiction started to emerge after 1957. The cause for this surge of the new subclass was due to pro-lesbian authors reading virile adventure stories. Virile adventures were homophobic, voyeuristic, and focused on catering to
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divides books within the lesbian pulp fiction genre into subclasses she labels "pro-lesbian" and "virile adventures". Pro-lesbian paperbacks were generally about and by women, featured a love story between women, had fairly well-developed characters, and tended not to feature gratuitous or graphic
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Some authors defied the tragic endings. Ann Bannon published six lesbian novels between 1957 and 1962, a series known as the Beebo
Brinker Chronicles. Bannon's novels ended happily, which changed the societal perception of lesbianism. Rather than being seen as "neurotic, frigid, immature, and even
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in 1950 began the emergence of “the golden age” of lesbian pulps. Hundreds of lesbian pulp titles were published between 1950 and 1969, and millions of copies of each title were often sold. This was part of no social agenda on the publishers' parts: they were making quite a bit of money. However
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Bannon was appalled by the covers that
Fawcett provided for her Beebo Brinker Chronicles. Melissa Sky argues that there was a definitive type for these covers that often displayed illustrations that did not correspond to the material inside. Additionally, the covers of lesbian pulp novels often
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Lesbian pulp novels typically had lurid, titillating cover art. Because lesbian pulps were not typically bought by libraries, cover art played a big factor in their selling. Although many women (lesbian and otherwise) bought and read these novels, book publishers marketed them to men as erotic
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The novels that came out during the 1950s and 60's assisted in giving representation to young lesbian women. Although these novels provided representation they were shaped by the cultural mindset of the time. Despite the homophobic undertones of some of the novels, many were still considered
497:. Because of their tame covers, pro-lesbian novels generally relied on subtle cues to hint at their lesbian content. Virile adventures, on the other hand, had covers that were considerably more sexualized, and would frequently feature men in the pictures, conveying their voyeuristic natures.
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and other places where one might look to purchase cheap, consumable entertainment. The books were small enough to fit in a purse or back pocket (hence both the brand-name and the generalized term "pocket books") and cheap enough to throw away when the reader was through with them.
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again republished Bannon's novels, this time with covers in the style of 1950s pulp covers. Although the cover illustrations were taken from real pulp novels, they were not the original covers of the Beebo
Brinker Chronicles. Sky argues that the Cleis versions emphasize the
508:. While authors and publishers were constrained with presenting ideological moral codes to their audiences, these virile adventures presented lesbianism as both temporal and unnatural. Everything would circulate back to the idea that virile adventures
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In much the same way as publication of the 1950s/1960s pulp novels was made possible by new technology, another wave of lesbian literature came into existence due to the new technologies of the 1980s to the present. In the 1980s and 1990s, lesbian
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and who end up in heterosexual relationships at the end of their stories. During this time, however, bisexuality was seen less as a permanent identity and more as a stepping-stone to homosexuality or to various forms of sexual promiscuity.
62:. Because very little other literature was available for and about lesbians at this time, quite often these books were the only reference the public (lesbian and otherwise) had for modeling what lesbians were. English professor
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written under the pseudonym "Vin Packer," is considered to be the first lesbian paperback novel, since the plot focused on the relationship of the two main characters, as opposed to the various relationships examined in
645:. The popularity of the books as well as the continuity of characters gave them a remarkable longevity and earned her the title, "Queen of Lesbian Pulp Fiction." Her books were re-released in 1983 and again in 2001.
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Sky argues that, due to the political motivations of Naiad Press, "the cover art betrays a feminist ambivalence towards the kinds of non-egalitarian relationships depicted in Bannon's series," specifically the
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grew into the tens of thousands. Many of the authors who wrote in the 1980s and 1990s gravitated away from fan fiction and began to write original works, and small presses sprang up to publish that work.
796:. Packer's books were generally mystery novels, but using her Ann Aldrich name she wrote nonfiction books about lesbians that were not overly sympathetic about lesbianism and earned Meaker the ire of the
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have again reissued them. Several writers of this "Golden Age" stood out for their contributions to gay and lesbian literature and their formation of a lesbian identity prior to the advent of feminism.
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The act of taking one of these books off the drugstore rack and paying for it at the counter was a frightening and difficult move for most women. This was especially true during the atmosphere of the
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presented lesbian relationships as dangerous and questioned whether lesbians could really be seen as women, exposing deeper anxieties about the stability of the gender and sexual norms of the 1950s.
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has made it possible for out-of-print books to be made available again. Many pulp novels have been reissued in e-book form, and most print books published today are also issued as e-books.
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1001:. According to Keller the subgenre includes approximately 100 novels whose authors, often lesbians themselves, refused to acknowledge the conventional voyeurism of the rest of the genre.
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mid-1960s. As well, common plot points in the books involved women who were coming to terms with realizing their attraction to women in a world that did not allow it. With the rise of
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and nonfiction publishers had emerged, successfully marketing hundreds of new titles yearly for the lesbian audience. The three largest publishers going into this new millennium are
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Literary scholar Yvonne Keller recognizes a small group of writers whose work formed the subgenre of "pro-lesbian" pulp fiction, including Bannon, Meaker, Smith, Taylor, as well as
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394:, which was published by Gold Medal Books in 1952 and sold more than 1.5 million copies, is about two college girls, Mitch and Leda, who fall in love and have an affair.
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524:...I simply wanted to show the other side." Despite how much virile adventures consisted of the genre, pro-lesbian books are the most loved and re-published in the genre.
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themes and content. Lesbian pulp fiction was published in the 1950s and 1960s by many of the same paperback publishing houses as other genres of fiction, including
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402:. Bannon wrote to Meaker after reading the novel, and Meaker convinced her to submit her own manuscript to Gold Medal Books for publication in the genre.
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psychotic", lesbians were viewed as warm and loving. Bannon's novels paved the way for social acceptance of lesbianism and the queer sexual revolution.
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series. For years
Bradley refused to admit she authored her early paperback lesbian fiction, and was reluctant to publicly speak about her work on
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804:. Barbara Grier once referred to her as "the evil genius." Meaker later wrote books for young adults under the names M. E. Kerr and Mary James.
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Keller, Yvonne (2005). "'Was It Right to Love Her
Brother's Wife So Passionately?': Lesbian Pulp Novels and U.S. Lesbian Identity, 1950–1965".
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was founded by
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trials...Although tame by today's standards...these volumes were so threatening then that women hid them, burnt them, and threw them out.
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According to scholar Lisa Walker, "she is best remembered as one of a few authors of pro-lesbian pulp fiction from the 1950s and 1960s."
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sold 4 million copies and was selected in 1952 to become an example of how paperback books were promoting moral degeneracy by the
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Sky, Melissa (2007). "Cover Charge: Selling Sex and
Survival in Lesbian Pulp Fiction". In Matthews, Nicole; Moody, Nickianne (eds.).
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Sky, Melissa (2007). "Cover Charge: Selling Sex and Survival in Lesbian Pulp Fiction". In Matthews, Nicole; Moody, Nickianne (eds.).
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Sky, Melissa (2007). "Cover Charge: Selling Sex and Survival in Lesbian Pulp Fiction". In Matthews, Nicole; Moody, Nickianne (eds.).
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Sky, Melissa (2007). "Cover Charge: Selling Sex and Survival in Lesbian Pulp Fiction". In Matthews, Nicole; Moody, Nickianne (eds.).
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Smith, Patricia Juliana, ed. (1999). "Pulp Politics: Strategies of Vision in Pro-Lesbian Pulp Novels, 1955–1965, by Yvonne Keller".
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homosexuality. No character was allowed to be both homosexual and happy at the story's end. A character had either to turn
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were published that addressed lesbians as characters in relationships with women. Those notable novels were published in
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A trend virile adventures followed near the end of their stories is a reclaiming of morality, specifically pertaining to
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and end up coupled with a man or, if she remained homosexual, suffer death, insanity or some equally unappealing fate.
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relationships that were often central to lesbian bar culture of the 1950s. In the early 2000s, the queer publisher
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well-used motif. Lesbianism was often linked to other topics that were seen as salacious or shocking at the time:
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to end within the throes of heterosexuality to counteract the affects lesbianism could have had on its audiences.
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703:(Velma Nacella Young) (b. 1913) wrote eight lesbian themed novels from 1957–1964, poetry that was published in
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Walters, Suzanna Danuta (1989). "As Her Hand Crept Slowly up Her Thigh: Ann Bannon and the Politics of Pulp".
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was published by Katherine Forrest. Forrest's forward provides further information on the genre and history.
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lesbian pulp fiction paperback. Satisfactory endings for women who accepted their homosexuality were rare.
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commented on the importance of lesbian pulp novels to the lesbian identity prior to the rise of organized
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641:(Ann Weldy) (b. 1932) wrote six lesbian themed pulp novels from 1957 to 1962 that later became known as
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The first exception to this formula, and technically not a pulp fiction, is the 1952 romance novel
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Strub, Whitney (2015). "Queer Smut, Queer Rights". In Comella, Lynn; Tarrant, Shira (eds.).
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Foote, Stephanie (2005). "Deviant Classics: Pulps and the Making of Lesbian Print Culture".
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prevalent the books were, purchasing and reading them for many women was the equivalent to
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The first paperback to address a lesbian relationship was published as early as 1950 with
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Golden Medal Books eventually published some of the least homophobic books in the genre.
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Nealon, Christopher (2000). "Invert-History: The Ambivalence of Lesbian Pulp Fiction".
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Lesbian Pulp Fiction: The Sexually Intrepid World of Lesbian Paperback Novels 1950-1965
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in 1969) is considered the first novel to initiate a feminist publishing run. In 1973,
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Judging a Book by Its Cover: Fans, Publishers, Designers, and the Marketing of Fiction
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Judging a Book by Its Cover: Fans, Publishers, Designers, and the Marketing of Fiction
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Judging a Book by Its Cover: Fans, Publishers, Designers, and the Marketing of Fiction
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Judging a Book by Its Cover: Fans, Publishers, Designers, and the Marketing of Fiction
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1745:. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC. 978-1-4408-2805-8.
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938:(1961) by Artemis Smith (a.k.a. Annselm Morpurgo) (illustration by Rafael DeSoto)
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glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture
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no previous access to information or stories that involved lesbian characters.
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Strange Sisters (an archive of) Lesbian Paperback Artwork from the 50s and 60s
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Authors of lesbian paperbacks were both male and female, and often used
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1202: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Room 26 Cabinet of Curiosities: Lesbian Pulp Novels, 19(50)-1965
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movement in 1969, these plot points were decreasingly relevant.
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1976:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company. pp. 137–143.
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Guide to the Gay and Lesbian Pulp Fiction Collection 1955-1988
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1946:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company. pp. 135–6.
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Hermes, Joke (1992). "Sexuality in Lesbian Romance Fiction".
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called them "survival books" and described purchasing them:
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when reissued in paperback in 1953) Gale Wilhem, Random House
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Strange Sisters: The Art of Lesbian Pulp Fiction 1949 - 1969
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The vast majority of characters in lesbian pulp were white.
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Several publishing houses created special imprints, such as
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Yusba, Roberta, "Twilight Tales: Lesbian Pulps 1950-1960,"
1326:(owns a large collection of 1950–1960 lesbian pulp fiction)
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New Views on Pornography: Sexuality, Politics, and the Law
1690:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company. p. 131.
1530:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company. p. 130.
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Packer, Vin. Spring Fire, Introduction. 2004, Cleis Press
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Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology
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inspired one of the best-known authors of lesbian pulp,
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House Select Committee on Current Pornographic Materials
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quality of lesbian pulp. In 2005, an anthology titled
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Content and quality of the books varied widely. Writer
180:. Because the literature was not respected, it was not
2076:. (Website of pulp fiction covers illustrator/artist.)
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Taylor, Valerie (2003). "Afterword, by Lisa Walker".
906:, 1964 as Morgan Ives (Australian reprint of Spare);
2146:
Stories of Forbidden Passion ... They Dared to Read!
1281:
458:
of "Claire Morgan". It was republished in 1953 as a
2022:
You Probably Want to Read Some Lesbian Pulp Fiction
1989:"David Mark Brown on the Rise of Ebook Micro-niche"
1070:in 1965 were published by mainstream publishers in
945:(Annselm L.N.V. Morpurgo) (b. 1934). Smith wrote:
1801:Lesbiana: Book Reviews from the Ladder, 1966-1972
1025:(1963) by Del Britt (illustration by Fred Fixler)
926:(1959) by Artemis Smith (a.k.a. Annselm Morpurgo)
4233:
1589:Women's Barracks – Tereska Torres Judith Mayne
1352:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
1243:and the subsequent widespread availability of
3216:
2305:Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer
2289:
1788:. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. p. 64.
1773:. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. p. 29.
1611:. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. p. 51.
2155:
1986:
1480:. Manchester University Press. p. 256.
1465:. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. p. 7.
2205:Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library
2156:Radtke, Sarah; Fisher, Maryanne L. (2012).
2059:Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library
2015:Lesbian Pulp Fiction — the 1950s Phenomenon
1841:
1839:
1837:
1708:
1706:
1041:
960:
89:
4012:Azalea: A Magazine by Third World Lesbians
3539:Connexxus Women's Center/Centro de Mujeres
3223:
3209:
2296:
2282:
2044:Peek Inside 22 Vintage Lesbian Pulp Novels
1873:
1871:
792:, as well as serving as a copy-editor for
4036:Amazones d'Hier, Lesbiennes d'Aujourd'hui
3115:History of homosexuality in American film
2042:Hiott-Millis, Lily (September 18, 2013).
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1475:
1218:Learn how and when to remove this message
1074:, both enjoying a fairly successful run.
337:Learn how and when to remove this message
118:In the early to mid-20th century, only a
23:Cover of 1959 lesbian pulp fiction novel
4185:Paris Lesbian and Feminist Film Festival
2141:inspired by 1950s lesbian pulp fiction.)
1834:
1703:
1092:decisions disallowing the censorship of
1016:
929:
917:
838:
834:
764:
683:
622:
594:
473:
359:
234:
93:
18:
3735:Lesbians in the Spanish Second Republic
2913:
1956:
1906:
1900:
1868:
1783:
1768:
1606:
1500:
1460:
1064:Mrs. Stevens Hears the Mermaids Singing
784:(b. 1927) wrote under the pen names of
713:and the Lesbian Writers' Conference in
603:(1963) by Stanley Curson (pseudonym of
4234:
2260:. strangesisters.com (Ryan Richardson)
2079:
1845:
1632:
1615:
1540:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
516:they officially were together. Author
3204:
2277:
2222:Fales Library and Special Collections
1877:
1798:
1749:
1740:
1534:
1413:(2nd ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey:
1348:
1080:(originally self-published by author
3230:
2053:Irwin, Rebekah (February 23, 2009).
1712:
1408:
1342:
1200:adding citations to reliable sources
1171:
286:
38:that refers to any mid-20th century
2197:, Smith College Special Collections
1987:Ottinger III, John (May 23, 2012).
1971:
1941:
1685:
1525:
1387:
1168:Reemergence of lesbian pulp fiction
228:
13:
3873:Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold
3865:The Straight Mind and Other Essays
3589:Leeds Revolutionary Feminist Group
2007:
1056:(loosely adapted as the 1985 film
760:
283:and the establishment of a formula
14:
4278:
3881:Your Silence Will Not Protect You
3519:Atlanta Lesbian Feminist Alliance
2184:
1713:Rich, Frank (November 18, 2015).
777:) (illustration by John Floherty)
679:
133:(1928) Radclyffe Hall, Avon Books
4216:
3549:Daughters of Bilitis (Australia)
3185:
3184:
3173:
3141:Non-binary characters in fiction
2599:List of transgender publications
2031:Gianoulis, Tina (May 13, 2006).
1437:
1298:
1284:
1176:
913:
291:
153:(1937) Helen Anderson, Doubleday
4165:Michigan Womyn's Music Festival
3849:Zami: A New Spelling of My Name
3619:Lesbian Organization of Toronto
3136:Media portrayal of pansexuality
2640:Media portrayals of bisexuality
2231:Lesbian Pulp Fiction Collection
2013:Bryan, Dan (January 10, 2013).
1980:
1965:
1950:
1935:
1821:
1792:
1777:
1762:
1734:
1694:
1679:
1600:
1582:
1187:needs additional citations for
1138:was adapted into the 2015 film
268:in London during World War II.
4028:Onyx: Black Lesbian Newsletter
3654:Sisters for Homophile Equality
3579:June L. Mazer Lesbian Archives
3559:First Black Lesbian Conference
3524:Bi-National Lesbian Conference
3146:Intersex characters in fiction
2235:Mount Saint Vincent University
2144:Parks, Joy. (June 26, 2005).
1569:
1519:
1501:Forrest, Katherine V. (2005).
1494:
1469:
1454:
1440:"After The Well of Loneliness"
1431:
1270:The development of electronic
847:(1962) by Lee Chapman (a.k.a.
773:(1958) by Ann Aldrich (a.k.a.
1:
4242:20th century in LGBTQ history
3624:Lesbians Against Pit Closures
3131:Media portrayal of asexuality
2195:Mortimer Rare Book Collection
2191:Sally Taft Duplaix Collection
1478:Pulp: Reading Popular Fiction
1417:. pp. 271–279, 288–290.
1335:
696:(illustration by James Meese)
618:
560:, writer of novels including
368:(1952) by Vin Packer (a.k.a.
3504:Amazon Bookstore Cooperative
2349:Blue Metropolis Violet Prize
1505:. Cleis Press. p. 440.
1012:
643:The Beebo Brinker Chronicles
450:, published in hardcover by
7:
4175:Mountain Moving Coffeehouse
3730:Lesbians in Francoist Spain
3604:Lesbian Feminist Liberation
3416:Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon
2020:Carolyn (August 15, 2011).
1277:
1090:United States Supreme Court
317:the claims made and adding
110:), originally published as
10:
4283:
4068:Journal of Lesbian Studies
4020:Common Lives/Lesbian Lives
3932:The Woman-Identified Woman
3685:Compulsory heterosexuality
3629:Lincoln Legion of Lesbians
3614:Lesbian Movement (Denmark)
3529:Chicago Lesbian Liberation
2618:Other literature and media
2253:Cornell University Library
1831:, 2.1 Summer, 1985: p. 30.
1239:With the proliferation of
898:, 1967 as Miriam Gardner;
894:, 1964 as Miriam Gardner;
890:, 1963 as Miriam Gardner;
821:Carol in a Thousand Cities
590:
469:
425:was subject to government
4213:
4205:Women's Week Provincetown
4122:
3891:
3800:
3793:
3667:
3639:Oregon Women's Land Trust
3609:Lesbian Herstory Archives
3534:Combahee River Collective
3489:
3238:
3168:
3156:cross-dressing characters
3151:Gay characters in fiction
3123:
3102:
3059:
3028:
2976:
2931:Children's TV programming
2904:
2823:
2713:
2706:
2648:
2617:
2588:
2534:
2461:
2454:
2403:
2367:
2359:Gaylactic Spectrum Awards
2321:
2312:
2244:Duke University Libraries
1961:. New York: Beacon Books.
1476:McCracken, Scott (1998).
1411:American Sexual Histories
827:, 1963 Gold Medal Books;
823:, 1960 Gold Medal Books;
819:, 1958 Gold Medal Books;
815:, 1955 Gold Medal Books;
811:, 1952 Gold Medal Books;
738:, 1960 Gold Medal Books;
734:, 1959 Gold Medal Books;
676:, 1962 Gold Medal Books.
670:, 1960 Gold Medal Books;
666:, 1960 Gold Medal Books;
662:, 1959 Gold Medal Books;
658:, 1959 Gold Medal Books;
654:, 1957 Gold Medal Books;
73:These books were sold at
3710:Gender-critical feminism
2375:Gaylaxicon SF convention
2126:Nice Girl Films (2015).
1803:. Tallahassee, Florida:
1409:Reis, Elizabeth (2012).
1042:Decline and republishing
961:Pro-lesbian pulp fiction
90:Development of the genre
4247:20th-century literature
3972:Lesbian Feminist Circle
3569:Gay Women's Alternative
3396:Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz
2560:List of lesbian fiction
2209:Yale University Library
2150:San Francisco Chronicle
2063:Yale University Library
2017:. American History USA.
1799:Grier, Barbara (1976).
1784:Stryker, Susan (2001).
1769:Stryker, Susan (2001).
1607:Stryker, Susan (2001).
1461:Stryker, Susan (2001).
1314:List of lesbian fiction
1265:Regal Crest Enterprises
1160:, it received numerous
910:, 1966 as Morgan Ives.
902:, 1963 as Morgan Ives;
886:, 1966 as John Dexter;
882:, 1962 as Lee Chapman;
829:Take a Lesbian to Lunch
212:to the cashier. Author
203:With the publishing of
4108:Hannah Gadsby: Nanette
4044:Dykes to Watch Out For
2721:Modern written fiction
2590:Transgender literature
2334:Lambda Literary Awards
2074:R.A. Maguire Cover Art
1957:Herbert, Anne (1963).
1850:. New York, New York:
1759:. Penguin Group, 1999.
1026:
957:, 1961 Monarch Books.
939:
927:
855:
778:
754:, 1964 Midwood-Tower.
752:Journey to Fulfillment
750:, 1963 Midwood-Tower;
697:
635:
608:
538:bondage and discipline
485:
405:The tragic endings of
373:
247:
226:
158:Torchlight to Valhalla
131:The Well of Loneliness
115:
112:Torchlight to Valhalla
28:
3564:The Furies Collective
3461:Margaret Sloan-Hunter
2249:Valerie Taylor Papers
2096:10.1353/nlh.2000.0039
1993:Grasping for the Wind
1577:A Restricted Country.
1020:
1009:being a noted title.
953:, 1959 Beacon Books;
949:, 1959 Beacon Books;
933:
921:
859:Marion Zimmer Bradley
849:Marion Zimmer Bradley
842:
835:Marion Zimmer Bradley
768:
687:
626:
598:
477:
363:
349:After the success of
238:
218:
176:, crime, murder, and
126:and were as follows:
97:
22:
4155:Lesbian pulp fiction
3750:Political lesbianism
3544:Daughters of Bilitis
2635:Bisexual pornography
2344:Bisexual Book Awards
2339:Stonewall Book Award
2240:Lesbian Pulp Fiction
2083:New Literary History
1649:10.1353/aq.2005.0028
1324:IHLIA LGBTI Heritage
1196:improve this article
1124:Lesbian Pulp Fiction
798:Daughters of Bilitis
660:Women in the Shadows
161:(1938, later titled
32:Lesbian pulp fiction
4223:Feminism portal
3964:Dykes & Gorgons
3700:Feminist separatism
3594:Lesbian Art Project
2698:Single-gender world
2676:Speculative fiction
2441:Dutch-language area
2354:Dayne Ogilvie Prize
2226:New York University
2201:Lesbian Pulp Novels
2072:Maguire, Robert A.
1999:on October 7, 2013.
1049:Desert of the Heart
740:A World Without Men
601:Counterfeit Lesbian
501:the male audience.
423:U.S. Postal Service
138:We Too Are Drifting
4150:Lesbian literature
3988:Lesbian Connection
3755:Radical lesbianism
3644:Salsa Soul Sisters
3431:Ruth Mountaingrove
3266:Evelyn Torton Beck
2536:Lesbian literature
2390:Saints and Sinners
2264:Paperback Classics
2133:2017-05-27 at the
1852:The Feminist Press
1636:American Quarterly
1594:2007-09-28 at the
1579:Cleis Press, 2003.
1261:Bold Strokes Books
1249:desktop publishing
1130:Patricia Highsmith
1077:Patience and Sarah
1027:
940:
928:
888:My Sister, My Love
856:
817:We, Too, Must Love
779:
771:We, Too, Must Love
736:Stranger on Lesbos
722:Whisper Their Love
711:Mattachine Society
698:
664:Journey to a Woman
636:
609:
506:heterosexual norms
486:
448:Patricia Highsmith
374:
302:possibly contains
266:Free French Forces
248:
116:
36:lesbian literature
29:
4229:
4228:
4190:Peg's Place (bar)
4170:Motherpeace Tarot
4123:Actions and ideas
4118:
4117:
3715:Lesbian bed death
3321:Stormé DeLarverie
3271:Miriam Ben-Shalom
3256:Ti-Grace Atkinson
3198:
3197:
3164:
3163:
3110:Western animation
3072:directed by women
3024:
3023:
2936:Radio and podcast
2900:
2899:
2395:Violet Metropolis
1886:. pp. 1–25.
1880:The Queer Sixties
1861:978-1-55861-456-7
1512:978-1-57344-210-7
1487:978-0-7190-4759-6
1424:978-1-4443-3929-1
1306:Literature portal
1228:
1227:
1220:
1135:The Price of Salt
896:The Strange Women
825:We Two Won't Last
605:Samuel Merwin Jr.
443:The Price of Salt
347:
346:
339:
304:original research
106:(illustration by
60:detective fiction
4274:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4195:Some Prefer Cake
3841:The Wanderground
3825:Le Corps Lesbien
3798:
3797:
3780:Womyn-born womyn
3745:Lipstick lesbian
3725:Lesbian feminism
3599:Lesbian Avengers
3481:Bonnie Zimmerman
3426:Bonnie J. Morris
3371:Donna Gottschalk
3346:Lillian Faderman
3246:Paula Gunn Allen
3232:Lesbian feminism
3225:
3218:
3211:
3202:
3201:
3188:
3187:
3180:LGBTQ portal
3178:
3177:
3176:
2911:
2910:
2711:
2710:
2707:LGBTQ characters
2604:Media portrayals
2580:Media portrayals
2526:Media portrayals
2482:Early gay novels
2459:
2458:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2180:
2177:10.1037/h0099240
2162:
2123:
2001:
2000:
1995:. Archived from
1984:
1978:
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1963:
1962:
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1939:
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1330:Gay pulp fiction
1308:
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1301:
1294:
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1288:
1287:
1223:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1180:
1172:
1148:and directed by
1007:Women’s Barracks
955:This Bed We Made
936:This Bed We Made
908:Knives of Desire
900:Spare Her Heaven
794:Gold Medal Books
731:The Girls in 3-B
726:Gold Medal Books
690:The Girls in 3-B
566:Duet in Darkness
407:Women's Barracks
388:Women's Barracks
351:Women's Barracks
342:
335:
331:
328:
322:
319:inline citations
295:
294:
287:
270:Women's Barracks
262:Gold Medal Books
253:Women's Barracks
241:Women's Barracks
230:Women's Barracks
205:Women’s Barracks
164:The Strange Path
120:handful of books
100:The Strange Path
27:by Artemis Smith
16:Genre of fiction
4282:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4267:Lesbian history
4262:Lesbian fiction
4257:Lesbian erotica
4232:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4217:
4215:
4209:
4114:
4004:Sinister Wisdom
3887:
3809:Les Guérillères
3789:
3720:Lesbian erasure
3690:Corrective rape
3680:Butch and femme
3663:
3634:Mujeres Creando
3584:Lavender Menace
3514:Artemis Singers
3485:
3471:Cris Williamson
3386:Sheila Jeffreys
3341:Elana Dykewomon
3286:Charlotte Bunch
3251:Dorothy Allison
3234:
3229:
3199:
3194:
3174:
3172:
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3119:
3098:
3089:LGBT characters
3055:
3036:Cartoon Network
3020:
2972:
2906:
2896:
2819:
2702:
2693:Anime and manga
2644:
2613:
2584:
2530:
2450:
2399:
2363:
2329:Triangle Awards
2317:
2308:
2307:(LGBTQ) fiction
2302:
2213:Yale University
2187:
2160:
2135:Wayback Machine
2128:The Chanticleer
2067:Yale University
2010:
2008:Further reading
2005:
2004:
1985:
1981:
1970:
1966:
1955:
1951:
1940:
1936:
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1854:. p. 153.
1848:The Girls in 3B
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1807:. p. 309.
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1555:10.2307/1395129
1543:Feminist Review
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1247:technology and
1245:print on demand
1241:offset printing
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971:Paula Christian
963:
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884:No Adam for Eve
878:Bradley wrote:
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775:Marijane Meaker
763:
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682:
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383:Marijane Meaker
370:Marijane Meaker
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4063:(1994–present)
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3991:(1974–present)
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2795:
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2781:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2743:
2738:
2728:
2726:Animated films
2723:
2717:
2715:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2683:
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2552:
2547:
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2518:
2517:
2516:
2506:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2463:Gay literature
2456:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
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2392:
2387:
2382:
2380:Film festivals
2377:
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2369:
2365:
2364:
2362:
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2323:
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2261:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2215:
2198:
2186:
2185:External links
2183:
2182:
2181:
2171:(4): 453–468.
2153:
2142:
2124:
2090:(4): 745–764.
2077:
2070:
2051:
2040:
2033:Romance Novels
2029:
2018:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1979:
1964:
1949:
1934:
1921:10.2307/466422
1915:(23): 83–101.
1899:
1892:
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1833:
1820:
1813:
1791:
1776:
1761:
1748:
1733:
1715:"Loving Carol"
1702:
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1643:(2): 385–410.
1614:
1599:
1581:
1575:Nestle, Joan.
1568:
1533:
1518:
1511:
1493:
1486:
1468:
1453:
1442:. Lori L. Lake
1438:Lake, Lori L.
1430:
1423:
1386:
1365:10.1086/432742
1359:(1): 169–190.
1340:
1339:
1337:
1334:
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1327:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1295:
1279:
1276:
1226:
1225:
1184:
1182:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1154:Cate Blanchett
1043:
1040:
1023:Flying Lesbian
1014:
1011:
979:March Hastings
967:Sloane Britain
962:
959:
915:
912:
880:I Am a Lesbian
845:I Am a Lesbian
836:
833:
807:Meaker wrote:
762:
759:
720:Taylor wrote:
701:Valerie Taylor
694:Valerie Taylor
681:
680:Valerie Taylor
678:
648:Bannon wrote:
620:
617:
592:
589:
584:Feminist Press
574:, who started
522:sensationalism
471:
468:
345:
344:
299:
297:
290:
284:
278:
258:Tereska Torrès
245:Tereska Torrès
232:
227:
169:
168:
154:
150:Pity for Women
146:
145:, Random House
134:
108:Robert Maguire
98:1953 cover of
91:
88:
34:is a genre of
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4279:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
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4248:
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4239:
4237:
4224:
4212:
4206:
4203:
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4200:Women's music
4198:
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4186:
4183:
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4173:
4171:
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4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:Lesbian flags
4143:
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4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4125:
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4110:
4109:
4105:
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3942:
3941:
3940:Off Our Backs
3937:
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3913:
3910:
3909:
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3901:
3897:
3896:
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3890:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3857:Lesbian/Woman
3854:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3834:
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3557:
3555:
3554:The Feminists
3552:
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3540:
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3496:
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3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3466:Barbara Smith
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3456:Adrienne Rich
3454:
3452:
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3391:Jill Johnston
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3326:Diane DiMassa
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
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3299:
3297:
3294:
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3291:Cheryl Clarke
3289:
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2679:
2678:
2677:
2674:
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2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:Homoeroticism
2654:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
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2498:
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2492:Slash fiction
2490:
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2342:
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2332:
2330:
2327:
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2324:
2320:
2316:
2315:LGBTQ writers
2311:
2306:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2287:
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2280:
2279:
2276:
2269:
2265:
2262:
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2238:
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2227:
2223:
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2210:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2011:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1893:0-415-92168-6
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1830:
1824:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1755:Zimet, Jaye.
1752:
1744:
1737:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1709:
1707:
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1674:
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1610:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1549:(42): 49–66.
1548:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1522:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1472:
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1426:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
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1399:
1397:
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1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
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1311:
1307:
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1262:
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1254:
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1246:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1222:
1219:
1211:
1208:November 2023
1201:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1185:This section
1183:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:Alma Routsong
1079:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1059:Desert Hearts
1055:
1051:
1050:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1019:
1010:
1008:
1005:pro-lesbian,
1002:
1000:
999:Shirley Verel
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
958:
956:
952:
948:
947:The Third Sex
944:
943:Artemis Smith
937:
932:
925:
920:
914:Artemis Smith
911:
909:
905:
904:Anything Goes
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
873:
868:
864:
860:
854:
853:Monarch Books
850:
846:
841:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
813:We Walk Alone
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
776:
772:
767:
758:
755:
753:
749:
748:Unlike Others
745:
744:Midwood-Tower
741:
737:
733:
732:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
708:
707:
702:
695:
691:
686:
677:
675:
674:
673:Beebo Brinker
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:
646:
644:
640:
634:
630:
625:
616:
614:
606:
602:
597:
588:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:Barbara Grier
569:
567:
563:
562:Cloak of Evil
559:
554:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
525:
523:
519:
513:
511:
507:
502:
498:
496:
495:Beebo Brinker
491:
490:Yvonne Keller
484:
480:
479:Beebo Brinker
476:
467:
463:
461:
457:
453:
452:Coward-McCann
449:
445:
444:
438:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
380:
379:
371:
367:
362:
358:
356:
352:
341:
338:
330:
320:
316:
312:
306:
305:
300:This section
298:
289:
288:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
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254:
246:
242:
237:
231:
225:
223:
217:
215:
211:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
186:
183:
179:
178:homosexuality
175:
174:white slavery
166:
165:
160:
159:
155:
152:
151:
147:
144:
140:
139:
135:
132:
129:
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3276:Julie Bindel
3077:by storyline
3029:Animation on
2875:in animation
2858:in animation
2846:in animation
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3919:(1956–1972)
3911:(1947–1948)
3903:(1924–1933)
3770:Stone femme
3765:Stone butch
3740:Lesbophobia
3649:Sister Spit
3411:Audre Lorde
3401:Joan Larkin
3331:Alix Dobkin
3281:Ivy Bottini
3067:LGBTQ films
3051:Nickelodeon
3009:transgender
2990:Characters
2946:1960s–2000s
2892:Transgender
2824:By identity
2803:Video games
2793:Soap operas
2788:Graphic art
2736:1960s–1980s
2688:Video games
2609:Pornography
2570:Pornography
2521:Pornography
2426:El Salvador
2385:Naked Heart
2268:Cleis Press
2039:. (archive)
1959:Summer Camp
1909:Social Text
1805:Naiad Press
1257:Bella Books
1233:fan fiction
1158:Rooney Mara
1152:. Starring
1150:Todd Haynes
1115:Cleis Press
1111:butch-femme
1086:Naiad Press
995:Randy Salem
809:Spring Fire
800:printed in
790:Ann Aldrich
580:Cleis Press
576:Naiad Press
431:proselytize
411:Spring Fire
396:Spring Fire
392:Spring Fire
378:Spring Fire
366:Spring Fire
281:Spring Fire
214:Joan Nestle
4236:Categories
4135:Dyke march
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3760:Soft butch
3668:Key issues
3441:Pat Parker
3406:Anna Livia
2905:Television
2882:Non-binary
2497:Omegaverse
2404:By country
2139:Web series
1814:0930044053
1786:Queer Pulp
1771:Queer Pulp
1609:Queer Pulp
1463:Queer Pulp
1336:References
1103:gay rights
1101:, and the
1068:May Sarton
975:Joan Ellis
872:The Ladder
802:The Ladder
786:Vin Packer
706:The Ladder
692:(1959) by
639:Ann Bannon
633:Ann Bannon
631:(1959) by
619:Ann Bannon
613:pseudonyms
530:witchcraft
483:Ann Bannon
481:(1962) by
454:under the
427:censorship
400:Ann Bannon
311:improve it
243:(1950) by
210:coming out
198:homophobic
194:Gold Medal
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3659:Van Dykes
3381:Karla Jay
3316:Max Dashu
3311:Mary Daly
2956:2016–2019
2951:2010–2015
2907:and radio
2887:Pansexual
2836:Aromantic
2798:Webcomics
2731:Animation
2714:By medium
2671:Mythology
2592:and media
2538:and media
2477:BL dramas
2465:and media
2411:Argentina
2368:Festivals
2270:(archive)
2120:144722675
2104:0028-6087
1884:Routledge
1726:March 18,
1673:144844572
1657:0003-0678
1381:146709054
1373:0097-9740
1162:accolades
1054:Jane Rule
1046:In 1964,
1021:Cover of
1013:Cover art
934:Cover of
922:Cover of
843:Cover of
769:Cover of
717:in 1974.
688:Cover of
627:Cover of
599:Cover of
546:voyeurism
456:pseudonym
364:Cover of
327:June 2017
315:verifying
239:Cover of
124:hardcover
42:novel or
40:paperback
3190:Category
3094:Intersex
3014:intersex
3004:bisexual
2986:Episodes
2914:By genre
2865:Intersex
2841:Bisexual
2630:Intersex
2625:Bisexual
2555:Femslash
2455:By media
2416:Colombia
2131:Archived
2112:20057634
2048:BuzzFeed
1665:40068271
1592:Archived
1278:See also
1099:feminism
1072:hardback
951:Odd Girl
924:Odd Girl
867:Darkover
831:, 1972.
550:bisexual
534:Satanism
419:insanity
222:McCarthy
182:censored
68:feminism
56:romances
52:westerns
3509:Anjaree
3499:AMASONG
3103:History
3082:by year
3046:Netflix
2994:lesbian
2926:TV film
2870:Lesbian
2831:Asexual
2769:2015–19
2764:2010–14
2754:2005–09
2749:2000–04
2550:Erotica
2545:Class S
2431:Iceland
2421:Ecuador
2193:at the
1720:Vulture
1563:1395129
1272:E-books
742:, 1963
724:, 1957
715:Chicago
591:Authors
470:Content
415:suicide
309:Please
190:Fawcett
141:(1935)
114:in 1938
48:lesbian
4111:(2017)
3935:(1970)
3884:(2017)
3876:(1993)
3868:(1992)
3860:(1991)
3852:(1982)
3844:(1979)
3836:(1976)
3828:(1973)
3820:(1973)
3812:(1969)
3491:Groups
3351:Ferron
3239:People
3041:Disney
2968:Horror
2921:Comedy
2775:2020s
2760:2010s
2745:2000s
2666:Horror
2661:Comics
2514:Danmei
2436:Mexico
2322:Awards
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2110:
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542:orgies
510:needed
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4084:Curve
3892:Other
3833:Lover
3801:Books
3794:Media
3705:Femme
3675:Butch
3124:Other
2981:Shows
2961:2020s
2941:Drama
2813:2020s
2808:2010s
2741:1990s
2446:Spain
2161:(PDF)
2116:S2CID
2108:JSTOR
1925:JSTOR
1669:S2CID
1661:JSTOR
1559:JSTOR
1377:S2CID
1141:Carol
381:, by
4060:Diva
3695:Dyke
3060:Film
2681:list
2575:Yuri
2509:Yaoi
2472:Bara
2100:ISSN
1888:ISBN
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1728:2017
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2853:Gay
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