405:. Against these paltry forces France decided to mobilize an army of 450,000 men, larger than any army Europe had ever seen.” Depending on the source, the exact number of those conscripted ranges from 750,000 to around 800,000. However, the values cannot be verified and is a reconstructed estimate because the French Government was in no position to give accurate figures at the time. One source states the official numbers in February 1793, were 361,000 men, in January 1794, were 670,900 men, in April 1794, 842,300, with the maximum reached in September 1794, 1,108,300. “However these figures are worth very little.” The figures “designated all who were on the rolls as being maintained at the expense of the state, including therefore all those disabled by illness, capture or even desertion...The best guess seems to be that about 800,000 were available for active service” in 1794. Other sources give estimates that around 750,000 men were actively serving in the French Army. “The Commission of Armies alone could not identify the armies, let alone its location or strength.” Also, there were many individuals that deserted the army, but the exact number of individuals that deserted is also an estimation based on the number of individuals that were caught or came back to France due to amnesty laws.
22:
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281:. The decree read in ringing terms, beginning: "From this moment until such time as its enemies shall have been driven from the soil of the Republic, all Frenchmen are in permanent requisition for the services of the armies. The young men shall fight; the married men shall forge arms and transport provisions; the women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals; the children shall turn old linen into lint; the old men shall betake themselves to the public squares in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic."
2811:
409:
males who needed the money to take their places. Males that had office jobs in the city were also exempted from serving in the French army as well as males that could read and write and who worked in the government. The overall make up of the army was unevenly distributed among the different regions in France. The Levée expected that one male was conscripted for every 138 inhabitants. However, in reality each region did not follow this conscription rule. There were departments that conscribed more individuals like
2469:
3035:
2980:
267:
440:, fleeing from their duty of fighting for France without permission, in hopes of never getting caught. There were rough estimates to the number of individuals that deserted during the time of the Levée en Masse, but due to many factors, like the inability to manage and keep track of all the armies or differentiating between men with similar names, the exact number is unclear. In 1800, the
250:—just days after France declared war on Spain and adding further strains on the French armies' limited manpower. By some accounts, only about half this number appears to have been actually raised, bringing the army strength up to about 645,000 in mid-1793, and the military situation continued to deteriorate, particularly when Mainz fell on
285:
800,000. In addition, as the decree suggests, much of the civilian population was turned towards supporting the armies through armaments production and other war industries as well as supplying food and provisions to the front. As Barère put it, "…all the French, both sexes, all ages are called by the nation to defend liberty".
177:, who was both "a man of the left" and "a military man, having served as a King's Musketeer", spoke to the National Assembly on behalf of its military committee. He called for "a people's army, recruited by universal conscription, from which there could be no escape by purchase of a replacement". He said to the
205:
further decrees that the
Executive Power shall order the generals to have this decree printed and distributed in all the various languages and in all the various countries of which they have taken possession". Their decree signalled to foreign powers, namely Britain, that France was out for conquest,
408:
When looking at the makeup of the French army overall, the majority of the individuals in the army consisted of the peasant, farming class in contrast to the rich and urban workers who were given special privileges and exemptions. The rich were able to buy remplaçants, replacements, by paying poorer
257:
In response to this desperate situation, at war with
European states, and insurrection, Paris petitioners and the fédérés demanded that the Convention enact a levée en masse. In response, Convention member Bertrand Barère asked the convention to "decree the solemn declaration that the French people
200:
declares, in the name of the French nation, that it will grant fraternity and assistance to all peoples who wish to recover their liberty, and instructs the
Executive Power to give the necessary orders to generals to grant assistance to these peoples and to defend those citizens who have been—or may
284:
All unmarried able-bodied men between 18 and 25 were requisitioned with immediate effect for military service. This significantly increased the number of men in the army, which reached a peak of about 1,500,000 in
September 1794, although the actual fighting strength probably peaked at no more than
301:
Henceforth, until the enemies have been driven from the territory of the republic, the French people are in permanent requisition for army service. The young men shall go to battle; the married men shall forge arms and transport provision; the women shall make tents and clothes, and shall serve in
460:
that flanked that specific department from 1798 to 1804. In hopes of showing that like the previous levées that were proposed by the French government in an attempt to raise the number of troops, there were different reactions depending on region. There were regions where there was little to no
330:
is charged for taking all measures necessary for establishing, without delay, a special manufacture of arms of all kinds, in harmony with the élan and the energy of the French people. Accordingly, it is authorized to constitute all establishments, manufactories, workshops, and factories deemed
209:
The French army at that time contained a mixture of what was left of the old professional army and volunteers. This ragtag group was spread thin, and, by
February 1793, the new regime needed more men, so the National Convention passed a decree on 24 February allowing for the national
360:
The points of assembling shall be determined by circumstances, and designated by the representatives of the people dispatched for the execution of the present decree, upon the advice of the generals, in co-operation with the
Committee of Public Safety and the provisional Executive
181:: "And so I say that in a nation which seeks to be free but which is surrounded by powerful neighbours and riddled with secret, festering factions, every citizen should be a soldier and every soldier should be a citizen, if France does not wish to be utterly obliterated". Yet the
400:
According to historian Howard G. Brown, “The French state’s panicky response to a crisis of its own making soon led to an excessive military build-up. Enemy forces consisted of no more than 81,000 Austrians and
Prussians, supported by 6,000 Hessians and a few thousand
331:
necessary for the execution of such works, as well as the requisition for such purpose, throughout the entire extent of the
Republic, the artists and workmen who may contribute to their success. For such purpose a sum of 30,000,000 taken from the 498,200,000 livres in
352:
The levy shall be general. Unmarried citizens or childless widowers, from eighteen to twenty-five years, shall go first; they shall meet, without delay, at the chief town of their districts, where they shall practice manual exercise daily, while awaiting the hour of
86:
denotes a short-term requisition of all able-bodied men to defend the nation and its rise as a military tactic may be viewed in connection with the political events and developing ideology in revolutionary France—particularly the new concept of the democratic
476:
was not popular; desertion and evasion were high. However, the effort was sufficient to turn the tide of the war, and there was no need for any further conscription until 1797, when a more permanent system of annual intakes was instituted. An effect of the
356:
The representatives of the people shall regulate the musters and marches so as to have armed citizens arrive at the points of assembling only in so far as supplies, munitions, and all that constitutes the material part of the army exist in sufficient
665:
A levée does not refer to an uprising by people against its own government but instead entails organized resistance against an invader. Levée en masse implies that the population takes up arms already in its possession and that this
488:
was also effective in that by putting on the field many men, even untrained, it required France's opponents to man all fortresses and expand their own standing armies, far beyond their capacity to pay professional soldiers.
448:
based on the number of individuals that sought the benefits following the amnesty put in place. Similarly to how the proportions of males that were sent varied depending on what region they lived in, the same applied for
519:
was a key development in modern warfare and would lead to steadily larger armies with each successive war, culminating in the enormous conflicts of World War I and World War II during the first half of the 20th century.
4157:
370:
In order to collect supplies in sufficient quantity, the farmers and managers of national property shall deposit the produce of such property, in the form of grain, in the chief town of their respective
552:, after it was apparent that the "breakthrough" had failed. Only Speer opposed total conscription, saying it would paralyse the weapons factories and effectively kill the war effort. Goebbels sneered:
145:, to supplement the large standing army in times of war. This was unpopular with the peasant communities on which it fell, and was one of their grievances which they expected to be addressed by the
1471:
374:
Owners, farmers, and others possessing grain shall be required to pay, in kind, arrears of taxes, even the two-thirds of those of 1793, on the rolls which have served to effect the last payment.
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also offered many opportunities for untrained people who could demonstrate their military proficiency, allowing the French army to build a strong officer and non-commissioned cadre.
258:
was going to rise as a whole for the defense of its independence". The
Convention fulfilled Barere's request on 16 August, when they stated that the levée en masse would be enacted.
98:
is the idea that the new political rights given to the mass of the French people also created new obligations to the state. As the nation now understood itself as a community of
246:, a politically and religiously conservative region, added to local discontent over other revolutionary directives emanating from Paris, and on 11 March the Vendée erupted into
342:
The representatives of the people dispatched for the execution of the present law shall have similar authority in their respective arrondissements, acting in concert with the
188:
The progression of the
Revolution came to produce friction between France and its European neighbors, who grew determined to invade France to restore the monarchy. War with
67:, particularly for the period following 16 August 1793, when able-bodied men aged 18 to 25 were conscripted. The concept of mass conscription was kept in place during the
320:
Arms of the caliber shall be turned over exclusively to those who march against the enemy; the service of the interior shall be carried on with fowling pieces and sabers.
196:
began in April 1792. Decrees such as that of 19 November 1792 reflect the fact that "the deputies were in no mood for caution". The convention's decree stated that: "
3819:
2700:
1042:
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600:(1987). "Instrument of the Terror in the Departments, April 1793 to Flooreal Year II". The People's Armies: The Armees Revolutionnaires. New Haven: Yale UP.
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Saddle horses are called for to complete the cavalry corps; draught horses, other than those employed in agriculture, shall haul artillery and provisions
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2342:
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1997:
1971:
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was the creation of a national army in France, made up of citizens, rather than an all-professional army, as was the standard practice of the time.
383:
is responsible for taking all measures necessary for the prompt execution of the present decree; a sum of 50,000,000 from the 498,000,000 livres in
3022:
306:; the old men shall repair to the public places, to stimulate the courage of the warriors and preach the unity of the Republic and hatred of kings
3082:
367:
Such battalions shall be organized according to established decrees, and their pay shall be the same as that of the battalions at the frontiers.
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The battalion organized in each district shall be united under a banner bearing the inscription: The French people risen against tyrants.
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National buildings shall be converted into barracks; public places into armament workshops; the soil of cellars shall be washed in
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1138:
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158:
21:
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1554:
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174:
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No one may obtain a substitute for service to which he is summoned. The public functionaries shall remain at their posts.
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1862:
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Then, Herr Speer, you bear the historic guilt for the loss of the war for the lack of a few hundred thousand soldiers.
277:
The decree was enacted by the National Convention on 23 August 1793, having been penned by Barère in conjunction with
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2005:
1035:
986:
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3521:
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1238:
1178:
227:
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3744:
3671:
4202:
4182:
3897:
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2545:
1007:
979:
951:
271:
3739:
3636:
3226:
2220:
4132:
3734:
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2204:
1342:
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121:(1715–1792), when armies of professional soldiers fought without the general participation of the population.
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2135:
1979:
1958:
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1816:
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1414:
1334:
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heralded the age of national participation in warfare and displaced restricted forms of warfare, such as the
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3536:
3433:
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1562:
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1644:
603:
Forrest, Alan. The Legacy of the French Revolutionary Wars: The Nation-in-Arms in French Republican Memory
3951:
3576:
3471:
3350:
3330:
3241:
3170:
2992:
2490:
2257:
1950:
1803:
1291:
508:
346:; they are invested with the ultimate powers attributed to the representatives of the people with armies.
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3626:
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1773:
511:(who thought every adult male should be armed with a musket at public expense)—the actual practice of a
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3641:
2620:
1844:
1793:
1725:
1625:
1409:
1318:
1105:
944:
343:
327:
182:
3621:
3383:
2515:
4101:
3686:
3418:
3261:
3116:
2919:
2482:
2358:
2281:
2159:
2143:
564:
170:
134:
64:
3996:
3541:
3373:
3149:
2530:
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resistance to the levée and no large amount of deserters, while other regions had nearly 60 percent
3809:
3656:
3611:
2941:
2936:
2680:
2510:
2500:
2313:
2297:
2175:
2090:
1937:
1921:
1824:
1598:
1162:
231:
146:
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Its main result, protecting French borders against all enemies, surprised and shocked Europe. The
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2329:
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1904:
1720:
1663:
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1122:
3666:
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2615:
30:
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2565:
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2305:
2183:
1929:
1849:
1518:
1393:
1385:
1275:
649:. 4th ed. Vol. 2. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999. 108. Print. Sources of the Western Tradition.
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730:
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was not ready to enact conscription, and would not until dire war deficits demanded more men.
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when it was convened in 1789, to strengthen the French monarchy. When this instead led to the
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3256:
3191:
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1839:
1829:
1768:
1758:
1753:
1510:
1366:
1014:
616:
Griffith, Paddy (1998). The Art of War of Revolutionary France: 1798–1802. London: Greenhill.
251:
2050:
433:—all located further from the capital of France, away from the central government troubles.
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3159:
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2082:
2029:
1834:
1617:
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The Legacy of the French Revolutionary Wars: The Nation-in-Arms in French Republican Memory
456:
The historian Hargenvillier produced a detailed statistical breakdown of the percentage of
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51:
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2727:
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1798:
1743:
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on the “Fund of the Three Keys,” shall be placed at his disposal by the National Treasury.
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8:
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3124:
2650:
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1671:
1583:
1358:
1350:
1326:
1085:
577:
533:
504:
235:
202:
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Central to the understanding that developed (and was promoted by the authorities) of the
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2058:
1870:
1763:
1527:
1502:
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1429:
1267:
773:
584:
223:
189:
3814:
3631:
3393:
3266:
2823:
2777:
1114:
421:, located more in central France while other areas that sent less than expected, like
339:. The central establishment of said special manufacture shall be established at Paris.
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3966:
3946:
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2350:
2289:
2273:
2066:
1146:
1000:
967:
921:
810:
777:
736:
314:
219:
193:
150:
3601:
3300:
1590:
1490:
4111:
3971:
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3759:
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3408:
3345:
3315:
3087:
3057:
2952:
2655:
2505:
2430:
2167:
2151:
2106:
2042:
2013:
1808:
1687:
1570:
1535:
1077:
1028:
1021:
800:
793:"L'armée de l'an II : la levée en masse et la création d'un mythe républicain"
765:
335:
in reserve in the “Fund of the Three Keys,” shall be placed at the disposal of the
3890:
993:
138:
4036:
3824:
3501:
3496:
3461:
3211:
2815:
2810:
2712:
2635:
2525:
2495:
1854:
1730:
1455:
1401:
1202:
541:
303:
68:
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645:
Perry, Marvin, Joseph R. Peden, and Theodore H. Von Laue. "The Jacobin Regime."
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3034:
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2979:
2799:
1987:
1221:
545:
537:
239:
570:
410:
390:
The present decree shall be conveyed to the departments by special messengers.
215:
4176:
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4091:
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3779:
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3398:
3294:
3186:
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814:
792:
441:
380:
336:
278:
3586:
74:
The term is also applied to other historical examples of mass conscription.
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110:
was created and understood as a means to defend the nation by the nation.
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3839:
3729:
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2625:
1945:
1738:
414:
88:
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3724:
3340:
2695:
1170:
3592:
805:
169:
As early as 1789, leaders had considered how they would sustain their
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3276:
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2228:
647:
Sources of the Western Tradition: From the Renaissance to the Present
462:
457:
450:
445:
437:
384:
332:
218:
to supply a quota of recruits. By March 1793, France was at war with
936:
756:
Lytle, Scott (1958). "Robespierre, Danton, and the Levée En Masse".
243:
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4062:
4001:
3880:
3754:
2520:
769:
102:
people, its defense also was assumed to become a responsibility of
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426:
288:
266:
523:
499:
Though not a novel idea—see for example thinkers as diverse as
3135:
François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
3069:
500:
422:
418:
141:, there had been some conscription (by ballot) to a militia,
201:
be—persecuted for their attachment to the cause of liberty.
3109:
2949:
310:
856:
854:
832:(8th ed.). New York: Macmillan. pp. 472–474.
728:
659:
Catherwood, Christopher; Horvitz, Leslie Alan (2006).
302:
the hospitals; the children shall turn old linen into
242:. The introduction of recruitment for the levy in the
56:) is a French term used for a policy of mass national
16:
French term for a policy of mass national conscription
3865:
List of people associated with the French Revolution
905:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 32–70.
851:
709:
707:
436:
Many individuals who were conscripted by the French
4097:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1187:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
536:at a meeting of his "inner circle" of Hitler with
896:
894:
892:
704:
658:
206:not just political reformation of its own lands.
164:
4174:
3023:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
691:
689:
687:
918:Hitler's Winter: The German Battle of the Bulge
865:. London: St. Martin's Press. pp. 120–121.
1065:Significant civil and political events by year
828:Stewart, John Hall (1951). "French military".
797:Annales historiques de la Révolution française
952:
869:
830:A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution
718:. London: St. Martin's Press. pp. 91–92.
684:
4118:
4077:
4053:
4034:
3018:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
915:
124:
1705:
845:War, Revolution, and the Bureaucratic State
735:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 205.
515:was rare before the French Revolution. The
3222:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
959:
945:
3487:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
3145:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
2968:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
804:
700:. London: St. Martin's Press. p. 83.
296:Translated and summarized Levée en Masse
261:
3919:
1203:Nationalization of the Church properties
863:The French Revolutionary Wars: 1787–1802
860:
713:
695:
265:
20:
4148:Historiography of the French Revolution
3419:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
3130:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
900:
827:
790:
732:Daily Life During the French Revolution
716:The French Revolutionary Wars 1787–1802
698:The French Revolutionary Wars 1787–1802
661:Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide
4175:
3155:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
3110:Other significant figures and factions
847:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 35.
4023:
3918:
3202:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
3108:
2958:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez
2897:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
2855:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
2458:
1704:
1335:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary
1063:
966:
940:
842:
755:
611:The Soldiers of the French Revolution
45:
4188:1793 events of the French Revolution
3356:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux
2768:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno
2459:
1555:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III
4024:
2963:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth
920:. Oxford, UK: Osprey. p. 258.
605:(Cambridge University Press, 2009).
524:"Levée en masse" in the Third Reich
467:
27:Departure of the Conscripts of 1807
13:
4153:Influence of the French Revolution
4143:Symbolism in the French Revolution
2907:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
2868:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc
1123:Convocation of the Estates General
591:
214:of about 300,000 with each French
63:The concept originated during the
14:
4219:
3795:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
3527:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
2829:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
2611:François Christophe de Kellermann
1850:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
532:in early January 1945 during the
444:reported that there were 175,000
60:, often in the face of invasion.
3522:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
3429:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
3399:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
3290:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière
3068:
3033:
3003:
2978:
2935:
2809:
2686:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise
2467:
1239:Civil Constitution of the Clergy
861:Blanning, Timothy C. W. (1996).
289:Text of the French Revolution's
3860:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
3607:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
3532:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
2743:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier
2738:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
2718:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon
2546:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
1464:Marie Antoinette is guillotined
909:
836:
821:
729:James Maxwell Anderson (2007).
395:
91:as opposed to a royal subject.
4133:Women in the French Revolution
3735:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
2912:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló
2576:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
2205:French invasion of Switzerland
916:Tucker-Jones, Anthony (2022).
791:Forrest, Alan (1 March 2004).
784:
749:
722:
671:
652:
639:
626:
507:, and the lawyer and linguist
165:Pre-war through early war days
77:
1:
4138:Incroyables and merveilleuses
3957:Pierre Claude François Daunou
3745:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
2876:Maximilian Baillet de Latour
2847:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze
2144:Naval Engagement off Brittany
1897:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies
1871:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
1680:Constitution of the Year VIII
1415:Committee of General Security
1300:National Legislative Assembly
1155:National Constituent Assembly
758:The Journal of Modern History
4056:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
3850:Charles Alexandre de Calonne
3740:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
3637:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
3537:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
3227:Charles Malo François Lameth
2902:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
2733:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
2676:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
1876:Second Battle of Wissembourg
1563:Constitution of the Year III
799:(in French) (335): 111–130.
636:, London: Granta Books, p. 8
7:
3952:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
3577:Antoine Christophe Saliceti
3512:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
3472:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
3351:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
3336:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
3331:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
3140:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
2993:William V, Prince of Orange
1863:First Battle of Wissembourg
1820:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)
1536:Closing of the Jacobin Club
1405:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
1362:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
1222:Abolition of the Parlements
1195:Women's March on Versailles
558:
270:Levée en masse in 1793, by
10:
4224:
4087:French Republican calendar
3642:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
3267:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
2621:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
2571:Charles François Dumouriez
2561:Jacques François Dugommier
2375:League of Armed Neutrality
2208:(28 January – 17 May 1798)
2160:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz
1983:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
1962:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
1626:Second Congress of Rastatt
1410:Committee of Public Safety
1397:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
620:
472:For all the rhetoric, the
344:Committee of Public Safety
328:Committee of Public Safety
157:was duly abolished by the
4193:French Revolutionary Wars
4102:Cult of the Supreme Being
4030:
4019:
3925:
3914:
3873:
3707:
3700:
3585:
3442:
3364:
3275:
3262:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
3168:
3117:Patriotic Society of 1789
3115:
3104:
3066:
3031:
3001:
2976:
2933:
2920:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
2842:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg
2807:
2798:
2776:
2481:
2465:
2454:
2423:
2386:
2359:Convention of Alessandria
2341:
2248:
2195:
2126:
1996:
1970:
1887:
1784:
1711:
1700:
1656:
1645:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI
1637:
1610:
1547:
1483:
1378:
1311:
1260:
1214:
1106:What Is the Third Estate?
1097:
1070:
1059:
974:
843:Brown, Howard G. (1995).
565:French Revolutionary Army
503:, the political theorist
135:French Revolutionary Wars
125:French Revolutionary Wars
65:French Revolutionary Wars
3810:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
3775:Joséphine de Beauharnais
3657:Stanislas-Marie Maillard
3627:François-Nicolas Vincent
3612:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
2786:Charles-Alexandre Linois
2681:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
2661:François Séverin Marceau
2641:François Joseph Lefebvre
2536:Jean-Étienne Championnet
2511:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
2506:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
2501:Alexandre de Beauharnais
2491:Eustache Charles d'Aoust
2213:French Invasion of Egypt
2091:Second Battle of Bassano
1825:Battle of Kaiserslautern
1599:Conspiracy of the Equals
1292:The Constitution of 1791
1163:Storming of the Bastille
903:Conscripts and Deserters
714:Blanning, T.C.W (1996).
696:Blanning, T.C.W (1996).
442:Minister of War (Carnot)
337:Minister of War (Carnot)
129:The first modern use of
3790:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
3662:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
3622:Antoine-François Momoro
3617:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
3434:François de Neufchâteau
3384:Charles-François Lebrun
3326:Jean Baptiste Treilhard
3207:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
3083:Luis Firmin de Carvajal
2889:Rudolf Ritter von Otto
2884:Karl Mack von Leiberich
2516:Jean-Baptiste Bessières
2330:Second Battle of Zurich
2221:Irish Rebellion of 1798
2067:First Battle of Bassano
1905:Second Battle of Boulou
1706:Revolutionary campaigns
1664:Coup of 30 Prairial VII
1579:Council of Five Hundred
1367:First republic declared
1303:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)
1284:Declaration of Pillnitz
1008:Constitutional monarchy
632:Schivelbusch, W. 2004,
203:The National Convention
198:The National Convention
25:Painting depicting the
4203:Conscription in France
4183:18th century in France
4119:
4078:
4054:
4035:
3547:Prieur de la Côte-d'Or
3542:Jean-Pierre-André Amar
3452:Maximilien Robespierre
3285:Jacques Pierre Brissot
3150:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
2581:Louis-Charles de Flers
2566:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
2531:Jean François Carteaux
2306:First Battle of Zurich
2269:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
2224:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
2184:Treaty of Campo Formio
1930:Glorious First of June
1858:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
1817:Expedition to Sardinia
1495:Desmoulins guillotined
1430:Assassination of Marat
1422:Fall of the Girondists
1394:Revolutionary Tribunal
1386:Execution of Louis XVI
1276:Champ de Mars massacre
1179:Abolition of Feudalism
901:Forrest, Alan (1989).
609:Forrest, Alan (1990).
393:
274:
262:Levée en masse decreed
147:French Estates General
33:
3992:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
3257:Jean-Charles Pichegru
3237:Jean-François Rewbell
2723:Jean-Charles Pichegru
2606:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
2596:Jacques Maurice Hatry
2367:Battle of Hohenlinden
2240:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)
2075:Battle of Emmendingen
2022:Battle of Castiglione
1909:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
1840:Battle of Hondschoote
1511:Thermidorian Reaction
1475:(throughout the year)
1248:Fête de la Fédération
1174:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)
1158:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)
1142:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)
634:The Culture of Defeat
298:
269:
43:French pronunciation:
24:
4198:Military terminology
3920:Influential thinkers
3667:Jean-François Varlet
3567:Jean-Lambert Tallien
3562:Jean Bon Saint-André
3389:Pierre-Joseph Cambon
3311:Marquis de Condorcet
3160:Nicolas de Condorcet
2925:Dagobert von Wurmser
2758:Louis-Gabriel Suchet
2701:Pierre-Jacques Osten
2616:Jean-Baptiste Kléber
2551:Louis-Nicolas Davout
2541:Chapuis de Tourville
2083:Battle of Schliengen
2030:Battle of Theiningen
1951:Battle of Aldenhoven
1835:Battle of Wattignies
1804:Battle of Neerwinden
1618:Coup of 18 Fructidor
1131:Death of the Dauphin
528:Hitler proclaimed a
133:occurred during the
31:Louis-Léopold Boilly
4007:Mary Wollstonecraft
3785:Jean Sylvain Bailly
3572:Pierre Louis Prieur
3517:Jean-Henri Voulland
3492:Jacques-Louis David
3424:Jean Joseph Mounier
3125:Jean Sylvain Bailly
2763:Belgrand de Vaubois
2651:Jean-Antoine Marbot
2591:Emmanuel de Grouchy
2396:Treaty of Lunéville
2035:Battle of Neresheim
1980:Siege of Luxembourg
1959:Siege of Luxembourg
1914:Battle of Tourcoing
1845:Siege of Bellegarde
1672:Coup of 18 Brumaire
1584:Council of Ancients
1359:National Convention
1351:September Massacres
1327:Brunswick Manifesto
1319:France declares war
1086:Assembly of Vizille
578:La patrie en danger
534:Battle of the Bulge
505:Niccolo Machiavelli
179:National Convention
47:[ləveɑ̃mɑs]
3845:Loménie de Brienne
3820:Madame de Lamballe
3755:Napoléon Bonaparte
3552:Prieur de la Marne
3467:Camille Desmoulins
3321:Marie Jean Hérault
3197:Jean-Sifrein Maury
3192:Arnaud de La Porte
3048:Alexander Korsakov
2834:Count of Clerfayt
2753:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
2666:Auguste de Marmont
2521:Napoléon Bonaparte
2412:Algeciras campaign
2404:Treaty of Florence
2282:Battle of Stockach
2115:Ireland expedition
2099:Battle of Calliano
2059:Battle of Rovereto
2051:Battle of Würzburg
1503:Law of 22 Prairial
1472:Anti-clerical laws
1447:The Death of Marat
1268:Flight to Varennes
613:. Durham: Duke UP.
585:Pospolite ruszenie
275:
171:revolutionary army
113:Historically, the
34:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4044:Cockade of France
4015:
4014:
3977:Antoine Lavoisier
3967:Benjamin Franklin
3947:Anacharsis Cloots
3910:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3830:Louis de Breteuil
3672:Theophile Leclerc
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3053:Alexander Suvorov
2794:
2793:
2728:Józef Poniatowski
2646:Étienne Macdonald
2450:
2449:
2351:Battle of Marengo
2314:Battle of Trebbia
2298:Battle of Cassano
2290:Battle of Magnano
2274:Battle of Ostrach
2176:Battle of Neuwied
1938:Battle of Fleurus
1922:Battle of Tournay
1799:War in the Vendée
1735:Royalist Revolts
1696:
1695:
1253:
1229:Abolition of the
1147:Tennis Court Oath
1139:National Assembly
968:French Revolution
927:978-1-4728-4739-3
806:10.4000/ahrf.1385
742:978-0-313-33683-6
509:Sir William Jones
159:National Assembly
151:French Revolution
4215:
4124:
4112:Temple of Reason
4083:
4059:
4040:
4021:
4020:
3972:Thomas Jefferson
3916:
3915:
3835:de Chateaubriand
3765:Joseph Bonaparte
3760:Lucien Bonaparte
3750:Marie Antoinette
3705:
3704:
3692:Sylvain Maréchal
3647:François Hanriot
3482:Louis Philippe I
3409:Louis Philippe I
3404:Philippe Égalité
3346:Olympe de Gouges
3316:Charlotte Corday
3306:Étienne Clavière
3106:
3105:
3088:Antonio Ricardos
3073:
3072:
3058:Andrei Rosenberg
3038:
3037:
3008:
3007:
2983:
2982:
2953:Ralph Abercromby
2940:
2939:
2915:
2892:
2879:
2871:
2863:
2850:
2837:
2814:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2709:
2656:Marcellin Marbot
2479:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2460:Military leaders
2456:
2455:
2443:
2435:
2431:Treaty of Amiens
2416:
2408:
2400:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2334:
2333:(25–26 Sep 1799)
2326:
2318:
2317:(17–20 Jun 1799)
2310:
2302:
2301:(27–28 Apr 1799)
2294:
2286:
2278:
2277:(20–21 Mar 1799)
2270:
2262:
2258:Second Coalition
2241:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2168:Treaty of Leoben
2164:
2156:
2155:(14–15 Jan 1797)
2152:Battle of Rivoli
2148:
2140:
2136:Italian campaign
2119:
2111:
2110:(15–17 Nov 1796)
2107:Battle of Arcole
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2043:Battle of Amberg
2039:
2026:
2018:
2014:Battle of Lonato
2010:
2006:Italian campaign
1984:
1963:
1955:
1942:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1901:
1880:
1879:(26–27 Dec 1793)
1867:
1859:
1821:
1813:
1809:Battle of Famars
1777:
1702:
1701:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1649:
1630:
1622:
1603:
1595:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1540:
1532:
1524:
1515:
1507:
1499:
1476:
1468:
1460:
1452:
1442:
1434:
1426:
1406:
1398:
1390:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1347:
1339:
1331:
1323:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1271:(20–21 Jun 1791)
1251:
1243:
1235:
1226:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1090:
1082:
1078:Day of the Tiles
1061:
1060:
961:
954:
947:
938:
937:
932:
931:
913:
907:
906:
898:
867:
866:
858:
849:
848:
840:
834:
833:
825:
819:
818:
808:
788:
782:
781:
753:
747:
746:
726:
720:
719:
711:
702:
701:
693:
682:
675:
669:
668:
656:
650:
643:
637:
630:
468:Popular reaction
240:United Provinces
175:Dubois de Crancé
173:. In December,
50:or, in English,
49:
44:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4162:
4037:La Marseillaise
4026:
4025:Cultural impact
4011:
3921:
3902:
3869:
3825:Madame du Barry
3815:Catherine Théot
3805:Thérésa Tallien
3696:
3687:Gracchus Babeuf
3632:François Chabot
3589:
3581:
3502:Georges Couthon
3497:Marquis de Sade
3462:Jean-Paul Marat
3438:
3394:Bertrand Barère
3360:
3271:
3252:Boissy d'Anglas
3247:Madame de Staël
3212:Antoine Barnave
3180:
3173:
3164:
3111:
3092:
3067:
3062:
3032:
3027:
3002:
2997:
2977:
2972:
2934:
2929:
2913:
2890:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2848:
2835:
2824:József Alvinczi
2808:
2790:
2772:
2713:Nicolas Oudinot
2703:
2636:Claude Lecourbe
2631:Charles Leclerc
2526:Guillaume Brune
2496:Pierre Augereau
2466:
2461:
2446:
2441:
2439:Treaty of Paris
2433:
2419:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2382:
2377:
2369:
2361:
2353:
2337:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2308:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2244:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2191:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2122:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2024:
2016:
2008:
1992:
1982:
1966:
1961:
1953:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1899:
1883:
1878:
1865:
1857:
1855:Siege of Toulon
1819:
1811:
1794:First Coalition
1780:
1771:
1707:
1692:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1652:
1647:
1633:
1628:
1620:
1606:
1601:
1593:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1543:
1538:
1530:
1522:
1513:
1505:
1497:
1479:
1474:
1466:
1458:
1456:Law of Suspects
1450:
1440:
1432:
1424:
1404:
1402:Reign of Terror
1396:
1388:
1374:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1307:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1256:
1241:
1233:
1224:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1182:(4–11 Aug 1789)
1181:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1115:Réveillon riots
1109:
1093:
1088:
1080:
1066:
1055:
970:
965:
935:
928:
914:
910:
899:
870:
859:
852:
841:
837:
826:
822:
789:
785:
754:
750:
743:
727:
723:
712:
705:
694:
685:
676:
672:
663:. p. 279.
657:
653:
644:
640:
631:
627:
623:
594:
592:Further reading
561:
542:Joseph Goebbels
526:
470:
431:Basses-Pyrénées
398:
381:Minister of War
294:
264:
167:
127:
80:
69:Napoleonic Wars
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4221:
4211:
4210:
4208:1793 documents
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4107:Cult of Reason
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4051:
4049:Flag of France
4046:
4041:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3877:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3855:Jacques Necker
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3709:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3677:Claire Lacombe
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3602:Jacques Hébert
3598:
3596:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3457:Georges Danton
3454:
3448:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3301:Henri Grégoire
3297:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3242:Camille Jordan
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2946:
2944:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2886:
2881:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2852:
2844:
2839:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2476:
2463:
2462:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2409:
2401:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2347:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2322:Battle of Novi
2319:
2311:
2309:(4–7 Jun 1799)
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2201:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2132:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2112:
2104:
2102:(6–7 Nov 1796)
2096:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2027:
2019:
2017:(3–4 Aug 1796)
2011:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1988:Peace of Basel
1985:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1830:Siege of Mainz
1827:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1766:
1761:
1759:Siege of Mainz
1756:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1591:13 Vendémiaire
1588:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1568:
1560:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1516:
1508:
1500:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1453:
1443:
1438:Levée en masse
1435:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1399:
1391:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1348:
1343:10th of August
1340:
1332:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1236:
1227:
1225:(Feb–Jul 1790)
1218:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
983:
975:
972:
971:
964:
963:
956:
949:
941:
934:
933:
926:
908:
868:
850:
835:
820:
783:
770:10.1086/238263
748:
741:
721:
703:
683:
677:Alan Forrest,
670:
651:
638:
624:
622:
619:
618:
617:
614:
607:
601:
593:
590:
589:
588:
581:
574:
567:
560:
557:
546:Wilhelm Keitel
538:Martin Bormann
530:levée en masse
525:
522:
513:levée en masse
494:levée en masse
486:levée en masse
479:levée en masse
474:levée en masse
469:
466:
397:
394:
392:
391:
388:
377:
375:
372:
368:
365:
362:
358:
354:
350:
347:
340:
324:
321:
318:
307:
293:
291:levée en masse
287:
263:
260:
166:
163:
131:levée en masse
126:
123:
115:levée en masse
108:levée en masse
84:levée en masse
79:
76:
38:Levée en masse
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4220:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4121:Sans-culottes
4117:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4092:Metric system
4090:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3917:
3913:
3899:
3896:
3892:
3891:Panthéon Club
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3780:Joachim Murat
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3557:Gilbert Romme
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:de Cambacérès
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3295:Madame Roland
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3232:André Chénier
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3187:Grace Elliott
3185:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3107:
3103:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:Joseph Souham
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2691:Joachim Murat
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:André Masséna
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2457:
2453:
2442:(25 Jun 1802)
2440:
2437:
2434:(25 Mar 1802)
2432:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2413:
2410:
2407:(18 Mar 1801)
2405:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2362:(15 Jun 1800)
2360:
2357:
2354:(14 Jun 1800)
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2331:
2328:
2325:(15 Aug 1799)
2323:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2285:(25 Mar 1799)
2283:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2266:Siege of Acre
2264:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2238:
2237:Peasants' War
2235:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2187:(17 Oct 1797)
2185:
2182:
2179:(18 Apr 1797)
2177:
2174:
2171:(17 Apr 1797)
2169:
2166:
2163:(25 Jan 1797)
2161:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2147:(13 Jan 1797)
2145:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2116:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2086:(26 Oct 1796)
2084:
2081:
2078:(19 Oct 1796)
2076:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2046:(24 Aug 1796)
2044:
2041:
2038:(11 Aug 1796)
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1941:(26 Jun 1794)
1939:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1925:(22 May 1794)
1923:
1920:
1917:(18 May 1794)
1915:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1900:(24 Apr 1794)
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1866:(13 Oct 1793)
1864:
1861:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1812:(23 May 1793)
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1686:
1683:(24 Dec 1799)
1681:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1667:(18 Jun 1799)
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1648:(11 May 1798)
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1566:(22 Aug 1795)
1564:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1539:(11 Nov 1794)
1537:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1523:(28 Jul 1794)
1520:
1517:
1514:(27 Jul 1794)
1512:
1509:
1506:(10 Jun 1794)
1504:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1473:
1470:
1467:(16 Oct 1793)
1465:
1462:
1459:(17 Sep 1793)
1457:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1441:(23 Aug 1793)
1439:
1436:
1433:(13 Jul 1793)
1431:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1389:(21 Jan 1793)
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1370:(22 Sep 1792)
1368:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1346:(10 Aug 1792)
1344:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1330:(25 Jul 1792)
1328:
1325:
1322:(20 Apr 1792)
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1287:(27 Aug 1791)
1285:
1282:
1279:(17 Jul 1791)
1277:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1252:(14 Jul 1790)
1250:
1249:
1245:
1242:(12 Jul 1790)
1240:
1237:
1234:(23 Jun 1790)
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1190:(26 Aug 1789)
1188:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1166:(14 Jul 1789)
1164:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1150:(20 Jun 1789)
1148:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1134:(4 June 1789)
1132:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1118:(28 Apr 1789)
1116:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1089:(21 Jul 1788)
1087:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1002:
998:
996:
995:
994:Ancien Régime
991:
989:
988:
984:
982:
981:
977:
976:
973:
969:
962:
957:
955:
950:
948:
943:
942:
939:
929:
923:
919:
912:
904:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
864:
857:
855:
846:
839:
831:
824:
816:
812:
807:
802:
798:
794:
787:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
752:
744:
738:
734:
733:
725:
717:
710:
708:
699:
692:
690:
688:
680:
674:
667:
662:
655:
648:
642:
635:
629:
625:
615:
612:
608:
606:
602:
599:
598:Cobb, Richard
596:
595:
587:
586:
582:
580:
579:
575:
573:
572:
568:
566:
563:
562:
556:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
521:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
495:
490:
487:
482:
480:
475:
465:
464:
459:
454:
452:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
406:
404:
389:
386:
382:
378:
376:
373:
369:
366:
363:
359:
355:
351:
348:
345:
341:
338:
334:
329:
325:
322:
319:
316:
312:
308:
305:
300:
299:
297:
292:
286:
282:
280:
279:Lazare Carnot
273:
268:
259:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
207:
204:
199:
195:
191:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:Ancien Régime
136:
132:
122:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
90:
85:
75:
72:
70:
66:
61:
59:
55:
54:
48:
40:
39:
32:
28:
23:
19:
4128:Phrygian cap
4073:Bastille Day
3987:Thomas Paine
3942:Edmund Burke
3937:Beaumarchais
3931:Les Lumières
3929:
3770:Joseph Fesch
3682:Pauline Léon
3652:Jacques Roux
3591:
3175:
2601:Lazare Hoche
2586:Paul Grenier
2556:Louis Desaix
2415:(8 Jul 1801)
2399:(9 Feb 1801)
2370:(3 Dec 1800)
2293:(5 Apr 1799)
2094:(6 Nov 1796)
2070:(8 Sep 1796)
2062:(4 Sep 1796)
2054:(3 Sep 1796)
2025:(5 Aug 1796)
1954:(2 Oct 1794)
1933:(1 Jun 1794)
1675:(9 Nov 1799)
1621:(4 Sep 1797)
1558:(1 Apr 1795)
1528:White Terror
1521:guillotined
1498:(5 Apr 1794)
1445:
1437:
1425:(2 Jun 1793)
1295:(3 Sep 1791)
1246:
1206:(2 Nov 1789)
1198:(5 Oct 1789)
1126:(5 May 1789)
1104:
1081:(7 Jun 1788)
1048:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1006:
999:
992:
985:
978:
917:
911:
902:
862:
844:
838:
829:
823:
796:
786:
761:
757:
751:
731:
724:
715:
697:
678:
673:
664:
660:
654:
646:
641:
633:
628:
610:
604:
583:
576:
569:
553:
550:Albert Speer
529:
527:
516:
512:
498:
493:
491:
485:
483:
478:
473:
471:
455:
435:
407:
399:
396:Conscription
295:
290:
283:
276:
256:
252:23 July 1793
208:
187:
168:
154:
142:
137:. Under the
130:
128:
119:cabinet wars
114:
112:
107:
106:. Thus, the
103:
99:
95:
93:
83:
81:
73:
62:
58:conscription
52:
37:
36:
35:
26:
18:
3997:Abbé Sieyès
3982:Montesquieu
3898:Social Club
3840:Jean Chouan
3730:Louis XVIII
3507:Roger Ducos
3477:Paul Barras
3444:Montagnards
3374:Abbé Sieyès
3177:monarchiens
2985:Netherlands
2914:(Hungarian)
2862:(Hungarian)
2778:French Navy
2704: [
2626:Jean Lannes
2483:French Army
2261:(1798–1802)
2232:(1798–1800)
2216:(1798–1801)
1946:Chouannerie
1907:(Pyrenees)
1772: [
1739:Chouannerie
1531:(Fall 1794)
1519:Robespierre
415:Haute-Loire
411:Puy-de-Dôme
357:proportion.
313:to extract
216:département
78:Terminology
4177:Categories
3886:Cordeliers
3800:Talleyrand
3725:Louis XVII
3587:Hébertists
3341:Jean Debry
3171:Feuillants
2800:Opposition
2696:Michel Ney
2118:(Dec 1796)
1726:Thionville
1629:(Dec 1797)
1602:(May 1796)
1594:5 Oct 1795
1571:Directoire
1451:(painting)
1354:(Sep 1792)
1338:(Jun 1792)
1171:Great Fear
1110:(Jan 1789)
1001:Revolution
764:(4): 333.
463:deserters.
458:desertions
371:districts.
353:departure.
317:therefrom.
238:, and the
3720:Louis XVI
3715:Charles X
3366:The Plain
3277:Girondins
3217:Lafayette
2878:(Walloon)
2860:Pál Kray
2836:(Walloon)
2378:(1800–02)
2229:Quasi-War
1688:Consulate
1574:(1795–99)
1029:Consulate
1022:Directory
815:0003-4436
778:144759572
666:uprising…
451:deserters
446:deserters
385:assignats
333:assignats
315:saltpeter
248:civil war
183:Committee
82:The term
53:mass levy
4080:Panthéon
4068:Muscadin
4063:Marianne
4002:Voltaire
3881:Jacobins
3874:Factions
3414:Mirabeau
2870:(French)
1764:Jemappes
1748:Dauphiné
1231:Nobility
1043:Journals
1036:Glossary
1015:Republic
987:Timeline
559:See also
438:deserted
361:Council.
236:Piedmont
3962:Diderot
3708:Figures
3593:Enragés
3299:Father
3010:Prussia
2942:Britain
2891:(Saxon)
2849:(Swiss)
2816:Austria
681:(2009).
621:Sources
571:Fédérés
403:émigrés
272:Lesueur
232:Britain
224:Prussia
220:Austria
194:Austria
190:Prussia
89:citizen
3701:Others
3040:Russia
2474:France
2139:(1797)
2009:(1796)
1744:Vendée
1721:Verdun
1548:1795–6
1491:Danton
1050:Museum
980:Causes
924:
813:
776:
739:
429:, and
417:, and
413:, the
244:Vendée
155:milice
153:, the
143:milice
4158:Films
3075:Spain
2708:]
1776:]
1769:Namur
1754:Lille
1731:Valmy
774:S2CID
517:levée
501:Plato
427:Rhône
423:Seine
419:Yonne
228:Spain
96:levée
3590:and
3174:and
2424:1802
2388:1801
2343:1800
2250:1799
2197:1798
2128:1797
1998:1796
1972:1795
1889:1794
1786:1793
1713:1792
1657:1799
1638:1798
1611:1797
1493:and
1484:1794
1379:1793
1312:1792
1261:1791
1215:1790
1098:1789
1071:1788
922:ISBN
811:ISSN
737:ISBN
548:and
492:The
379:The
326:The
304:lint
212:levy
192:and
2950:Sir
801:doi
766:doi
311:lye
104:all
100:all
29:by
4179::
2706:fr
1774:fr
871:^
853:^
809:.
795:.
772:.
762:30
760:.
706:^
686:^
544:,
540:,
453:.
425:,
254:.
234:,
230:,
226:,
222:,
161:.
71:.
960:e
953:t
946:v
930:.
817:.
803::
780:.
768::
745:.
41:(
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