Liao dynasty - Knowledge

4766:

that tribal and Han people enjoy tranquil existences, all living together in harmony, with no desire for war. Moreover, grandson, the Prince of Yan, is young and fragile. In one of the past years, powerful Khitan courtiers had his father executed. Thus, he has been seeking revenge, and looks for support from Chinese and from our court to consolidate his position. North of the border , even commoners speak of this. After I crossed the border with my retinue , I witnessed wise, old officials … all speaking of our friendship, with a deep sigh, as something unprecedented since antiquity. They also related to me that the emperor of the Northern Court treats those in charge of southern envoys very generously. One of the reception officials was deputy Hanlin commissioner even before we reached the Great Tent … Everybody said it was in recognition of his work receiving the southern envoy. From this, we can see that, as long as the emperor of the Northern Court remains healthy, we can be certain our northern frontier will remain free of incidents. is only that his grandson, the Prince of Yan, is mediocre and weak in spirit, undignified in appearance, and does not live up to his grandfather. Though his heart may seem to turn to China, we do not yet know whether or not, after he attains , he will be able to suppress the conflict between tribal and Han people, and secure his position.

5016:, and rejected the Liao letters because they did not address him by his new title. Aguda continued to demand the return of Ashu and the withdraw of Liao troops from Huanglong, the major administrative center of the region. Huanglong fell to the Jin in late autumn. Tianzuo assembled a massive army west of the Songhua and crossed the river in the winter of 1115. His invasion was undermined by a plot to dethrone him and install his uncle, Prince Chun. The conspirators led by Yelü Zhangnu deserted the army and sent messengers informing Chun of their plan. Chun refused to take part in the coup and beheaded Zhangnu's messengers. The rebels then went about the countryside creating havoc until they were defeated by a small group of loyal Jurchens. Zhangnu was caught trying to escape to the Jin disguised as a messenger and was executed by being cut in half at the waist. More than 200 implicated nobles were executed and their families condemned to slavery. In early 1116 another rebellion occurred at the Eastern Capital when a Balhae officer named Gao Yongchang declared himself emperor of the Yuan dynasty and requested aid from the Jin. The Jin relief troops to Yuan easily repulsed the Liao troops but then turned on the Balhae rebels and killed Gao Yongchang. With the destruction of the Yuan dynasty, the entire region east of the 4746:. One of her household members accused her of having an affair with a palace musician, Zhao Weiyi. In addition, Yixin and his ally, the Han scholar Zhang Xiaojie, fabricated evidence that the empress had written erotic poems to Zhao. Believing Yixin's evidence, Daozong ordered Zhao and his clan executed and the empress, Xiao Guanyin, to commit suicide. Her body was returned to her family wrapped in a mat. Yelü Jun swore revenge for her mother's death and shortly after her suicide, Yixin survived an attempted assassination. Xiao Guanyin was replaced by the sister of one of Yixin's henchmen, Xiao Xiamo, whose other sister was married to Yixin's son. After the death of Empress Dowager Renyi in 1076, the new empress, Xiao Tansi, was installed. The next year, Yixin implicated a number of officials, all his enemies, with plotting a coup to replace Daozong with Jun. While the emperor was initially unmoved, Yixin fabricated a false confession by Jun, resulting in his demotion to commoner status and imprisonment. Yixin then sent emissaries to kill Jun and persuaded the viceroy of the Supreme Capital to report his death as a result of illness. Jun's wife was also killed when she was summoned to court by Daozong, who had almost immediately come to regret his actions. 4441:. Despite his parentage, he was raised as the adopted son of Empress Qitian (Xiao Pusage). Noujin fabricated a plot by Qitian to rebel and had her banished and then forced to commit suicide. Noujin declared herself the regent, made her birthday a public holiday, and began holding court and conducting duties normally within the purview of the emperor. In 1034, Noujin plotted to replace Xingzong with his younger brother, Zhongyuan, whom she had brought up herself. Zhongyuan wanted no part of this and informed Xingzong of their mother's plans, resulting in Noujin's banishment to their father's mausoleum. For his part in defeating the coup, Zhongyuan was given the title of "Imperial Younger Brother" and filled a succession of high ranking posts: commander in chief, northern commissioner of military affairs, and viceroy of the Southern Capital. Noujin's relatives remained in power at court. In 1037, Xingzong attempted to reconcile with these elements by treating Noujin with great respect and paying her visits. Xingzong appointed her brother, Xiao Xiaomu, as northern chancellor. In 1039, Noujin returned to the capital and underwent a rebirth ceremony to symbolically re-establish her position. The 5751: 3264:, "In the case of a military operation, the chieftains discussed it together. In mobilizing troops, tallies needed to be matched". In the early 7th century, the Dahe clan unified the Khitan tribes in a federation that was able to raise 34,000 troops. The tribal composition of the Dahe Confederation is listed as Daji, Hebian, Duhuo, Fenwen, Tubian, Ruixi, Zhuijin, and Fu. The Hedahe were the leading tribe of the Confederation, from which its name is taken from. Other tribes mentioned are: Danjieli, Yishihuo, Shihuo, Nawei, Pinmo, Nahuiji, Jijie, and Xiwa. The component tribes were largely autonomous and the Dahe were only responsible for foreign affairs. After the Dahe united the Khitans, the system of rotating leadership was replaced by "Shixuan", electing a leader based on their talent and ability from the Dahe lineage. The other clans had the right to vote but not to be elected. Brothers, cousins, and nephews often succeeded rather than the son of the previous leader. No internal conflicts among the Khitan tribes are recorded after the unification of the Dahe. 3723:, Yelü Bei was skilled in painting, writing in both Khitan and Chinese languages, and possessed a large personal library. He also had a taste for Chinese culture, music, medicine, and prognostication. Chinese-style primogeniture was also not a custom among the Khitans, who had elected their leader since the time of the Dahe Confederation, which was why Abaoji had them swear allegiance to Yelü Bei when he announced him as heir apparent. Bei's mother, Shulü Ping, who was exceptionally powerful in her own right, commanding thousands of horsemen and leading troops on campaign, took control of all military and civil affairs as regent, after having cut off her right hand to be buried with her husband. Shulü Ping herself disproved of her first son as heir due to his Chinese leanings and used all her influence to have Bei set aside for his younger brother, Deguang, who had participated in the 922–923 and 924–925 campaigns. Toward the end of 927, Bei approached his mother and formally withdrew his claim. Deguang succeeded the throne. 4839: 3917:, south of the Supreme Capital, for several days. The deadlock was resolved by a royal cousin named Yelü Wuzhi and ultimately Lihu, who the Khitan nobility viewed as cruel and spoiled, was unable to gain enough support to further challenge Shizong. After a peace was brokered, Ruan formally assumed the role of emperor and the title of emperor. Shizong promptly exiled both Empress Shulü Ping and Yelü Lihu from the capital, ending their political ambitions. Shizong hoped this would secure his position but he quickly became disillusioned as the internal situation of the Liao remained unstable. In 948, the second son of Taizong, Yelü Tiande, conspired to murder the emperor. The conspiracy failed and the conspirators' lives were spared. Among them, Xiao Han, a nephew of Shulü Ping, conspired against Shizong again in the following year. Despite being spared again, Xiao Han returned to his old ways a third time, resulting in his execution. 4813:. In 1069, there was a renewed Zubu rebellion which was put down by Yelü Renxian. In 1086 the Zubu chieftain attended court and Daozong ordered his grandson, Yelü Yanxi, to be friendly towards him as he was a valuable ally. However, in 1089, Zubu leadership passed to Mogusi. In 1092, the Khitans attacked several tribes in the northwest neighboring the Zubu and the Zubu became involved. In 1093 Mogusi led a series of raids deep into Liao territory and drove off many of the state herds of horses. Other tribes such as the Dilie (Tiriet), who had previously rebelled in 1073, also joined Mogusi. It took until 1100 for the northern commissioner for military affairs, Yelü Wotela, to capture and kill Mogusi. His death did not end warfare with the northwestern tribes and it took another two years to defeat the remaining Zubu forces. The war against the Zubu was the last successful military campaign waged by the Liao dynasty. 3465:, most of them ending up in Yila territory. Han farmers were resettled by Abaoji and Han craftsman taught the Khitans how to spin and weave. The adoption of agrarian culture, Han refugees, and more advanced labor organization made the Yila tribe far richer than other Khitans. Abaoji placed Han intellectuals such as Kang Moji, Han Yanhui, and Han Zhigu into his administration. Kang Moji was responsible for legal matters between Khitans and Han. Later he supervised the building of the capital city. Han Yanhui was made an official in charge of military affairs and oversaw the subdued Han population, settling them and making sure they did not flee. Han Zhigu participated in strategy and decision making. He later took charge of the department handling Han affairs and managed protocols of foreign affairs. He also combined Han institutions and Khitan customs to make them easier to understand for Khitans. 5797: 4636:

princess. Upon Daozong's accession, Ala was made northern commissioner for military affairs, putting him alongside Xiao Ge as two of the most powerful men at court. The two had a falling out and Ala asked to retire. Instead he was sent to be viceroy of the Eastern Capital in 1059. In 1061 he returned to court and voiced harsh criticisms at the government. Ge denounced him to the emperor, and in spite of Empress Dowager Renyi's pleas, the emperor ordered Ala strangled. This left the court in the hands of Xiao Ge (who retired the next year), Yelü Renxian, and Yelü Yixin. Yixin grew up in poverty but rose to become a palace attendant under Xingzong and by the end of his reign, a guard commander. Under Daozong, Yixin was made southern chancellor and then transferred to the northern Chancellery in 1059. Renxian rose to prominence during negotiations with the

4024: 3336:) Ketuyu attacked the reigning Khitan ruler, Suogu. Suogu fled to Yingzhou seeking Chinese protection. General Xue Tai was ordered to punish Ketuyu but he failed and was captured along with Suogu and the Kumo Xi king Li Dapu. Ketuyu enthroned Suogu's cousin Yuyu as the new Khitan ruler. Ketuyu sent tribute to the Tang court but the official in charge treated him with rudeness. Ketuyu murdered the Khitan ruler Shaogu and defected to the Türks. Ketuyu suffered a defeat against the Tang in 732 and fled while his Kumo Xi allies surrendered to the Tang. In 734, Ketuyu defeated a Tang army with the support of his Türkic allies and then lost another battle against Tang forces under the command of Zhang Shougui. The Tang convinced a Khitan military official, Li Guozhe, to murder Ketuyu and the Khitan ruler Qulie, who had been enthroned by Ketuyu. 5222: 4644:

1063. In 1061, Zhongyuan's son Nielugu was appointed southern commissioner for military affairs, and became a figurehead for dissident noblemen. Chief among the dissidents was Xiao Hudu, the northern commissioner for military affairs. In 1063, the dissidents ambushed Daozong while he was out on a hunting trip. Daozong was wounded when he had his horse shot out from under him by crossbowmen. He was saved by his servants while his mother, the Empress Dowager Renyi (Xiao Tali), led the guards to ward off the attackers. The battle lasted until dawn. Nielugu was killed by a stray arrow, Hudu fled and drowned himself, and Zhongyuan also fled and committed suicide. Yelü Ming, viceroy of the Southern Capital and a co-conspirator in the rebellion, did not give up when he heard of Zhongyuan's demise. He led a force of

5554: 4544: 5874: 3836:

Du Chongwei, surrendered. In early 947, Taizong entered Kaifeng unopposed. The Jin emperor and his family were exiled to the Supreme Capital. The Jin army was disarmed and disbanded, their horses confiscated. With this great victory, Taizong formally adopted a dynastic name, the "Great Liao". With the conquest of Later Jin, the Liao acquired the Jade Seal of State Transmission (chuanguo yuxi). Ideologically, the Liao therefore regarded itself as the legitimate successor of the Later Jin, and the ruler of China. It hence chose the Water element, the element that follows the Metal element, the dynastic element of the Later Jin, according to the sequence of creation of the Five Elements (wuxing). It also chose the Water element's corresponding color black as its dynastic color.

4989:

among Jurchens. Unmarried daughters of Jurchen families of lower and middle classes in Jurchen villages were provided to Khitan messengers for sex, as recorded by Hong Hao. Song envoys among the Jin were similarly entertained by singing girls in Guide, Henan. There is no evidence that guest prostitution of unmarried Jurchen girls to Khitan men was resented by the Jurchens. It was only when the Khitans forced aristocratic Jurchen families to give up their beautiful wives as guest prostitutes to Khitan messengers that the Jurchens became resentful. This suggests that in Jurchen upper classes, only a husband had the right to his married wife while among lower class Jurchens, the virginity of unmarried girls and sex with Khitan men did not impede their ability to marry later.

5210: 5812: 4753:, as heir. In 1079 when the emperor was about to leave on his winter hunting trip, Yelü Yixin tried to persuade him to leave his grandson behind. Various courtiers hostile to him immediately protested this and convinced Daozong to take his grandson with him. This incident seemed to finally awaken the emperor to Yixin's true nature. In 1080 Yixin was demoted and sent to Xingzhong. A year later he was found guilty of trading prohibited goods with a foreign state and sentenced to death. Zhang Xiaojie and the new empress were both exiled from the capital, although Zhang would later be allowed to return and died peacefully in the late 1080s. From then on, Yanxi was carefully groomed for the throne. In 1086 Daozong showed him the armour and weapons of 5406:, who were the elite personal cavalry of the Emperor, the tribal cavalry of Khitans and an auxiliary force of non-Khitan tribes, and militia infantry of Han Chinese and other sedentary peoples, who also provided the foot archers and catapult crews. Appanage territories were often granted to commanders. The core of the Liao army was composed of heavy armoured cavalry. In battle they arrayed light cavalry in the front and two layers of armoured cavalry in the back. Even foragers were armoured. Units of Khitan heavy cavalry were organized in groups of 500 to 700 men. Unlike some other empires originating from nomadic tribes, the Khitans preferred to fight in dense heavy cavalry formations rather than the wide formations of horse archers. 3293:. Kuge was appointed the Governor-general of Songmo and several prefectures were set up for Khitan tribes: Qiaoluo for the Daji, Tanhan for the Hebian, Wufeng for the Duhuo, Yuling for the Fenwen, Rilian for the Tubian, Tuhe for the Ruixi, Wandan for the Zhuijin, Pili for the Fu. The chieftains of the tribes were appointed as prefects. The Tang emperor bestowed the Chinese surname Li on the Dahe and appointed their leader to a governorship that was "an office specifically created for the indirect management of the Khitan tribes". Some Khitan tribes such as the Songmo, Xuanzhou, Neiji, Yishige, and Yishihuo were not included in the Dahe Confederation. The Neiji tribe led by Sun Aocao submitted to the Tang in 619. Aocao's great-grandson 3431: 4493:. The Khitans blamed Yuanhao for instigating the rebellion and immediately sent an invasion force led by Zhongyuan and the northern commissioner for military affairs Xiao Hui. Liao forces enjoyed an initial victory but failed to take the Xia capital and were brutally mauled by Yuanhao's defenders. According to Song spies, there was a succession of carts bearing Liao dead across the desert. In 1048, the Xia emperor died and the throne passed to an infant. The Khitans saw their opportunity for vengeance and invaded in a three pronged attack. The army under Xingzong's personal command encountered little resistance but had to withdraw owing to the lack of water and pasture for its horses. Xiao Hui's army advanced on the 5281:

tribal affairs, herds, and retainers serving the imperial house, and most powerful and high-ranking positions dealt with military affairs. The overwhelming majority of officeholders were Khitans, mainly from the imperial Yelü clan and the Xiao consort clan. The Southern Administration was more heavily structured, with Twitchett and Tietze calling it "designed in imitation of a T'ang model". Unlike the Northern Administration, many of the low- and medium-ranked officials in the Southern Administration were Han Chinese. Certain ethnic Han families in particular, descended from meritorious officials, played an important role in the Liao government and became powerful clans: the Han, the Zhao, the Liu and the Ma.

4875: 3282: 5000:, refused. Even after being bidden three times, Aguda still refused to dance. Tianzuo wanted him executed for his act of defiance but the influential chancellor, Xiao Fengxian, dissuaded him from that course and belittled the harm Aguda could do. This would prove to be a fatal mistake as Aguda was elected ruler of the Jurchens in the following year. Aguda immediately began harassing the Liao for the return of Ashu, a Jurchen chieftain who opposed Wanyan hegemony and had taken refuge in Liao territory, and when his demands were refused, began building fortifications on the Liao border. In the late autumn of 1114 Aguda attacked Ningjiang. Underestimating the Jurchen threat, Tianzuo only sent some 5415: 3443: 3457:, posthumously Emperor Taizu of Liao, was born in 872 to the Yila chieftain, Saladi. By the time of Abaoji, the Yila had become the largest and strongest of the Khitan tribes, even though the Yaonian khans still held overall power. The Yila tribe was descended from the Yishihuo, who settled closer to Han civilization than other Khitans. In the 730s, the Yila became a tribe independent of the Yaonian. Under the influence of Han culture, Yundeshi (820s–860s?), Abaoji's grandfather, became the first Khitan to practice and teach settled agriculture. Shulan, Abaoji's uncle, was the first Khitan to practice masonry and build walled cities. To their south, the Han people of 4295:

agriculturalist family hoeing together still cannot provide refined and unmixed food for the elderly, and ten diligent sericulturalist spinning women together still cannot provide padded silken clothing for the elderly. In tax collection and in conscription, is more pressing than plunderers and robbers. What is more, the Yelü, Xiao, and Han clans are debauched and tyrannical. They periodically seek out the children of good families as wives and concubines. The parents of beautiful girls in You and Ji do not allow to apply their white powder; instead, they clothe them shabbily and hide them away. they marry they do not associate with their close relations.

731: 5781: 3423: 11420: 5601:, and lavish the bride's family with gifts. After the three years, the groom would be allowed to take the bride back to his home, and the bride would usually cut off all ties with her family. Abduction of marriage-age women was common during the Liao dynasty. Khitan men of all social classes participated in the activity, and the abductees included both Khitan and Han Chinese. In some cases, this was a step in the courtship process, where the woman would agree to the abduction and the resulting sexual intercourse, and then the abductor and abductee would return to the woman's home to announce their intention to marry. This process was known as 3369:

worked for him as a teenager but An Lushan used a sword to sever his genitals and he almost died after losing multiple pints of blood. An revived him by smearing ashes on his injury. Li Zhuer was highly trusted by An Lushan, and he and two other men served as his personal attendants. Li Zhuer was approached by conspirators who wanted to kill An when he became ill and started abusing his subordinates. An was hacked to death by Li Zhuer and another conspirator, Yan Zhuang, who was beaten by An before. An screamed "this is a thief of my own household" as he desperately shook his curtains since he could not find his sword to defend himself. The

5368: 5766: 4422: 3700: 5705:. Liao burial sites indicate that animistic or shamanistic practices coexisted with Buddhism in marriage and burial ceremonies. Both animal and human sacrifices have been found in Liao tombs alongside indications of Buddhist influence. Khitan hunters offered a sacrifice to the spirit of the animal they were hunting and wore a pelt from the same animal during the hunt. There were festivals to mark the catching of the first fish and wild goose, and annual sacrifices of animals to the sky, earth, ancestors, mountains, rivers, and others. Every male Khitan would sacrifice a white horse, white sheep, and white goose during the 4863: 5846: 3353: 5999: 3727:"The ruler who has received the Mandate of Heaven should be attentive to Heaven and respectful to the great spirits. To those of greatest merit I should offer my veneration. Which among them ranks first?" All present replied that it should be the Buddha. Abaoji responded: "Buddhism is not a Chinese teaching." Then Prince Bei spoke: "Confucius is the great sage, revered for myriad generations. He should rank first." Abaoji was delighted. Thereupon he ordered that a Confucian temple be constructed and decreed that the heir himself should conduct the spring and autumn ritual offerings. 5624: 3411: 3856: 2191: 3551:

a cavalry force thirty thousand strong with the intention of attacking Youzhou. But his queen, Shulü laughed and said: 'Whoever heard of attacking a country with oil? Would it not be better to take three thousand horse and lie in wait on the borders, laying waste the country, so that the city will be starved out? By that means they will be brought to straits infallibly, even though it takes a few years. So why all this haste? Take care lest you be worsted, so that the Han people mock at us, and our own people fall away.' Therefore he went no further in his design.

4456:'s reign. In 1046, all local administrators were ordered to report all legal cases to the Supreme Capital. The laws were further revised in 1051. The universal application of the law was opposed by the pro-Khitan faction of Zhongyuan. In 1043, Chinese living in the Southern Establishments were forbidden from owning bows and arrows. In 1044, at the suggestion of Zhongyuan, Khitan police inspectors were established in each of the capitals to protect Khitan interests. In 1046, Khitans were forbidden to sell slaves to Chinese. On the other hand, restrictions on the 4831: 4777:

tribal areas also seem to have experienced immense suffering, resulting in displaced families and vagrants. The government constantly lost revenue due to payments of relief and the granting of tax exemptions. In 1074, the Eastern Capital region was hit by severe flooding, after which orders were given to construct flood control works. This was opposed on grounds that the necessary labor levies involved would cause even greater hardship and unrest. In the winter of 1082–83, unusually heavy snowfall killed up to 60–70 per cent of tribal livestock and horses.

5907: 4723: 5294:), both of whom were members of the royal clan, and the commander in chief (yuyue). These men controlled all military and tribal affairs, the selection of military commanders, the disposition of the tribal herds, and the allocation of pastures. Beneath them was a bewildering array of tribal officials, an office for the royal clan of the former Balhae state, and a range of offices providing services to the imperial house: artisans, physicians, huntsmen, and commissioners responsible for the royal herds, stud farms, and stables. 4282:, which stipulated that the Song would give the Liao 200,000 bolts of silk and 100,000 ounces of silver each year, that the two emperors would address each other as equals, that they would finalize the location of their disputed border, and that the two dynasties would resume cordial relations. While the sums (referred to as gifts by the Song and as tributes by the Liao) were later increased to 300,000 bolts of silk and 200,000 ounces of silver per year out of Song fears that the Khitans might form a military alliance with the 5640: 4520: 4536: 4414: 4139: 3098: 5837: 3382:

Abaoji, the Khitans remained a tributary of the Tang dynasty. Towards the end of that period, the Khitans began a series of major conquests. Under the reign of Xianzhi Khagan (860?–882?), the Khitans subjugated the Kumo Xi and Shiwei. Two campaigns were launched against the Kumo Xi. Xianzhi captured 700 Xi households who were later settled as the Dieladieda tribe under Abaoji's reign. Saladi, Abaoji's father, captured 7,000 Xi households and moved them to Qinghe in the region of Raole (west of modern

5353: 4128: 4109: 5340:; and Xijing (西京), meaning Western Capital, located near modern-day Datong. Each circuit was headed by a powerful viceroy who had the autonomy to tailor policies to meet the needs of the population within his circuit. Circuits were further subdivided into administrations called fu (府), which were metropolitan areas surrounding capital cities, and outside of metropolitan areas were divided into prefectures called zhou (州), which themselves were divided into counties called xian (縣). 5903:, uses a set of poetic meters and is based upon certain definitive musical song tunes. The specific origin of these various original tunes and musical modes is not known, but the influence of Liao dynasty lyrics both directly and indirectly through the music and lyrics of the Jurchen Jin dynasty appears likely. At least one Han Chinese source considered the Liao (and Jurchen) music to be the vigorous and powerful music of horse-mounted warriors, diffused through border warfare. 3939:'s younger brother, Anduan, took advantage of the situation to kill Shizong. Chage was executed. Shizong died at the age of 33 and had not produced a son of age to inherit the throne. Shizong's rule was characterized by a series of rebellions from within his extended family. Although ruling for only four years, Shizong oversaw the formalization of the dual government system, which brought the structure of the Southern Establishment closer to the model used by the Tang dynasty. 50: 3504:

unchallenged until 910, when he disregarded Khitan calls for another member of the family to assume the position of Khagan. In 912 and 913, members of Abaoji's family attempted armed insurrections. After the first insurrection was discovered and defeated, Abaoji pardoned the conspirators. After the second, only his brothers were pardoned, with the other conspirators suffering violent deaths. The brothers plotted rebellions in 917 and 918, both of which were easily crushed.

1672: 3676: 5029: 2809:, while much of the rest of the Khitan elite supported the traditional method of succession by the strongest candidate. In addition, the adoption of Han systems and the push to reform Khitan practices led Abaoji to set up two parallel governments. The Northern Administration governed Khitan areas following traditional Khitan practices, while the Southern Administration governed areas with large non-Khitan populations, adopting traditional Han governmental practices. 4406: 4678:

selecting corrupt and worthless men for office, taking bribes, and allowing the military to do anything they wanted. Renxian tried to contain him but eventually left for the post of viceroy of the Southern Capital. Daozong remained aloof from politics, providing no real leadership, and instead opted to pursue his own scholarly interests. In 1064 he ordered a search for books lacking in the imperial collection. In 1074 the government distributed copies of the

4568: 4552: 5438: 5967: 77: 3345: 4473:

basis for levying manpower. The army was short on horses so the sacrifice of horses and oxen in ceremonies was banned in 1043. The army and its dependencies were organized into registries in 1046 and these registries were further revised in 1051. There was also concern about the quality of the troops' training, especially the Chinese troops that specialized in artillery and crossbows, skills that augmented the Khitans' cavalry forces.

3876: 5313:... the Southern Administration was essentially an executive organization for the southern areas and their settled population. The high-sounding titles of its officers should not conceal the fact that routine decision making and all military authority (southern officials were specifically excluded from decisions on military affairs at court) were concentrated in the emperor's Khitan entourage drawn from the Northern Administration. 3241: 6151: 6145: 4702: 3948: 5391:, the Liao nobles treated the state as if it was their family. They provided private armies to assist the government during times of war. The larger ordas comprised up to a thousand or more horsemen while smaller ones several hundred horsemen. By the end of the dynasty, the ordas together constituted 81,000 Khitan households and 124,000 Balhae and Chinese households, which together could field up to 101,000 horsemen. 4698:. In 1090 a Song envoy commented on how lavishly the emperor patronized the Buddhist clergy and their all-pervasive influence on society. In the latter years of Daozong's reign, he all but abandoned his administrative duties. So ambivalent about administration was the emperor that he selected officials by having the candidates roll dice. This was how the historian who compiled the record of his reign was selected. 4274:. The Khitans began a series of campaigns against the Song in 999. While generally successful on the battlefield, they failed to secure anything of value from the Song. This changed in 1004 when Shengzong and his mother led a lightning strike campaign right to the outskirts of the Song capital of Kaifeng by only taking cities that surrendered, while avoiding protracted sieges of the cities that resisted heavily. 5108: 4338:. The next year, the Khitans assembled another large army to march on Goryeo. At this point both sides realized that they could not defeat each other militarily, so in 1020 King Hyeonjong resumed sending tribute, and in 1022 the Khitans officially recognized the legitimacy of King Hyeonjong's reign. In the same year, a Liao envoy was sent to invest Hyeonjong as king, and when he died in 1031, his successor 6013: 3692: 5049:

sister, Lady Yuan, also hoped to have her son succeed. Lady Wen was forced to commit suicide but Yudu escaped and defected to the Jin. He was allowed to remain in command of his troops and in the winter of 1121–22, he led Jin forces to capture the Central Capital. Leaving Prince Chun in charge of the Southern Capital, Tianzuo embarked on a prolonged flight from the Jin, passing through

5069:

Song army was still unable to overcome Khitan defenses and failed to take the city. In the winter, Aguda took the Southern Capital, and the remaining Khitans fled in two groups to the west. One group led by Xiao Gan fled to Western Xia where they set up a short lived Xi dynasty that lasted only five months before Gan died at the hands of his own troops. The other group, led by

5025:

continue military campaigns against the Liao due to stretched resources. In 1119 a rebellion against the Jin occurred at the Eastern Capital and had to be suppressed. This brief interlude was no less kind to the Liao, which was plagued by famine, local rebellions, and defections to the Jin. Hostilities renewed in the spring of 1020 when Aguda broke off negotiations.

3361:

there was a khagan, the military chief's power actually exceeded that of the khagan throughout the duration of the confederation. The ten tribes of the Yaonian Confederation consisted of the Danlijie, Yishihuo, Shihuo, Nawei, Pinmo, Nahuiji, Jijie, Xiwa, Yaonian, and Yila. Other tribes are also mentioned: the Yishi, Pin, Chute, Wukui, Niela, Tulübu, and Tuju.

5701:

the Muye Mountain, the legendary home of the Khitans' ancestors, and a "Black Mountain." When a Khitan nobleman died, burnt offerings were sacrificed at the full and new moons. The body was exposed for three years in the mountains, after which the bones would be cremated. The Khitan believed that the souls of the dead rested at the Black Mountain, near

3269:

event was known from Zhao Zhizhong who had been an official historian of the Khitan, so that it must be true ... (Zhizhong) was asked which dynasty the Central Plain was in, when the leadership rotated among the eight (Khitan) men. Zhizhong could not answer, but he said that it probably was in the Qin/Han period. (I) am afraid that it was not true.

4710:

his legitimacy as leader of the Khitans. In 1070 the Han were forbidden from hunting, which was considered a military exercise. Daozong recognized that the Khitan and Han customs were different, so he ordered Yixin and Renxian to revise the universal laws to take this into account. The new laws, well over 1,000 articles and twice the size of the

5081:. In spite of all these setbacks, Tianzuo still held onto the delusion of retaking the Western and Southern Capitals, and attacked nearby prefectures. Dashi, who had rejoined Tianzuo, grew tired of his behavior and left for the west. Tianzuo was captured in early 1125 and taken to the Jin court where he held the title of "king of the seashore" ( 3535:). Administration of the empire was divided between a Northern Administration overseeing steppe and tribal affairs and a Southern Establishment overseeing the settled and Han population. The two institutions were headed by chancellors, the northern one appointed by the Xiao consort clan, and the southern one appointed by the ruling Yelü clan. 4782:

of their relatives lived beyond the borders. The situation was always fluid, as groups merged and split apart and changed their allegiance. This situation was particularly complicated for two sets of peoples: the Jurchen in northern and eastern Manchuria and the Zubu tribes living in the heartlands of Mongolia, the Orkhon and Selenga valleys.

2844:. Although cultural achievements associated with the Liao dynasty are considerable, and a number of various statuary and other artifacts exist in museums and other collections, major questions remain over the exact nature and extent of the influence of the Liao culture upon subsequent developments, such as the musical and theatrical arts. 4385:, rebelled at the Eastern Capital. He imprisoned minister Xiao Xiaoxian and his wife, killed the tax commissioners and chief military commander, and declared his own Xing Liao dynasty. He requested aid from Goryeo but they refused to help. Other Balhae people serving in the military also refused to join him. Instead only a handful of 5273:

predominantly in the southern side. When Abaoji first established the system, these two governments did not have strict territorial boundaries, but Emperor Shizong established formally delineated boundaries for the two administrations early in his reign. The newly delineated Northern Administration had large Han Chinese, Balhae, and

3308:, felt insulted and bullied by Zhao. In 696, a famine occurred in Khitan territory and Zhao failed to provide relief, sparking a rebellion. The Dahe leader, Li Jinzhong, captured Yingzhou and declared himself "Wushang Khagan" (paramount khagan). The Tang sent 28 generals against the Khitans but were defeated at Xiashi Gorge ( 5940:. One documented way in which this influence occurred was through the incorporation of Khitan officers and men into the service of the Mongol forces during the first Mongol invasion of 1211 to 1215. This northern route of cultural transmission of the legacy of Liao culture was then returned to China during the Yuan dynasty. 3192:. The horses went after water and grass and men depended on kumiss. They bent the powerful bow and shot living animals in order to provide for their daily needs. They also had dried food and fodder. Such was their way of living. On account of this, they hold the upper hand and encountered no opposition whenever they went. 4242:, sending a force supposedly 800,000 strong, and demanded that Goryeo cede territories along the Yalu River. Goryeo appealed for assistance from the Song dynasty, with whom they had a military alliance, but no Song assistance came. After the initial battles, the Khitans made steady southward progress before reaching the 4120: 3662:

Scholars who write of a Kyrgyz "empire" from about 840 to about 924 are describing a fantasy. All available evidence suggests that despite some brief extensions of their power onto the Mongolian Plateau, the Kyrgyz did not maintain a significant political or military presence there after their victories in the 840s.

3796:, killed him. Li Congke ordered a powerful governor, Shi Jingtang, to be transferred for closer supervision by the court, leading to his rebellion. Hard pressed by Li Congke, Shi Jingtang sought aid from the Khitans. Taizong led a 50,000 strong cavalry force to his aid and defeated the Later Tang army near 5343:

Despite these administrative systems, important state decisions were still made by the emperor. The emperor met with officials from the Northern and Southern Administrations twice a year, but aside from that the emperor spent much of his time attending to tribal affairs outside of the capital cities.

5257:

There were two ceremonies for the ascension of Khitan leaders, the Chaice Yi (Recognition Ceremony) and Zaisheng Yi (Rebirth Ceremony). These ceremonies were created during the reign of Zuwu khagan (r. 735–745) when leaders were elected. The Liao dynasty inherited these ceremonies as symbolic rituals

5024:

After the Jin's initial conquests, a lull in military activity followed. In 1118 Tianzuo initiated peace negotiations, but the Jin demands were so onerous, requesting half of the Liao empire in addition to payments of silk and silver, that they were impossible to meet. Aguda was unable to immediately

4988:

of raping married Jurchen women and Jurchen girls by Khitan envoys, which caused resentment from the Jurchens. The custom of having sex with unmarried girls by Khitan was itself not a problem, since the practice of guest prostitution - giving female companions, food and shelter to guests – was common

4741:

Yelü Renxian, the only man whose influence rivaled Yelü Yixin, died in 1072. In 1075, Daozong's son and heir apparent, Prince Jun, who was both well educated and skilled as a horseman and archer, emerged as a potential threat to Yixin's influence over Daozong. To remove Jun, Yixin first set in motion

4718:

was reinstated. It is clear that while Daozong had a predilection towards Han culture, he also recognized that there were limits to how far he could advance pro-Han measures while governing Khitan elites. In 1074 the scholarly official Yelü Shuzhen suggested adopting Han style surnames for all Khitan

4643:

In 1059 the tribal judges were ordered to refer all capital cases to the local prefect or magistrate for review. If anyone claimed that the sentence was unjust, it was to be referred to the central government for a decision. This possibly led to the rebellion of pro-Khitan elements under Zhongyuan in

4472:

scholar, Xiao Hanjianu, advocated for withdrawing overextended garrisons from far off frontiers and the cessation of expansionist policies that incorporated useless territory. Instead, these forces should be concentrated in key areas to the south and east. In 1039, a census was conducted to provide a

4014:

In 969, Muzong spent an entire month drinking and began to act violently and irrationally, butchering some of his bodyguards. On 12 March, six of his personal attendants murdered him. He was 37 years old. Muzong was the second and last Liao emperor to succeed Abaoji who was not a direct descendant of

3966:. Muzong was a heavy drinker and spent most of his time either hunting or sleeping. The Chinese called him the "Sleeping Prince". The first half of his reign was marred by continued instability within his family. A younger brother of Shizong, Louguo, hatched a plot with one of his uncles to defect to 2923:

also officially adopted the dynastic name "Great Liao". In historiography, however, this regime is more commonly called the "Western Liao" or "Qara Khitai". Due to the dominance of the Khitans during the Liao dynasty in Northeast China and Mongolia and later the Qara Khitai in Central Asia where they

5700:

Some elements of traditional Khitan tribal religion continued to be observed. The Khitans worshiped the sun and the ritual position for the emperor was to face the east where the sun rose, unlike Han Chinese emperors, who faced south. Royal dwellings also faced the east. Khitans worshiped spirits of

5068:

Only three months after becoming emperor, Chun died, leaving his widowed empress in charge. In the late autumn of 1122, her commanders Guo Yaoshi and Gao Feng defected with their troops to the Song. They led Song troops in an attack on the Southern Capital, but even in the Liao's withered state, the

5048:

The Jin captured the Supreme Capital in mid-1120 and stopped its advance to escape the summer heat. In the spring of 1121, Tianzuo's second wife, Lady Wen, conspired with her brother in law, General Yelü Yudu, to depose the emperor and enthrone her son. The plot was uncovered by Xiao Fengxian, whose

5008:

troops led by Xiao Sixian, the brother of Xiao Fengxian, was also defeated on the Songhua. Despite Sixian's incompetence, he escaped punishment, leading to demoralization of Khitan generals. By the end of the year, several border prefectures had been taken by the Jurchens and some neighboring tribes

4781:

The tribal borderlands of the Liao empire were never clearly defined, constituting a zone inhabited by fragmented and unstable tribal groups who were loosely subject to the Liao court. Often some elements of the same people would be assimilated into the tribal section of the Liao empire while others

4765:

The emperor of the Northern Court appears to be over sixty years old, yet he remains vigorous and healthy; his appetite has not yet begun to decline. Having been on the throne so long, he has quite a good understanding of what is to advantage. friendship with our court has lasted many years, such

4677:

After the rebellion, Yelü Yixin and his ally Yelü Renxian jointly controlled the Northern Commission for Military Affairs for a while. In 1065, Renxian became commander in chief. For the next 15 years, Yixin exercised unrivaled influence in court and acted opportunistically to advance self-interest,

4389:

joined his regime. In 1030, Xingliao and its Jurchen and Goryeo allies were defeated by a Liao pincer attack led by Punu. A year later, one of Da Yanlin's officers betrayed him and opened the Eastern Capital's gates to the Khitans. His short lived dynasty came to an end. The old Balhae nobility were

4294:

The caitiff government is very harsh, and You and Ji abhor it. The land tax designated for mulberry tree is several times that of the Central Kingdom. natural disasters such as floods, droughts, or insect infestations, there is no reduction or elimination . Under these conditions, ten men from an

3550:

The ruler of Wu State (Li Bian) sent to Abaoji, ruler of the Qidan (Liao), a quantity of furious fiery oil (meng huoyou) which on being set alight and coming in contact with water blazed all the more fiercely. It could be used in attacking cities. Tai Zu (Abaoji) was delighted, and at once got ready

5583:

known as sororate, in which a man would marry two or more women who were sisters, was practiced among the Liao elite. Polygamy was not restricted only to sororate, with some men having three or more wives, only some of whom were sisters. Sororate continued throughout the length of the Liao dynasty,

4709:

Khitan resistance to Han influence did not disappear after the rebellion. In 1064 the private publication of books was banned, a measure that would have only impacted the urban Han elite. In 1067 Daozong underwent a traditional rebirth ceremony, while still engrossed in his studies, to re-establish

4467:

Militarily, the Liao seemed to be in decline during Xingzong's reign. The number of wars conducted in previous decades had put a great burden on the people. In the late 1030s, Xingzong asked his ministers for advice on dealing with growing distress, impoverishment, internal discontent, and banditry

4180:

examination was held in 988, and they continued until the end of the dynasty. However, only two or three graduates out of ten were employed. The examinations focused on lyric-meter poetry and rhapsodies and only the Chinese took them. In 991, the first veritable records were produced, with those of

3835:

and confiscated their property, sending their representative back to the Khitan court. Taizong invaded in the following year but suffered a defeat in 945, having to escape the battle on a camel. However, with persistence, the Khitans wore down the Jin forces, and in 946, the Jin commander in chief,

3585:

with more phonetic elements. The Khitan script was used for memorial inscriptions on wood and stone and record keeping in the Northern Administration. Almost no extensive documents written in Khitan script have survived, suggesting that few were ever produced. In the Southern Establishment, Chinese

3503:

In 907, Abaoji demanded that he be made Khagan, and ascended as supreme leader of the Khitans with support from seven other tribes. Abaoji then slaughtered the other Khitan chieftains, alarming the Khitan elite, many of whom saw his action as a move towards Han-style emperorship. Abaoji's rule went

3390:

Towards the end of Xiantong period (860–874), when Xi'er became the king (of the Khitan), their territory began to be expanded. Afterwards, when Qinde became the king, taking advantage of the turmoil in China, they frequently raided the borders. Up to the time of Abaoji who was more valiant, all of

3268:

In the early history of the Khitan, there was a man riding a white horse and a woman riding a cart drawn by a gray ox. They met on the Liao River and then became husband and wife. They had eight sons who were called by the previous histories the persons who took turns to be the supreme leader. This

3183:

In the ancient Khitan way of life their wealth consisted of horses and their strength of soldiers. The horses were released in the open country and the soldiers were demobilized among the people. Whenever a military campaign occurred, they were called to arms. The mounted archers and armed soldiers

5671:

was considered a protective deity by the Khitans, who named him "The Benevolent King Who Guards the Country." They invoked Buddhism whenever they went to war and made massive offerings to placate the souls of fallen soldiers. The Liao began printing Buddhist texts in the 990s and an entire copy of

5578:

Women among the Khitan elite had arranged marriages, in some cases for political purposes. Men from the elite classes tended to marry women from the generation their senior. While this did not necessarily mean that there would be a large gap in ages between husband and wife, it was often the case.

5398:

Khitan tribal manpower was still available for service both in China and in the steppe, but tribal chieftains, now living in towns became more detached from the tribal structure. The Khitan forces therefore enjoyed both the grain supply and weapon manufacturing facilities of sedentary society and

4055:

by 978. Realizing their precarious situation, the Han strengthened their ties to the Liao with monthly courtesy missions starting in 971. In 974, the Song began negotiations with Liao for a possible neutrality treaty. The diplomatic efforts ended in failure and the Song invaded Han in 976 and 977,

3839:

His victory did not last. Having brought inadequate supplies, the Khitans wantonly looted the city and plundered the countryside provisions, and imposed harsh levies on the local populace, causing them to become resentful and attack them. Rather than stay and govern the conquered city, the Khitans

3468:

Abaoji held the title of Dama Yueshali, the commander of the khagan's personal guard, in the late 9th century. In 901, Abaoji was elected Yilijin (chieftain) of the Yila by the triennial council. None of the Khitans except the Yaonian used surnames at the time, but later in the 930s, Abaoji's clan

5944:

Khita is the finest country in the world in respect of cultivation, for there is no place in its whole extent which is uncultivated. The inhabitants or their neighbours are responsible for paying the land tax. Orchards, villages and cultivated fields are ranged on both sides of the river from the

5394:

The Khitan were originally divided into 8 tribes (部) each led by a commander (大人) replaced once every three years. Abaoji then declared himself king to prevent the other clans from replacing him. The tribes convened for discussions for mobilisations or warfare; the Khitan custom of assemblies had

5285:

The southern commissioners were usually members of the Yelü royal clan, the northern commissioners mostly members of the Xiao consort clan. The administration of the Northern Region was mainly, though not exclusively, staffed by Khitan holding traditional Khitan titles. Its most powerful officers

4215:

conducted a three-pronged invasion and quickly overwhelmed the Khitan border defenses, but the tide turned as they ventured deep into enemy territory. Far from their supply lines, the Song armies were surrounded and attacked from all sides, resulting in resounding victories for the Khitans on all

3594:

tall . He was wearing a long gown of brocade with a wide sash tied at the back. He and his consort sat on facing couches. I was led forth and presented. Before I could deliver my message, Abaoji asked: "I have heard that in your Chinese land you now have one Son of Heaven in Henan and another in

3360:

The rebellion of Ketuyu ended Dahe supremacy in 730. Li Guozhe, chief of the Yishihuo tribe, and Nieli, also from the Yishihuo tribe, founded a new confederation. Nieli enthroned Zuwu Khagan from the Yaonian clan as the supreme ruler of the Khitans, while Nieli became the military chief. Although

5591:

Lower class Khitan women in the Liao dynasty did not have arranged marriages and would attract suitors by singing and dancing in the streets. The songs served as self-advertisements, with the women telling of their beauty, familial status, and domestic skills. Virginity was not a requirement for

5496:

Early in the + 10th century the Khitan kingdom or Liao dynasty (+907–1125) created a form of writing of some 3000 characters, based on the Chinese system, in which to express its own language, and many Chinese classics, histories, and medical works were translated into Khitan and printed, though

5280:

The governments of the Northern Administration and the Southern Administration operated very differently. The Northern Administration operated under a system which Twitchett and Tietze called "essentially a great tribal leader's personal retinue". Many of the governmental appointments dealt with

5020:

fell to the Jin. To ensure Chun's continued loyalty, he was made commander in chief of the Liao armies and entrusted with defense operations against the Jin. Chun proved to be an awful commander. His new army, composed of Balhae refugees, inflicted more damage on the civilian population than the

3991:

believed that the Liao dynasty were poised to invade the Zhou. In 958, the Han reported renewed attacks by the Zhou. In the following year, the Zhou invaded Liao territory, taking some border prefectures. Muzong headed south to confront the Zhou invasion but the Zhou emperor fell sick and had to

5569:

societies) having a much more egalitarian view towards women than the Han Chinese did. Khitan women were taught how to hunt, and managed family herds, flocks, finances, and property when their husbands were at war. Upper-class women were able to hold governmental and military posts. Han Chinese

5061:, fearing an invasion of their border, sent troops in support of Tianzuo and blocked the Jurchen advance. Soon after Aguda arrived, he defeated a Khitan-Tangut force near the Xia border, and turned back east to take the Southern Capital, where Prince Chun had been declared the new Liao emperor ( 4776:

Economically the Liao dynasty suffered greatly from natural disasters during Daozong's reign. Starting from 1065, not a year went by without an area being struck by some natural disaster. At first it was mainly the southern agricultural regions that were effected but in the 1080s and 1090s, the

4635:

In the early years, the court was dominated by two men, Xiao Ge and Xiao Ala. Xiao Ala was the son of Xiao Xiaomu and part of Xiao Noujin's extended family. He was a close friend of Xingzong and had served as state counselor and viceroy of the Eastern Capital. He was also married to an imperial

3368:

launched two invasions into Khitan territory in 751 and 755. After being soundly defeated by the Khitans during the first invasion, An Lushan was successful in the second. An then led a rebellion against the Tang that included Khitan troops in his army. An had a Khitan eunuch named Li Zhuer who

5986:

announced in January 2018 that the ruins in Duolun County, Inner Mongolia, of an ancient palace that served as the summer retreat for the royal family and retinue of the Liao dynasty, had been discovered. They would move each year from mid-April to mid-July to avoid the heat. The site includes

4648:

into the capital and armed them with weapons to prepare for combat, but his deputy governor mobilized the Chinese garrison to resist them. When orders from the emperor arrived, Ming was executed. All the conspirators and their families, among them Xiao Ge, were executed, resulting in extensive

3661:

The Khitan ruler Abaoji did extend his influence onto the Mongolian Plateau in 924, but there is no indication whatsoever of any conflict with the Kyrgyz. The only information we have from Khitan (Liao) sources regarding the Kyrgyz indicates that the two powers maintained diplomatic relations.

3531:" (Shangjing), a newly built walled city with a grand park and imperial tents where the Chinese palaces would normally be located. Abaoji fostered the construction of 30 more walled cities for his captured ethnic Han subjects to inhabit. The Supreme Capital was joined by the "Eastern Capital" ( 3381:

Following the An Lushan Rebellion, the Khitans became vassals of the Uighurs while simultaneously paying tribute to the Tang, a situation that lasted from 755 until the fall of the Uighurs in 840. There were 29 recorded tribute activities to the Tang from 756 to 841. From 840 until the rise of

5860:

The Khitans buried their elite dead with metal masks and woven-wire suits. The masks were personalized to the face of the deceased and made from bronze, silver, or gold depending on their status. The Princess of Chen and her husband were found in a silver wire-suit with gold masks and a gold

3586:

was the administrative language, which many Khitans learned, including Abaoji's sons. In a conversation with Yao Kun, an envoy from Later Tang, Abaoji said he spoke Chinese but did not speak it in the presence of other Khitans, because he feared that they would emulate the Han and grow soft.

5696:

would start were different from the one selected by the Liao. As early as the Sui dynasty, efforts were made to preserve Buddhist teachings by carving them into stone or burying them. These efforts continued into the Liao dynasty, with Emperor Xingzong funding several projects in the years

5272:

The Liao employed two separate governments operating in parallel with one another: a Northern Administration in charge of Khitan and other nomadic peoples, most of whom lived in the northern side of Liao territory, and a Southern Administration in charge of the Chinese populace that lived

3320:

offered to aid the Tang in return for subdued Türkic households under Tang control. The Türks attacked the Khitans from the north while the Tang invaded from the south. The Khitans suffered a heavy defeat before Sun Wanrong rescued the situation and counterattacked, seizing Yingzhou and

3974:

named Wan also conspired against the emperor. Wan was spared but his co-conspirators were executed. In 959, Dilie, one of Louguo's co-conspirators, plotted rebellion. The next year, Wan's older brother, Xiyin, was arrested for plotting rebellion. Lihu was implicated and died in prison.

3180:

Living in the frigid and windy Northern Desert, the Khitan people made animal husbandry, hunting and fishing their occupations, which could provide them (meat, fish and milk) for food, wool and hides for clothing. They used the horsedrawn cart for their shelters throughout the seasonal

5170:

in 1141, and establishing their dominance in the region. With several key trading cities, the Qara Khitai was a multicultural state that showed evidence of religious tolerance. "Qara," which means black, corresponds to the Liao's dynastic color black and its dynastic element water.

4893:

Natural disasters continued to plague the Liao dynasty intermittently. In 1105 Tianzuo went out in disguise to see the suffering of the people, but nothing else on record hints at what he may have prescribed in policy. In the same year, merchant families were barred from taking the

3232:. In 584, they submitted to the Sui dynasty (581–618). In 605, they were attacked by the Türks and lost 40,000 men and women. The eight tribes of old dispersed. Only two Khitan leaders are known from this period: Hechen and Wuyu. The title of Khitan chieftains was Mofuhe or Mohefu. 4173:

was ordered to be translated into Khitan for use by the Northern Administration and in 994, it was decided that any Khitan that transgressed the Ten Abominable Crimes would suffer the same punishment as a Chinese. In 1027, a revised Chinese style legal code was ordered. The first

4501:, capturing Yuanhao's young widow and some high-ranking officials. The Khitans invaded again the next year and plundered the Xia countryside and accepted the surrender of a Tangut general. The Western Xia agreed to become a tributary and peaceful relations were restored by 1053. 4158:. Until her death in 1009, the Khitan empire was ruled by her and three ministers, two of whom were Chinese. Xiao Yanyan was an extremely capable ruler, being both astute in politics and warfare, commanding an ordo to herself capable of fielding 10,000 cavalry. According to the 7564:, p.102: "Until the 980s Khitan-Koryǒ relations had been at arm’s length, for the Jurchen tribes and Ting-an had provided a buffer zone between Koryǒ's northern frontier and the Liao border". p.103: "Koryǒ was left free to deal with the Jurchen tribes south of the Yalu Valley". 4943:'s rise to power. Despite their marginal status, they were militarily significant enough that the Song considered them a potential ally against the Liao, and periodically caused trouble for the Khitans. The Liao categorized the Jurchens into three groups: "civilized" Jurchens ( 3391:

the five tribes of the Xi, the seven tribes of the Shiwei and the Tartar were subdued ... Furthermore, they invaded the Shiwei and Jurchen to the north, captured the old land of the Türks to the west, and destroyed the Xi ... All the northeastern barbarians surrendered to them.

4984:, only bred on the coastal regions and required the Jurchens to fight across the territory of their neighbors, the Five Nations, to access. Liao envoys also habitually beat their village elders and abused their women. One of the primary causes of the Jurchen rebellion was the 3500:. Abaoji and Li Keyong had a conversation about the Khitan way of succession. Abaoji was concerned that he would be replaced in three years and Keyong noted that there was also a practice of replacement for his post. He told Abaoji that he could just refuse to be replaced. 3325:. A 170,000 strong Tang army was sent against the Khitans and defeated. Another 200,000 soldiers were sent against the Khitans but failed to stop their advance. However the Khitans failed to account for the Türks sacking their capital, Xincheng, and the defection of the 3211:

There were eight Khitan tribes: the Xiwandan, Hedahe (Adahe), Fufuyu (Jufufu), Yuling (Yuyuling), Rilian, Piqie (Pilier), Li (black), and Tuliuhan (Tuliuyu). The eight tribes shared power by rotating leadership triennially. The Khitan federation presented tribute to the

4381:, who formerly only had to pay a tribute. The Balhae people were ordered to build boats to transport grain to the Southern Capital. The journey was dangerous and many boats were lost, leading to resentment. In the summer of 1029, a distant descendant of Balhae royalty, 4181:

Jingzong's reign taking up 20 chapters. In 994, the Khitans produced their own calendar. Rules on what matters should be recorded were made in 1011. In 991, the Khitans conducted their first general census and in 997 another census was taken for the tribal population.

4068:

and annexed Northern Han. Taizong then made the disastrous mistake of attempting to invade Liao. His already overextended and tired troops advanced on the Supreme Capital. Initial skirmishes ended in the Song army's favor but they lost a crucial pitched battle on the

5297:

The government of the Southern Region was designed in imitation of a Tang model. It was based, as was the government of the Northern Region, at the Supreme Capital, where it had its main offices. It had the traditional groups of elder statesmen, the Three Preceptors

4290:. Part of the border demarcated by the treaty was on the barrier-less North China Plain in Hebei. To fortify these most perilous borderlands, the Song created an extensive defensive forest along the Song-Liao border to thwart potential Khitan cavalry attacks. 5021:

enemies. When the Jin attacked Chunzhou on the Songhua in early 1117, the Liao army melted away, not even offering a token resistance. At the end of the year, the Jin forces crossed the Liao River, defeated Chun's army, and conquered several prefectures.

4804:

tribes, some of whom lived in Liao territory but had long resisted Khitan rule. There were outbreaks of warfare with the Zubu previously in 997–1000, 1007, 1012–23, and 1027. In 1063, 1064, and 1070, prohibitions were placed on the trade of metals to the

4073:. Taizong was wounded and fled south in a donkey cart. Capitalizing on the Liao victory, Jingzong launched a punitive expedition in 980, and defeated a Song army. In another campaign in 982, the Liao army was defeated and Jingzong was forced to retreat. 5667:, and Khitan tribal religion. During Abaoji's reign, temples of all three major religions were constructed, but afterwards, imperial patronage was restricted mainly to Buddhism, which by the early tenth century, the majority of Khitans had adopted. The 5579:

Among the ruling Yelü clan, the average age that boys married was sixteen, while the average age that girls married was between sixteen and twenty-two. Although rare, ages as young as twelve were recorded, for both boys and girls. A special variety of

4761:, describing to him the hardships of the campaigns on which the dynasty was founded. A few weeks later Yanxi underwent a rebirth ceremony. In 1088 he was assigned to his first office. A year later he was married and sons were born in 1089 and 1093. 4886:, proceeded without incident. His first act upon becoming emperor was to desecrate the tomb of Yelü Yixin and all those who brought about the deaths of his grandmother and parents. The corpses of Yixin and his allies were mutilated. The deceased 5073:, joined Tianzuo at the Xia border. In the early summer of 1123, Dashi was captured by the Jin and forced to lead them to Tianzuo's camp, where the entire imperial family except for Tianzuo and one son were captured. Tianzuo sought refuge with 4254:

instead. The Khitans negotiated a peace that forced Goryeo to adopt the Liao calendar and end tributary relations with Song (a violation of King Taejo’s testamentary injunction never to make peace with the Khitan). In exchange, Goryeo diplomat

7552:, p.64: "By the end of the negotiation, Sŏ Hŭi had ... ostensibly for the purpose of securing safe diplomatic passage, obtained an explicit Khitan consent to incorporate the land between the Ch’ôngch’ôn and Amnok Rivers into Koryô territory." 5323:

The Liao dynasty was further divided into five "circuits", each with a capital city. The general idea for this system was taken from the Balhae, although no captured Balhae cities were made into circuit capitals. The five capital cities were

3986:

in 952. The Zhou attacked Han again in 954, and the Khitans once again came to their aid. The Khitans captured some Han troops by mistake and handed them back. On some occasions, Han envoys would visit the Liao to discuss strategic matters.

4623:

passed in each examination increased from 50 to 60 during Xingzong's reign to over 100 under Daozong. In 1059 prefectural and county schools were established, as well as institutions for higher learning in the capitals. In 1060, a second

4192:, but a series of reforms between 994 and 997 discontinued that role. The Kumo Xi king became a salaried official and Chinese style administrative units were set up in Kumo Xi territory. Their former capital became the "Central Capital" ( 2798:. Through the treaty, the Liao forced the Northern Song to recognize them as peers and heralded an era of peace and stability between the two powers that lasted approximately 120 years. It was the first state to control all of Manchuria. 6688:(A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History and Classics). Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta. p. 41. 5864:

The Khitans, from the 920s, adopted Tang dynasty-style tomb architecture very quickly and in increasingly elaborate forms. Liao mausoleums were based on Tang-style cultural influences, rather than the newer Song dynasty-style.

4325:

to punish Kang Cho; however, after an initial period of military success and the breakdown of several attempts at peace negotiations, Goryeo and the Khitans entered a decade of continuous warfare. In 1018 the Khitans suffered

4480:

to ask for territorial concessions from the Song. Negotiations resulted in the Liao dropping their territorial claims and an increase in annual tribute from the Song to 200,000 tales of silver and 300,000 bolts of silk. When

4605:. In 1055 all officials, and not just the emperor and members of the Southern Establishment, were required to wear Chinese court dress at major ceremonies. Daozong himself was highly taken with Chinese learning, poetry, 5077:, who while initially receptive, changed his mind after warnings from the Jurchens and declared himself a vassal of Jin in 1124. Tianzuo fled further north into the steppes where he traded his clothes for food from the 10827:

Háozhōu (壕州) Yuánzhōu (原州) Fúzhōu (福州) Héngzhōu (橫州) Fèngzhōu (鳳州) Suìzhōu (遂州) Fēngzhōu (豐州) Shùnzhōu(順州) Lǘzhōu (閭州) Sōngshānzhōu (松山州) Yùzhōu (豫州) Níngzhōu (寧州) Jìngzhōu (静州) Wéizhōu (維州) Fángzhōu (防州) Zhāozhōu

10259:

5750: 4362:. Expeditions against the Ganzhou Uyghurs were conducted in 1008, 1009, and 1010. These achieved limited success resulting in the deportation of some of the captured population. In 1027, the Khitans laid siege to 4996:) where the Jurchen tribes were expected to pay homage to the emperor. As a symbolic gesture of obeisance, the Jurchen chieftains were supposed to get up in turn and dance in the emperor's camp, but one of them, 3749:, given to him by his father after participating in its conquest. Taizong, who still regarded him as a threat, ordered in 929 that the capital of Dongdan and all its inhabitants be moved to the Eastern Capital ( 5387:, the emperor's private army, it contained 15,000 households, and could field up to 6,000 horsemen. The Liao nobles each had their own orda which the Liao government "borrowed" for campaign. According to the 3569:. While superficially similar to Chinese writing, it arbitrarily adds and reduces strokes to Chinese characters to compose words, making it completely unrecognizable to Han readers. In 925, the arrival of a 5596:

was seen in Khitan society as being equally serious to, if not more serious than, marriage itself, and was difficult to annul. The groom would pledge to work for three years for the bride's family, pay a

4346:

to Goryeo. The relationship between Liao and Goryeo would remain peaceful until the end of the Liao dynasty. However, according to historian Bielenstein, Goryeo maintained diplomatic relations with Song,

3081:

people. While modern historians have rejected the idea that the Khitan were solely Xiongnu in origin, there is some support for the claim that they are of mixed Xianbei and Xiongnu origin. Beginning with

4800:, which was rejected without any trouble or break in relations. The situation on the northwestern borderland was less stable and events toward the end of Daozong's reign would see the subjugation of the 3329:

from their ranks. Sun Wanrong was killed by his servant. Although the rebellion was defeated, it took over fifteen years from 700 to 714 before the Tang were able to reassert control over the Khitans.

4246:, at which point they called for negotiations with Goryeo military leadership. While the Khitans initially demanded total surrender from Goryeo, and Goryeo initially appeared willing to consider it, 4792:

Militarily the reign of Daozong saw little conflict with other settled states. In 1074 there was a border demarcation crisis with the Song but it was resolved by peaceful diplomacy in 1076. In 1078

2738:, became the leader of the Khitans and proclaimed a Chinese-style dynastic state in 916. The Liao dynasty launched multiple military campaigns against neighboring states and peoples including the 4094:

On 13 October 982, Jingzong fell sick during a hunting trip and died in his camp. He was 34 years old. Before his death, he designated his eldest son, the 11 year old Longxu, as his successor.

3902:, Taizong's younger brother. However Taizong had raised Ruan after Bei's departure in 930 and the relationship between them was as close as father and son. Ruan participated in the invasion of 9151: 10732: 10164: 5584:

despite laws banning the practice. Over the course of the dynasty, the Khitan elite moved away from having several wives and towards the Han Chinese system of having one wife and one or more

4286:, no major wars were fought between the Khitans and the Song for over a century following the signing of the treaty. By signing the treaty, the Song functionally renounced its claim over the 2908:

reintroduced the dynastic name "Great Liao" and the title remained in official use until the dynasty's collapse. Both "Great Khitan" and "Great Liao" enjoyed about 100 years of usage each.

2734:

The dynasty rose from the consolidation of power among the Khitans in the 8th century and their expansionist campaigns in the latter half of the 9th century. Eventually the Yila chieftain,

5605:(拜門). In other cases, the abduction would be non-consensual and would result in a rape. Khitan women had the right to divorce their husbands and were able to remarry after being divorced. 5053:

to the Western Capital. Shortly afterward, Tianzuo grew tired of Xiao Fengxian's manipulations, which had caused the death of his son, and had him commit suicide. Tianzuo then fled to the

3840:

decided to ship everything of value, from Jin officials and palace women to maps and music instruments, back to the Supreme Capital. Taizong also faced another threat from Taiyuan, where

4920:

with a marriage alliance and sent an envoy requesting the Song to stop its attacks on Western Xia. Diplomatic relations with the neighboring settled states remained cordial and even the

7517: 4967:, established dominance over their neighbors and created a semblance of Jurchen unity. The Liao court recognized this and conferred on their chieftains the title of military governor. 6220: 5796: 4970:

As the Wanyan clan consolidated their control over the Jurchens, relations with the Liao also became increasingly strained. The Jurchens resented the behavior of Liao officials at

5861:

headdress. Sometimes earrings are depicted on the masks as well. The Khitans believed a metal mask and suit would preserve the body and prevent decay. Some remains were cremated.

4640:

in 1042. In 1060 Zhongyuan tried to have Renxian, who opposed his faction, removed from the southern Chancellery, but Yixin interceded on his behalf by going directly to Daozong.

5987:

foundations of 12 buildings of more than 2,500 square feet that have been recorded and artifacts, such as glazed tiles, pottery and copper nails that were used to date the site.

4714:

of 1036, receiving further amendments between 1075 and 1085, were so out of step with actual practice that they proved unenforceable. In 1089 the new laws were abandoned and the

3788:

tribes. The most important expansion of Khitan territory during this period, however, came from political instability in the south. In 933, the Later Tang emperor died. His son,

5497:

their circulation was prohibited outside Khitan territory. None of this Liao printing survives, though there is a Sung reproduction of a Liao printed glossary in Chinese, the

6671:]. Vol. 8 of University of California, Chinese Dynastic Histories translations. Translated by Levy, Howard Seymour. University of California Press. pp. 42, 43. 5811: 5150:), he attempted to reclaim former Liao territory, which ended in disaster. Failing in that endeavor, Dashi established a permanent Khitan state in Central Asia known as the 4890:

was interred together with the empress who had been forced to commit suicide. Tianzuo's father, Jun, was given a posthumous temple name as though he had reigned as emperor.

3848:

dynasty. The occupation of Kaifeng lasted three months before Taizong withdrew. Shortly before reaching Liao territory, Taizong suddenly fell ill and died near modern-day

6683: 5780: 4088:

looted Liao territory in 973 and 976. In 981, captured Chinese soldiers attempted to enthrone a son of Xiyin but the plot failed, and Xiyin was forced to commit suicide.

3605:

During his reign, Abaoji attacked numerous neighboring peoples and expanded Liao territory exponentially. Against the steppe nomads, he led campaigns in 908 against the

4628:

was set up in the Central Capital in addition to the one in the Supreme Capital. In 1070 a special palace examination called the "Examination for the worthy and good" (

10725: 10157: 4393:

Shengzong died on 25 June 1031 at the age of 60. At his deathbed, he entrusted his ministers Xiao Xiaomu and Xiao Xiaoxian to enthrone his eldest son, the 15 year old

663: 649: 635: 621: 607: 593: 568: 554: 540: 526: 512: 498: 484: 470: 456: 4259:'s negotiations gained Goryeo the incorporation of the land between the border of Liao and Goryeo up to the Yalu River, which was at the time occupied by troublesome 4060:

in 978, the Song concentrated all their forces on an invasion of Han. This time they intercepted Liao forces en route to Han and crushed them. In the summer of 979,

3069:. In 388 the Kumo Xi itself split, with one group remaining under the name Kumo Xi and the other group becoming the Khitans. This view is partially backed up by the 5472:

Prior to their conquest of north China and the establishment of the Liao dynasty, the Khitans had no written language. In 920 the first of two Khitan scripts, the

13337: 5678:

was completed in 1075. Portions of it have been found in a pagoda built in 1056. Buddhist scholars living during the time of the Liao dynasty predicted that the

4838: 2924:

were seen as Chinese, the term "Khitai" came to mean "China" to people near them in Central Asia, Russia and northwestern China. The name was then introduced to

4632:) was established, requiring entrants to submit 100,000 characters worth of writing. In 1072 Daozong personally wrote the questions for the palace examination. 13342: 10718: 10150: 6088:

Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly 41 (3): 475–504.

5892:

ceramics. The music and songs of the Liao dynasty are also known to have indirectly or directly influenced Mongol, Jurchen, and Chinese musical traditions.

3026:(386–534) that was completed in 554. Several books written after 554 mention the Khitans being active during the late third and early fourth centuries. The 6717: 5399:

the horse and livestock supply to maintain mobility and meat rations in the field. The Khitans therefore had an edge over the Turkic tribes on the steppe.

4963:. The wild Jurchens were nominally subordinate to the Liao but were functionally independent. During the 11th century, one of the wild Jurchen clans, the 9488:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 4, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Apparatus, Theories and Gifts

2900:). This was probably due to the inclusion of non-Khitan peoples in the state. The name was changed back to "Great Khitan" in 983 during the reign of the 2805:

influence and customs was a defining feature of the dynasty. This tension led to a series of succession crises; Liao emperors favored the Han concept of

11588: 4270:

After securing the border with Goryeo, the Khitans attacked the Song dynasty in 994 and laid siege to Zitong, but was repelled by its defenders with

3488:. In 903, Abaoji was named Yüyue, the supreme commander of all Khitans, second only to the Yaonian Khagan. Two years later, he led 70,000 cavalry to 3176:(Volume 84), the Khitan are described as "bellicose in plundering and raiding borders" and "the most uncourteous and arrogant among all barbarians". 4594:, having already gained experience in governing while his father was alive. Unlike his father, Daozong did not face a succession crisis. While both 13362: 8691:[A Manuscript Codex in the Khitan Large Script from the Collection of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences]. 9074: 8973: 4216:

three fronts. Despite their victory, the frontier was severely damaged and many people fled their homes. The region would not recover for years.

7711:

The Ecological, Economic, And Ethno-Cultural Frontiers Of North China: State Formation In The Eastern Intermediate Zone – a History Of The Qai 奚

6031: 5130:(universal khan). In 1130, Dashi led his host further west in search of new territory. Within a year, he had established himself as suzerain of 4000:, which attacked Han in 963, and was repelled with the aid of the Khitans. Border skirmishes occurred between the Liao and Song in 963 and 967. 3800:. On 28 November 936, Shi Jingtang was invested as emperor of Later Jin by the Khitans. In 938, the puppet emperor of Later Jin transferred the 3304:, Zhao Wenhui, regarded the Khitan chieftains as his servants. The Khitan chieftain Sun Wanrong and his brother-in-law, the governor of Songmo, 3065:

people. Following a defeat at the hands of another branch of the Xianbei in 345, the Yuwen split into three tribes, one of which was called the

5765: 2967:

There is no consensus among historians regarding the etymology of "Liao". Some believe that "Liao" was derived from the word for "iron" in the

2590: 12120: 13357: 10001: 8144: 5618: 5337: 5306:) to act as imperial advisers, and a complex bureaucracy at the head of which were three ministries similar to the three central ministries ( 2152: 5258:

for the enthronement of the emperor. The Rebirth Ceremony was then performed every 12 years by the emperor and confirmed his right to rule.

4974:, the main border trading post, who constantly cheated them. The Liao also placed on them the obligation of supplying the Liao emperor with 13267: 10112: 10035: 7168:""Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China." Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 44 (2014): 325–364" 5332:; Dongjing (東京), meaning Eastern Capital, located near modern-day Liaoning; Zhongjing (中京), meaning Central Capital, located in modern-day 5267: 5182:

in 1211 and traditional Chinese, Persian, and Arab sources consider the usurpation to be the end of the dynasty. The empire ended with the

5057:

where he tried to recruit fresh troops from local tribes. Following his trail, the Jin took the Western Capital in the spring of 1122. The

4322: 9152:

Chen Yuan (2014), "Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China," Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 44: 325–364

4188:

were completely integrated into Khitan administration by 997. The prior arrangement of vassalage and tribute had lasted since the time of

10040: 10030: 4327: 4239: 4131: 4112: 2523: 5249:, and much of the country of Mongolia. The peak population is estimated at 750,000 Khitans and two to three million ethnic Han Chinese. 4694:

for the first seven reigns. Daozong gathered prominent scholars around him to expound on various canonical texts and greatly patronized

3906:, earning himself as a capable warrior and commander. Upon Taizong's death, Ruan declared himself emperor before "his father's coffin". 1647: 1587: 11419: 5713:

where the decision to carry out war was determined by whether or not the shoulder blade of a white sheep cracked while being heated (

5492:, the Khitan scripts are functionally unintelligible to Chinese readers, and neither scripts have been fully deciphered to this day. 5328:(上京), meaning Supreme Capital, located in modern-day Inner Mongolia; Nanjing (南京), meaning Southern Capital, located near modern-day 4023: 5541:. The Liao emperors could read Chinese, and while there were some Chinese works translated into Khitan during the Liao dynasty, the 4227:

submitted to the Khitans and three later, was given a member of the Khitan imperial family as bride and installed as "King of Xia".

3289:

In 628, the Dahe Confederation led by Mohui submitted to the Tang. In 648, they submitted to the Tang again under the leadership of

11489: 11475: 1957: 1912: 5545:, which served as the core guide to the administration of government in China, are not known to have been translated into Khitan. 13352: 11499: 11479: 5221: 3641:. The destruction of Balhae resulted in three independent groups beyond Khitan control: the northwestern Balhae people in modern 2370: 9562:

Shen, Hsueh-Man (2001). "Realizing the Buddha's "Dharma" Body during the Mofa Period: A Study of Liao Buddhist Relic Deposits".

5688:

would be destroyed, was to begin in the year 1052. Previous dynasties, including the Sui and Tang, were also concerned with the

9946: 8200: 5553: 4040: 1277: 3527:, as heir apparent and demanded the entire nobility to swear fealty to him. Two years later, the Liao court was moved to the " 3154:

Provinces. The Khitans suffered a series of military defeats to other nomadic groups in the region, as well as to the Chinese

13073: 12455: 11455: 9647: 9100: 8943: 8688: 1577: 4992:

The Jurchen problem reared its head in late 1112 when Tianzuo embarked on a fishing expedition to the Huntong River (modern

11287: 10102: 6046: 5209: 4947:) descended from tribes captured by the Liao in the 10th century and assimilated into Khitan society, "obedient" Jurchens ( 4543: 3216:(409–436), which in return invested the Khitan khan as Prince Guishan. The Khitans also regularly presented tribute to the 1150: 1140: 167: 12979: 5631:

in the Water Moon pose, which raises the right knee and rests the right arm on top of it, symbolizing the divinity of the

4342:

was also invested by the Liao court as king. Goryeo broke off relations with Song and the Liao ceded territory around the

11681: 11450: 4278:

marched out and met the Khitans at Chanyuan, a small city on the Yellow River. In January 1005, the two sides signed the

2430: 1619: 781: 4477: 3935:. Before the army set off, Shizong and his entourage got drunk after making sacrifices to his father. Chage, the son of 13297: 13125: 12125: 9873: 9695: 9429: 9386: 9356: 9334: 9298: 9226: 9121: 9010: 8638: 6230: 5570:

living under the Liao dynasty were not forced to adopt Khitan practices, and while some Han Chinese did, many did not.

5183: 3442: 3077:

origins. Beginning in the Song dynasty, some Chinese scholars suggested that the Khitans might have descended from the

2837: 2583: 771: 5873: 5286:

were the Khitan commissioners for military affairs, the prime ministers of the Northern and Southern administrations (

13327: 13317: 11769: 9994: 9914: 9517: 9200: 8543: 8518: 8433: 7527: 6358: 6324: 2145: 1448: 5501:, with prefaces dated + 997 and 1034. The most extensive Liao publication known to us is the Chhitan edition of the 9931: 9470:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics

7621:"Frontier, Fortification, and Forestation: Defensive Woodland on the Song–Liao Border in the Long Eleventh Century" 6172:[Original Meaning of Dan gur in the Khitai Scripts: with a Discussion of the State Name of the Dongdanguo] 5074: 5012:

In 1115 Tianzuo sent envoys to negotiate with the Jurchens, but Aguda had already declared himself emperor of the

13332: 13322: 13282: 12751: 6167: 6132: 4874: 4847: 3260:

Sometime during the Sui dynasty, the military organization of the Khitans became more advanced. According to the

2086: 1202: 11913: 3430: 13312: 13307: 13302: 10955: 10806: 10387: 10238: 9893: 9855: 9848:

Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Late Medieval China (Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies)

9786: 9764: 9410: 9256: 9181: 9142: 8576: 8210: 8183: 8154: 8127: 5414: 4680: 2883: 2678: 2638: 2528: 2099: 1640: 1592: 49: 9075:

https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/ancient-china-1000-year-old-royal-palace-discovered/ar-AAuA2zC?li=BBnb7Kz

3422: 13277: 13189: 9461:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Engineering, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering

5644: 5457:; some broader definitions of the Mongolic family include Khitan as a member. It is distantly related to the 3988: 2646: 2576: 2483: 2441: 2170: 1681: 1614: 1540: 1475: 7494:, p. 106: "the Khitan army attacked Goryeo, who was forced to accept the status of a Liao tributary in 994." 4154:. He was only 11 years old at the time of his father's death so actual power fell to the regent, his mother 13184: 13068: 11247: 10802: 10679: 10234: 9987: 9953: 9401: 5194: 3300:

Towards the turn of the century, however, Tang control of the north began to slip. The Governor-general of

3281: 2479: 2138: 2109: 2082: 2052: 1550: 17: 10107: 9479:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing

3162:(589–618) dynasties. Khitan tribes at various times fell under the influence of Turkic tribes such as the 13347: 13262: 13194: 12231: 9963: 9236: 6036: 5733: 5526: 5013: 4572: 3447: 2817: 2411: 1602: 1359: 740: 586: 360: 4816:

Daozong passed away on 12 February 1101 at the age of 68. He was succeeded by his grandson, Yelü Yanxi.

4497:

with a flotilla of warships but was ambushed and defeated. The third army raided a Tangut palace in the

11613: 11580: 11542: 11467: 10996: 10878: 10428: 10310: 9773:

Twitchett, Denis; Tietze, Klaus-Peter (1994). "The Liao". In Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis (eds.).

7715: 5509:

in 579 cases, printed with Korean paper and ink in Peking in 1031–64; but nothing of it survives today.

5004:

detachments from the Eastern Capital, which was utterly defeated. Another force composed of Khitan and

3928: 3903: 3845: 3766: 3618: 3220:(386–534) court in the form of horses and animal skins. Trade occurred on the border in Helong (modern 2119: 1607: 503: 9443:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth

5480:, was developed in 925. Both scripts are based on the same spoken language, and both contain a mix of 4300:

Lu Zhen, a Song envoy to Liao in 1009, describing the conditions of Chinese subjects under Khitan rule

3924:

was aborted when the Khitans realized that enemy defenses were more formidable than they had thought.

3469:

adopted Yelü as their surname. At the same time their consort clan also began using the surname Xiao.

3109:

After splitting from the Yuwen, the Khitans and Kumo Xi fled to the region of Songmo (modern southern

13152: 12300: 11864: 11645: 11598: 11555: 11437: 5741: 5033: 4434: 4421: 4147: 3909:

Lihu attacked Ruan while he was on his way back to the Supreme Capital but was defeated. His mother,

3228:(550–577) and lost a large portion of their population as well as cattle. For a time they resided in 3033: 2901: 2513: 2451: 2436: 2426: 2416: 2293: 1633: 1570: 1535: 1108: 804: 714: 6694: 5367: 4305:

Four years after the Song invasion, conflict with Goryeo erupted again. In 1009, the Goryeo general

3816:. Shi Jingtang behaved as a vassal and even allowed Khitan envoys to cross his territory to contact 3804:

over to the Khitans, granting them access to the strategic fortifications of northern China and the

1314: 13110: 13085: 12935: 12594: 12589: 11660: 11650: 11603: 11593: 11560: 11484: 11370: 11343: 11338: 11280: 11218: 11141: 11133: 10650: 10573: 10565: 5937: 5122:

fled northwest and established his headquarter at the military garrison of Kedun (Zhenzhou) on the

4690:. In the same year a bureau for compiling national history was established, which produced in 1085 4591: 4430: 4275: 4151: 4070: 4032: 2361: 2062: 2027: 1885: 1304: 953: 234: 8987: 8205:. Vol. 36 of Civiltà veneziana: Studi. Fondazione "Giorgio Cini". L. S. Olschki. p. 33. 8149:. Vol. 36 of Civiltà veneziana: Studi. Fondazione "Giorgio Cini". L. S. Olschki. p. 32. 4862: 3715:

and not the first in line for the Khitan throne. His elder brother, the 26-year old heir apparent

3590:

After arriving, I was granted an audience. Abaoji invited me into his great tent. Abaoji was nine

13367: 13177: 13058: 12599: 12552: 12495: 12194: 12138: 11886: 11348: 8935: 4887: 4883: 4851: 4758: 4731: 4587: 4528: 4524: 4212: 4189: 4061: 4036: 3963: 3895: 3887: 3708: 3317: 3047: 2995: 2905: 2875: 2821: 1889: 1530: 210: 198: 5310:) of early Tang... but only the Secretariat played any significant role in political decisions. 13292: 13272: 13199: 13100: 13095: 12783: 12731: 12651: 12584: 12488: 12473: 12366: 12133: 12087: 11928: 11815: 11333: 11116: 10911: 10710: 10548: 10343: 10142: 9906:

Rethinking the Tribute System: Korean States and northeast Asian Interstate Relations, 600-1600

9344: 9210: 6689: 4719:

tribes, which Daozong rejected, declaring that "the old order should not be changed suddenly".

4359: 4103: 3959: 3863: 3809: 3090:

in origin, and in the late 19th century, Western scholars made the claim that the Khitans were

3083: 2991: 2794:. After heavy fighting and large casualties between the two empires, both sides worked out the 2518: 2343: 2072: 1881: 1762: 1582: 1560: 1545: 1031: 750: 222: 76: 9497:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1, Botany

9452:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Engineering, Part 1, Physics

8568: 8171: 5565:

The status of women in the Liao dynasty varied greatly, with the Khitan Liao (like many other

3699: 13257: 13130: 13090: 12903: 12778: 11842: 11832: 11791: 11762: 11655: 11621: 11565: 10025: 9805: 9137:. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 8689:"Рукописная книга большого киданьского письма из коллекции Института восточных рукописей РАН" 8117: 6660: 6348: 6316: 4614: 4485:

asked the Khitans in 1043 to join him in attacking the Song, Xingzong refused. In 1044, some

3006: 2791: 1711: 1691: 1686: 1555: 972: 13018: 8560: 5845: 5635:, Guanyin's personal paradise, which Guanyin puts off going to until she has saved humanity. 5623: 5225:

Liao seal with the Chinese inscription 臨潢府軍器庫之印 "Seal of the Armoury of Linhuang Prefecture"

4985: 3410: 3386:). During the Xiantong reign period (860–874), Xianzhi sent envoys to the Tang court twice. 3352: 13223: 13053: 13023: 12898: 12829: 12800: 12719: 12053: 11891: 11881: 11687: 11550: 11494: 10124: 9165: 6711: 5932: 4997: 4318: 3996:. He died soon after and the Zhou invaders withdrew. In 960, the Zhou were replaced by the 3855: 2503: 2273: 2190: 2179: 1732: 1721: 1706: 1597: 810: 422: 13003: 7709: 5126:. Dashi secured the allegiance of the garrison forces numbering 20,000 and set himself as 4555:

Gilt silver crown, excavated in 1986 from the tomb of Princess of Chen and her husband in

8: 12915: 12795: 12761: 12663: 12483: 12478: 12290: 12009: 11945: 11820: 11805: 11445: 11380: 11273: 11072: 10504: 6436: 6116: 5477: 5473: 5419: 5384: 5190: 5159: 4830: 4735: 4348: 4314: 4287: 3801: 3626: 3582: 3566: 3370: 2775: 2747: 2007: 1792: 1701: 1663: 762: 426: 12631: 12621: 5888:

works, with important surviving examples in painted wood, metal, and three-color glazed

4167:

Under Shengzong's reign, a number of administrative advances were produced. In 983, the

13028: 13008: 12991: 12942: 12807: 12616: 12567: 12500: 12418: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12305: 12275: 12167: 12065: 11933: 11908: 11234: 11129: 10774: 10666: 10561: 10206: 9825: 9674: 9626: 9579: 9240: 9215: 7187: 5542: 5489: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5277:

populations, and was given its own set of parallel northern and southern governments.

4971: 4951:) subordinate to the Liao and had regular contact with the court, and "wild" Jurchens ( 4339: 3301: 3221: 3054: 2493: 1802: 1782: 1752: 1742: 1716: 1696: 1565: 745: 9135:

The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World

8563:

The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World

13287: 13137: 13033: 12969: 12964: 12893: 12790: 12505: 12433: 12428: 12270: 12199: 12182: 12177: 12172: 11972: 11923: 11720: 11194: 11190: 10947: 10939: 10782: 10626: 10622: 10379: 10371: 10214: 9910: 9889: 9869: 9851: 9782: 9760: 9691: 9657:

Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1994). "Liao: An Architectural Tradition in the Making".

9643: 9513: 9425: 9406: 9396: 9382: 9352: 9330: 9294: 9287: 9252: 9222: 9196: 9177: 9138: 9117: 9096: 9006: 8939: 8700: 8634: 8572: 8561: 8539: 8514: 8429: 8206: 8179: 8150: 8123: 7642: 7523: 7191: 6354: 6320: 6226: 5514: 4825: 4691: 4508:

formally became the "Western Capital" (Xijing), completing the five capital regions.

4335: 4310: 4243: 3719:, was disliked by the conservative Khitan elites for his intellectual pursuits. As a 2728: 2716: 2542: 2538: 2205: 1493: 1061: 1041: 816: 7457: 6309: 5906: 4722: 4373:

In the 1020s, the Southern Establishment tried to extend its taxation system to the

4358:

sent tribute to Shengzong's court, which seems to have encouraged him to attack the

12986: 12773: 12768: 12724: 12711: 12641: 12609: 12604: 12468: 12463: 12445: 12406: 12339: 12322: 12263: 12253: 12248: 12189: 12145: 12115: 12075: 12058: 12041: 12004: 11755: 11626: 11395: 11365: 11323: 11210: 11202: 10963: 10935: 10642: 10634: 10395: 10367: 10062: 9817: 9729: 9666: 9616: 9571: 9313: 9155: 8959: 7632: 7179: 6667: 5884:

The influence of the Liao dynasty on subsequent culture includes a large legacy of

5740:, which they believed had the power to appease nature through power of traditional 5639: 5466: 5246: 5242: 5167: 4197: 4193: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3458: 3383: 3128: 3119: 3091: 2853: 2724: 2720: 2696: 2610: 2561: 1922: 1867: 1812: 1172: 730: 722: 489: 323: 114: 8116:

Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995). Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland; West, Stephen H. (eds.).

4927:

Despite international peace on several fronts, the Liao dynasty would fall to the

4519: 4448:

Xingzong's reign saw the codification of law in 1036 with the promulgation of the

4394: 4080:

in 973. In 975, conflict with remnants of the Balhae people led to an invasion of

13204: 13172: 13045: 13013: 12996: 12952: 12947: 12925: 12920: 12878: 12871: 12846: 12706: 12701: 12542: 12423: 12317: 12312: 12280: 12105: 12095: 11989: 11982: 11977: 11962: 11918: 11800: 11786: 11716: 11709: 11699: 11409: 11230: 11186: 11137: 11080: 11055: 11020: 10959: 10794: 10662: 10618: 10569: 10512: 10487: 10452: 10391: 10226: 10130: 10047: 9904: 9111: 8628: 6136: 5706: 5450: 5442: 5388: 5089: 4932: 4535: 4498: 4413: 4405: 4378: 4331: 4279: 4251: 4238:, and annexed Jeongan. Resistance from Jeongan ended in 999. In 992, the Khitans 4160: 4138: 3914: 3913:, then led her own army to confront Ruan. The two armies faced each other on the 3742: 3733: 3634: 3557: 3313: 3312:). The Tang troops continued to suffer defeat until Li Jinzhong died of disease. 3198: 3124: 3110: 3102: 3086:

in the fourteenth century, several scholars have theorized that the Khitans were

2968: 2920: 2795: 2712: 2628: 2557: 2552: 2497: 2474: 2469: 2386: 2381: 2017: 1822: 387: 346: 106: 12626: 4351:

kept his own reign title, and the two states concluded peace as equals in 1022.

13147: 13142: 13105: 13080: 13063: 12974: 12959: 12930: 12888: 12736: 12696: 12691: 12646: 12572: 12532: 12522: 12512: 12327: 12206: 12100: 11967: 11849: 11428: 11404: 11355: 11305: 11206: 11016: 10886: 10882: 10814: 10790: 10638: 10448: 10318: 10314: 10246: 10222: 9883: 9438: 9374: 9282: 6018: 5772: 5238: 4695: 4560: 4260: 3629:. His campaigns continued right up until his death in 926 with the conquest of 3565:

In 920, Abaoji ordered the development of a Khitan writing system known as the

3435: 3397: 3322: 3114: 3057:

and Klaus-Peter Tietze, it is generally held that the Khitans emerged from the

2937: 2933: 2813: 2488: 1772: 1074: 991: 110: 5427: 5352: 4366:

but failed to take the city, and ended in disaster when they were ambushed by

4267:. By 994, regular diplomatic exchanges between the Khitans and Goryeo began. 4127: 4076:

Aside from conflict with the Song, the Liao also experienced trouble with the

3438:– attendants holding a musical instrument, bow and arrows, boots, and a falcon 13251: 13228: 13115: 12910: 12883: 12856: 12834: 12812: 12579: 12562: 12547: 12391: 12344: 12332: 12258: 12150: 12024: 12019: 11994: 11876: 11736: 11570: 11522: 11390: 11385: 11328: 11251: 11222: 11198: 10866: 10778: 10683: 10654: 10630: 10298: 10210: 10090: 10052: 9967: 9713: 8704: 8176:

China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries

7646: 6051: 5877: 5702: 5558: 5538: 5198: 5163: 5062: 5054: 4993: 4956: 4909: 4867: 4855: 4598:

and Zhongyuan still held substantial power, neither disputed the succession.

4355: 4108: 4004: 3951: 3879: 3866:, Taipei. Attributed to Li Zanhua (李贊華 909–946), but possibly a later artist. 3828: 3827:, came under the influence of an anti-Khitan court led by the army commander 3817: 3606: 3481: 3309: 3087: 2979: 2841: 2806: 2743: 2704: 2508: 2421: 2338: 2328: 2268: 2243: 2233: 1997: 1977: 1967: 1877: 1857: 864: 831: 642: 600: 531: 461: 296: 150: 12656: 12636: 11265: 10697: 9170: 5119: 5070: 4750: 4571:

Gilt bronze statue of the six-tusked elephant holding the throne of Puxian (

3910: 3712: 3574: 3524: 3097: 2916: 2825: 13120: 12861: 12851: 12817: 12746: 12741: 12668: 12458: 12440: 12401: 12396: 12376: 12371: 12243: 12236: 12226: 12216: 12110: 12048: 12029: 12014: 11950: 11726: 11692: 11527: 11088: 10798: 10520: 10230: 10069: 9971: 9942: 9130: 7506:, p.103: "The Korean king was invested with his title by the Liao emperor." 6026: 6004: 5945:

city of Khansa to the city of Khan Baliq, which is sixty-four days' travel.

5915: 5737: 5714: 5685: 5660: 5274: 5234: 5123: 5037: 4960: 4913: 4901: 4854:. While the subjects are the Xiongnu, the hairstyle depicted is distinctly 4743: 4727: 4637: 4606: 4602: 4494: 4442: 4204: 4052: 4044: 3997: 3979: 3849: 3824: 3762: 3753:). Dongdan lost its semi-autonomous status. In 930, Bei fled by sea to the 3642: 3617:, and again in 919 to subdue the Khongirad. From 922 to 923, he raided the 3473: 3253: 3217: 3213: 3167: 3163: 3136: 3037: 3023: 2833: 2829: 2771: 2708: 2445: 2391: 2366: 2318: 1987: 1439: 1415: 1402: 1389: 1292: 1230: 944: 934: 911: 628: 475: 373: 10095: 9734: 9717: 9159: 9003:

Women of the Conquest Dynasties: Gender and Identity in Liao and Jin China

8119:

China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History

7183: 5836: 5375:

The Liao army was originally just 2,000 men picked from various tribes as

4234:. In 991, they established three fortified military colonies in the lower 4119: 4091:

In 977, an examination hall was established outside the Southern Capital.

3971: 3899: 3777: 3146:

was written in 554, the Khitans had formed a state in what is now China's

3135:, which caused them to migrate south to the east of Bailang River (modern 12839: 12824: 12673: 12386: 12295: 12285: 12211: 11859: 11854: 11517: 11226: 11214: 11092: 10992: 10971: 10943: 10874: 10658: 10646: 10524: 10424: 10403: 10375: 10306: 10057: 7460:. New York : Columbia University Press – via Internet Archive. 6056: 5950: 5926: 5900: 5729: 5598: 5534: 5151: 5135: 5112: 5102: 5050: 5028: 4905: 4806: 4771:

Su Che, a Song envoy, reporting his findings after a 1089 mission to Liao

4686: 4595: 4490: 4438: 4283: 4256: 4247: 4164:, "most of his success must be attributed to his mother's instruction." 4155: 3841: 3675: 3654: 3462: 3305: 3294: 3249: 3245: 3225: 3172: 3159: 3155: 3042: 3028: 3018: 2925: 2912: 2802: 2333: 2258: 2248: 1671: 1346: 1217: 1051: 1019: 1006: 840: 694: 614: 9808:; Feng Chia-Sheng (1946). "History of Chinese Society Liao (907–1125)". 9630: 6098: 5360: 4011:

in 965, but otherwise the northern frontier remained calm for the Liao.

3891: 3831:. In 943, Shi Chonggui revoked the trading privileges of the Khitans in 3716: 3520: 12866: 12683: 12557: 12517: 12450: 11731: 11633: 11532: 11296: 11008: 11004: 10967: 10951: 10786: 10761: 10440: 10436: 10399: 10383: 10218: 10193: 10117: 10074: 9829: 9678: 9583: 9043:] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Drama Publishing House. p. 241. 7637: 7620: 6041: 5710: 5522: 5379:'s personal retinue. To these 2,000 men were added captives taken from 5325: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5017: 4975: 4935:

who lived in fragmented tribes stretching northward from the border of

4916:, but the Liao court refused. The Liao cemented its relations with the 4858:, and likely based on northern steppe peoples contemporary to the Song. 4797: 4655:

Mountains and scenery much unlike the splendour of the Central Kingdom.

4567: 4482: 4271: 4235: 4048: 3983: 3967: 3932: 3789: 3754: 3646: 3622: 3578: 3528: 3123:, the territory of the Khitans rested on what is now the area south of 2972: 2961: 2953: 2787: 2767: 2308: 2303: 1098: 887: 96: 9979: 9712: 9379:

La Steppe et l'Empire : la formation de la dynastie Khitan (Liao)

9317: 6685:

The An Shi Rebellion and Rejection of the Other in Tang China, 618–763

6350:

Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and ...

6185: 6129: 4551: 3127:

and east of the Laoha. The Khitans then faced a joint invasion by the

2801:

Tension between traditional Khitan social and political practices and

12756: 12527: 12411: 12381: 12162: 12036: 11827: 11084: 10870: 10516: 10302: 9621: 9600: 8469:

Twitchett and Tietze (1994), xxix. and Wittfogel and Feng (1946), 44.

5966: 5954: 5885: 5674: 5632: 5593: 5585: 5485: 5437: 5078: 4625: 4469: 4382: 4220: 4169: 4056:

both times being repelled by Liao intervention. With the conquest of

4008: 3805: 3793: 3773: 3758: 3614: 3497: 3365: 3290: 2975: 2783: 2755: 2548: 2533: 2313: 1902: 246: 9821: 9670: 9575: 7167: 7044: 6150: 6144: 4511:

Xingzong fell sick and died on 28 August 1055. He was 39 years old.

3875: 3344: 3224:) and Miyun. In 553, the Khitans suffered a defeat to the armies of 12157: 11940: 11898: 11837: 11149: 10927: 10919: 10890: 10862: 10838: 10581: 10359: 10351: 10322: 10294: 10270: 9310:

Gift Exchange among States in East Asia during the Eleventh Century

8533: 8508: 5975: 5721: 5656: 5614: 5588:. This was done largely to smooth over the process of inheritance. 5580: 5521:

Only a single manuscript text in the Khitan large script is known (

5481: 5155: 4928: 4749:

The new empress remained barren so Daozong decided upon Jun's son,

4610: 4556: 4386: 4306: 4264: 4085: 3750: 3720: 3638: 3532: 3477: 3240: 3229: 3151: 3132: 3094:

in origin – modern linguistic analysis has discredited this claim.

2957: 2945: 2406: 2288: 2223: 689: 258: 160: 127: 9034: 5680: 4924:

sent embassies pledging their allegiance in 1106, 1110, and 1112.

4701: 4663:

While the rocky cliffs of these borderlands inspire the flautists.

4250:

was eventually able to convince the Khitans to accept Goryeo as a

4051:

in 960. The Song had defeated all the competing states except for

3947: 3672:

Abaoji died of typhoid fever at the age of 54 on 6 September 926.

2932:". In the modern era, words related to Khitay are still used as a 12070: 11999: 11955: 11810: 11704: 11375: 11318: 11313: 11076: 11012: 11000: 10988: 10931: 10923: 10907: 10903: 10508: 10444: 10432: 10420: 10363: 10355: 10339: 10335: 9195:. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan. 8442: 5818: 5803: 5787: 5725: 5628: 5566: 5530: 5525:), and no manuscripts in the Khitan small script are known. Most 5329: 5179: 5175: 5154:

or the Western Liao dynasty. The new Liao empire expanded to the

5058: 5041: 5005: 4917: 4843: 4672:

A poem composed by Chen Xiang, a Song envoy visiting Liao in 1067

4645: 4486: 4363: 4231: 4224: 4185: 4081: 4077: 4065: 3993: 3970:. He was executed when the plot was discovered. In 953, a son of 3832: 3813: 3797: 3785: 3650: 3539: 3485: 3356:

Liao tomb mural showing Khitan men with banners, drums, and maces

3326: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3062: 2949: 2941: 2779: 2739: 2396: 2323: 2278: 2253: 1847: 1241: 1092: 1086: 573: 517: 282: 270: 145: 134: 11871: 10740: 10172: 9221:(1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. 7997: 7995: 5914:

Another influence of the Liao cultural tradition is seen in the

4390:

resettled near the Supreme Capital while others fled to Goryeo.

2956:

and areas adjoining it, and by some Slavic peoples, such as the

2790:(923–936). In 1004, the Liao launched an expedition against the 2700: 11903: 11778: 11173: 11145: 10984: 10915: 10605: 10577: 10416: 10347: 9718:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States" 7677: 6911: 6909: 6656: 6182:

Research into Jurchen and Khitan Studies by Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun

6125:

Research into Jurchen and Khitan Studies by Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun

5983: 5889: 5756: 5668: 5664: 5648: 5380: 5376: 5229:

At its height, the Liao dynasty controlled what is now Shanxi,

5107: 5001: 4964: 4940: 4936: 4896: 4793: 4754: 4619: 4505: 4457: 4453: 4374: 4208: 4200:, and public buildings were constructed between 1018 and 1020. 4176: 3936: 3921: 3781: 3746: 3630: 3493: 3489: 3454: 3415: 2929: 2891: 2871: 2861: 2763: 2759: 2735: 2686: 2654: 2376: 2263: 2238: 2228: 699: 545: 309: 186: 8693:Письменные памятники Востока (Written Monuments of the Orient) 5854:

Liao tomb and sarcophagus, and burial dress made of metal wire

4661:

Envoys of Han, nightly we sleep in the lamplight of felt tents

4468:

due to excessive demands for corvée and military service. The

3776:

rebelled. In the same year, Taizong sent his younger brother,

3691: 12537: 11638: 11068: 10810: 10500: 10242: 8267: 8255: 8243: 8231: 8055: 8031: 8007: 7992: 7938: 7914: 7866: 7782: 7746: 7722: 7665: 7567: 5971: 5422:

translated as "天朝萬順" (Heavenly Dynasty – Myriad Favourable).

5333: 5230: 5214: 5131: 4810: 4452:

which contained 547 articles and compiled all the laws since

4057: 3570: 3543: 3472:

After his accession as leader of the Yila, Abaoji raided the

3147: 3058: 3036:, refers to the Khitans in the section covering the reign of 2619: 2298: 2283: 684: 656: 11007:涑州 Jìzhōu 冀州 Dōngzhōu 東州 Shàngzhōu 尚州 Lùzhōu 麓州 Jīngzhōu 荊州 10439:涑州 Jìzhōu 冀州 Dōngzhōu 東州 Shàngzhōu 尚州 Lùzhōu 麓州 Jīngzhōu 荊州 9251:. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–42. 8099: 8097: 8084: 8082: 7970: 7968: 7955: 7953: 7835: 7833: 7045:"The Yenisei Kyrgyz from Early Times to the Mongol Conquest" 6906: 11360: 9605:

and the Military Subculture of the Northern Song, 960–1127"

9293:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. 8410: 8408: 8389: 8387: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7020: 5920: 4921: 4904:

in the Liao mode of governance. Between 1103 and 1105, the

4801: 4665:

During our return I take up a mirror to view my countenance

4657:

Along the road of white sands leading away from Yuanyangpo,

4653:

Vast territory, few people, only an occasional hostel stop.

4461: 4367: 4343: 3954:

Wenshu Hall built in 966 is the oldest extant Liao building

3637:. Most of Balhae's population was relocated to what is now 3610: 3426:

Khitan man in tomb painting in Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia

2751: 559: 11747: 9781:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–153. 9759:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–153, 7653: 7473: 7353: 7343: 7341: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7287: 7285: 7270: 7258: 7234: 7060: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6278: 4613:. He placed greater emphasis on Chinese education and the 3682:, a 10th-century painting of a rest stop for a Khitan khan 8904: 8902: 8887: 8720: 8219: 8094: 8079: 8067: 8043: 8019: 7980: 7965: 7950: 7902: 7890: 7878: 7845: 7830: 7794: 7770: 7758: 7734: 7689: 5383:

and the prefecture of Jingzhou. By the time it became an

4705:

Asia in 1100, showing the Khitan Empire and its neighbors

4317:

on the throne with the intention of serving as the boy's

4203:

Militarily, the Khitans came into conflict with both the

3862:(東丹王出行圖), scroll, light colors on silk. 146.8 x 77.3 cm. 3016:

The earliest reference to a Khitan state is found in the

2616: 9804: 9546:

Soldiers of the Dragon: Chinese Armies 1500 BC – AD 1840

8405: 8384: 8178:(illustrated ed.). University of California Press. 7579: 7017: 6798: 6796: 5241:

provinces in China, as well as northern portions of the

4667:

And tremble to discover more greying hair at my temples.

4659:

The flowers and shrubs, though fragrant, give us no joy.

3285:

Khitans eating. Tomb mural, Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia

9932:"Gilded Splendor" – Liao dynasty art at Asiasociety.org 9909:(Ph.D. thesis). University of California, Los Angeles. 9839:

From War to Diplomatic Parity in Eleventh Century China

8597: 8202:

La donna nella Cina imperiale e nella Cina repubblicana

8146:

La donna nella Cina imperiale e nella Cina repubblicana

7437: 7425: 7413: 7401: 7377: 7365: 7338: 7321: 7297: 7282: 7246: 7222: 7210: 7198: 7132: 7120: 7108: 7096: 6969: 6275: 6222:

Ruins of Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands

5627:

A Liao dynasty polychrome wood-carved statue depicting

4939:. They had been in contact with the Khitans ever since 4489:

living in Liao territory rebelled and sought refuge in

3792:, lasted only five months before his adoptive brother, 3581:

language. Uyghur influence led to the development of a

8899: 8875: 7926: 7591: 7389: 6993: 6918: 5790:

statue from the Chinese section of the Supreme Capital

5533:

inscriptions on stone tablets, as well as a number of

5217:

authorizing an imperial decree with the utmost urgency

4445:

began sending separate envoys to pay respects to her.

2832:

dynasty (or "Qara Khitai"), which ruled over parts of

9716:; Jonathan M. Adams; Thomas D. Hall (December 2006). 8668: 8585: 7818: 7084: 6947: 6945: 6930: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6868: 6832: 6820: 6808: 6793: 6613: 6577: 6508: 5082: 4979: 4531:

in 1056 at the site of his grandmother's family home.

4263:

tribes, citing that in the past the land belonged to

3373:

marked the beginning of the end of the Tang dynasty.

2874:(Emperor Taizu of Liao). In 947, Abaoji's successor, 9537:

Science & Civilisation in China Volume 5 Part 11

9093:

Animal and Shaman: Ancient Religions of Central Asia

9056: 8363: 8291: 7806: 7458:"Columbia chronologies of Asian history and culture" 6738: 6736: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6452: 6450: 6400: 6398: 6311:

The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia

5994: 5924:(雜劇) theater, its associated orchestration, and the 3823:

Shi Jingtang died in 942. His nephew and successor,

3573:

delegation led Abaoji to order his younger brother,

2613: 1458: 1380: 1260: 1193: 1123: 997: 10974:(肅州) Níngjiāngzhōu (寧江州) Hézhōu (河州) Xiángzhōu (祥州) 10406:(肅州) Níngjiāngzhōu (寧江州) Hézhōu (河州) Xiángzhōu (祥州) 8854: 8842: 8830: 8609: 8279: 7857: 7005: 6415: 6413: 6263: 6165: 6115: 5044:) in 1120 during the last years of the Liao dynasty 2971:, while others believe that the name came from the 2828:(who would become Emperor Dezong), established the 2668: 2632: 9810:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 9286: 9214: 9169: 9113:Diplomacy and Trade in the Chinese World, 589–1276 8805: 8803: 8801: 8490: 8351: 8339: 7309: 7144: 7072: 6981: 6957: 6942: 6889: 6308: 6251: 6239: 2904:due to a reassertion of Khitan identity. In 1066, 9885:Historical development of the pre-dynastic Khitan 9528:Science and Civilization in China Volume 5 Part 6 8773: 8771: 6856: 6844: 6769: 6757: 6733: 6637: 6625: 6601: 6589: 6556: 6544: 6532: 6520: 6491: 6479: 6462: 6447: 6430: 6428: 6395: 2707:. Founded around the time of the collapse of the 13249: 11023:榮州 Lǜzhōu 率州 Hézhōu 荷州 Yuánzhōu 源州 Bóhǎizhōu 渤海州 10455:榮州 Lǜzhōu 率州 Hézhōu 荷州 Yuánzhōu 源州 Bóhǎizhōu 渤海州 9041:Collection of Reviews of Classical Chinese Drama 9035:Chinese Academy of Opera (中国戲曲研究院), ed. (1959). 9000: 8988:"Tomb of Princess of Chen State in Liao Dynasty" 8172:"FIVE Sung Embassies: Some General Observations" 8122:(illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 27. 7470:據《渤海国记》：“定安国王大氏、乌氏迭见其理不可晓。渤海亡，始建国，下讫淳化二年，凡六十四年。” 6781: 6716:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6410: 6383: 2824:. However, the remaining Liao loyalists, led by 2699:that existed between 916 and 1125, ruled by the 10841:(河董) Jìngbiān (靜邊) Píbèihé (皮被河) Tǎlǎnzhǔ (塔懶主) 10273:(河董) Jìngbiān (靜邊) Píbèihé (皮被河) Tǎlǎnzhǔ (塔懶主) 9772: 9235: 8798: 8448: 7561: 7503: 6698:. Archived from the original on 5 November 2020 335:• "Great Liao" adopted as a dynastic name 13338:States and territories established in the 900s 8768: 6425: 5402:The Liao Army was composed of 3 sections: the 4330:and their army was all but annihilated at the 3784:. In 933, Taizong led a campaign against some 3761:as an honored guest. In 937, he was killed by 3050:, mentions a Khitan raid taking place in 378. 13343:States and territories disestablished in 1125 11763: 11295: 11281: 10726: 10702: 10158: 9995: 8659: 8309:Gernet (2008), 354. and Mote (1999), 205–206. 6140: 5619:Eight Great Architectures of the Liao Dynasty 4878:Fragment of a tomb mural showing a Khitan boy 4547:Funerary mask and crown from the Liao dynasty 4460:people relaxed and they were allowed to play 4196:), which received an inner and outer wall, a 2928:via Islamic and Russian sources, and became " 2584: 2146: 1641: 414:2,600,000 km (1,000,000 sq mi) 55: 37: 13220:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 8974:"Murals in two Liao Dynasty tombs (Article)" 8652: 8650: 8558: 8534:Christopher Kaplonski, David Sneath (2010). 8509:Christopher Kaplonski, David Sneath (2010). 6103:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 5655:Religion in Liao society was a synthesis of 5268:Administrative divisions of the Liao dynasty 4429:The 15 year old Yelü Zongzhen, posthumously 3882:hunting with birds of prey, 9–10th centuries 9405:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 9109: 9005:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 174. 8752: 8750: 8748: 8746: 8744: 8423: 7683: 7479: 6184:] (in Chinese). Shōkadō. Archived from 5880:hunters in a painting by Chen Juzhong, 1196 4959:valley and the eastern mountains of modern 4476:In 1042, the Khitans took advantage of the 27:Khitan imperial dynasty of China (916–1125) 11770: 11756: 11288: 11274: 10733: 10719: 10165: 10151: 10002: 9988: 9685: 9656: 9312:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Washington. 9217:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 9193:Chinese Theater in the Days of Kublai Khan 8428:. Columbia University Press. p. 974. 7464: 5692:, although their predictions for when the 5527:surviving specimens of both Khitan scripts 5290:), the Northern and Southern Great Kings ( 5252: 4882:The accession of Yelü Yanxi, posthumously 4617:for selection of officials. The number of 4464:, a game regarded as a military exercise. 3633:and the creation of the puppet Kingdom of 3166:and Chinese dynasties such as the Sui and 2978:which was the traditional homeland of the 2591: 2577: 2153: 2139: 1648: 1634: 9750: 9733: 9690:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 9620: 9329:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 8952: 8647: 8273: 8261: 8249: 8237: 8225: 8198: 8142: 8103: 8088: 8073: 8061: 8049: 8037: 8013: 8001: 7986: 7974: 7959: 7944: 7920: 7908: 7896: 7884: 7872: 7851: 7839: 7800: 7788: 7776: 7764: 7752: 7740: 7728: 7695: 7671: 7636: 7573: 7443: 7431: 7419: 7407: 7383: 7371: 7359: 7347: 7332: 7303: 7291: 7276: 7264: 7252: 7240: 7228: 7216: 7204: 7138: 7126: 7114: 7102: 7066: 7030: 6975: 6693: 5899:(詞) form of poetry, an important part of 5261: 5093:, Tianzuo died at the age of 54 in 1128. 3978:During Muzong's reign, the Liao assisted 3931:. In late 951, Shizong decided to invade 9868:, United States: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 9779:Alien Regime and Border States, 907–1368 9757:Alien Regime and Border States, 907–1368 9503: 9494: 9485: 9476: 9467: 9458: 9449: 9437: 9249:Alien Regime and Border States, 907–1368 9164: 8741: 7701: 7585: 7395: 6924: 6437:"The Khitans 契丹 (www.chinaknowledge.de)" 6306: 5965: 5953:describing northern China on his way to 5905: 5872: 5638: 5622: 5552: 5488:. Despite surface level similarities to 5445:, Folio 9 of manuscript codex Nova N 176 5436: 5413: 5366: 5351: 5220: 5208: 5174:Yelü Dashi's dynasty was usurped by the 5106: 5027: 4873: 4861: 4837: 4834:Collapse of the Liao dynasty (1117–1124) 4829: 4796:'s king asked for territory east of the 4721: 4700: 4575:), the Bodhisattva of Universal Virtue, 4566: 4550: 4542: 4534: 4518: 4420: 4412: 4404: 4137: 4126: 4118: 4107: 4022: 3946: 3874: 3854: 3698: 3690: 3674: 3441: 3429: 3421: 3409: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3280: 3239: 3096: 2524:Korean People's Association in Manchuria 13363:12th-century disestablishments in China 13044: 10918:(辰州) Lúzhōu (盧州) Tiězhōu (鐵州 (興州) (崇州) 10350:(辰州) Lúzhōu (盧州) Tiězhōu (鐵州 (興州) (崇州) 10009: 9866:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China 9795: 9704: 9534: 9525: 9373: 9324: 9090: 8908: 8893: 8726: 8686: 8603: 8567:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8115: 8025: 7051: 6999: 6681: 5709:. In warfare, they practiced a form of 4400: 4132:Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War 4113:First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War 4097: 3480:, and established superiority over the 3073:, which describes the Khitans being of 3000: 2711:, at its greatest extent it ruled over 14: 13250: 9836: 9281: 8932:The Desk Encyclopedia of World History 8929: 8169: 7932: 7659: 7455: 7042: 6218: 5895:The rhythmic and tonal pattern of the 5476:, was developed. A second script, the 5409: 5318:Denis Twitchett and Klaus-Peter Tietze 4819: 4787:Denis Twitchett and Klaus-Peter Tietze 4514: 4041:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 2812:The Liao dynasty was destroyed by the 11751: 11269: 10714: 10701: 10146: 9983: 9863: 9850:, U of M Center for Chinese Studies, 9845: 9751:Twitchett, Denis (1994), "The Liao", 9742: 9637: 9598: 9590: 9552: 9543: 9209: 9190: 9129: 8980: 8966: 8674: 8591: 8297: 8285: 7824: 7456:Bowman, John Stewart (6 March 2000). 7161: 7159: 7011: 6346: 6269: 6169:契丹文dan gur與「東丹國」國號：兼評劉浦江「再談“東丹國”國号問題」 6079:Turchin, Adams, and Hall (2006), 222. 5573: 4870:tent found in the Hadatu tomb in 1973 4601:Daozong's reign began with increased 4323:sent an army of 400,000 men to Goryeo 4018: 3765:, who overthrew Later Tang and ruled 3235: 2878:, officially renamed the dynasty as " 13358:10th-century establishments in China 9888:. Helsinki: University of Helsinki. 9561: 9419: 9395: 9365: 9343: 9307: 9273: 9062: 8881: 8860: 8848: 8836: 8615: 8369: 7812: 7618: 7597: 7491: 7315: 7165: 7150: 7090: 7078: 6987: 6963: 6951: 6936: 6900: 6874: 6802: 6434: 6315:. Rutgers University Press. p. 6257: 6245: 6047:List of emperors of the Liao dynasty 4539:Liao dynasty gold wire phoenix crown 4043:came to an end with the rise of the 3870: 3686: 3507:In 916, Abaoji assumed the title of 13268:Former countries in Chinese history 11682:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia 11451:Protectorate of the Western Regions 9902: 9745:Science and Civilization in China 5 9686:Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1997). 9640:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland 9599:Smith, Paul Jakov (December 2006). 9506:Science & Civilisation in China 8717:Franke and Twitchett (1994), 31–36. 8487:Twitchett and Tietze (1994), 79–80. 8402:Twitchett and Tietze (1994), 77–78. 7707: 7549: 7515: 6886:Wittfogel and Feng (1946), 400–402. 6754:Twitchett and Tietze (1994), 50–53. 6730:Twitchett and Tietze (1994), 48–49. 6655: 6574:Twitchett and Tietze (1994), 47–48. 5359:, believed to have been painted by 4334:by the Goryeo forces under General 4003:There were minor troubles with the 3942: 3405: 3297:was appointed prefect of Guicheng. 2087:Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate 322:• Abaoji assumes the title of 24: 11079:(錦州) Chuānzhōu (川州) Jiànzhōu (建州) 10511:(錦州) Chuānzhōu (川州) Jiànzhōu (建州) 9881: 9609:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 9265: 8496: 8357: 8345: 7166:Chen, Yuan Julian (January 2014). 7156: 6862: 6850: 6838: 6826: 6814: 6787: 6775: 6763: 6742: 6643: 6631: 6619: 6607: 6595: 6583: 6562: 6550: 6538: 6526: 6514: 6502: 6485: 6473: 6456: 6419: 6404: 6389: 5868: 5802:Liao era painted wooden statue of 5759:statue, Liao dynasty, 11th century 5643:One of the famous set of lifesize 5548: 5441:The only extant manuscript in the 3184:received their orders at the hour 409: 25: 13379: 10777:(祖州) Huáizhōu (懷州) Qìngzhōu (慶州) 10209:(祖州) Huáizhōu (懷州) Qìngzhōu (慶州) 9925: 9798:Imperial Chinese Military History 9722:Journal of World-Systems Research 9707:The Origins of the Chinese Nation 9289:A History of Chinese Civilization 8536:The History of Mongolia (3 Vols.) 8511:The History of Mongolia (3 Vols.) 8199:Lanciotti, Lionello, ed. (1980). 8143:Lanciotti, Lionello, ed. (1980). 7519:The History of Korea, 2nd Edition 3927:From 949 to 950, Shizong invaded 3894:, and not the designated heir of 3609:, in 910 the Kumo Xi, in 912 the 11418: 10741:Administrative divisions of the 10173:Administrative divisions of the 9068: 9047: 9028: 9019: 8994: 8923: 8914: 8866: 8821: 8812: 8789: 8780: 8759: 8732: 8711: 8680: 8621: 8552: 8527: 8502: 8481: 8472: 8463: 8454: 8417: 8414:Twitchett and Tietze (1994), 79. 8396: 8393:Twitchett and Tietze (1994), 78. 8381:Twitchett and Tietze (1994), 77. 8375: 8330: 8321: 8312: 8303: 8192: 8163: 8136: 8109: 7612: 7603: 7555: 7543: 7043:Drompp, Michael (January 2002). 6662:Biography of An Lu-shan, Issue 8 6288:Twitchett and Tietze (1994), 44. 6149: 6143: 6011: 5997: 5961: 5844: 5835: 5810: 5795: 5779: 5764: 5749: 5075:Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia 5036:, a Buddhist structure built at 4437:and one of his lesser consorts, 4230:In 985–86, the Khitans attacked 3852:at the age of 45 on 18 May 947. 3645:, the Balhae people west of the 3376: 2820:in 1125 with the capture of the 2786:that led to the collapse of the 2782:and part of Hebei) by fueling a 2609: 2189: 1670: 729: 661: 647: 633: 619: 605: 591: 566: 552: 538: 524: 510: 496: 482: 468: 454: 75: 48: 10958:(吉州) Yìzhōu (懿州) Yìngzhōu (媵州) 10390:(吉州) Yìzhōu (懿州) Yìngzhōu (媵州) 9327:Women of the Conquest Dynasties 9176:. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell. 8738:Wittfogel and Feng (1946), 199. 8687:Zaytsev, Viacheslav P. (2011). 7509: 7497: 7485: 7449: 7036: 6915:Wittfogel and Feng (1946), 401. 6880: 6748: 6724: 6675: 6649: 6568: 6374: 6340: 6300: 6291: 6225:. University of Hawaiʻi Press. 5686:the three treasures of Buddhism 4900:exam, which suggests continued 4848:Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute 4742:plans to eliminate his mother, 4123:Khitan invasion of Song in 1004 3625:. A year later he attacked the 3206: 2356:Medieval to Early Modern period 13353:1125 disestablishments in Asia 9775:The Cambridge History of China 9753:The Cambridge History of China 9593:A Crisis in the Literati State 9512:, Cambridge University Press, 9245:The Cambridge History of China 8478:Wittfogel and Feng (1946), 45. 8460:Wittfogel and Feng (1946), 44. 6347:Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012). 6212: 6203: 6159: 6109: 6091: 6082: 6073: 5982:The Chinese state news agency 5974:in the Khitan city of Hedong ( 5720:Many elite Khitans, including 5288:Beifu zaixiang, Nanfu zaixiang 5096: 4681:Records of the Grand Historian 4142:Liao phoenix and dragon crowns 3920:In 947, a planned invasion of 3860:The King of Dongdan Goes Forth 3780:, to attack the Later Tang at 3492:to form a blood oath with the 2896: 2887: 2866: 2727:, and the northern tip of the 2691: 2682: 2659: 2650: 2642: 1588:Science and technology history 13: 1: 10954:(湖州) (渤州) (郢州) Tóngzhōu (銅州) 10386:(湖州) (渤州) (郢州) Tóngzhōu (銅州) 9864:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), 9846:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000), 9381:. Paris: Les Belles Lettres. 9349:The Kitan Language and Script 9325:Johnson, Linda Cooke (2011). 8630:The Kitan Language and Script 7516:Kim, Djun Kil (30 May 2014). 6062: 5645:Yixian glazed pottery luohans 5204: 4931:by 1125. The Jurchens were a 4576: 4478:Li Yuanhao's invasion of Song 3989:Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou 3348:Khitan crown (female), silver 2442:Sino-Russian border conflicts 958: 917: 893: 870: 846: 787: 82: 9954:Dynasties in Chinese history 9638:Starr, S. Frederick (2015). 9539:, Cambridge University Press 9530:, Cambridge University Press 9499:, Cambridge University Press 9424:, Harvard University Press, 9191:Crump, James Irving (1980). 9077:Retrieved, January 12, 2018. 8930:Wright, Edmund, ed. (2006). 7172:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 6166:Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun (2009). 6127:] (in Chinese). Shōkadō. 6067: 5821:, Liao dynasty, 10th century 5697:immediately preceding 1052. 5592:marriage among the Khitans. 5040:("Southern Capital", modern 4649:changes in Liao leadership. 3982:in fending off an attack by 3812:) was constructed at modern 3808:. A new "Southern Capital" ( 3769:as a puppet of the Khitans. 3542:as a gift from the state of 3523:, from his primary consort, 2836:for almost a century before 2774:. Its conquests include the 2669: 2633: 7: 11777: 10801:(龍化州) Jiàngshèngzhōu (降聖州) 10233:(龍化州) Jiàngshèngzhōu (降聖州) 9796:Whiting, Marvin C. (2002), 9743:Tsien, Tsuen-hsuin (1985), 8765:Johnson (2011), xvii–xviii. 8449:Twitchett & Tietze 1994 8174:. In Rossabi, Moris (ed.). 7562:Twitchett & Tietze 1994 7504:Twitchett & Tietze 1994 6219:Hudson, Mark James (1999). 6037:Fashion in the Liao dynasty 5990: 5608: 5432: 5371:Liao dynasty cavalry armour 5347: 5083: 4980: 3741:Bei was still ruler of the 3707:Yelü Deguang, posthumously 3653:in the upper valley of the 3519:. He named his eldest son, 3332:In 720 the military chief ( 2723:, southern portions of the 2719:, the northern part of the 2670:Mos diau-d kitai huldʒi gur 2218:Ancient to Classical period 10: 13384: 11551:against Northwest khanates 9705:Tackett, Nicholas (2017), 9591:Smith, Paul Jakov (2015), 9557:, Pen & Sword Military 9276:The Travels of Ibn Battuta 9110:Bielenstein, Hans (2005), 9083: 8920:Johnson (2011), 53 and 84. 7716:University of Pennsylvania 7625:Journal of Chinese History 7619:Chen, Yuan Julian (2018). 6682:Chamney, Lee (Fall 2012). 5771:Liao era bronze figure of 5612: 5461:with many loan words from 5453:is closely related to the 5425: 5265: 5100: 4955:) who inhabited the lower 4823: 4586:Yelü Hongji, posthumously 4321:. The Khitans immediately 4207:and the Korean kingdom of 4146:Yelü Longxu, posthumously 4101: 3846:Later Han (Five Dynasties) 3820:, his geopolitical rival. 3767:Later Jin (Five Dynasties) 3757:court and was received by 3188:and assembled at the hour 3011: 3004: 2989: 2985: 2852:The "Great Khitan State" ( 504:Later Jin (Five Dynasties) 13298:Nomadic groups in Eurasia 13213: 13165: 12682: 12086: 11785: 11673: 11612: 11579: 11541: 11508: 11466: 11436: 11427: 11416: 11304: 11242: 11181: 11168: 11161: 11124: 11111: 11104: 11063: 11049: 11042: 11028: 10979: 10898: 10857: 10850: 10833: 10822: 10769: 10756: 10749: 10708: 10703:Links to related articles 10674: 10613: 10600: 10593: 10556: 10543: 10536: 10495: 10481: 10474: 10460: 10411: 10330: 10289: 10282: 10265: 10254: 10201: 10188: 10181: 10108:Memorial for Yelü Yanning 10083: 10018: 9960: 9951: 9939: 9368:The Age of Confucian Rule 9001:Linda C. Johnson (2011). 6235:– via Google Books. 6142:『遼朝國號非「哈喇契丹(遼契丹)」考：兼擬契丹大字 6141: 5826: 5505:in Chinese, in some 6000 5134:and gained a foothold in 4908:repeatedly requested the 4435:Emperor Shengzong of Liao 4425:Liao dynasty crown – back 4417:Liao dynasty crown – side 4409:Liao dynasty dragon crown 4148:Emperor Shengzong of Liao 3053:According to sinologists 3046:(1145), a history of the 2902:Emperor Shengzong of Liao 2857: 2514:Kwantung Leased Territory 1462: 1384: 1264: 1197: 1127: 1001: 677: 433: 418: 407: 402: 398: 384: 370: 357: 343: 333: 320: 306: 302: 292: 288: 276: 264: 252: 240: 228: 216: 204: 192: 180: 176: 166: 156: 144: 120: 102: 92: 74: 69: 56: 38: 34: 13328:11th century in Mongolia 13318:10th century in Mongolia 11344:Western Turkic Khaganate 11339:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 10113:Administrative divisions 9555:Battles of Ancient China 9535:Needham, Joseph (2008), 9526:Needham, Joseph (1994), 9504:—— (1986f), 9495:—— (1986h), 9486:—— (1986e), 9477:—— (1986d), 9468:—— (1986c), 9459:—— (1986b), 9450:—— (1986g), 9422:Imperial China: 900–1800 9402:Imperial China: 900–1800 9243:(1994). "Introduction". 9091:Baldick, Julian (2012). 8170:Franke, Herbert (1983). 7522:. ABC-CLIO. p. 66. 6177: 6168: 6120: 5938:Classical Chinese poetry 5910:Liao gold waist ornament 5732:after the defeat by the 5455:Mongolic language family 4592:Emperor Xingzong of Liao 4590:, succeeded his father, 4431:Emperor Xingzong of Liao 4276:Emperor Zhenzong of Song 4152:Emperor Jingzong of Liao 4150:, succeeded his father, 4039:. During his reign, the 4033:Emperor Jingzong of Liao 4031:Yelü Xian, posthumously 3962:, succeeded his cousin, 3958:Yelü Jing, posthumously 3886:Yelü Ruan, posthumously 3711:, was the second son of 3538:In 917, Abaoji received 3032:(648), a history of the 2870:) was founded in 907 by 2847: 2362:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 1890:Second Turkic Khaganates 11349:Second Turkic Khaganate 9882:Xu, Elina-Qian (2005). 9548:, Osprey Publishing Ltd 9308:Hyun, Jeongwon (2013). 9211:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley 8936:Oxford University Press 8809:Johnson (2011), 99–100. 6307:Grousset, Rene (1970). 5734:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 5302:) and the Three Dukes ( 5253:Enthronement ceremonies 5138:. After conquering the 4888:Emperor Daozong of Liao 4884:Emperor Tianzuo of Liao 4852:Emperor Gaozong of Song 4759:Emperor Taizong of Liao 4732:Emperor Daozong of Liao 4588:Emperor Daozong of Liao 4529:Emperor Daozong of Liao 4525:Pagoda of Fogong Temple 4213:Emperor Taizong of Song 4190:Emperor Taizong of Liao 4062:Emperor Taizong of Song 4037:Emperor Shizong of Liao 3964:Emperor Shizong of Liao 3896:Emperor Taizong of Liao 3888:Emperor Shizong of Liao 3709:Emperor Taizong of Liao 3448:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 3318:Second Turkic Khaganate 3275:Songchao Shishi Leiyuan 3048:Three Kingdoms of Korea 2996:Timeline of the Khitans 2906:Emperor Daozong of Liao 2876:Emperor Taizong of Liao 2822:Emperor Tianzuo of Liao 2778:(including present-day 587:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 429:in the southern circuit 13333:11th century in Russia 13323:10th century in Russia 13283:History of the Khitans 11334:First Turkic Khaganate 9903:Yun, Peter I. (1998). 9837:Wright, David (2005), 8827:Johnson (2011), 86–88. 8818:Johnson (2011), 90–92. 8777:Johnson (2011), 85–87. 8538:. BRILL. p. 100. 8513:. BRILL. p. 480. 8426:A New Cultural History 7863:Steinhardt (1997), 20. 5979: 5959: 5911: 5881: 5684:(末法), an age in which 5652: 5636: 5562: 5537:on coins, mirrors and 5519: 5446: 5423: 5372: 5364: 5321: 5292:Bei Dawang, Nan Dawang 5262:Law and administration 5226: 5218: 5116: 5045: 5034:Tianning Temple Pagoda 5009:had also joined them. 4879: 4871: 4859: 4835: 4790: 4774: 4738: 4706: 4675: 4583: 4564: 4548: 4540: 4532: 4426: 4418: 4410: 4377:people of the defunct 4360:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 4303: 4143: 4135: 4124: 4116: 4028: 3960:Emperor Muzong of Liao 3955: 3883: 3867: 3864:National Palace Museum 3739: 3704: 3696: 3683: 3670: 3603: 3563: 3451: 3439: 3427: 3419: 3403: 3357: 3349: 3286: 3279: 3257: 3204: 3106: 3084:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani 2992:History of the Khitans 2519:Nationalist government 1763:Munkhkhairkhan culture 345:• Signing of the 13313:12th century in China 13308:11th century in China 13303:10th century in China 13190:Medieval great powers 11476:against Western Turks 11033:Shùnhuà 順化 Láiyuǎn 來遠 10465:Shùnhuà 順化 Láiyuǎn 來遠 9735:10.5195/jwsr.2006.369 9553:Peers, Chris (2013), 9490:, Taipei: Caves Books 9481:, Taipei: Caves Books 9472:, Taipei: Caves Books 9463:, Taipei: Caves Books 9454:, Taipei: Caves Books 9445:, Taipei: Caves Books 9366:Kuhn, Dieter (2009), 9166:Crossley, Pamela Kyle 9160:10.1353/sys.2014.0000 8872:Shen (2001), 266–269. 8665:Kane (2009), 167–168. 8559:Michal Biran (2005). 8318:Steinhardt (1994), 5. 7184:10.1353/sys.2014.0000 6441:www.chinaknowledge.de 5969: 5942: 5909: 5876: 5642: 5626: 5613:Further information: 5556: 5494: 5440: 5426:Further information: 5417: 5370: 5355: 5283: 5224: 5212: 5110: 5031: 4877: 4866:Miniature model of a 4865: 4841: 4833: 4824:Further information: 4779: 4763: 4725: 4704: 4651: 4615:imperial examinations 4570: 4554: 4546: 4538: 4522: 4424: 4416: 4408: 4292: 4141: 4130: 4122: 4111: 4102:Further information: 4026: 3950: 3878: 3858: 3725: 3703:Khitan holding a mace 3702: 3695:Khitan boys and girls 3694: 3678: 3659: 3595:Hebei; is that true?" 3588: 3548: 3445: 3434:Khitan tomb mural in 3433: 3425: 3413: 3388: 3355: 3347: 3340:Yaonian Confederation 3284: 3266: 3243: 3178: 3100: 3034:Jin dynasty (266–420) 3007:List of Khitan rulers 2792:Northern Song dynasty 2663:), also known as the 2110:Democratic Revolution 1453:(mainland, 1912–1949) 103:Common languages 13278:History of Manchuria 13200:European colonialism 13185:Ancient great powers 11688:Greater Central Asia 10930:(瀋州) (集州) (遼州) (通州) 10362:(瀋州) (集州) (遼州) (通州) 10118:Shangjing Linhuangfu 9800:, Writers Club Press 9544:Peers, C.J. (2006), 9420:Mote, F. W. (2003), 9274:Gibb, H.A.R (1994), 8424:Cho-yun Hsu (2012). 6135:13 June 2013 at the 6032:Emperors family tree 5651:, early 12th century 5499:Lung Khan Shou Chien 5418:Liao silver coin in 5087:). According to the 4401:Xingzong (1031–1055) 4098:Shengzong (982–1031) 4084:, which failed. The 3117:). According to the 3024:Northern Wei dynasty 3001:Pre-dynastic history 2504:Far Eastern Republic 2274:Yan (Three Kingdoms) 2249:Yan (Warring States) 423:Liao dynasty coinage 359:• Emergence of 13195:Modern great powers 11189:(弘州) Fēngzhōu (豐州) 11148:(景州) Píngzhōu (平州) 10962:(衍州) Liánzhōu (連州) 10621:(弘州) Fēngzhōu (豐州) 10580:(景州) Píngzhōu (平州) 10394:(衍州) Liánzhōu (連州) 9266:Fu, Lo-han (2018), 9053:Crump (1990), 12–13 9025:Crump (1990), 25–26 8795:Johnson (2011), 98. 8786:Johnson (2011), 97. 8276:, pp. 149–151. 8264:, pp. 148–149. 8252:, pp. 145–146. 8240:, pp. 143–144. 8064:, pp. 138–139. 8040:, pp. 132–133. 8016:, pp. 135–136. 8004:, pp. 133–134. 7947:, pp. 129–130. 7923:, pp. 127–128. 7875:, pp. 124–125. 7791:, pp. 116–117. 7755:, pp. 114–116. 7731:, pp. 113–114. 7674:, pp. 111–112. 7662:, pp. 185–186. 7576:, pp. 103–104. 6841:, pp. 234–235. 6829:, pp. 230–231. 6817:, pp. 228–229. 6622:, pp. 116–117. 6586:, pp. 112–113. 6517:, pp. 110–111. 6117:Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun 5901:Song dynasty poetry 5478:Khitan small script 5474:Khitan large script 5420:Khitan large script 5410:Society and culture 5233:, Liaoning, Jilin, 5191:Jurchen Jin dynasty 5160:Kara-Khanid Khanate 4820:Tianzuo (1101–1125) 4809:, Zubu tribes, and 4736:Khitan small script 4515:Daozong (1055–1101) 4315:Hyeonjong of Goryeo 4288:Sixteen Prefectures 3802:Sixteen Prefectures 3649:, and the state of 3621:and its successor, 3583:Khitan small script 3567:Khitan large script 3371:An Lushan Rebellion 3022:, a history of the 2776:Sixteen Prefectures 2695:), was an imperial 2639:traditional Chinese 2412:Jurchen Jin dynasty 2371:Andong Protectorate 2083:People's Revolution 2053:National Revolution 2008:Oirat Confederation 1793:Deer stones culture 1664:History of Mongolia 13348:907 establishments 13263:Dynasties of China 11233:(東勝州) Tiāndé (天德) 11152:(灤州) Yíngzhōu (營州) 10817:(渭州) Zhènzhōu (鎮州) 10665:(東勝州) Tiāndé (天德) 10584:(灤州) Yíngzhōu (營州) 10249:(渭州) Zhènzhōu (鎮州) 9806:Wittfogel, Karl A. 9510:The Gunpowder Epic 9397:Mote, Frederick W. 8336:Ebrey (1996), 166. 7708:Hershey, Zachary. 7686:, p. 183-183. 7638:10.1017/jch.2018.7 7609:Smith (2006), 377. 6435:Theobald, Ulrich. 6209:Ledyard, 1983, 323 6191:on 19 October 2016 5980: 5912: 5882: 5653: 5637: 5574:Marriage practices 5563: 5561:and crown (female) 5543:Confucian classics 5490:Chinese characters 5463:Tungusic languages 5459:Mongolian language 5447: 5424: 5395:military origins. 5373: 5365: 5336:province near the 5245:, portions of the 5227: 5219: 5117: 5046: 4880: 4872: 4860: 4850:, commissioned by 4836: 4739: 4707: 4584: 4565: 4549: 4541: 4533: 4427: 4419: 4411: 4144: 4136: 4125: 4117: 4104:Goryeo–Khitan Wars 4029: 4019:Jingzong (969–982) 3956: 3884: 3868: 3705: 3697: 3684: 3452: 3440: 3428: 3420: 3364:The Tang governor 3358: 3350: 3287: 3258: 3236:Dahe Confederation 3107: 3055:Denis C. Twitchett 2673:), officially the 2647:simplified Chinese 2494:Beiyang government 2200:Prehistoric period 2073:Chinese occupation 1803:Slab-grave culture 1783:Ulaanzuukh culture 1753:Chemurchek culture 1743:Afanasievo culture 1468: 1278:Five Dynasties and 1270: 1205:Southern dynasties 1133: 1032:Chu–Han Contention 13245: 13244: 13239: 13238: 13161: 13160: 13126:Polish–Lithuanian 12301:Gurjara-Pratihara 11745: 11744: 11721:Chinese Turkestan 11669: 11668: 11490:Mongolian Plateau 11263: 11262: 11259: 11258: 11157: 11156: 11140:(涿州) Yìzhōu (易州) 11100: 11099: 11038: 11037: 10846: 10845: 10813:(成州) Yìzhōu (懿州) 10695: 10694: 10691: 10690: 10589: 10588: 10572:(涿州) Yìzhōu (易州) 10532: 10531: 10470: 10469: 10278: 10277: 10245:(成州) Yìzhōu (懿州) 10140: 10139: 10026:Goryeo–Khitan War 9978: 9977: 9961:Succeeded by 9688:Liao architecture 9649:978-1-317-45137-2 9508:, vol. V:7: 9351:. Leiden: Brill. 9102:978-0-8147-7165-5 8945:978-0-7394-7809-7 8896:, pp. 32–33. 8884:, pp. 82–83. 8729:, pp. 33–34. 8656:Kane (2009), 2–3. 8451:, pp. 78–79. 8028:, pp. 68–69. 7600:, pp. 69–71. 7362:, pp. 87–88. 7279:, pp. 82–83. 7267:, pp. 81–82. 7243:, pp. 76–81. 7093:, pp. 49–51. 7069:, pp. 68–69. 6939:, pp. 43–44. 6877:, pp. 38–39. 6805:, pp. 37–38. 6380:Xu (2005), 85–87. 5817:Bronze statue of 5515:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin 4692:Veritable Records 4311:Mokjong of Goryeo 4244:Cheongcheon River 4047:, which replaced 4035:, was the son of 4027:Khitan silk boots 3890:, was the son of 3871:Shizong (947–951) 3687:Taizong (926–947) 3509:Celestial Emperor 3461:fled the rule of 2729:North China Plain 2717:Mongolian Plateau 2601: 2600: 2543:Chinese Civil War 2539:Liaoshen Campaign 2529:Japanese invasion 2484:Russian invasions 2344:Göktürk Khaganate 2206:Liao civilization 2163: 2162: 2128: 2127: 2100:People's Republic 2036: 2035: 1941: 1940: 1913:Tang protectorate 1831: 1830: 1658: 1657: 1615:Transport history 1541:Education history 1513: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1494:Republic of China 1476:People's Republic 1449:Republic of China 1428: 1427: 1377: 1376: 1372: 1371: 1257: 1256: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1121: 1120: 1024:(206 BC – 220 AD) 954:Spring and Autumn 817:Liao civilization 708: 707: 673: 672: 669: 668: 579: 578: 278:• 1101–1125 266:• 1055–1101 254:• 1031–1055 16:(Redirected from 13375: 13042: 13041: 12707:Austro-Hungarian 12407:Chagatai Khanate 11772: 11765: 11758: 11749: 11748: 11434: 11433: 11422: 11290: 11283: 11276: 11267: 11266: 11166: 11165: 11109: 11108: 11105:Southern Capital 11047: 11046: 10926:(顯州) (乾州) (貴德州) 10855: 10854: 10754: 10753: 10735: 10728: 10721: 10712: 10711: 10699: 10698: 10598: 10597: 10541: 10540: 10537:Southern Capital 10479: 10478: 10358:(顯州) (乾州) (貴德州) 10287: 10286: 10186: 10185: 10167: 10160: 10153: 10144: 10143: 10063:Battle of Qatwan 10004: 9997: 9990: 9981: 9980: 9940:Preceded by 9937: 9936: 9920: 9899: 9878: 9860: 9842: 9833: 9801: 9792: 9769: 9747: 9739: 9737: 9709: 9701: 9682: 9653: 9634: 9624: 9622:10.2307/25066819 9595: 9587: 9558: 9549: 9540: 9531: 9522: 9500: 9491: 9482: 9473: 9464: 9455: 9446: 9434: 9416: 9392: 9370: 9362: 9340: 9321: 9304: 9292: 9278: 9270: 9262: 9241:Twitchett, Denis 9232: 9220: 9206: 9187: 9175: 9148: 9126: 9106: 9078: 9072: 9066: 9060: 9054: 9051: 9045: 9044: 9032: 9026: 9023: 9017: 9016: 8998: 8992: 8991: 8984: 8978: 8977: 8970: 8964: 8963: 8956: 8950: 8949: 8927: 8921: 8918: 8912: 8906: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8873: 8870: 8864: 8858: 8852: 8846: 8840: 8834: 8828: 8825: 8819: 8816: 8810: 8807: 8796: 8793: 8787: 8784: 8778: 8775: 8766: 8763: 8757: 8756:Mote (1999), 76. 8754: 8739: 8736: 8730: 8724: 8718: 8715: 8709: 8708: 8684: 8678: 8672: 8666: 8663: 8657: 8654: 8645: 8644: 8625: 8619: 8613: 8607: 8601: 8595: 8589: 8583: 8582: 8566: 8556: 8550: 8549: 8531: 8525: 8524: 8506: 8500: 8494: 8488: 8485: 8479: 8476: 8470: 8467: 8461: 8458: 8452: 8446: 8440: 8439: 8421: 8415: 8412: 8403: 8400: 8394: 8391: 8382: 8379: 8373: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8334: 8328: 8327:Mote (1999), 58. 8325: 8319: 8316: 8310: 8307: 8301: 8295: 8289: 8283: 8277: 8271: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8247: 8241: 8235: 8229: 8223: 8217: 8216: 8196: 8190: 8189: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8140: 8134: 8133: 8113: 8107: 8101: 8092: 8086: 8077: 8071: 8065: 8059: 8053: 8047: 8041: 8035: 8029: 8023: 8017: 8011: 8005: 7999: 7990: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7963: 7957: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7918: 7912: 7906: 7900: 7894: 7888: 7882: 7876: 7870: 7864: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7804: 7798: 7792: 7786: 7780: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7756: 7750: 7744: 7738: 7732: 7726: 7720: 7719: 7705: 7699: 7693: 7687: 7684:Bielenstein 2005 7681: 7675: 7669: 7663: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7640: 7616: 7610: 7607: 7601: 7595: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7571: 7565: 7559: 7553: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7495: 7489: 7483: 7480:Bielenstein 2005 7477: 7471: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7453: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7429: 7423: 7417: 7411: 7405: 7399: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7336: 7330: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7289: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7238: 7232: 7226: 7220: 7214: 7208: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7163: 7154: 7148: 7142: 7136: 7130: 7124: 7118: 7112: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7088: 7082: 7076: 7070: 7064: 7058: 7057:Mote (1999), 51. 7055: 7049: 7048: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7015: 7009: 7003: 6997: 6991: 6985: 6979: 6973: 6967: 6961: 6955: 6949: 6940: 6934: 6928: 6922: 6916: 6913: 6904: 6898: 6887: 6884: 6878: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6752: 6746: 6740: 6731: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6715: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6697: 6679: 6673: 6672: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6605: 6599: 6593: 6587: 6581: 6575: 6572: 6566: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6542: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6471: 6460: 6454: 6445: 6444: 6432: 6423: 6417: 6408: 6402: 6393: 6387: 6381: 6378: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6314: 6304: 6298: 6295: 6289: 6286: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6216: 6210: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6190: 6175: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6147: 6128: 6113: 6107: 6106: 6095: 6089: 6086: 6080: 6077: 6021: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6007: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5957: 5848: 5839: 5814: 5799: 5783: 5768: 5753: 5517: 5467:Turkic languages 5357:Horse and Archer 5319: 5247:Russian Far East 5243:Korean peninsula 5168:Battle of Qatwan 5158:, defeating the 5086: 4983: 4788: 4772: 4673: 4581: 4578: 4356:Kingdom of Guiyi 4301: 4198:Confucian temple 3943:Muzong (951–969) 3844:announced a new 3737: 3668: 3601: 3561: 3517:Confucian temple 3513:Chinese era name 3459:Youzhou Jiedushi 3450:helmets and mask 3414:The location of 3406:Abaoji (907–926) 3401: 3384:Ningcheng County 3277: 3202: 3142:By the time the 3129:Rouran Khaganate 3120:New Book of Tang 2898: 2889: 2868: 2859: 2725:Russian Far East 2721:Korean Peninsula 2697:dynasty of China 2693: 2684: 2672: 2661: 2652: 2644: 2636: 2626: 2625: 2622: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2593: 2586: 2579: 2562:Russian Far East 2294:Sima Jin dynasty 2193: 2183: 2165: 2164: 2155: 2148: 2141: 2049: 2048: 1962:9th–12th century 1954: 1953: 1923:Uyghur Khaganate 1868:Rouran Khaganate 1844: 1843: 1813:Chandman culture 1739: 1738: 1674: 1660: 1659: 1650: 1643: 1636: 1578:Military history 1536:Economic history 1524:Related articles 1501: 1483: 1465: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1454: 1421: 1408: 1395: 1382: 1381: 1365: 1352: 1339: 1320: 1310: 1298: 1285: 1267: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1246: 1236: 1223: 1210: 1195: 1194: 1178: 1173:Sixteen Kingdoms 1156: 1146: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1114: 1080: 1067: 1057: 1047: 1037: 1025: 1012: 999: 998: 977: 969: 967: 963: 960: 950: 940: 928: 926: 922: 919: 904: 902: 898: 895: 881: 879: 875: 872: 857: 855: 851: 848: 798: 796: 792: 789: 733: 723:History of China 710: 709: 665: 664: 651: 650: 637: 636: 623: 622: 609: 608: 595: 594: 583: 582: 570: 569: 556: 555: 542: 541: 528: 527: 514: 513: 500: 499: 490:Kyrgyz Khaganate 486: 485: 472: 471: 458: 457: 451: 450: 435: 434: 411: 390:captured by Jin 242:• 982–1031 137: 87: 84: 79: 60: 59: 58: 52: 42: 41: 40: 32: 31: 21: 13383: 13382: 13378: 13377: 13376: 13374: 13373: 13372: 13248: 13247: 13246: 13241: 13240: 13235: 13224:American Empire 13209: 13205:African empires 13157: 13040: 12732:Central African 12678: 12496:Romano-Germanic 12082: 11816:Middle Assyrian 11789: 11781: 11776: 11746: 11741: 11717:Western Regions 11710:Chinese Tartary 11700:Eurasian nomads 11665: 11622:against Dzungar 11608: 11589:against Mongols 11575: 11537: 11504: 11462: 11446:against Xiongnu 11429:Chinese empires 11423: 11414: 11306:Nomadic empires 11300: 11294: 11264: 11255: 11238: 11177: 11162:Western Capital 11153: 11120: 11096: 11059: 11054:Zhōngjīng (中京) 11043:Central Capital 11034: 11024: 10975: 10894: 10851:Eastern Capital 10842: 10829: 10818: 10765: 10750:Supreme Capital 10745: 10739: 10704: 10696: 10687: 10670: 10609: 10594:Western Capital 10585: 10552: 10528: 10491: 10486:Zhōngjīng (中京) 10475:Central Capital 10466: 10456: 10407: 10326: 10283:Eastern Capital 10274: 10261: 10250: 10197: 10182:Supreme Capital 10177: 10171: 10141: 10136: 10131:History of Liao 10079: 10048:Chanyuan Treaty 10036:Second conflict 10014: 10008: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9957: 9949: 9945: 9928: 9923: 9917: 9896: 9876: 9858: 9822:10.2307/1005570 9789: 9767: 9698: 9671:10.2307/3250078 9650: 9576:10.2307/3249911 9520: 9439:Needham, Joseph 9432: 9413: 9389: 9375:Marsone, Pierre 9359: 9337: 9301: 9283:Gernet, Jacques 9268:Natpat and Ordo 9259: 9237:Franke, Herbert 9229: 9203: 9184: 9145: 9124: 9103: 9086: 9081: 9073: 9069: 9061: 9057: 9052: 9048: 9033: 9029: 9024: 9020: 9013: 8999: 8995: 8986: 8985: 8981: 8972: 8971: 8967: 8960:"Funerary Mask" 8958: 8957: 8953: 8946: 8938:. p. 373. 8928: 8924: 8919: 8915: 8907: 8900: 8892: 8888: 8880: 8876: 8871: 8867: 8859: 8855: 8847: 8843: 8835: 8831: 8826: 8822: 8817: 8813: 8808: 8799: 8794: 8790: 8785: 8781: 8776: 8769: 8764: 8760: 8755: 8742: 8737: 8733: 8725: 8721: 8716: 8712: 8699:(15): 130–150. 8685: 8681: 8673: 8669: 8664: 8660: 8655: 8648: 8641: 8633:. Brill. 2009. 8627: 8626: 8622: 8614: 8610: 8602: 8598: 8590: 8586: 8579: 8557: 8553: 8546: 8532: 8528: 8521: 8507: 8503: 8495: 8491: 8486: 8482: 8477: 8473: 8468: 8464: 8459: 8455: 8447: 8443: 8436: 8422: 8418: 8413: 8406: 8401: 8397: 8392: 8385: 8380: 8376: 8368: 8364: 8356: 8352: 8344: 8340: 8335: 8331: 8326: 8322: 8317: 8313: 8308: 8304: 8296: 8292: 8284: 8280: 8272: 8268: 8260: 8256: 8248: 8244: 8236: 8232: 8224: 8220: 8213: 8197: 8193: 8186: 8168: 8164: 8157: 8141: 8137: 8130: 8114: 8110: 8102: 8095: 8087: 8080: 8072: 8068: 8060: 8056: 8048: 8044: 8036: 8032: 8024: 8020: 8012: 8008: 8000: 7993: 7985: 7981: 7973: 7966: 7958: 7951: 7943: 7939: 7931: 7927: 7919: 7915: 7907: 7903: 7895: 7891: 7883: 7879: 7871: 7867: 7862: 7858: 7850: 7846: 7838: 7831: 7823: 7819: 7811: 7807: 7799: 7795: 7787: 7783: 7775: 7771: 7763: 7759: 7751: 7747: 7739: 7735: 7727: 7723: 7706: 7702: 7694: 7690: 7682: 7678: 7670: 7666: 7658: 7654: 7617: 7613: 7608: 7604: 7596: 7592: 7584: 7580: 7572: 7568: 7560: 7556: 7548: 7544: 7534: 7532: 7530: 7514: 7510: 7502: 7498: 7490: 7486: 7478: 7474: 7469: 7465: 7454: 7450: 7442: 7438: 7430: 7426: 7418: 7414: 7406: 7402: 7394: 7390: 7382: 7378: 7370: 7366: 7358: 7354: 7346: 7339: 7331: 7322: 7314: 7310: 7302: 7298: 7290: 7283: 7275: 7271: 7263: 7259: 7251: 7247: 7239: 7235: 7227: 7223: 7215: 7211: 7203: 7199: 7164: 7157: 7149: 7145: 7137: 7133: 7125: 7121: 7113: 7109: 7101: 7097: 7089: 7085: 7077: 7073: 7065: 7061: 7056: 7052: 7041: 7037: 7029: 7018: 7010: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6986: 6982: 6974: 6970: 6962: 6958: 6950: 6943: 6935: 6931: 6923: 6919: 6914: 6907: 6899: 6890: 6885: 6881: 6873: 6869: 6861: 6857: 6849: 6845: 6837: 6833: 6825: 6821: 6813: 6809: 6801: 6794: 6786: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6762: 6758: 6753: 6749: 6741: 6734: 6729: 6725: 6709: 6708: 6701: 6699: 6695:10.1.1.978.1069 6680: 6676: 6654: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6618: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6594: 6590: 6582: 6578: 6573: 6569: 6561: 6557: 6549: 6545: 6537: 6533: 6525: 6521: 6513: 6509: 6501: 6492: 6484: 6480: 6472: 6463: 6455: 6448: 6433: 6426: 6418: 6411: 6403: 6396: 6388: 6384: 6379: 6375: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6345: 6341: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6305: 6301: 6296: 6292: 6287: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6256: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6217: 6213: 6208: 6204: 6194: 6192: 6188: 6179: 6178:愛新覚羅烏拉熙春女真契丹学研究 6173: 6170: 6164: 6160: 6137:Wayback Machine 6122: 6121:愛新覚羅烏拉熙春女真契丹学研究 6114: 6110: 6097: 6096: 6092: 6087: 6083: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6065: 6017: 6012: 6010: 6003: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5964: 5958: 5949: 5871: 5869:Cultural legacy 5858: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5841: 5840: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5806: 5800: 5791: 5784: 5775: 5769: 5760: 5754: 5742:Confucian rites 5736:, converted to 5728:who became the 5707:Winter solstice 5621: 5611: 5576: 5551: 5549:Status of women 5518: 5513: 5451:Khitan language 5443:Khitan language 5435: 5430: 5412: 5389:History of Liao 5350: 5320: 5317: 5270: 5264: 5255: 5207: 5184:Mongol conquest 5105: 5099: 5090:History of Liao 4933:Tungusic people 4846:cavalry in the 4828: 4822: 4789: 4786: 4773: 4770: 4716:Xinding tiaozhi 4712:Xinding tiaozhi 4674: 4671: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4579: 4517: 4499:Helan Mountains 4450:Xinding tiaozhi 4403: 4379:Dongdan Kingdom 4332:Battle of Gwiju 4302: 4299: 4280:Chanyuan Treaty 4252:tributary state 4161:History of Liao 4106: 4100: 4021: 3945: 3915:Xar Moron River 3873: 3743:Dongdan Kingdom 3738: 3734:History of Liao 3731: 3689: 3669: 3666: 3602: 3599: 3577:, to study the 3562: 3558:History of Liao 3555: 3529:Supreme Capital 3511:, proclaimed a 3476:, attacked the 3418:in the year 900 3408: 3402: 3395: 3379: 3342: 3314:Qapaghan Qaghan 3278: 3273: 3238: 3209: 3203: 3199:History of Liao 3196: 3182: 3125:Xar Moron River 3111:Hexigten Banner 3103:Liaoning Museum 3014: 3009: 3003: 2998: 2988: 2969:Khitan language 2948:region and the 2926:medieval Europe 2921:Western Regions 2915:established by 2913:successor state 2850: 2838:being conquered 2796:Chanyuan Treaty 2713:Northeast China 2612: 2608: 2597: 2568: 2567: 2558:Outer Manchuria 2553:Northeast China 2498:Fengtian Clique 2475:Chuang Guandong 2470:Amur Annexation 2465: 2457: 2456: 2387:Dongdan Kingdom 2382:Little Goguryeo 2357: 2349: 2348: 2219: 2211: 2210: 2201: 2181: 2174: 2159: 2130: 2129: 2120:Modern Mongolia 2093: 2046: 2038: 2037: 2018:Dzungar Khanate 1958:Mongol khanates 1951: 1950:Medieval period 1943: 1942: 1896: 1841: 1833: 1832: 1823:Pazyryk culture 1736: 1654: 1625: 1624: 1620:Women's history 1526: 1525: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1457: 1452: 1443: 1442: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1411: 1406: 1398: 1393: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1355: 1350: 1342: 1337: 1329: 1323: 1318: 1308: 1296: 1288: 1283: 1279: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1244: 1234: 1226: 1221: 1213: 1208: 1204: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1168: 1165: 1159: 1154: 1144: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1104: 1078: 1070: 1065: 1055: 1046:(202 BC – 9 AD) 1045: 1035: 1023: 1015: 1010: 995: 994: 983: 982: 975: 965: 961: 956: 948: 938: 924: 920: 915: 907: 900: 896: 891: 877: 873: 868: 860: 853: 849: 844: 835: 834: 823: 822: 794: 790: 785: 777: 766: 765: 704: 662: 648: 634: 620: 606: 592: 567: 553: 539: 525: 511: 497: 483: 469: 455: 391: 388:Emperor Tianzuo 377: 363: 350: 347:Chanyuan Treaty 336: 326: 313: 312:becomes khagan 279: 267: 255: 243: 231: 230:• 969–982 219: 218:• 951–969 207: 206:• 947–951 195: 194:• 926–947 183: 182:• 907–926 140: 132: 88: 85: 81:Liao circuits, 65: 61: 54: 47: 43: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13381: 13371: 13370: 13368:Former empires 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13345: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13243: 13242: 13237: 13236: 13234: 13233: 13232: 13231: 13226: 13217: 13215: 13211: 13210: 13208: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13181: 13180: 13169: 13167: 13163: 13162: 13159: 13158: 13156: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13134: 13133: 13123: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13077: 13076: 13071: 13061: 13056: 13050: 13048: 13039: 13038: 13037: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13006: 13001: 13000: 12999: 12989: 12984: 12983: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12962: 12957: 12956: 12955: 12950: 12940: 12939: 12938: 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12908: 12907: 12906: 12901: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12875: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12844: 12843: 12842: 12837: 12827: 12822: 12821: 12820: 12815: 12805: 12804: 12803: 12798: 12788: 12787: 12786: 12781: 12771: 12766: 12765: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12734: 12729: 12728: 12727: 12722: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12688: 12686: 12680: 12679: 12677: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12660: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12619: 12614: 12613: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12577: 12576: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12510: 12509: 12508: 12503: 12493: 12492: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12437: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12416: 12415: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12363: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12337: 12336: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12310: 12309: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12267: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12246: 12241: 12240: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12204: 12203: 12202: 12197: 12187: 12186: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12160: 12155: 12154: 12153: 12143: 12142: 12141: 12136: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12092: 12090: 12088:Post-classical 12084: 12083: 12081: 12080: 12079: 12078: 12068: 12063: 12062: 12061: 12056: 12046: 12045: 12044: 12034: 12033: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11986: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11960: 11959: 11958: 11953: 11943: 11938: 11937: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11895: 11894: 11889: 11887:Middle Kingdom 11884: 11874: 11869: 11868: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11847: 11846: 11845: 11843:Neo-Babylonian 11840: 11835: 11833:Old Babylonian 11825: 11824: 11823: 11818: 11808: 11803: 11797: 11795: 11783: 11782: 11775: 11774: 11767: 11760: 11752: 11743: 11742: 11740: 11739: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11714: 11713: 11712: 11702: 11697: 11696: 11695: 11685: 11677: 11675: 11674:Related topics 11671: 11670: 11667: 11666: 11664: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11642: 11641: 11631: 11630: 11629: 11618: 11616: 11610: 11609: 11607: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11594:against Turpan 11591: 11585: 11583: 11577: 11576: 11574: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11547: 11545: 11539: 11538: 11536: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11514: 11512: 11506: 11505: 11503: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11472: 11470: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11460: 11459: 11458: 11456:Chief Official 11448: 11442: 11440: 11431: 11425: 11424: 11417: 11415: 11413: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11401: 11400: 11399: 11398: 11388: 11383: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11352: 11351: 11346: 11341: 11336: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11310: 11308: 11302: 11301: 11299:history series 11293: 11292: 11285: 11278: 11270: 11261: 11260: 11257: 11256: 11246: 11244: 11240: 11239: 11185: 11183: 11179: 11178: 11172: 11170: 11163: 11159: 11158: 11155: 11154: 11128: 11126: 11122: 11121: 11115: 11113: 11106: 11102: 11101: 11098: 11097: 11067: 11065: 11061: 11060: 11053: 11051: 11044: 11040: 11039: 11036: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11026: 11025: 10983: 10981: 10977: 10976: 10902: 10900: 10896: 10895: 10861: 10859: 10852: 10848: 10847: 10844: 10843: 10837: 10835: 10831: 10830: 10826: 10824: 10820: 10819: 10773: 10771: 10767: 10766: 10760: 10758: 10751: 10747: 10746: 10738: 10737: 10730: 10723: 10715: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10693: 10692: 10689: 10688: 10678: 10676: 10672: 10671: 10617: 10615: 10611: 10610: 10604: 10602: 10595: 10591: 10590: 10587: 10586: 10560: 10558: 10554: 10553: 10547: 10545: 10538: 10534: 10533: 10530: 10529: 10499: 10497: 10493: 10492: 10485: 10483: 10476: 10472: 10471: 10468: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10458: 10457: 10415: 10413: 10409: 10408: 10334: 10332: 10328: 10327: 10293: 10291: 10284: 10280: 10279: 10276: 10275: 10269: 10267: 10263: 10262: 10258: 10256: 10252: 10251: 10205: 10203: 10199: 10198: 10192: 10190: 10183: 10179: 10178: 10170: 10169: 10162: 10155: 10147: 10138: 10137: 10135: 10134: 10127: 10122: 10121: 10120: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10099: 10098: 10087: 10085: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10066: 10065: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10044: 10043: 10041:Third conflict 10038: 10033: 10031:First conflict 10022: 10020: 10016: 10015: 10007: 10006: 9999: 9992: 9984: 9976: 9975: 9962: 9959: 9950: 9947:Five Dynasties 9941: 9935: 9934: 9927: 9926:External links 9924: 9922: 9921: 9915: 9900: 9894: 9879: 9875:978-0810860537 9874: 9861: 9856: 9843: 9834: 9802: 9793: 9787: 9770: 9765: 9748: 9740: 9728:(2): 219–229. 9714:Turchin, Peter 9710: 9702: 9697:978-0824818432 9696: 9683: 9654: 9648: 9635: 9615:(2): 363–422. 9596: 9588: 9570:(2): 263–303. 9559: 9550: 9541: 9532: 9523: 9518: 9501: 9492: 9483: 9474: 9465: 9456: 9447: 9435: 9431:978-0674012127 9430: 9417: 9411: 9393: 9388:978-2251381091 9387: 9371: 9363: 9358:978-9004168299 9357: 9341: 9336:978-0824834043 9335: 9322: 9305: 9300:978-0521497817 9299: 9279: 9271: 9263: 9257: 9233: 9228:978-0521669917 9227: 9207: 9201: 9188: 9182: 9162: 9149: 9143: 9127: 9123:978-9047407614 9122: 9107: 9101: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9067: 9065:, p. 905. 9055: 9046: 9027: 9018: 9012:978-0824860240 9011: 8993: 8979: 8965: 8951: 8944: 8922: 8913: 8898: 8886: 8874: 8865: 8853: 8841: 8829: 8820: 8811: 8797: 8788: 8779: 8767: 8758: 8740: 8731: 8719: 8710: 8695:(in Russian). 8679: 8677:, p. 169. 8667: 8658: 8646: 8640:978-9004168299 8639: 8620: 8608: 8606:, p. 305. 8596: 8594:, p. 132. 8584: 8577: 8551: 8544: 8526: 8519: 8501: 8499:, p. 125. 8489: 8480: 8471: 8462: 8453: 8441: 8434: 8416: 8404: 8395: 8383: 8374: 8372:, p. 115. 8362: 8360:, p. 136. 8350: 8348:, p. 133. 8338: 8329: 8320: 8311: 8302: 8290: 8278: 8274:Twitchett 1994 8266: 8262:Twitchett 1994 8254: 8250:Twitchett 1994 8242: 8238:Twitchett 1994 8230: 8228:, p. 142. 8226:Twitchett 1994 8218: 8211: 8191: 8184: 8162: 8155: 8135: 8128: 8108: 8106:, p. 141. 8104:Twitchett 1994 8093: 8091:, p. 140. 8089:Twitchett 1994 8078: 8076:, p. 139. 8074:Twitchett 1994 8066: 8062:Twitchett 1994 8054: 8052:, p. 138. 8050:Twitchett 1994 8042: 8038:Twitchett 1994 8030: 8018: 8014:Twitchett 1994 8006: 8002:Twitchett 1994 7991: 7989:, p. 132. 7987:Twitchett 1994 7979: 7977:, p. 131. 7975:Twitchett 1994 7964: 7962:, p. 137. 7960:Twitchett 1994 7949: 7945:Twitchett 1994 7937: 7935:, p. 138. 7925: 7921:Twitchett 1994 7913: 7911:, p. 129. 7909:Twitchett 1994 7901: 7899:, p. 125. 7897:Twitchett 1994 7889: 7887:, p. 126. 7885:Twitchett 1994 7877: 7873:Twitchett 1994 7865: 7856: 7854:, p. 117. 7852:Twitchett 1994 7844: 7842:, p. 123. 7840:Twitchett 1994 7829: 7827:, p. 126. 7817: 7815:, p. 185. 7805: 7803:, p. 120. 7801:Twitchett 1994 7793: 7789:Twitchett 1994 7781: 7779:, p. 116. 7777:Twitchett 1994 7769: 7767:, p. 115. 7765:Twitchett 1994 7757: 7753:Twitchett 1994 7745: 7743:, p. 114. 7741:Twitchett 1994 7733: 7729:Twitchett 1994 7721: 7718:. p. 229. 7700: 7698:, p. 121. 7696:Twitchett 1994 7688: 7676: 7672:Twitchett 1994 7664: 7652: 7631:(2): 313–334. 7611: 7602: 7590: 7588:, p. 148. 7578: 7574:Twitchett 1994 7566: 7554: 7542: 7528: 7508: 7496: 7484: 7482:, p. 217. 7472: 7463: 7448: 7444:Twitchett 1994 7436: 7432:Twitchett 1994 7424: 7420:Twitchett 1994 7412: 7408:Twitchett 1994 7400: 7388: 7384:Twitchett 1994 7376: 7372:Twitchett 1994 7364: 7360:Twitchett 1994 7352: 7348:Twitchett 1994 7337: 7333:Twitchett 1994 7320: 7308: 7304:Twitchett 1994 7296: 7292:Twitchett 1994 7281: 7277:Twitchett 1994 7269: 7265:Twitchett 1994 7257: 7253:Twitchett 1994 7245: 7241:Twitchett 1994 7233: 7229:Twitchett 1994 7221: 7217:Twitchett 1994 7209: 7205:Twitchett 1994 7197: 7155: 7143: 7139:Twitchett 1994 7131: 7127:Twitchett 1994 7119: 7115:Twitchett 1994 7107: 7103:Twitchett 1994 7095: 7083: 7071: 7067:Twitchett 1994 7059: 7050: 7035: 7033:, p. 102. 7031:Twitchett 1994 7016: 7004: 7002:, p. 307. 6992: 6980: 6976:Twitchett 1994 6968: 6956: 6941: 6929: 6917: 6905: 6888: 6879: 6867: 6865:, p. 232. 6855: 6853:, p. 183. 6843: 6831: 6819: 6807: 6792: 6780: 6778:, p. 171. 6768: 6766:, p. 262. 6756: 6747: 6745:, p. 219. 6732: 6723: 6674: 6648: 6646:, p. 120. 6636: 6634:, p. 199. 6624: 6612: 6610:, p. 245. 6600: 6598:, p. 242. 6588: 6576: 6567: 6565:, p. 111. 6555: 6553:, p. 130. 6543: 6541:, p. 131. 6531: 6529:, p. 129. 6519: 6507: 6505:, p. 110. 6490: 6488:, p. 106. 6478: 6476:, p. 105. 6461: 6459:, p. 137. 6446: 6424: 6409: 6407:, p. 145. 6394: 6382: 6373: 6359: 6339: 6325: 6299: 6290: 6274: 6262: 6260:, p. 162. 6250: 6248:, p. 4-5. 6238: 6232:978-0824821562 6231: 6211: 6202: 6158: 6108: 6090: 6081: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6019:History portal 6008: 5992: 5989: 5963: 5960: 5947: 5936:(散曲) forms of 5870: 5867: 5853: 5852: 5843: 5842: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5807: 5801: 5794: 5792: 5785: 5778: 5776: 5773:Gautama Buddha 5770: 5763: 5761: 5755: 5748: 5610: 5607: 5575: 5572: 5550: 5547: 5511: 5434: 5431: 5411: 5408: 5349: 5346: 5315: 5266:Main article: 5263: 5260: 5254: 5251: 5239:Inner Mongolia 5206: 5203: 5115:empire in 1160 5101:Main article: 5098: 5095: 4912:to attack the 4821: 4818: 4784: 4768: 4730:, the wife of 4696:Buddhist monks 4669: 4561:Inner Mongolia 4516: 4513: 4433:, was born to 4402: 4399: 4336:Kang Kam-ch'an 4328:a major defeat 4297: 4240:invaded Goryeo 4099: 4096: 4071:Gaoliang River 4020: 4017: 3944: 3941: 3872: 3869: 3806:Central Plains 3729: 3688: 3685: 3667:Michael Drompp 3664: 3597: 3553: 3515:, and built a 3436:Inner Mongolia 3407: 3404: 3398:Zizhi Tongjian 3393: 3378: 3375: 3341: 3338: 3271: 3237: 3234: 3208: 3205: 3194: 3158:(550–577) and 3115:Ongniud Banner 3061:branch of the 3013: 3010: 3002: 2999: 2987: 2984: 2940:, such as the 2938:Turkic peoples 2934:name for China 2849: 2846: 2599: 2598: 2596: 2595: 2588: 2581: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2565: 2555: 2546: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2491: 2489:Russian Dalian 2486: 2477: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2439: 2434: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2186: 2185: 2176: 2175: 2168: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2150: 2143: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2125: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2063:Bogd Khaganate 2059: 2058: 2055: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2010: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1874: 1873: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1842: 1840:Ancient period 1839: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1773:Sagsai culture 1769: 1768: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1676: 1675: 1667: 1666: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1652: 1645: 1638: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1551:Jewish history 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1503: 1502: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1484: 1482:(1949–present) 1471: 1469: 1463: 1456: 1455: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1423: 1422: 1410: 1409: 1397: 1396: 1385: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1367: 1366: 1356: 1353: 1343: 1340: 1330: 1326: 1324: 1322: 1321: 1311: 1300: 1299: 1287: 1286: 1273: 1271: 1265: 1255: 1254: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1225: 1224: 1212: 1211: 1198: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1180: 1179: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1157: 1147: 1136: 1134: 1128: 1119: 1118: 1116: 1115: 1103: 1102: 1082: 1081: 1075:Three Kingdoms 1069: 1068: 1058: 1048: 1038: 1027: 1026: 1014: 1013: 1002: 996: 990: 989: 988: 985: 984: 981: 980: 979: 978: 973:Warring States 970: 941: 930: 929: 906: 905: 883: 882: 878: 1046 BC 859: 858: 854: 1600 BC 836: 830: 829: 828: 825: 824: 821: 820: 800: 799: 795: 2000 BC 776: 775: 767: 761: 760: 759: 756: 755: 754: 753: 751:Historiography 748: 743: 735: 734: 726: 725: 719: 718: 706: 705: 703: 702: 697: 692: 687: 681: 679: 675: 674: 671: 670: 667: 666: 659: 653: 652: 645: 639: 638: 631: 625: 624: 617: 611: 610: 603: 597: 596: 589: 580: 577: 576: 571: 563: 562: 557: 549: 548: 543: 535: 534: 529: 521: 520: 515: 507: 506: 501: 493: 492: 487: 479: 478: 473: 465: 464: 459: 447: 446: 441: 431: 430: 420: 416: 415: 412: 405: 404: 400: 399: 396: 395: 392: 385: 382: 381: 378: 371: 368: 367: 364: 358: 355: 354: 351: 344: 341: 340: 337: 334: 331: 330: 327: 321: 318: 317: 314: 307: 304: 303: 300: 299: 294: 293:Historical era 290: 289: 286: 285: 280: 277: 274: 273: 268: 265: 262: 261: 256: 253: 250: 249: 244: 241: 238: 237: 232: 229: 226: 225: 220: 217: 214: 213: 208: 205: 202: 201: 196: 193: 190: 189: 184: 181: 178: 177: 174: 173: 170: 164: 163: 158: 154: 153: 148: 142: 141: 139: 138: 130: 124: 122: 118: 117: 111:Middle Chinese 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 80: 72: 71: 67: 66: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13380: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13324: 13321: 13319: 13316: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13293:Medieval Asia 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13273:Mongol states 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13255: 13253: 13230: 13229:Soviet empire 13227: 13225: 13222: 13221: 13219: 13218: 13216: 13214:Miscellaneous 13212: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13179: 13176: 13175: 13174: 13171: 13170: 13168: 13164: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13132: 13129: 13128: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13066: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13051: 13049: 13047: 13043: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13011: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 12998: 12995: 12994: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12967: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12945: 12944: 12941: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12919: 12917: 12914: 12913: 12912: 12909: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12896: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12849: 12848: 12845: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12832: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12813:German Empire 12811: 12810: 12809: 12806: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12793: 12792: 12789: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12776: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12739: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12717: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12689: 12687: 12685: 12681: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12624: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12582: 12581: 12578: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12555: 12554: 12553:Turco-Persian 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12498: 12497: 12494: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12461: 12460: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12421: 12420: 12417: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12394: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12342: 12341: 12338: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12315: 12314: 12311: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12293: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12251: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12209: 12208: 12205: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12192: 12191: 12188: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12165: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12152: 12149: 12148: 12147: 12144: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12131: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12093: 12091: 12089: 12085: 12077: 12074: 12073: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12051: 12050: 12047: 12043: 12040: 12039: 12038: 12035: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12002: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11965: 11964: 11961: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11948: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11911: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11879: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11852: 11851: 11848: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11830: 11829: 11826: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11813: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11788: 11784: 11780: 11773: 11768: 11766: 11761: 11759: 11754: 11753: 11750: 11738: 11737:Greater China 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11722: 11718: 11715: 11711: 11708: 11707: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11694: 11691: 11690: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11683: 11679: 11678: 11676: 11672: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11640: 11637: 11636: 11635: 11632: 11628: 11625: 11624: 11623: 11620: 11619: 11617: 11615: 11611: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11586: 11584: 11582: 11578: 11572: 11571:Northern Yuan 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11548: 11546: 11544: 11540: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11523:Northern Liao 11521: 11519: 11516: 11515: 11513: 11511: 11507: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11485:against Tibet 11483: 11481: 11480:Eastern Turks 11477: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11469: 11465: 11457: 11454: 11453: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11443: 11441: 11439: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11426: 11421: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11397: 11394: 11393: 11392: 11391:Mongol Empire 11389: 11387: 11386:Khamag Mongol 11384: 11382: 11379: 11378: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11350: 11347: 11345: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11331: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11311: 11309: 11307: 11303: 11298: 11291: 11286: 11284: 11279: 11277: 11272: 11271: 11268: 11253: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11236: 11232: 11231:Dōngshèngzhōu 11228: 11224: 11220: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11200: 11199:Fèngshèngzhōu 11196: 11192: 11188: 11184: 11180: 11175: 11171: 11167: 11164: 11160: 11151: 11147: 11143: 11139: 11135: 11131: 11127: 11123: 11118: 11114: 11110: 11107: 11103: 11094: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11078: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11048: 11045: 11041: 11031: 11027: 11022: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10949: 10945: 10941: 10937: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10880: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10853: 10849: 10840: 10836: 10832: 10825: 10821: 10816: 10812: 10808: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10783:Chángchūnzhōu 10780: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10763: 10759: 10755: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10736: 10731: 10729: 10724: 10722: 10717: 10716: 10713: 10707: 10700: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10668: 10664: 10663:Dōngshèngzhōu 10660: 10656: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10631:Fèngshèngzhōu 10628: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10612: 10607: 10603: 10599: 10596: 10592: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10539: 10535: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10480: 10477: 10473: 10463: 10459: 10454: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10438: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10365: 10361: 10357: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10285: 10281: 10272: 10268: 10264: 10257: 10253: 10248: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10220: 10216: 10215:Chángchūnzhōu 10212: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10168: 10163: 10161: 10156: 10154: 10149: 10148: 10145: 10133: 10132: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10097: 10094: 10093: 10092: 10091:Khitan people 10089: 10088: 10086: 10082: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10053:Northern Liao 10051: 10049: 10046: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10028: 10027: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10017: 10012: 10005: 10000: 9998: 9993: 9991: 9986: 9985: 9982: 9973: 9969: 9968:Northern Liao 9965: 9956: 9955: 9948: 9944: 9938: 9933: 9930: 9929: 9918: 9916:9780599031203 9912: 9908: 9907: 9901: 9897: 9891: 9887: 9886: 9880: 9877: 9871: 9867: 9862: 9859: 9853: 9849: 9844: 9840: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9794: 9790: 9784: 9780: 9776: 9771: 9768: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9749: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9708: 9703: 9699: 9693: 9689: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9665:(1/2): 5–39. 9664: 9660: 9659:Artibus Asiae 9655: 9651: 9645: 9642:. Routledge. 9641: 9636: 9632: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9604: 9597: 9594: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9564:Artibus Asiae 9560: 9556: 9551: 9547: 9542: 9538: 9533: 9529: 9524: 9521: 9519:0-521-30358-3 9515: 9511: 9507: 9502: 9498: 9493: 9489: 9484: 9480: 9475: 9471: 9466: 9462: 9457: 9453: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9433: 9427: 9423: 9418: 9414: 9408: 9404: 9403: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9369: 9364: 9360: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9332: 9328: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9306: 9302: 9296: 9291: 9290: 9284: 9280: 9277: 9272: 9269: 9264: 9260: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9224: 9219: 9218: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9202:0-89264-093-6 9198: 9194: 9189: 9185: 9179: 9174: 9173: 9167: 9163: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9150: 9146: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9131:Biran, Michal 9128: 9125: 9119: 9115: 9114: 9108: 9104: 9098: 9095:. NYU Press. 9094: 9089: 9088: 9076: 9071: 9064: 9059: 9050: 9042: 9038: 9031: 9022: 9014: 9008: 9004: 8997: 8989: 8983: 8975: 8969: 8961: 8955: 8947: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8926: 8917: 8911:, p. 32. 8910: 8905: 8903: 8895: 8890: 8883: 8878: 8869: 8863:, p. 85. 8862: 8857: 8851:, p. 84. 8850: 8845: 8839:, p. 43. 8838: 8833: 8824: 8815: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8792: 8783: 8774: 8772: 8762: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8735: 8728: 8723: 8714: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8694: 8690: 8683: 8676: 8671: 8662: 8653: 8651: 8642: 8636: 8632: 8631: 8624: 8618:, p. 96. 8617: 8612: 8605: 8600: 8593: 8588: 8580: 8574: 8570: 8565: 8564: 8555: 8547: 8545:9789004216358 8541: 8537: 8530: 8522: 8520:9789004216358 8516: 8512: 8505: 8498: 8493: 8484: 8475: 8466: 8457: 8450: 8445: 8437: 8435:9780231528184 8431: 8427: 8420: 8411: 8409: 8399: 8390: 8388: 8378: 8371: 8366: 8359: 8354: 8347: 8342: 8333: 8324: 8315: 8306: 8300:, p. 93. 8299: 8294: 8287: 8282: 8275: 8270: 8263: 8258: 8251: 8246: 8239: 8234: 8227: 8222: 8214: 8208: 8204: 8203: 8195: 8187: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8166: 8158: 8152: 8148: 8147: 8139: 8131: 8125: 8121: 8120: 8112: 8105: 8100: 8098: 8090: 8085: 8083: 8075: 8070: 8063: 8058: 8051: 8046: 8039: 8034: 8027: 8022: 8015: 8010: 8003: 7998: 7996: 7988: 7983: 7976: 7971: 7969: 7961: 7956: 7954: 7946: 7941: 7934: 7929: 7922: 7917: 7910: 7905: 7898: 7893: 7886: 7881: 7874: 7869: 7860: 7853: 7848: 7841: 7836: 7834: 7826: 7821: 7814: 7809: 7802: 7797: 7790: 7785: 7778: 7773: 7766: 7761: 7754: 7749: 7742: 7737: 7730: 7725: 7717: 7713: 7712: 7704: 7697: 7692: 7685: 7680: 7673: 7668: 7661: 7656: 7648: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7615: 7606: 7599: 7594: 7587: 7586:Needham 1986f 7582: 7575: 7570: 7563: 7558: 7551: 7546: 7531: 7529:9781610695824 7525: 7521: 7520: 7512: 7505: 7500: 7493: 7488: 7481: 7476: 7467: 7459: 7452: 7446:, p. 99. 7445: 7440: 7434:, p. 98. 7433: 7428: 7422:, p. 96. 7421: 7416: 7410:, p. 93. 7409: 7404: 7398:, p. 22. 7397: 7396:Crossley 1997 7392: 7386:, p. 94. 7385: 7380: 7374:, p. 91. 7373: 7368: 7361: 7356: 7350:, p. 92. 7349: 7344: 7342: 7335:, p. 87. 7334: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7318:, p. 52. 7317: 7312: 7306:, p. 83. 7305: 7300: 7294:, p. 84. 7293: 7288: 7286: 7278: 7273: 7266: 7261: 7255:, p. 81. 7254: 7249: 7242: 7237: 7231:, p. 76. 7230: 7225: 7219:, p. 75. 7218: 7213: 7207:, p. 74. 7206: 7201: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7162: 7160: 7153:, p. 40. 7152: 7147: 7141:, p. 73. 7140: 7135: 7129:, p. 71. 7128: 7123: 7117:, p. 70. 7116: 7111: 7105:, p. 69. 7104: 7099: 7092: 7087: 7081:, p. 81. 7080: 7075: 7068: 7063: 7054: 7046: 7039: 7032: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7014:, p. 66. 7013: 7008: 7001: 6996: 6990:, p. 44. 6989: 6984: 6978:, p. 60. 6977: 6972: 6966:, p. 45. 6965: 6960: 6954:, p. 47. 6953: 6948: 6946: 6938: 6933: 6927:, p. 81. 6926: 6925:Needham 1986f 6921: 6912: 6910: 6903:, p. 41. 6902: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6883: 6876: 6871: 6864: 6859: 6852: 6847: 6840: 6835: 6828: 6823: 6816: 6811: 6804: 6799: 6797: 6790:, p. 72. 6789: 6784: 6777: 6772: 6765: 6760: 6751: 6744: 6739: 6737: 6727: 6719: 6713: 6696: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6678: 6670: 6669: 6668:Chiu Tang shu 6664: 6663: 6658: 6652: 6645: 6640: 6633: 6628: 6621: 6616: 6609: 6604: 6597: 6592: 6585: 6580: 6571: 6564: 6559: 6552: 6547: 6540: 6535: 6528: 6523: 6516: 6511: 6504: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6487: 6482: 6475: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6458: 6453: 6451: 6442: 6438: 6431: 6429: 6422:, p. 33. 6421: 6416: 6414: 6406: 6401: 6399: 6392:, p. 10. 6391: 6386: 6377: 6362: 6360:9780199734139 6356: 6352: 6351: 6343: 6328: 6326:9780813506272 6322: 6318: 6313: 6312: 6303: 6297:Xu (2005), 6. 6294: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6279: 6272:, p. 43. 6271: 6266: 6259: 6254: 6247: 6242: 6234: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6215: 6206: 6187: 6183: 6171: 6162: 6152: 6146: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6126: 6118: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6094: 6085: 6076: 6072: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6052:Northern Liao 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6009: 6006: 5995: 5988: 5985: 5977: 5973: 5968: 5962:Historic site 5956: 5952: 5946: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5908: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5866: 5862: 5847: 5838: 5820: 5813: 5808: 5805: 5798: 5793: 5789: 5782: 5777: 5774: 5767: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5703:Rehe Province 5698: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5676: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5634: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5616: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5595: 5589: 5587: 5582: 5571: 5568: 5560: 5559:funerary mask 5555: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5516: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5444: 5439: 5429: 5421: 5416: 5407: 5405: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5369: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5345: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5295: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5278: 5276: 5269: 5259: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5223: 5216: 5211: 5202: 5200: 5199:Mongol Empire 5196: 5192: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5164:Seljuk Empire 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5085: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5064: 5063:Northern Liao 5060: 5056: 5055:Yin Mountains 5052: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4994:Songhua River 4990: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4957:Songhua River 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4876: 4869: 4864: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4842:Depiction of 4840: 4832: 4827: 4826:Jin–Song Wars 4817: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4783: 4778: 4767: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4747: 4745: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4717: 4713: 4703: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4682: 4668: 4650: 4647: 4641: 4639: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4574: 4573:Samantabhadra 4569: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4545: 4537: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4471: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4423: 4415: 4407: 4398: 4396: 4395:Yelü Zongzhen 4391: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4354:In 1006, the 4352: 4350: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4296: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4179: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4140: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4025: 4016: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3953: 3952:Geyuan Temple 3949: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3923: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3829:Jing Yanguang 3826: 3821: 3819: 3818:Southern Tang 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3736: 3735: 3728: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3701: 3693: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3613:, in 915 the 3612: 3608: 3596: 3593: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3559: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3444: 3437: 3432: 3424: 3417: 3412: 3400: 3399: 3392: 3387: 3385: 3377:Rise to power 3374: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3354: 3346: 3337: 3335: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3310:Lulong County 3307: 3303: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3283: 3276: 3270: 3265: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3244:Rebellion of 3242: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3201: 3200: 3193: 3191: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3101:Liao figure. 3099: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3008: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2980:Khitan people 2977: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2911:In 1124, the 2909: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2855: 2845: 2843: 2842:Mongol Empire 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2808: 2807:primogeniture 2804: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2705:Khitan people 2702: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2656: 2648: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2624: 2606: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2571: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2509:Green Ukraine 2507: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2464:Modern period 2461: 2460: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2422:Northern Yuan 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2269:Xianbei state 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2244:Takri Kingdom 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2166: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2144: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2134: 2133: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2050: 2045:Modern period 2042: 2041: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2001: 1999: 1998:Northern Yuan 1996: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1979: 1978:Mongol Empire 1976: 1975: 1971: 1969: 1968:Khamag Mongol 1966: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1947: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1858:Xianbei state 1856: 1855: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1837: 1836: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1734: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1639: 1637: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1628: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1583:Naval history 1581: 1579: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1566:Music history 1564: 1562: 1561:Media history 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1546:Legal history 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1520: 1519: 1500:1949–present) 1496: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1488: 1480: 1479: 1473: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1412: 1405: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1392: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1362: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1349: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1325: 1317: 1316: 1315:Southern Song 1312: 1307: 1306: 1305:Northern Song 1302: 1301: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1289: 1282: 1281: 1275: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1220: 1219: 1215: 1214: 1207: 1206: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1161: 1153: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1033: 1029: 1028: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1009: 1008: 1004: 1003: 1000: 993: 987: 986: 974: 971: 966: 476 BC 955: 952: 951: 947: 946: 942: 939:(1046–771 BC) 937: 936: 932: 931: 925: 256 BC 914: 913: 909: 908: 890: 889: 885: 884: 867: 866: 862: 861: 843: 842: 838: 837: 833: 827: 826: 819: 818: 813: 812: 807: 806: 802: 801: 784: 783: 779: 778: 774: 773: 769: 768: 764: 758: 757: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 738: 737: 736: 732: 728: 727: 724: 721: 720: 716: 712: 711: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 682: 680: 678:Today part of 676: 660: 658: 655: 654: 646: 644: 643:Khamag Mongol 641: 640: 632: 630: 627: 626: 618: 616: 613: 612: 604: 602: 601:Northern Liao 599: 598: 590: 588: 585: 584: 581: 575: 572: 565: 564: 561: 558: 551: 550: 547: 544: 537: 536: 533: 532:Shiwei people 530: 523: 522: 519: 516: 509: 508: 505: 502: 495: 494: 491: 488: 481: 480: 477: 474: 467: 466: 463: 462:Khitan people 460: 453: 452: 449: 448: 445: 442: 440: 437: 436: 432: 428: 424: 421: 417: 413: 406: 401: 397: 393: 389: 383: 379: 375: 369: 365: 362: 356: 352: 348: 342: 338: 332: 328: 325: 319: 315: 311: 305: 301: 298: 297:Medieval Asia 295: 291: 287: 284: 281: 275: 272: 269: 263: 260: 257: 251: 248: 245: 239: 236: 233: 227: 224: 221: 215: 212: 209: 203: 200: 197: 191: 188: 185: 179: 175: 171: 169: 165: 162: 159: 155: 152: 149: 147: 143: 136: 131: 129: 126: 125: 123: 119: 116: 112: 108: 105: 101: 98: 95: 91: 78: 73: 68: 64: 51: 46: 33: 30: 19: 13258:Liao dynasty 12980:Contemporary 12830:Indo-Persian 12818:Nazi Germany 12762:Contemporary 12664:Vijayanagara 12563:Great Seljuk 12474:Thessalonica 12402:Golden Horde 12221: 12042:Carthaginian 11821:Neo-Assyrian 11806:Neo-Sumerian 11727:China proper 11693:Central Asia 11680: 11528:Eastern Liao 11518:Western Liao 11509: 11195:Níngbiānzhōu 10743:Liao dynasty 10742: 10627:Níngbiānzhōu 10175:Liao dynasty 10174: 10129: 10070:Eastern Liao 10058:Western Liao 10011:Liao dynasty 10010: 9972:Western Liao 9952: 9943:Tang dynasty 9905: 9884: 9865: 9847: 9838: 9813: 9809: 9797: 9778: 9774: 9756: 9752: 9744: 9725: 9721: 9706: 9687: 9662: 9658: 9639: 9612: 9608: 9603:Shuihu zhuan 9602: 9592: 9567: 9563: 9554: 9545: 9536: 9527: 9509: 9505: 9496: 9487: 9478: 9469: 9460: 9451: 9442: 9421: 9400: 9378: 9367: 9348: 9345:Kane, Daniel 9326: 9309: 9288: 9275: 9267: 9248: 9244: 9216: 9192: 9171: 9134: 9112: 9092: 9070: 9058: 9049: 9040: 9037:《中国古典戲曲論著集成》 9036: 9030: 9021: 9002: 8996: 8982: 8968: 8954: 8934:. New York: 8931: 8925: 8916: 8909:Baldick 2012 8894:Baldick 2012 8889: 8877: 8868: 8856: 8844: 8832: 8823: 8814: 8791: 8782: 8761: 8734: 8727:Johnson 2011 8722: 8713: 8696: 8692: 8682: 8670: 8661: 8629: 8623: 8611: 8604:Whiting 2002 8599: 8587: 8562: 8554: 8535: 8529: 8510: 8504: 8492: 8483: 8474: 8465: 8456: 8444: 8425: 8419: 8398: 8377: 8365: 8353: 8341: 8332: 8323: 8314: 8305: 8293: 8288:, p. 2. 8281: 8269: 8257: 8245: 8233: 8221: 8201: 8194: 8175: 8165: 8145: 8138: 8118: 8111: 8069: 8057: 8045: 8033: 8026:Tackett 2017 8021: 8009: 7982: 7940: 7928: 7916: 7904: 7892: 7880: 7868: 7859: 7847: 7820: 7808: 7796: 7784: 7772: 7760: 7748: 7736: 7724: 7710: 7703: 7691: 7679: 7667: 7655: 7628: 7624: 7614: 7605: 7593: 7581: 7569: 7557: 7545: 7533:. Retrieved 7518: 7511: 7499: 7487: 7475: 7466: 7451: 7439: 7427: 7415: 7403: 7391: 7379: 7367: 7355: 7311: 7299: 7272: 7260: 7248: 7236: 7224: 7212: 7200: 7175: 7171: 7146: 7134: 7122: 7110: 7098: 7086: 7074: 7062: 7053: 7038: 7007: 7000:Whiting 2002 6995: 6983: 6971: 6959: 6932: 6920: 6882: 6870: 6858: 6846: 6834: 6822: 6810: 6783: 6771: 6759: 6750: 6726: 6700:. Retrieved 6684: 6677: 6666: 6661: 6651: 6639: 6627: 6615: 6603: 6591: 6579: 6570: 6558: 6546: 6534: 6522: 6510: 6481: 6440: 6385: 6376: 6364:. Retrieved 6349: 6342: 6330:. Retrieved 6310: 6302: 6293: 6265: 6253: 6241: 6221: 6214: 6205: 6193:. Retrieved 6186:the original 6181: 6161: 6124: 6111: 6102: 6093: 6084: 6075: 6057:Western Liao 6027:Eastern Liao 6005:China portal 5981: 5943: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5916:Yuan dynasty 5913: 5896: 5894: 5886:statuary art 5883: 5863: 5859: 5738:Confucianism 5719: 5715:scapulimancy 5699: 5693: 5689: 5679: 5673: 5661:Confucianism 5654: 5602: 5590: 5577: 5564: 5535:inscriptions 5520: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5471: 5448: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5374: 5356: 5342: 5322: 5312: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5279: 5271: 5256: 5235:Heilongjiang 5228: 5188: 5173: 5127: 5124:Orkhon River 5118: 5088: 5067: 5047: 5038:Liao Nanjing 5023: 5011: 4991: 4969: 4961:Heilongjiang 4952: 4948: 4944: 4926: 4914:Song dynasty 4902:sinicization 4895: 4892: 4881: 4815: 4791: 4780: 4775: 4764: 4748: 4744:Xiao Guanyin 4740: 4728:Xiao Guanyin 4715: 4711: 4708: 4685: 4679: 4676: 4652: 4642: 4638:Song dynasty 4634: 4630:Xianliang ge 4629: 4618: 4607:Confucianism 4603:sinicization 4600: 4585: 4582:Liao dynasty 4510: 4503: 4495:Yellow River 4475: 4466: 4449: 4447: 4443:Song dynasty 4428: 4392: 4372: 4353: 4304: 4293: 4269: 4229: 4218: 4205:Song dynasty 4202: 4183: 4175: 4168: 4166: 4159: 4145: 4093: 4090: 4075: 4053:Northern Han 4045:Song dynasty 4030: 4013: 4002: 3998:Song dynasty 3980:Northern Han 3977: 3957: 3926: 3919: 3908: 3885: 3859: 3850:Shijiazhuang 3838: 3825:Shi Chonggui 3822: 3772:In 929, the 3771: 3763:Shi Jingtang 3740: 3732: 3726: 3706: 3679: 3671: 3660: 3643:Heilongjiang 3604: 3591: 3589: 3564: 3556: 3549: 3537: 3506: 3502: 3474:Tang dynasty 3471: 3467: 3453: 3396: 3389: 3380: 3363: 3359: 3333: 3331: 3299: 3288: 3274: 3267: 3261: 3259: 3254:Tang dynasty 3252:against the 3218:Northern Wei 3214:Northern Yan 3210: 3207:Eight tribes 3197: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3171: 3143: 3141: 3137:Daling River 3118: 3113:and western 3108: 3070: 3052: 3041: 3038:Murong Sheng 3027: 3017: 3015: 2966: 2910: 2895: 2879: 2865: 2851: 2834:Central Asia 2830:Western Liao 2811: 2800: 2772:Song dynasty 2733: 2709:Tang dynasty 2703:clan of the 2690: 2674: 2665:Khitan State 2664: 2658: 2605:Liao dynasty 2604: 2602: 2402:Liao dynasty 2401: 2392:Later Balhae 2367:Tang dynasty 2319:Northern Yan 2124:1990–present 2028:Qing dynasty 1988:Yuan dynasty 1933:Liao dynasty 1932: 1852:209 BC–93 AD 1787:1450–1150 BC 1777:1500–1000 BC 1767:1800–1600 BC 1757:2750–1900 BC 1747:3300–2500 BC 1556:LGBT history 1492: 1474: 1447: 1414: 1401: 1388: 1358: 1345: 1333: 1332: 1313: 1303: 1291: 1280:Ten Kingdoms 1276: 1229: 1216: 1203:Northern and 1201: 1171: 1149: 1139: 1107: 1097: 1091: 1085: 1079:(220–280 AD) 1073: 1060: 1050: 1040: 1036:(206–202 BC) 1030: 1018: 1011:(221–207 BC) 1005: 976:(475–221 BC) 949:(771–256 BC) 945:Eastern Zhou 943: 935:Western Zhou 933: 910: 886: 863: 839: 815: 809: 803: 780: 770: 629:Western Liao 476:Tang dynasty 444:Succeeded by 443: 438: 425:, including 376:established 374:Western Liao 63:Khitan State 62: 53: / 44: 29: 18:Liao Dynasty 12568:Khwarezmian 12501:Carolingian 12306:Rashtrakuta 12010:Shaishunaga 11909:Hellenistic 11892:New Kingdom 11882:Old Kingdom 11500:Tarim Basin 10799:Lónghuàzhōu 10231:Lónghuàzhōu 9964:Jin dynasty 9777:, Volume 6, 9755:, Volume 6, 9247:, Volume 6, 9172:The Manchus 7933:Wright 2005 7660:Wright 2005 6712:cite thesis 5951:Ibn Battuta 5730:Qara Khitai 5599:bride price 5486:phonographs 5428:Yelü Chucai 5338:Laoha river 5152:Qara Khitai 5146:(in modern 5136:Transoxiana 5113:Qara Khitai 5103:Qara Khitai 5097:Qara Khitai 5084:haipin wang 5051:Juyong Pass 5014:Jin dynasty 4981:haidongqing 4953:sheng nüzhi 4906:Western Xia 4807:Western Xia 4726:Epitaph of 4687:Book of Han 4596:Xiao Noujin 4580: 1000 4527:, built by 4491:Western Xia 4439:Xiao Noujin 4284:Western Xia 4272:fire arrows 4236:Yalu valley 4156:Xiao Yanyan 3842:Liu Zhiyuan 3655:Mudan River 3463:Liu Rengong 3306:Li Jinzhong 3295:Sun Wanrong 3262:Book of Sui 3250:Sun Wanrong 3246:Li Jinzhong 3226:Northern Qi 3181:migrations. 3173:Book of Sui 3156:Northern Qi 3144:Book of Wei 3105:, Shenyang. 3071:Book of Wei 3043:Samguk Sagi 3040:(398–401). 3029:Book of Jin 3019:Book of Wei 2944:in China's 2818:Jin dynasty 2259:Han dynasty 2180:History of 1807:1100–300 BC 1797:1400–700 BC 1733:Prehistoric 1603:Discoveries 1598:Cartography 1593:Archaeology 1531:Art history 1420:(1644–1912) 1407:(1368–1644) 1394:(1271–1368) 1364:(1115–1234) 1351:(1038–1227) 1347:Western Xia 1319:(1127–1279) 1151:Eastern Jin 1141:Western Jin 1066:(25–220 AD) 1062:Eastern Han 1042:Western Han 921: 1046 901: 1046 897: 1250 874: 1600 850: 2070 791: 8500 772:Paleolithic 763:Prehistoric 695:North Korea 615:Western Xia 439:Preceded by 361:Jin dynasty 86: 1111 13252:Categories 13138:Portuguese 13019:Revival Le 13009:Vietnamese 12652:Later Tran 12622:Vietnamese 12518:Singhasari 12506:Holy Roman 12130:Bulgarian 12066:Satavahana 12037:Phoenician 11973:Achaemenid 11934:Indo-Greek 11914:Macedonian 11828:Babylonian 11732:Sinosphere 11634:Lifan Yuan 11533:Later Liao 11297:Inner Asia 11243:Prefecture 11203:Guīhuàzhōu 11191:Yúnnèizhōu 10980:Prefecture 10942:(同州) (咸州) 10938:(雙州) (銀州) 10936:Shuāngzhōu 10922:(海州) (淥州) 10823:Prefecture 10675:Prefecture 10635:Guīhuàzhōu 10623:Yúnnèizhōu 10412:Prefecture 10374:(同州) (咸州) 10370:(雙州) (銀州) 10368:Shuāngzhōu 10354:(海州) (淥州) 10255:Prefecture 10075:Later Liao 9895:9521004983 9857:0892641371 9788:0521243319 9766:0521243319 9412:0674445155 9318:1773/24231 9258:0521243319 9183:1557865604 9144:0521842263 8675:Tsien 1985 8592:Peers 2006 8578:0521842263 8298:Biran 2005 8286:Biran 2005 8212:8822229398 8185:0520043839 8156:8822229398 8129:0791422739 7825:Smith 2015 7714:(Thesis). 7178:(1): 325. 7012:Xiong 2009 6702:5 November 6270:Starr 2015 6195:13 October 6063:References 6042:Later Liao 5711:divination 5586:concubines 5523:Nova N 176 5482:logographs 5205:Government 5148:Kyrgyzstan 5144:Balasaghun 5140:Karakhanid 5120:Yelü Dashi 5071:Yelü Dashi 5018:Liao River 4976:gyrfalcons 4949:shun nüzhi 4798:Yalu River 4751:Yelü Yanxi 4483:Li Yuanhao 4211:. In 986, 4049:Later Zhou 4015:Yelü Bei. 3992:return to 3984:Later Zhou 3968:Later Zhou 3933:Later Zhou 3911:Shulü Ping 3898:, who was 3790:Li Conghou 3755:Later Tang 3745:in former 3713:Shulü Ping 3680:Zhuoxie tu 3647:Yalu River 3623:Later Tang 3579:Old Uyghur 3575:Yelü Diela 3525:Shulü Ping 3256:in 696–697 3005:See also: 2990:See also: 2973:Liao River 2962:Bulgarians 2954:Kazakhstan 2917:Yelü Dashi 2880:Great Liao 2826:Yelü Dashi 2788:Later Tang 2770:, and the 2768:Later Tang 2675:Great Liao 2309:Former Qin 2304:Former Yan 1827:600–300 BC 1817:700–300 BC 1608:Inventions 1338:(916–1125) 1309:(960–1127) 1297:(960–1279) 964: – c. 962: 770 923: – c. 899: – c. 888:Late Shang 876: – c. 852: – c. 793: – c. 427:cash coins 349:with Song 157:Government 146:Demonym(s) 45:Great Liao 13131:Couronian 12769:Ethiopian 12757:Manchukuo 12712:Brazilian 12558:Ghaznavid 12528:Srivijaya 12479:Trebizond 12464:Byzantine 12446:North Sea 12441:Norwegian 12429:Almoravid 12412:Ilkhanate 12382:Majapahit 12355:Muromachi 12264:Solomonic 12249:Ethiopian 12163:Caliphate 12096:Aragonese 11924:Ptolemaic 11646:Manchuria 11599:Manchuria 11556:Manchuria 11252:Jīnsùzhōu 11207:Kèhánzhōu 11069:Chéngzhōu 11056:Xíngzhōng 10997:Guǎngzhōu 10985:Shāngzhōu 10887:Chánglǐng 10811:Chéngzhōu 10795:Yíkūnzhōu 10762:Shàngjīng 10684:Jīnsùzhōu 10639:Kèhánzhōu 10501:Chéngzhōu 10488:Xíngzhōng 10429:Guǎngzhōu 10417:Shāngzhōu 10319:Chánglǐng 10243:Chéngzhōu 10227:Yíkūnzhōu 10194:Shàngjīng 10096:Yelü clan 9958:907–1125 9816:: 1–752. 9441:(1986a), 9116:, Brill, 9063:Gibb 1994 8882:Mote 1999 8861:Mote 1999 8849:Mote 1999 8837:Mote 1999 8705:1811-8062 8616:Kane 2009 8370:Kuhn 2009 7813:Mote 2003 7647:2059-1632 7598:Mote 1999 7492:Hyun 2013 7316:Mote 1999 7192:147099574 7151:Mote 1999 7091:Mote 1999 7079:Mote 1999 6988:Mote 2003 6964:Mote 1999 6952:Mote 1999 6937:Mote 1999 6901:Mote 1999 6875:Mote 1999 6803:Mote 1999 6690:CiteSeerX 6353:Oup USA. 6258:Kane 2009 6246:Kane 2009 6119:(2009). 6068:Citations 5955:Khanbaliq 5675:Tripitaka 5633:Pure land 5594:Betrothal 5503:Tripitaka 5326:Shangjing 5308:san sheng 5201:in 1234. 5195:conquered 5186:in 1218. 5079:Khongirad 4972:Ningjiang 4945:shu nüzhi 4626:Guozijian 4504:In 1044, 4470:Confucian 4383:Da Yanlin 4349:Hyeonjong 4309:murdered 4221:Li Jiqian 4194:Zhongjing 4170:Tang Code 4009:Khongirad 3972:Yelü Lihu 3929:Later Han 3904:Later Jin 3900:Yelü Lihu 3794:Li Congke 3778:Yelü Lihu 3774:Khongirad 3759:Li Siyuan 3615:Khongirad 3498:Li Keyong 3366:An Lushan 3170:. In the 2976:catchment 2784:proxy war 2756:Khongirad 2660:Liáo cháo 2634:Mos Jælud 2549:Manchuria 2534:Manchukuo 2452:Qing rule 2437:Later Jin 2427:Ming rule 2417:Yuan rule 2314:Later Yan 2182:Manchuria 2104:1924–1992 2094:1921–1924 2077:1919–1921 2067:1911–1919 2032:1691–1911 2022:1634–1757 2012:1399–1634 2002:1368–1635 1992:1271–1368 1982:1206–1368 1972:1130–1206 1903:Xueyantuo 1712:Geography 1284:(907–979) 1245:(690–705) 1235:(618–907) 1222:(581–618) 1209:(420–589) 1177:(304–439) 1155:(317–420) 1145:(266–316) 1113:(266–420) 1056:(9–23 AD) 782:Neolithic 746:Dynasties 366:1114–1115 247:Shengzong 121:Religion 97:Shangjing 13288:Khanates 13111:Japanese 13074:Scottish 13054:American 13046:Colonial 12975:Imperial 12943:Moroccan 12879:Japanese 12857:Afsharid 12716:Burmese 12702:Austrian 12657:Later Le 12632:Early Le 12617:Venetian 12543:Tiwanaku 12456:Hellenic 12419:Moroccan 12350:Kamakura 12340:Japanese 12323:Saffarid 12276:Georgian 12190:Chalukya 12168:Rashidun 12158:Calakmul 12126:Bruneian 12005:Haryanka 11983:Sasanian 11978:Parthian 11929:Bactrian 11919:Seleucid 11899:Goguryeo 11877:Egyptian 11811:Assyrian 11801:Akkadian 11792:Colonies 11661:Xinjiang 11651:Mongolia 11627:genocide 11561:Mongolia 11396:Chagatai 11329:Göktürks 11223:Shuòzhōu 11219:Yīngzhōu 11187:Hóngzhōu 11150:Luánzhōu 11146:Jǐngzhōu 11138:Zhuōzhōu 11130:Shùnzhōu 11089:Qiānzhōu 11021:Róngzhōu 11009:Níngzhōu 10993:Zōngzhōu 10940:Tóngzhōu 10928:Shěnzhōu 10924:Xiǎnzhōu 10916:Chénzhōu 10908:Dìngzhōu 10883:Āndìngfǔ 10867:Lóngzhōu 10863:Dōngjīng 10791:Yǒngzhōu 10655:Shuòzhōu 10651:Yīngzhōu 10619:Hóngzhōu 10582:Luánzhōu 10578:Jǐngzhōu 10570:Zhuōzhōu 10562:Shùnzhōu 10521:Qiānzhōu 10453:Róngzhōu 10441:Níngzhōu 10425:Zōngzhōu 10372:Tóngzhōu 10360:Shěnzhōu 10356:Xiǎnzhōu 10348:Chénzhōu 10340:Dìngzhōu 10315:Āndìngfǔ 10299:Lóngzhōu 10295:Dōngjīng 10223:Yǒngzhōu 10103:Emperors 10084:See also 9631:25066819 9399:(1999). 9377:(2011). 9347:(2009). 9285:(1996). 9213:(1996). 9168:(1997). 9133:(2005). 7550:Yun 1998 6659:(1960). 6366:13 March 6332:15 March 6133:Archived 5991:See also 5976:Bars-Hot 5970:A brick 5948:— 5930:(曲) and 5726:refugees 5722:noblemen 5657:Buddhism 5615:Bars-Hot 5609:Religion 5581:polygamy 5512:— 5433:Language 5361:Yelü Bei 5348:Military 5316:— 5304:san gong 5156:Aral Sea 5142:city of 4929:Jurchens 4785:— 4769:— 4684:and the 4670:— 4611:Buddhism 4557:Tongliao 4387:Jurchens 4370:tribes. 4340:Wang Hŭm 4313:and put 4307:Kang Cho 4298:— 4265:Goguryeo 4219:In 986, 4086:Jurchens 3892:Yelü Bei 3751:Dongjing 3730:— 3721:polymath 3717:Yelü Bei 3665:— 3639:Liaoning 3598:— 3554:— 3533:Dongjing 3521:Yelü Bei 3496:warlord 3478:Jurchens 3446:Liao or 3394:— 3302:Yingzhou 3272:— 3230:Goguryeo 3222:Chaoyang 3195:— 3152:Liaoning 3133:Goguryeo 3092:Tungusic 3088:Mongolic 2958:Russians 2946:Xinjiang 2867:Dà Qìdān 2407:Xingliao 2289:Goguryeo 2224:Gojoseon 2171:a series 2169:Part of 1937:907–1125 1878:Göktürks 1722:Religion 1717:Language 1707:Politics 1697:Nobility 1682:Timeline 1571:Timeline 1498:(Taiwan, 1478:of China 992:Imperial 741:Timeline 715:a series 713:Part of 690:Mongolia 419:Currency 259:Xingzong 235:Jingzong 161:Monarchy 128:Buddhism 70:916–1125 13178:largest 13173:Empires 13153:Swedish 13148:Spanish 13143:Russian 13106:Italian 13081:Chinese 13069:English 13064:British 13059:Belgian 13034:Vietnam 13024:Tay son 12970:Tsarist 12965:Russian 12960:Ottoman 12926:Dzungar 12921:Khoshut 12894:Mexican 12889:Maratha 12872:Pahlavi 12852:Safavid 12847:Iranian 12774:Haitian 12737:Chinese 12697:Ashanti 12669:Wagadou 12595:Eastern 12590:Western 12573:Timurid 12533:Tibetan 12523:Songhai 12513:Serbian 12434:Almohad 12424:Idrisid 12328:Samanid 12318:Tahirid 12313:Iranian 12291:Kannauj 12271:Genoese 12207:Chinese 12200:Eastern 12195:Western 12183:Fatimid 12178:Abbasid 12173:Umayyad 12146:Burmese 12106:Ayyubid 12101:Angevin 12071:Xianbei 12059:Eastern 12054:Western 12000:Magadha 11963:Iranian 11956:Xiongnu 11941:Hittite 11850:Chinese 11838:Kassite 11787:Ancient 11779:Empires 11705:Tartary 11495:Beiting 11410:Dzungar 11405:Timurid 11356:Tibetan 11319:Xianbei 11314:Xiongnu 11169:Capital 11134:Tánzhōu 11117:Nánjīng 11112:Capital 11093:Rùnzhōu 11081:Láizhōu 11077:Jǐnzhōu 11050:Capital 11013:Guīzhōu 11001:Suìzhōu 10989:Yàozhōu 10960:Yǎnzhōu 10948:Bīnzhōu 10944:Xìnzhōu 10932:Hánzhōu 10920:Hǎizhōu 10912:Bǎozhōu 10904:Kāizhōu 10891:Zhènhǎi 10858:Capital 10815:Wèizhōu 10807:Huīzhōu 10803:Ráozhōu 10779:Tàizhōu 10757:Capital 10601:Capital 10566:Tánzhōu 10549:Nánjīng 10544:Capital 10525:Rùnzhōu 10513:Láizhōu 10509:Jǐnzhōu 10482:Capital 10445:Guīzhōu 10433:Suìzhōu 10421:Yàozhōu 10392:Yǎnzhōu 10380:Bīnzhōu 10376:Xìnzhōu 10364:Hánzhōu 10352:Hǎizhōu 10344:Bǎozhōu 10336:Kāizhōu 10323:Zhènhǎi 10290:Capital 10247:Wèizhōu 10239:Huīzhōu 10235:Ráozhōu 10211:Tàizhōu 10189:Capital 10125:Coinage 10019:History 9841:, Brill 9830:1005570 9679:3250078 9661:. 1/2. 9584:3249911 9084:Sources 8497:Fu 2018 8358:Xu 2005 8346:Xu 2005 7535:30 July 6863:Xu 2005 6851:Xu 2005 6839:Xu 2005 6827:Xu 2005 6815:Xu 2005 6788:Xu 2005 6776:Xu 2005 6764:Xu 2005 6743:Xu 2005 6657:Liu, Xu 6644:Xu 2005 6632:Xu 2005 6620:Xu 2005 6608:Xu 2005 6596:Xu 2005 6584:Xu 2005 6563:Xu 2005 6551:Xu 2005 6539:Xu 2005 6527:Xu 2005 6515:Xu 2005 6503:Xu 2005 6486:Xu 2005 6474:Xu 2005 6457:Xu 2005 6420:Xu 2005 6405:Xu 2005 6390:Xu 2005 6130:Chapter 5819:Guanyin 5804:Guanyin 5788:Guanyin 5786:Bronze 5629:Guanyin 5567:nomadic 5531:epitaph 5330:Beijing 5300:san shi 5197:by the 5180:Kuchlug 5176:Naimans 5166:at the 5128:gurkhan 5059:Tanguts 5042:Beijing 5006:Kumo Xi 4978:called 4918:Tanguts 4910:Khitans 4844:Xiongnu 4811:Uyghurs 4646:Kumo Xi 4487:Tanguts 4364:Ganzhou 4261:Jurchen 4232:Jeongan 4225:Tanguts 4223:of the 4186:Kumo Xi 4082:Jeongan 4078:Tanguts 4066:Taiyuan 3994:Kaifeng 3880:Khitans 3833:Kaifeng 3814:Beijing 3810:Nanjing 3798:Taiyuan 3651:Jeongan 3635:Dongdan 3600:Yao Kun 3540:naphtha 3486:Kumo Xi 3327:Kumo Xi 3323:Youzhou 3316:of the 3164:Uighurs 3079:Xiongnu 3075:Xianbei 3067:Kumo Xi 3063:Xianbei 3012:Origins 2986:History 2950:Kazakhs 2942:Uyghurs 2919:in the 2897:Dà Liáo 2884:Chinese 2854:Chinese 2840:by the 2814:Jurchen 2780:Beijing 2740:Kumo Xi 2692:Dà Liáo 2679:Chinese 2397:Jeongan 2324:Kumo Xi 2279:Cao Wei 2254:Xiongnu 1927:744–840 1917:647–682 1907:628–646 1897:682–744 1895:555–630 1886:Eastern 1872:330–555 1848:Xiongnu 1702:Culture 1242:Wu Zhou 832:Ancient 811:Yangtze 574:Karluks 518:Kumo Xi 386:• 372:• 324:Emperor 308:• 283:Tianzuo 271:Daozong 211:Shizong 199:Taizong 168:Emperor 135:animism 133:Khitan 115:Jurchen 93:Capital 13116:Mongol 13101:German 13096:French 13086:Danish 13029:Dainam 13004:Tongan 12992:Somali 12987:Sokoto 12953:'Alawi 12931:Kalmyk 12911:Mongol 12904:Second 12884:Korean 12835:Mughal 12825:Indian 12808:German 12801:Second 12791:French 12784:Second 12720:Second 12692:Afghan 12684:Modern 12610:Kyrgyz 12605:Uighur 12600:Second 12580:Turkic 12548:Toltec 12484:Epirus 12469:Nicaea 12392:Mongol 12345:Yamato 12281:Huetar 12139:Second 12076:Rouran 12025:Shunga 12020:Maurya 11995:Kushan 11968:Median 11946:Hunnic 11904:Harsha 11376:Mongol 11371:Kyrgyz 11366:Uyghur 11324:Rouran 11248:Dézhōu 11235:Héqīng 11227:Wǔzhōu 11215:Yùzhōu 11211:Rúzhōu 11209:(可汗州) 11205:(歸化州) 11201:(奉聖州) 11197:(寧邊州) 11193:(雲內州) 11174:Dàtōng 11142:Jìzhōu 11085:Xízhōu 11073:Yízhōu 11017:Ānzhōu 11005:Sùzhōu 10972:Sùzhōu 10968:Fùzhōu 10964:Sūzhōu 10956:Jízhōu 10952:Húzhōu 10885:(安定府) 10875:Dìnglǐ 10839:Hédǒng 10797:(儀坤州) 10787:Wūzhōu 10785:(長春州) 10775:Zǔzhōu 10680:Dézhōu 10667:Héqīng 10659:Wǔzhōu 10647:Yùzhōu 10643:Rúzhōu 10641:(可汗州) 10637:(歸化州) 10633:(奉聖州) 10629:(寧邊州) 10625:(雲內州) 10606:Dàtōng 10574:Jìzhōu 10517:Xízhōu 10505:Yízhōu 10449:Ānzhōu 10437:Sùzhōu 10404:Sùzhōu 10400:Fùzhōu 10396:Sūzhōu 10388:Jízhōu 10384:Húzhōu 10317:(安定府) 10307:Dìnglǐ 10271:Hédǒng 10229:(儀坤州) 10219:Wūzhōu 10217:(長春州) 10207:Zǔzhōu 10013:topics 9913: 9892: 9872: 9854: 9828: 9785: 9763: 9694: 9677: 9646: 9629: 9582: 9516: 9428: 9409: 9385: 9355: 9333: 9297: 9255: 9225: 9199: 9180: 9141: 9120: 9099: 9009: 8942: 8703: 8637: 8575: 8571:–148. 8542: 8517: 8432: 8209: 8182: 8153: 8126: 7645: 7526: 7190: 6692: 6357: 6323: 6229: 6099:"Liao" 5984:Xinhua 5890:sancai 5878:Khitan 5827:Burial 5757:Luohan 5669:Buddha 5665:Daoism 5649:sancai 5603:baimen 5381:Balhae 5377:Abaoji 5275:Uighur 5237:, and 5178:under 5002:Balhae 4986:custom 4965:Wanyan 4941:Abaoji 4937:Goryeo 4897:jinshi 4868:Khitan 4856:Khitan 4794:Goryeo 4755:Abaoji 4620:jinshi 4609:, and 4506:Datong 4458:Balhae 4454:Abaoji 4375:Balhae 4319:regent 4257:Sŏ Hŭi 4248:Sŏ Hŭi 4209:Goryeo 4177:jinshi 4134:, 1018 4005:Shiwei 3937:Abaoji 3922:Goryeo 3786:Tangut 3782:Datong 3747:Balhae 3631:Balhae 3627:Tatars 3607:Shiwei 3571:Uyghur 3494:Shatuo 3490:Datong 3482:Shiwei 3455:Abaoji 3416:Balhae 3334:Yaguan 2930:Cathay 2894:: 2892:pinyin 2886:: 2872:Abaoji 2864:: 2862:pinyin 2856:: 2764:Goryeo 2760:Balhae 2748:Tatars 2744:Shiwei 2736:Abaoji 2715:, the 2689:: 2687:pinyin 2681:: 2657:: 2655:pinyin 2649:: 2641:: 2629:Khitan 2480:Korean 2431:Nurgan 2377:Balhae 2339:Shiwei 2329:Khitan 2264:Wuhuan 2239:Yemaek 2234:Donghu 2229:Sushen 2173:on the 1888:, and 1862:93–234 1735:period 1692:Rulers 1687:States 1440:Modern 1096:, and 814:, and 805:Yellow 717:on the 700:Russia 546:Balhae 310:Abaoji 223:Muzong 172: 151:Khitan 107:Khitan 13166:Lists 13121:Omani 13091:Dutch 12997:Isaaq 12948:Saadi 12916:Oirat 12899:First 12867:Qajar 12796:First 12779:First 12752:China 12725:Third 12585:First 12538:Tikal 12489:Morea 12459:Roman 12377:Latin 12372:Khmer 12367:Kanem 12333:Buyid 12259:Zagwe 12254:Aksum 12244:Chola 12151:First 12134:First 12121:Bornu 12116:Benin 12111:Aztec 12049:Roman 12030:Gupta 12015:Nanda 11951:White 11656:Tibet 11639:Amban 11604:Tibet 11566:Tibet 11381:Tatar 11254:(金肅州) 11250:(德州) 11229:(武州) 11225:(朔州) 11221:(應州) 11217:(蔚州) 11213:(儒州) 11144:(薊州) 11136:(檀州) 11132:(順州) 11091:(遷州) 11087:(隰州) 11083:(來州) 11075:(宜州) 11071:(成州) 10970:(復州) 10966:(蘇州) 10950:(賓州) 10946:(信州) 10934:(韓州) 10914:(保州) 10910:(定州) 10906:(開州) 10889:(長岭) 10881:(鐵利) 10879:Tiělì 10877:(定理) 10873:(率賓) 10871:Lǜbīn 10869:(龍州) 10865:(東京) 10809:(徽州) 10805:(饒州) 10793:(永州) 10789:(烏州) 10781:(泰州) 10686:(金肅州) 10682:(德州) 10661:(武州) 10657:(朔州) 10653:(應州) 10649:(蔚州) 10645:(儒州) 10576:(薊州) 10568:(檀州) 10564:(順州) 10523:(遷州) 10519:(隰州) 10515:(來州) 10507:(宜州) 10503:(成州) 10402:(復州) 10398:(蘇州) 10382:(賓州) 10378:(信州) 10366:(韓州) 10346:(保州) 10342:(定州) 10338:(開州) 10321:(長岭) 10313:(鐵利) 10311:Tiělì 10309:(定理) 10305:(率賓) 10303:Lǜbīn 10301:(龍州) 10297:(東京) 10241:(徽州) 10237:(饒州) 10225:(永州) 10221:(烏州) 10213:(泰州) 9826:JSTOR 9675:JSTOR 9627:JSTOR 9580:JSTOR 9039:[ 7188:S2CID 6665:[ 6189:(PDF) 6180:[ 6174:(PDF) 6148:及契丹小字 6123:[ 5972:stupa 5933:sanqu 5557:Liao 5539:seals 5507:chüan 5334:Hebei 5231:Hebei 5215:paiza 5213:Liao 5132:Qocho 4998:Aguda 4734:, in 4115:, 993 4064:took 4058:Wuyue 3544:Wuyue 3148:Jilin 3059:Yuwen 2848:Names 2816:-led 2299:Yuwen 2284:Buyeo 1882:First 865:Shang 685:China 657:Qocho 187:Taizu 12936:Bogd 12862:Zand 12840:Sikh 12747:Qing 12742:Ming 12674:Wari 12642:Tran 12627:Dinh 12397:Yuan 12387:Mali 12296:Pala 12286:Inca 12237:Yuan 12227:Song 12222:Liao 12217:Tang 11990:Kush 11872:Dʿmt 11614:Qing 11581:Ming 11543:Yuan 11510:Liao 11468:Tang 11361:Zubu 11237:(河清) 11182:Army 11176:(大同) 11125:Army 11119:(南京) 11095:(潤州) 11064:Army 11058:(興中) 11029:City 10899:Army 10893:(鎮海) 10834:City 10828:(招州) 10770:Army 10764:(上京) 10669:(河清) 10614:Army 10608:(大同) 10557:Army 10551:(南京) 10527:(潤州) 10496:Army 10490:(興中) 10461:City 10331:Army 10325:(鎮海) 10266:City 10260:(招州) 10202:Army 10196:(上京) 9911:ISBN 9890:ISBN 9870:ISBN 9852:ISBN 9783:ISBN 9761:ISBN 9692:ISBN 9644:ISBN 9514:ISBN 9426:ISBN 9407:ISBN 9383:ISBN 9353:ISBN 9331:ISBN 9295:ISBN 9253:ISBN 9223:ISBN 9197:ISBN 9178:ISBN 9139:ISBN 9118:ISBN 9097:ISBN 9007:ISBN 8940:ISBN 8701:ISSN 8635:ISBN 8573:ISBN 8540:ISBN 8515:ISBN 8430:ISBN 8207:ISBN 8180:ISBN 8151:ISBN 8124:ISBN 7643:ISSN 7537:2016 7524:ISBN 6718:link 6704:2020 6368:2015 6355:ISBN 6334:2015 6321:ISBN 6227:ISBN 6197:2012 5921:zaju 5724:and 5694:mofa 5690:mofa 5681:mofa 5672:the 5617:and 5529:are 5484:and 5465:and 5449:The 5404:Ordu 5385:orda 5193:was 5189:The 5162:and 5111:The 5032:The 4922:Zubu 4802:Zubu 4757:and 4523:The 4462:polo 4368:Zubu 4344:Yalu 4184:The 4007:and 3611:Zubu 3484:and 3291:Kuge 3248:and 3190:chen 3168:Tang 3150:and 3131:and 2994:and 2960:and 2752:Zubu 2701:Yelü 2603:The 2560:(in 2482:and 2446:Jaxa 2334:Mohe 2114:1990 2092:1921 2057:1911 1416:Qing 1403:Ming 1390:Yuan 1334:Liao 1293:Song 1231:Tang 912:Zhou 560:Zubu 410:est. 408:947 403:Area 394:1125 380:1124 353:1005 13014:Mac 12451:Oyo 12360:Edo 12232:Jīn 12212:Sui 11865:Jin 11860:Han 11855:Qin 11438:Han 11019:安州 11015:歸州 11011:寧州 11003:遂州 10999:廣州 10995:宗州 10991:耀州 10987:湯州 10451:安州 10447:歸州 10443:寧州 10435:遂州 10431:廣州 10427:宗州 10423:耀州 10419:湯州 9818:doi 9730:doi 9667:doi 9617:doi 9572:doi 9314:hdl 9156:doi 8569:147 7633:doi 7180:doi 6317:228 6176:. 6154:的音値 5918:'s 5717:). 5065:). 3619:Jin 3592:chi 3186:mao 3160:Sui 3139:). 2952:of 2936:by 2882:" ( 2858:大契丹 2803:Han 1360:Jin 1218:Sui 1109:Jin 1093:Shu 1087:Wei 1052:Xin 1020:Han 1007:Qin 903:BC) 841:Xia 339:947 329:916 316:907 57:契丹國 13254:: 12647:Ho 12637:Ly 11478:/ 9824:. 9814:36 9812:. 9726:12 9724:. 9720:. 9673:. 9663:54 9625:. 9613:66 9611:. 9607:. 9578:. 9568:61 9566:. 9239:; 9154:. 8901:^ 8800:^ 8770:^ 8743:^ 8649:^ 8407:^ 8386:^ 8096:^ 8081:^ 7994:^ 7967:^ 7952:^ 7832:^ 7641:. 7627:. 7623:. 7340:^ 7323:^ 7284:^ 7186:. 7176:44 7174:. 7170:. 7158:^ 7019:^ 6944:^ 6908:^ 6891:^ 6795:^ 6735:^ 6714:}} 6710:{{ 6493:^ 6464:^ 6449:^ 6439:. 6427:^ 6412:^ 6397:^ 6319:. 6277:^ 6139:: 6101:. 5927:qu 5897:ci 5744:. 5663:, 5659:, 5647:, 5469:. 4577:c. 4559:, 4397:. 3657:. 3546:: 2982:. 2964:. 2890:; 2888:大遼 2860:; 2766:, 2762:, 2758:, 2754:, 2750:, 2746:, 2742:, 2731:. 2685:; 2683:大遼 2653:; 2651:辽朝 2645:; 2643:遼朝 2637:; 2631:: 2627:; 2620:aʊ 1884:, 1099:Wu 1090:, 959:c. 918:c. 894:c. 871:c. 847:c. 808:, 788:c. 113:, 109:, 83:c. 39:大遼 11794:) 11790:( 11771:e 11764:t 11757:v 11723:) 11719:( 11289:e 11282:t 11275:v 10734:e 10727:t 10720:v 10166:e 10159:t 10152:v 10003:e 9996:t 9989:v 9919:. 9898:. 9832:. 9820:: 9791:. 9738:. 9732:: 9700:. 9681:. 9669:: 9652:. 9633:. 9619:: 9601:" 9586:. 9574:: 9415:. 9391:. 9361:. 9339:. 9320:. 9316:: 9303:. 9261:. 9231:. 9205:. 9186:. 9158:: 9147:. 9105:. 9015:. 8990:. 8976:. 8962:. 8948:. 8707:. 8697:2 8643:. 8581:. 8548:. 8523:. 8438:. 8215:. 8188:. 8159:. 8132:. 7649:. 7635:: 7629:2 7539:. 7194:. 7182:: 7047:. 6720:) 6706:. 6443:. 6370:. 6336:. 6199:. 6105:. 5978:) 5363:. 5298:( 4563:. 2677:( 2667:( 2623:/ 2617:j 2614:l 2611:/ 2607:( 2592:e 2585:t 2578:v 2564:) 2551:/ 2545:) 2541:( 2500:) 2496:( 2448:) 2444:( 2433:) 2429:( 2373:) 2369:( 2154:e 2147:t 2140:v 2089:) 2085:( 1892:) 1880:( 1649:e 1642:t 1635:v 968:) 957:( 927:) 916:( 892:( 880:) 869:( 856:) 845:( 797:) 786:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index