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606:" hit the Yangzi region and spread across the north. Famine and drought compounded the social discontent caused by the epidemic. Environmental disaster, disease, and the failure of the Chongzhen government to protect its people led to major peasant uprisings across Northern China beginning in 1628, with the Shaanxi province as an epicenter of rebellion. Li Zicheng and
594:. Li Zicheng had a brother who was 20 years his senior and raised Li Zicheng alongside his son and Zicheng's nephew, Li Guo. While Li Zicheng was literate, the source of his education is disputed. Over the course of his late adolescence and early adulthood, Li worked on a farm, in a wine shop, in a blacksmith's shop, and as a mailman for the state courier system.
717:
When Wu Sangui and Prince Dorgon took control of
Beijing, Li fled to Xi'an in Shaanxi. It is not known how or if Li died during his flight, and there are multiple accounts of his death which vary and some of them have been exaggerated. However, across multiple sources, the year of his death is said
601:
By the late Ming dynasty era, the government had been weakened financially, and struggled to deal with the economic issues, environmental problems, and widespread disease (smallpox and possibly the plague) that afflicted peasant populations. In 1639, an epidemic that would later become known as the
597:
According to folklore, in 1630, Li was put on public display in an iron collar and shackles for failing to repay loans to a usurious magistrate. The magistrate, a man by the name of Ai, struck a guard who tried to give Li shade and water. A group of sympathetic peasants freed Li from his shackles,
690:
and hailed from the
Shaanxi province of China, which strengthened his legitimacy to the throne versus the foreign Manchus. Li also gained the support of scholar officials which was important in ruling over the people of China as a Confucian state. The name of the dynasty is translated to mean
639:
Li advocated the slogans of "dividing land equally" and "abolishing the grain taxes payment system" which won great support from the peasants. The song, "Killing cattle and sheep, preparing tasty wine and opening the city gate to welcome the
Dashing King" was widely spread at the time.
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regarded Li as an illegitimate usurper and outlaw. This view sought to discourage and demonize notions of rebellion against the Qing government, by propagating that the
Manchus put an end to Li's illegitimate rule and restore peace to the empire, thus receiving the
718:
to have been 1645. One account states that in the summer of 1645 Li went to raid a village in search of provisions with his remaining followers and was killed by soldiers guarding the village. Another theory is that Li
Zicheng became a monk and died in 1674.
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spirited him to a nearby hill, and proclaimed him their leader. Although they were only armed with wooden sticks, Li and his band managed to ambush a group of government soldiers sent to arrest them, and obtained their first real weapons.
867:
885:
There are many stories and folklore attributed to Li
Zicheng. One such story claims that when Li Zicheng was young he killed one of his classmates and was promptly disowned by his family and shunned by his community.
766:
Li Yan, a semi-mythical advisor of Li
Zicheng who was thought to have died in 1644, has been suspected to be a metaphor for the rise and fall of Li Zicheng’s rebellion, as historians doubt his existence in real life.
655:
and killed over 300,000 of its 378,000 residents. After the battles of
Luoyang and Kaifeng, the Ming government was unable to stop Li's rebellion, as most of its military force was involved in the battle against the
613:
In 1633, Li joined a rebel army led by Gao
Yingxiang (高迎祥), nicknamed "the Dashing King.” He inherited Gao's nickname and command of the rebel army after Gao's death.
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1403:
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Within three years, Li succeeded in rallying more than 30,000 men to his cause. They attacked and killed prominent government officials such as
632:. As Li won more battles and gained more support, his army grew larger. Historians attribute this growth in numbers to Li's reputation as a
833:
872:
1220:
1383:
1215:
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The
Mythistorical Chinese Scholar-Rebel-Advisor Li Yan A Global Perspective, 1606–2018 (Leiden in Comparative Historiography, 12)
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686:. Li, as all contenders for the throne were required, claimed to have the Mandate of Heaven bestowed upon him. Firstly, Li was
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794:, where the heroine comments he is worthy of being a king. Li is featured as a character in some of the works of Hong Kong
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Cultural Centrality and Political Change in Chinese History : Northeast Henan in the Fall of the Ming
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Li Zicheng was born in 1606 as Li Hongji to an impoverished family of farmers in Li Jiqian village,
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who had defected to his side. The Ming and Manchu forces captured Beijing on 6 June and
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961:. US: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 249–253.
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In April 1644, Li's rebels sacked the Ming capital of Beijing, and the
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931:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 206, 209.
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The Troubled Empire : China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties
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committed suicide. Li proclaimed himself the emperor of the
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in April 1644 and ruled over northern China briefly as the
1162:"A tragic peasant rebellion, abridged for today's readers"
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The Jews of Kaifeng, China: history, culture, and religion
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and his personality is analysed from the point of view of
729:, proclaimed that he was the reincarnation of Li Zicheng.
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War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795
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Li's army was eventually defeated on 27 May 1644 at the
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saying that he was the reincarnation of Li Zicheng and
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Li is the main character of the historical epic novel
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1176:"噔噔咚！他来了。——《饿殍：明末千里行》李闯将美术设计展示 - CnGal 中文GalGame资料站"
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Maoist era propaganda posters glorifying Li Zicheng
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The Hungry Lamb: Traveling in the Late Ming Dynasty
1061:. US: First Harvard University Press. p. 19.
1033:. US: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 119–121.
1320:
866:Li also makes an appearance in the visual novel
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667:and proclaimed himself "King of Xinshun" (新順王).
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840:. Li is also briefly mentioned by name in
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1059:China's Last Empire : The Great Qing
779:Monument of Li Zicheng on Mount Panlong,
1221:United States Government Printing Office
804:(Louis Cha). Li's rebellion against the
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710:ascended to the throne to establish the
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651:dikes by both sides, ended the siege of
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1111:Religious History in the Qing Dynasty
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25:17th-century Chinese rebel leader
843:Fox Volant of the Snowy Mountain
725:by the Tianli sect (天理教) of the
548:leader who helped overthrow the
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1384:Politicians from Yulin, Shaanxi
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723:Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813
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1344:Assassinated revolutionaries
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721:Lin Qing, the leader of the
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64:Emperor of the Shun dynasty
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372:Traditional Chinese
1354:Chinese revolutionaries
1349:Deaths by blade weapons
957:Brook, Timothy (2010).
467:Simplified Chinese
386:Simplified Chinese
231:Era name and dates
89:Hall of Martial Valor,
818:, the protagonist. In
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696:Battle of Shanhai Pass
691:"Obedient to Heaven".
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604:Chongzhen Great Plague
590:prefecture, northeast
168:prefecture, northeast
1210:"Li Tzŭ-ch'êng"
1205:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
778:
702:and the Ming general
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663:In 1643, Li captured
574:) of the short-lived
1008:Ktav Pub Inc (2003)
849:The Young Flying Fox
739:Ming-Qing transition
18:For other uses, see
1369:Ming dynasty rebels
1364:Qing dynasty people
1359:Ming dynasty people
985:Routledge; (2005)
981:Lorge, Peter Allan
790:, a wuxia novel by
164:Li Jiqian village,
91:Shuntian Prefecture
1339:People from Yan'an
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771:In popular culture
676:
645:1642 Kaifeng flood
1399:Founding monarchs
1374:Emperors of China
1317:
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1303:Succeeded by
1278:Chongzhen Emperor
1257:22 September 1606
1068:978-0-674-03612-3
1014:978-0-88125-791-5
991:978-0-415-31691-0
968:978-0-674-04602-3
904:Chinese Knowledge
752:Mandate of Heaven
680:Chongzhen Emperor
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1183:. Retrieved
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447:Dashing King
416:Hanyu Pinyin
318:Hanyu Pinyin
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260:Chinese name
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129:Ming dynasty
78:Enthronement
15:
1334:1645 deaths
1329:1606 births
1249:House of Li
1093:26 November
906:article on
881:In folklore
871: [
727:White Lotus
688:Han Chinese
503:Chuǎng Wáng
436:Li Hung-chi
264:family name
209:Gao Guiying
121:Predecessor
87:3 June 1644
1323:Categories
1300:1643–1645
908:Li Zicheng
890:References
861:Yao Xueyin
857:Li Zicheng
634:Robin Hood
534:Li Zicheng
511:Wade–Giles
430:Wade–Giles
332:Wade–Giles
324:Lǐ Zìchéng
278:Li Zicheng
224:Li Zicheng
185:border of
108:(disputed)
31:Li Zicheng
1164:. Danwei.
1139:. Brill.
704:Wu Sangui
665:Xiangyang
582:Biography
538:Li Hongji
422:Lǐ Hóngjī
366:Li Hongji
158:Li Hongji
136:Successor
116:1644–1645
100:Li Zijing
97:Successor
73:1644–1645
1117:25 April
1108:Li Shi.
1087:Archived
1004:Xu, Xin
802:Jin Yong
258:In this
1185:16 June
1083:"奉天玉和尚"
836:, with
800:writer
757:In the
712:Shunzhi
658:Manchus
653:Kaifeng
630:Shaanxi
558:Chinese
288:Chinese
246:Dynasty
195:Jiangxi
170:Shaanxi
1260:
1143:
1065:
1037:
1012:
989:
965:
935:
700:Dorgon
628:, and
626:Shanxi
588:Yan'an
568::
566:pinyin
560::
262:, the
205:Spouse
166:Yan'an
1262:Died:
1255:Born:
1016:p. 47
994:p.147
875:]
797:wuxia
708:Fulin
622:Henan
226:(李自成)
219:Names
191:Hunan
187:Hubei
160:(李鴻基)
113:Reign
84:Xi'an
70:Reign
1264:1645
1187:2024
1141:ISBN
1119:2024
1095:2018
1063:ISBN
1035:ISBN
1010:ISBN
987:ISBN
963:ISBN
933:ISBN
902:The
846:and
834:A'ke
643:The
251:Shun
193:and
180:Died
155:Born
877:.
859:by
620:in
562:永昌帝
392:李鸿基
378:李鴻基
346:IPA
294:李自成
266:is
36:李自成
1325::
1219:.
1213:.
1178:.
1121:.
1085:.
1049:^
1021:^
947:^
915:^
873:zh
863:.
852:.
624:,
564:;
473:闯王
459:闖王
269:Li
197:,
189:,
172:,
1312:)
1308:(
1284:)
1280:(
1223:.
1189:.
1149:.
1097:.
1071:.
1043:.
971:.
941:.
602:"
556:(
272:.
146:)
142:(
131:)
127:(
22:.
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