Liao dynasty - Knowledge

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that tribal and Han people enjoy tranquil existences, all living together in harmony, with no desire for war. Moreover, grandson, the Prince of Yan, is young and fragile. In one of the past years, powerful Khitan courtiers had his father executed. Thus, he has been seeking revenge, and looks for support from Chinese and from our court to consolidate his position. North of the border , even commoners speak of this. After I crossed the border with my retinue , I witnessed wise, old officials … all speaking of our friendship, with a deep sigh, as something unprecedented since antiquity. They also related to me that the emperor of the Northern Court treats those in charge of southern envoys very generously. One of the reception officials was deputy Hanlin commissioner even before we reached the Great Tent … Everybody said it was in recognition of his work receiving the southern envoy. From this, we can see that, as long as the emperor of the Northern Court remains healthy, we can be certain our northern frontier will remain free of incidents. is only that his grandson, the Prince of Yan, is mediocre and weak in spirit, undignified in appearance, and does not live up to his grandfather. Though his heart may seem to turn to China, we do not yet know whether or not, after he attains , he will be able to suppress the conflict between tribal and Han people, and secure his position.

5005:, and rejected the Liao letters because they did not address him by his new title. Aguda continued to demand the return of Ashu and the withdraw of Liao troops from Huanglong, the major administrative center of the region. Huanglong fell to the Jin in late autumn. Tianzuo assembled a massive army west of the Songhua and crossed the river in the winter of 1115. His invasion was undermined by a plot to dethrone him and install his uncle, Prince Chun. The conspirators led by Yelü Zhangnu deserted the army and sent messengers informing Chun of their plan. Chun refused to take part in the coup and beheaded Zhangnu's messengers. The rebels then went about the countryside creating havoc until they were defeated by a small group of loyal Jurchens. Zhangnu was caught trying to escape to the Jin disguised as a messenger and was executed by being cut in half at the waist. More than 200 implicated nobles were executed and their families condemned to slavery. In early 1116 another rebellion occurred at the Eastern Capital when a Balhae officer named Gao Yongchang declared himself emperor of the Yuan dynasty and requested aid from the Jin. The Jin relief troops to Yuan easily repulsed the Liao troops but then turned on the Balhae rebels and killed Gao Yongchang. With the destruction of the Yuan dynasty, the entire region east of the 4735:. One of her household members accused her of having an affair with a palace musician, Zhao Weiyi. In addition, Yixin and his ally, the Han scholar Zhang Xiaojie, fabricated evidence that the empress had written erotic poems to Zhao. Believing Yixin's evidence, Daozong ordered Zhao and his clan executed and the empress, Xiao Guanyin, to commit suicide. Her body was returned to her family wrapped in a mat. Yelü Jun swore revenge for her mother's death and shortly after her suicide, Yixin survived an attempted assassination. Xiao Guanyin was replaced by the sister of one of Yixin's henchmen, Xiao Xiamo, whose other sister was married to Yixin's son. After the death of Empress Dowager Renyi in 1076, the new empress, Xiao Tansi, was installed. The next year, Yixin implicated a number of officials, all his enemies, with plotting a coup to replace Daozong with Jun. While the emperor was initially unmoved, Yixin fabricated a false confession by Jun, resulting in his demotion to commoner status and imprisonment. Yixin then sent emissaries to kill Jun and persuaded the viceroy of the Supreme Capital to report his death as a result of illness. Jun's wife was also killed when she was summoned to court by Daozong, who had almost immediately come to regret his actions. 4430:. Despite his parentage, he was raised as the adopted son of Empress Qitian (Xiao Pusage). Noujin fabricated a plot by Qitian to rebel and had her banished and then forced to commit suicide. Noujin declared herself the regent, made her birthday a public holiday, and began holding court and conducting duties normally within the purview of the emperor. In 1034, Noujin plotted to replace Xingzong with his younger brother, Zhongyuan, whom she had brought up herself. Zhongyuan wanted no part of this and informed Xingzong of their mother's plans, resulting in Noujin's banishment to their father's mausoleum. For his part in defeating the coup, Zhongyuan was given the title of "Imperial Younger Brother" and filled a succession of high ranking posts: commander in chief, northern commissioner of military affairs, and viceroy of the Southern Capital. Noujin's relatives remained in power at court. In 1037, Xingzong attempted to reconcile with these elements by treating Noujin with great respect and paying her visits. Xingzong appointed her brother, Xiao Xiaomu, as northern chancellor. In 1039, Noujin returned to the capital and underwent a rebirth ceremony to symbolically re-establish her position. The 5740: 3253:, "In the case of a military operation, the chieftains discussed it together. In mobilizing troops, tallies needed to be matched". In the early 7th century, the Dahe clan unified the Khitan tribes in a federation that was able to raise 34,000 troops. The tribal composition of the Dahe Confederation is listed as Daji, Hebian, Duhuo, Fenwen, Tubian, Ruixi, Zhuijin, and Fu. The Hedahe were the leading tribe of the Confederation, from which its name is taken from. Other tribes mentioned are: Danjieli, Yishihuo, Shihuo, Nawei, Pinmo, Nahuiji, Jijie, and Xiwa. The component tribes were largely autonomous and the Dahe were only responsible for foreign affairs. After the Dahe united the Khitans, the system of rotating leadership was replaced by "Shixuan", electing a leader based on their talent and ability from the Dahe lineage. The other clans had the right to vote but not to be elected. Brothers, cousins, and nephews often succeeded rather than the son of the previous leader. No internal conflicts among the Khitan tribes are recorded after the unification of the Dahe. 3712:, Yelü Bei was skilled in painting, writing in both Khitan and Chinese languages, and possessed a large personal library. He also had a taste for Chinese culture, music, medicine, and prognostication. Chinese-style primogeniture was also not a custom among the Khitans, who had elected their leader since the time of the Dahe Confederation, which was why Abaoji had them swear allegiance to Yelü Bei when he announced him as heir apparent. Bei's mother, Shulü Ping, who was exceptionally powerful in her own right, commanding thousands of horsemen and leading troops on campaign, took control of all military and civil affairs as regent, after having cut off her right hand to be buried with her husband. Shulü Ping herself disproved of her first son as heir due to his Chinese leanings and used all her influence to have Bei set aside for his younger brother, Deguang, who had participated in the 922–923 and 924–925 campaigns. Toward the end of 927, Bei approached his mother and formally withdrew his claim. Deguang succeeded the throne. 4828: 3906:, south of the Supreme Capital, for several days. The deadlock was resolved by a royal cousin named Yelü Wuzhi and ultimately Lihu, who the Khitan nobility viewed as cruel and spoiled, was unable to gain enough support to further challenge Shizong. After a peace was brokered, Ruan formally assumed the role of emperor and the title of emperor. Shizong promptly exiled both Empress Shulü Ping and Yelü Lihu from the capital, ending their political ambitions. Shizong hoped this would secure his position but he quickly became disillusioned as the internal situation of the Liao remained unstable. In 948, the second son of Taizong, Yelü Tiande, conspired to murder the emperor. The conspiracy failed and the conspirators' lives were spared. Among them, Xiao Han, a nephew of Shulü Ping, conspired against Shizong again in the following year. Despite being spared again, Xiao Han returned to his old ways a third time, resulting in his execution. 4802:. In 1069, there was a renewed Zubu rebellion which was put down by Yelü Renxian. In 1086 the Zubu chieftain attended court and Daozong ordered his grandson, Yelü Yanxi, to be friendly towards him as he was a valuable ally. However, in 1089, Zubu leadership passed to Mogusi. In 1092, the Khitans attacked several tribes in the northwest neighboring the Zubu and the Zubu became involved. In 1093 Mogusi led a series of raids deep into Liao territory and drove off many of the state herds of horses. Other tribes such as the Dilie (Tiriet), who had previously rebelled in 1073, also joined Mogusi. It took until 1100 for the northern commissioner for military affairs, Yelü Wotela, to capture and kill Mogusi. His death did not end warfare with the northwestern tribes and it took another two years to defeat the remaining Zubu forces. The war against the Zubu was the last successful military campaign waged by the Liao dynasty. 3454:, most of them ending up in Yila territory. Han farmers were resettled by Abaoji and Han craftsman taught the Khitans how to spin and weave. The adoption of agrarian culture, Han refugees, and more advanced labor organization made the Yila tribe far richer than other Khitans. Abaoji placed Han intellectuals such as Kang Moji, Han Yanhui, and Han Zhigu into his administration. Kang Moji was responsible for legal matters between Khitans and Han. Later he supervised the building of the capital city. Han Yanhui was made an official in charge of military affairs and oversaw the subdued Han population, settling them and making sure they did not flee. Han Zhigu participated in strategy and decision making. He later took charge of the department handling Han affairs and managed protocols of foreign affairs. He also combined Han institutions and Khitan customs to make them easier to understand for Khitans. 5786: 4625:

princess. Upon Daozong's accession, Ala was made northern commissioner for military affairs, putting him alongside Xiao Ge as two of the most powerful men at court. The two had a falling out and Ala asked to retire. Instead he was sent to be viceroy of the Eastern Capital in 1059. In 1061 he returned to court and voiced harsh criticisms at the government. Ge denounced him to the emperor, and in spite of Empress Dowager Renyi's pleas, the emperor ordered Ala strangled. This left the court in the hands of Xiao Ge (who retired the next year), Yelü Renxian, and Yelü Yixin. Yixin grew up in poverty but rose to become a palace attendant under Xingzong and by the end of his reign, a guard commander. Under Daozong, Yixin was made southern chancellor and then transferred to the northern Chancellery in 1059. Renxian rose to prominence during negotiations with the

4013: 3325:) Ketuyu attacked the reigning Khitan ruler, Suogu. Suogu fled to Yingzhou seeking Chinese protection. General Xue Tai was ordered to punish Ketuyu but he failed and was captured along with Suogu and the Kumo Xi king Li Dapu. Ketuyu enthroned Suogu's cousin Yuyu as the new Khitan ruler. Ketuyu sent tribute to the Tang court but the official in charge treated him with rudeness. Ketuyu murdered the Khitan ruler Shaogu and defected to the Türks. Ketuyu suffered a defeat against the Tang in 732 and fled while his Kumo Xi allies surrendered to the Tang. In 734, Ketuyu defeated a Tang army with the support of his Türkic allies and then lost another battle against Tang forces under the command of Zhang Shougui. The Tang convinced a Khitan military official, Li Guozhe, to murder Ketuyu and the Khitan ruler Qulie, who had been enthroned by Ketuyu. 5211: 4633:

1063. In 1061, Zhongyuan's son Nielugu was appointed southern commissioner for military affairs, and became a figurehead for dissident noblemen. Chief among the dissidents was Xiao Hudu, the northern commissioner for military affairs. In 1063, the dissidents ambushed Daozong while he was out on a hunting trip. Daozong was wounded when he had his horse shot out from under him by crossbowmen. He was saved by his servants while his mother, the Empress Dowager Renyi (Xiao Tali), led the guards to ward off the attackers. The battle lasted until dawn. Nielugu was killed by a stray arrow, Hudu fled and drowned himself, and Zhongyuan also fled and committed suicide. Yelü Ming, viceroy of the Southern Capital and a co-conspirator in the rebellion, did not give up when he heard of Zhongyuan's demise. He led a force of

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Du Chongwei, surrendered. In early 947, Taizong entered Kaifeng unopposed. The Jin emperor and his family were exiled to the Supreme Capital. The Jin army was disarmed and disbanded, their horses confiscated. With this great victory, Taizong formally adopted a dynastic name, the "Great Liao". With the conquest of Later Jin, the Liao acquired the Jade Seal of State Transmission (chuanguo yuxi). Ideologically, the Liao therefore regarded itself as the legitimate successor of the Later Jin, and the ruler of China. It hence chose the Water element, the element that follows the Metal element, the dynastic element of the Later Jin, according to the sequence of creation of the Five Elements (wuxing). It also chose the Water element's corresponding color black as its dynastic color.

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among Jurchens. Unmarried daughters of Jurchen families of lower and middle classes in Jurchen villages were provided to Khitan messengers for sex, as recorded by Hong Hao. Song envoys among the Jin were similarly entertained by singing girls in Guide, Henan. There is no evidence that guest prostitution of unmarried Jurchen girls to Khitan men was resented by the Jurchens. It was only when the Khitans forced aristocratic Jurchen families to give up their beautiful wives as guest prostitutes to Khitan messengers that the Jurchens became resentful. This suggests that in Jurchen upper classes, only a husband had the right to his married wife while among lower class Jurchens, the virginity of unmarried girls and sex with Khitan men did not impede their ability to marry later.

5199: 5801: 4742:, as heir. In 1079 when the emperor was about to leave on his winter hunting trip, Yelü Yixin tried to persuade him to leave his grandson behind. Various courtiers hostile to him immediately protested this and convinced Daozong to take his grandson with him. This incident seemed to finally awaken the emperor to Yixin's true nature. In 1080 Yixin was demoted and sent to Xingzhong. A year later he was found guilty of trading prohibited goods with a foreign state and sentenced to death. Zhang Xiaojie and the new empress were both exiled from the capital, although Zhang would later be allowed to return and died peacefully in the late 1080s. From then on, Yanxi was carefully groomed for the throne. In 1086 Daozong showed him the armour and weapons of 5395:, who were the elite personal cavalry of the Emperor, the tribal cavalry of Khitans and an auxiliary force of non-Khitan tribes, and militia infantry of Han Chinese and other sedentary peoples, who also provided the foot archers and catapult crews. Appanage territories were often granted to commanders. The core of the Liao army was composed of heavy armoured cavalry. In battle they arrayed light cavalry in the front and two layers of armoured cavalry in the back. Even foragers were armoured. Units of Khitan heavy cavalry were organized in groups of 500 to 700 men. Unlike some other empires originating from nomadic tribes, the Khitans preferred to fight in dense heavy cavalry formations rather than the wide formations of horse archers. 3282:. Kuge was appointed the Governor-general of Songmo and several prefectures were set up for Khitan tribes: Qiaoluo for the Daji, Tanhan for the Hebian, Wufeng for the Duhuo, Yuling for the Fenwen, Rilian for the Tubian, Tuhe for the Ruixi, Wandan for the Zhuijin, Pili for the Fu. The chieftains of the tribes were appointed as prefects. The Tang emperor bestowed the Chinese surname Li on the Dahe and appointed their leader to a governorship that was "an office specifically created for the indirect management of the Khitan tribes". Some Khitan tribes such as the Songmo, Xuanzhou, Neiji, Yishige, and Yishihuo were not included in the Dahe Confederation. The Neiji tribe led by Sun Aocao submitted to the Tang in 619. Aocao's great-grandson 3420: 4482:. The Khitans blamed Yuanhao for instigating the rebellion and immediately sent an invasion force led by Zhongyuan and the northern commissioner for military affairs Xiao Hui. Liao forces enjoyed an initial victory but failed to take the Xia capital and were brutally mauled by Yuanhao's defenders. According to Song spies, there was a succession of carts bearing Liao dead across the desert. In 1048, the Xia emperor died and the throne passed to an infant. The Khitans saw their opportunity for vengeance and invaded in a three pronged attack. The army under Xingzong's personal command encountered little resistance but had to withdraw owing to the lack of water and pasture for its horses. Xiao Hui's army advanced on the 5270:

tribal affairs, herds, and retainers serving the imperial house, and most powerful and high-ranking positions dealt with military affairs. The overwhelming majority of officeholders were Khitans, mainly from the imperial Yelü clan and the Xiao consort clan. The Southern Administration was more heavily structured, with Twitchett and Tietze calling it "designed in imitation of a T'ang model". Unlike the Northern Administration, many of the low- and medium-ranked officials in the Southern Administration were Han Chinese. Certain ethnic Han families in particular, descended from meritorious officials, played an important role in the Liao government and became powerful clans: the Han, the Zhao, the Liu and the Ma.

4864: 3271: 4989:, refused. Even after being bidden three times, Aguda still refused to dance. Tianzuo wanted him executed for his act of defiance but the influential chancellor, Xiao Fengxian, dissuaded him from that course and belittled the harm Aguda could do. This would prove to be a fatal mistake as Aguda was elected ruler of the Jurchens in the following year. Aguda immediately began harassing the Liao for the return of Ashu, a Jurchen chieftain who opposed Wanyan hegemony and had taken refuge in Liao territory, and when his demands were refused, began building fortifications on the Liao border. In the late autumn of 1114 Aguda attacked Ningjiang. Underestimating the Jurchen threat, Tianzuo only sent some 5404: 3432: 3446:, posthumously Emperor Taizu of Liao, was born in 872 to the Yila chieftain, Saladi. By the time of Abaoji, the Yila had become the largest and strongest of the Khitan tribes, even though the Yaonian khans still held overall power. The Yila tribe was descended from the Yishihuo, who settled closer to Han civilization than other Khitans. In the 730s, the Yila became a tribe independent of the Yaonian. Under the influence of Han culture, Yundeshi (820s–860s?), Abaoji's grandfather, became the first Khitan to practice and teach settled agriculture. Shulan, Abaoji's uncle, was the first Khitan to practice masonry and build walled cities. To their south, the Han people of 4284:

agriculturalist family hoeing together still cannot provide refined and unmixed food for the elderly, and ten diligent sericulturalist spinning women together still cannot provide padded silken clothing for the elderly. In tax collection and in conscription, is more pressing than plunderers and robbers. What is more, the Yelü, Xiao, and Han clans are debauched and tyrannical. They periodically seek out the children of good families as wives and concubines. The parents of beautiful girls in You and Ji do not allow to apply their white powder; instead, they clothe them shabbily and hide them away. they marry they do not associate with their close relations.

720: 5770: 3412: 11409: 5590:, and lavish the bride's family with gifts. After the three years, the groom would be allowed to take the bride back to his home, and the bride would usually cut off all ties with her family. Abduction of marriage-age women was common during the Liao dynasty. Khitan men of all social classes participated in the activity, and the abductees included both Khitan and Han Chinese. In some cases, this was a step in the courtship process, where the woman would agree to the abduction and the resulting sexual intercourse, and then the abductor and abductee would return to the woman's home to announce their intention to marry. This process was known as 3358:

worked for him as a teenager but An Lushan used a sword to sever his genitals and he almost died after losing multiple pints of blood. An revived him by smearing ashes on his injury. Li Zhuer was highly trusted by An Lushan, and he and two other men served as his personal attendants. Li Zhuer was approached by conspirators who wanted to kill An when he became ill and started abusing his subordinates. An was hacked to death by Li Zhuer and another conspirator, Yan Zhuang, who was beaten by An before. An screamed "this is a thief of my own household" as he desperately shook his curtains since he could not find his sword to defend himself. The

5357: 5755: 4411: 3689: 5694:. Liao burial sites indicate that animistic or shamanistic practices coexisted with Buddhism in marriage and burial ceremonies. Both animal and human sacrifices have been found in Liao tombs alongside indications of Buddhist influence. Khitan hunters offered a sacrifice to the spirit of the animal they were hunting and wore a pelt from the same animal during the hunt. There were festivals to mark the catching of the first fish and wild goose, and annual sacrifices of animals to the sky, earth, ancestors, mountains, rivers, and others. Every male Khitan would sacrifice a white horse, white sheep, and white goose during the 4852: 5835: 3342: 5988: 3716:"The ruler who has received the Mandate of Heaven should be attentive to Heaven and respectful to the great spirits. To those of greatest merit I should offer my veneration. Which among them ranks first?" All present replied that it should be the Buddha. Abaoji responded: "Buddhism is not a Chinese teaching." Then Prince Bei spoke: "Confucius is the great sage, revered for myriad generations. He should rank first." Abaoji was delighted. Thereupon he ordered that a Confucian temple be constructed and decreed that the heir himself should conduct the spring and autumn ritual offerings. 5613: 3400: 3845: 2180: 3540:

a cavalry force thirty thousand strong with the intention of attacking Youzhou. But his queen, Shulü laughed and said: 'Whoever heard of attacking a country with oil? Would it not be better to take three thousand horse and lie in wait on the borders, laying waste the country, so that the city will be starved out? By that means they will be brought to straits infallibly, even though it takes a few years. So why all this haste? Take care lest you be worsted, so that the Han people mock at us, and our own people fall away.' Therefore he went no further in his design.

4445:'s reign. In 1046, all local administrators were ordered to report all legal cases to the Supreme Capital. The laws were further revised in 1051. The universal application of the law was opposed by the pro-Khitan faction of Zhongyuan. In 1043, Chinese living in the Southern Establishments were forbidden from owning bows and arrows. In 1044, at the suggestion of Zhongyuan, Khitan police inspectors were established in each of the capitals to protect Khitan interests. In 1046, Khitans were forbidden to sell slaves to Chinese. On the other hand, restrictions on the 4820: 4766:

tribal areas also seem to have experienced immense suffering, resulting in displaced families and vagrants. The government constantly lost revenue due to payments of relief and the granting of tax exemptions. In 1074, the Eastern Capital region was hit by severe flooding, after which orders were given to construct flood control works. This was opposed on grounds that the necessary labor levies involved would cause even greater hardship and unrest. In the winter of 1082–83, unusually heavy snowfall killed up to 60–70 per cent of tribal livestock and horses.

5896: 4712: 5283:), both of whom were members of the royal clan, and the commander in chief (yuyue). These men controlled all military and tribal affairs, the selection of military commanders, the disposition of the tribal herds, and the allocation of pastures. Beneath them was a bewildering array of tribal officials, an office for the royal clan of the former Balhae state, and a range of offices providing services to the imperial house: artisans, physicians, huntsmen, and commissioners responsible for the royal herds, stud farms, and stables. 4271:, which stipulated that the Song would give the Liao 200,000 bolts of silk and 100,000 ounces of silver each year, that the two emperors would address each other as equals, that they would finalize the location of their disputed border, and that the two dynasties would resume cordial relations. While the sums (referred to as gifts by the Song and as tributes by the Liao) were later increased to 300,000 bolts of silk and 200,000 ounces of silver per year out of Song fears that the Khitans might form a military alliance with the 5629: 4509: 4525: 4403: 4128: 3087: 5826: 3371:

Abaoji, the Khitans remained a tributary of the Tang dynasty. Towards the end of that period, the Khitans began a series of major conquests. Under the reign of Xianzhi Khagan (860?–882?), the Khitans subjugated the Kumo Xi and Shiwei. Two campaigns were launched against the Kumo Xi. Xianzhi captured 700 Xi households who were later settled as the Dieladieda tribe under Abaoji's reign. Saladi, Abaoji's father, captured 7,000 Xi households and moved them to Qinghe in the region of Raole (west of modern

5342: 4117: 4098: 5329:; and Xijing (西京), meaning Western Capital, located near modern-day Datong. Each circuit was headed by a powerful viceroy who had the autonomy to tailor policies to meet the needs of the population within his circuit. Circuits were further subdivided into administrations called fu (府), which were metropolitan areas surrounding capital cities, and outside of metropolitan areas were divided into prefectures called zhou (州), which themselves were divided into counties called xian (縣). 5892:, uses a set of poetic meters and is based upon certain definitive musical song tunes. The specific origin of these various original tunes and musical modes is not known, but the influence of Liao dynasty lyrics both directly and indirectly through the music and lyrics of the Jurchen Jin dynasty appears likely. At least one Han Chinese source considered the Liao (and Jurchen) music to be the vigorous and powerful music of horse-mounted warriors, diffused through border warfare. 3928:'s younger brother, Anduan, took advantage of the situation to kill Shizong. Chage was executed. Shizong died at the age of 33 and had not produced a son of age to inherit the throne. Shizong's rule was characterized by a series of rebellions from within his extended family. Although ruling for only four years, Shizong oversaw the formalization of the dual government system, which brought the structure of the Southern Establishment closer to the model used by the Tang dynasty. 39: 3493:

unchallenged until 910, when he disregarded Khitan calls for another member of the family to assume the position of Khagan. In 912 and 913, members of Abaoji's family attempted armed insurrections. After the first insurrection was discovered and defeated, Abaoji pardoned the conspirators. After the second, only his brothers were pardoned, with the other conspirators suffering violent deaths. The brothers plotted rebellions in 917 and 918, both of which were easily crushed.

1661: 3665: 5018: 2798:, while much of the rest of the Khitan elite supported the traditional method of succession by the strongest candidate. In addition, the adoption of Han systems and the push to reform Khitan practices led Abaoji to set up two parallel governments. The Northern Administration governed Khitan areas following traditional Khitan practices, while the Southern Administration governed areas with large non-Khitan populations, adopting traditional Han governmental practices. 4395: 4667:

selecting corrupt and worthless men for office, taking bribes, and allowing the military to do anything they wanted. Renxian tried to contain him but eventually left for the post of viceroy of the Southern Capital. Daozong remained aloof from politics, providing no real leadership, and instead opted to pursue his own scholarly interests. In 1064 he ordered a search for books lacking in the imperial collection. In 1074 the government distributed copies of the

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basis for levying manpower. The army was short on horses so the sacrifice of horses and oxen in ceremonies was banned in 1043. The army and its dependencies were organized into registries in 1046 and these registries were further revised in 1051. There was also concern about the quality of the troops' training, especially the Chinese troops that specialized in artillery and crossbows, skills that augmented the Khitans' cavalry forces.

3865: 5302:... the Southern Administration was essentially an executive organization for the southern areas and their settled population. The high-sounding titles of its officers should not conceal the fact that routine decision making and all military authority (southern officials were specifically excluded from decisions on military affairs at court) were concentrated in the emperor's Khitan entourage drawn from the Northern Administration. 3230: 6140: 6134: 4691: 3937: 5380:, the Liao nobles treated the state as if it was their family. They provided private armies to assist the government during times of war. The larger ordas comprised up to a thousand or more horsemen while smaller ones several hundred horsemen. By the end of the dynasty, the ordas together constituted 81,000 Khitan households and 124,000 Balhae and Chinese households, which together could field up to 101,000 horsemen. 4687:. In 1090 a Song envoy commented on how lavishly the emperor patronized the Buddhist clergy and their all-pervasive influence on society. In the latter years of Daozong's reign, he all but abandoned his administrative duties. So ambivalent about administration was the emperor that he selected officials by having the candidates roll dice. This was how the historian who compiled the record of his reign was selected. 4263:. The Khitans began a series of campaigns against the Song in 999. While generally successful on the battlefield, they failed to secure anything of value from the Song. This changed in 1004 when Shengzong and his mother led a lightning strike campaign right to the outskirts of the Song capital of Kaifeng by only taking cities that surrendered, while avoiding protracted sieges of the cities that resisted heavily. 5097: 4327:. The next year, the Khitans assembled another large army to march on Goryeo. At this point both sides realized that they could not defeat each other militarily, so in 1020 King Hyeonjong resumed sending tribute, and in 1022 the Khitans officially recognized the legitimacy of King Hyeonjong's reign. In the same year, a Liao envoy was sent to invest Hyeonjong as king, and when he died in 1031, his successor 6002: 3681: 5038:

sister, Lady Yuan, also hoped to have her son succeed. Lady Wen was forced to commit suicide but Yudu escaped and defected to the Jin. He was allowed to remain in command of his troops and in the winter of 1121–22, he led Jin forces to capture the Central Capital. Leaving Prince Chun in charge of the Southern Capital, Tianzuo embarked on a prolonged flight from the Jin, passing through

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Song army was still unable to overcome Khitan defenses and failed to take the city. In the winter, Aguda took the Southern Capital, and the remaining Khitans fled in two groups to the west. One group led by Xiao Gan fled to Western Xia where they set up a short lived Xi dynasty that lasted only five months before Gan died at the hands of his own troops. The other group, led by

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continue military campaigns against the Liao due to stretched resources. In 1119 a rebellion against the Jin occurred at the Eastern Capital and had to be suppressed. This brief interlude was no less kind to the Liao, which was plagued by famine, local rebellions, and defections to the Jin. Hostilities renewed in the spring of 1020 when Aguda broke off negotiations.

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there was a khagan, the military chief's power actually exceeded that of the khagan throughout the duration of the confederation. The ten tribes of the Yaonian Confederation consisted of the Danlijie, Yishihuo, Shihuo, Nawei, Pinmo, Nahuiji, Jijie, Xiwa, Yaonian, and Yila. Other tribes are also mentioned: the Yishi, Pin, Chute, Wukui, Niela, Tulübu, and Tuju.

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the Muye Mountain, the legendary home of the Khitans' ancestors, and a "Black Mountain." When a Khitan nobleman died, burnt offerings were sacrificed at the full and new moons. The body was exposed for three years in the mountains, after which the bones would be cremated. The Khitan believed that the souls of the dead rested at the Black Mountain, near

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event was known from Zhao Zhizhong who had been an official historian of the Khitan, so that it must be true ... (Zhizhong) was asked which dynasty the Central Plain was in, when the leadership rotated among the eight (Khitan) men. Zhizhong could not answer, but he said that it probably was in the Qin/Han period. (I) am afraid that it was not true.

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his legitimacy as leader of the Khitans. In 1070 the Han were forbidden from hunting, which was considered a military exercise. Daozong recognized that the Khitan and Han customs were different, so he ordered Yixin and Renxian to revise the universal laws to take this into account. The new laws, well over 1,000 articles and twice the size of the

5070:. In spite of all these setbacks, Tianzuo still held onto the delusion of retaking the Western and Southern Capitals, and attacked nearby prefectures. Dashi, who had rejoined Tianzuo, grew tired of his behavior and left for the west. Tianzuo was captured in early 1125 and taken to the Jin court where he held the title of "king of the seashore" ( 3524:). Administration of the empire was divided between a Northern Administration overseeing steppe and tribal affairs and a Southern Establishment overseeing the settled and Han population. The two institutions were headed by chancellors, the northern one appointed by the Xiao consort clan, and the southern one appointed by the ruling Yelü clan. 4771:

of their relatives lived beyond the borders. The situation was always fluid, as groups merged and split apart and changed their allegiance. This situation was particularly complicated for two sets of peoples: the Jurchen in northern and eastern Manchuria and the Zubu tribes living in the heartlands of Mongolia, the Orkhon and Selenga valleys.

2833:. Although cultural achievements associated with the Liao dynasty are considerable, and a number of various statuary and other artifacts exist in museums and other collections, major questions remain over the exact nature and extent of the influence of the Liao culture upon subsequent developments, such as the musical and theatrical arts. 4374:, rebelled at the Eastern Capital. He imprisoned minister Xiao Xiaoxian and his wife, killed the tax commissioners and chief military commander, and declared his own Xing Liao dynasty. He requested aid from Goryeo but they refused to help. Other Balhae people serving in the military also refused to join him. Instead only a handful of 5262:

predominantly in the southern side. When Abaoji first established the system, these two governments did not have strict territorial boundaries, but Emperor Shizong established formally delineated boundaries for the two administrations early in his reign. The newly delineated Northern Administration had large Han Chinese, Balhae, and

3297:, felt insulted and bullied by Zhao. In 696, a famine occurred in Khitan territory and Zhao failed to provide relief, sparking a rebellion. The Dahe leader, Li Jinzhong, captured Yingzhou and declared himself "Wushang Khagan" (paramount khagan). The Tang sent 28 generals against the Khitans but were defeated at Xiashi Gorge ( 5929:. One documented way in which this influence occurred was through the incorporation of Khitan officers and men into the service of the Mongol forces during the first Mongol invasion of 1211 to 1215. This northern route of cultural transmission of the legacy of Liao culture was then returned to China during the Yuan dynasty. 3181:. The horses went after water and grass and men depended on kumiss. They bent the powerful bow and shot living animals in order to provide for their daily needs. They also had dried food and fodder. Such was their way of living. On account of this, they hold the upper hand and encountered no opposition whenever they went. 4231:, sending a force supposedly 800,000 strong, and demanded that Goryeo cede territories along the Yalu River. Goryeo appealed for assistance from the Song dynasty, with whom they had a military alliance, but no Song assistance came. After the initial battles, the Khitans made steady southward progress before reaching the 4109: 3651:

Scholars who write of a Kyrgyz "empire" from about 840 to about 924 are describing a fantasy. All available evidence suggests that despite some brief extensions of their power onto the Mongolian Plateau, the Kyrgyz did not maintain a significant political or military presence there after their victories in the 840s.

3785:, killed him. Li Congke ordered a powerful governor, Shi Jingtang, to be transferred for closer supervision by the court, leading to his rebellion. Hard pressed by Li Congke, Shi Jingtang sought aid from the Khitans. Taizong led a 50,000 strong cavalry force to his aid and defeated the Later Tang army near 5332:

Despite these administrative systems, important state decisions were still made by the emperor. The emperor met with officials from the Northern and Southern Administrations twice a year, but aside from that the emperor spent much of his time attending to tribal affairs outside of the capital cities.

5246:

There were two ceremonies for the ascension of Khitan leaders, the Chaice Yi (Recognition Ceremony) and Zaisheng Yi (Rebirth Ceremony). These ceremonies were created during the reign of Zuwu khagan (r. 735–745) when leaders were elected. The Liao dynasty inherited these ceremonies as symbolic rituals

5013:

After the Jin's initial conquests, a lull in military activity followed. In 1118 Tianzuo initiated peace negotiations, but the Jin demands were so onerous, requesting half of the Liao empire in addition to payments of silk and silver, that they were impossible to meet. Aguda was unable to immediately

4977:

of raping married Jurchen women and Jurchen girls by Khitan envoys, which caused resentment from the Jurchens. The custom of having sex with unmarried girls by Khitan was itself not a problem, since the practice of guest prostitution - giving female companions, food and shelter to guests – was common

4730:

Yelü Renxian, the only man whose influence rivaled Yelü Yixin, died in 1072. In 1075, Daozong's son and heir apparent, Prince Jun, who was both well educated and skilled as a horseman and archer, emerged as a potential threat to Yixin's influence over Daozong. To remove Jun, Yixin first set in motion

4707:

was reinstated. It is clear that while Daozong had a predilection towards Han culture, he also recognized that there were limits to how far he could advance pro-Han measures while governing Khitan elites. In 1074 the scholarly official Yelü Shuzhen suggested adopting Han style surnames for all Khitan

4632:

In 1059 the tribal judges were ordered to refer all capital cases to the local prefect or magistrate for review. If anyone claimed that the sentence was unjust, it was to be referred to the central government for a decision. This possibly led to the rebellion of pro-Khitan elements under Zhongyuan in

4461:

scholar, Xiao Hanjianu, advocated for withdrawing overextended garrisons from far off frontiers and the cessation of expansionist policies that incorporated useless territory. Instead, these forces should be concentrated in key areas to the south and east. In 1039, a census was conducted to provide a

4003:

In 969, Muzong spent an entire month drinking and began to act violently and irrationally, butchering some of his bodyguards. On 12 March, six of his personal attendants murdered him. He was 37 years old. Muzong was the second and last Liao emperor to succeed Abaoji who was not a direct descendant of

3955:. Muzong was a heavy drinker and spent most of his time either hunting or sleeping. The Chinese called him the "Sleeping Prince". The first half of his reign was marred by continued instability within his family. A younger brother of Shizong, Louguo, hatched a plot with one of his uncles to defect to 2912:

also officially adopted the dynastic name "Great Liao". In historiography, however, this regime is more commonly called the "Western Liao" or "Qara Khitai". Due to the dominance of the Khitans during the Liao dynasty in Northeast China and Mongolia and later the Qara Khitai in Central Asia where they

5689:

Some elements of traditional Khitan tribal religion continued to be observed. The Khitans worshiped the sun and the ritual position for the emperor was to face the east where the sun rose, unlike Han Chinese emperors, who faced south. Royal dwellings also faced the east. Khitans worshiped spirits of

5057:

Only three months after becoming emperor, Chun died, leaving his widowed empress in charge. In the late autumn of 1122, her commanders Guo Yaoshi and Gao Feng defected with their troops to the Song. They led Song troops in an attack on the Southern Capital, but even in the Liao's withered state, the

5037:

The Jin captured the Supreme Capital in mid-1120 and stopped its advance to escape the summer heat. In the spring of 1121, Tianzuo's second wife, Lady Wen, conspired with her brother in law, General Yelü Yudu, to depose the emperor and enthrone her son. The plot was uncovered by Xiao Fengxian, whose

4997:

troops led by Xiao Sixian, the brother of Xiao Fengxian, was also defeated on the Songhua. Despite Sixian's incompetence, he escaped punishment, leading to demoralization of Khitan generals. By the end of the year, several border prefectures had been taken by the Jurchens and some neighboring tribes

4770:

The tribal borderlands of the Liao empire were never clearly defined, constituting a zone inhabited by fragmented and unstable tribal groups who were loosely subject to the Liao court. Often some elements of the same people would be assimilated into the tribal section of the Liao empire while others

4754:

The emperor of the Northern Court appears to be over sixty years old, yet he remains vigorous and healthy; his appetite has not yet begun to decline. Having been on the throne so long, he has quite a good understanding of what is to advantage. friendship with our court has lasted many years, such

4666:

After the rebellion, Yelü Yixin and his ally Yelü Renxian jointly controlled the Northern Commission for Military Affairs for a while. In 1065, Renxian became commander in chief. For the next 15 years, Yixin exercised unrivaled influence in court and acted opportunistically to advance self-interest,

4378:

joined his regime. In 1030, Xingliao and its Jurchen and Goryeo allies were defeated by a Liao pincer attack led by Punu. A year later, one of Da Yanlin's officers betrayed him and opened the Eastern Capital's gates to the Khitans. His short lived dynasty came to an end. The old Balhae nobility were

4283:

The caitiff government is very harsh, and You and Ji abhor it. The land tax designated for mulberry tree is several times that of the Central Kingdom. natural disasters such as floods, droughts, or insect infestations, there is no reduction or elimination . Under these conditions, ten men from an

3539:

The ruler of Wu State (Li Bian) sent to Abaoji, ruler of the Qidan (Liao), a quantity of furious fiery oil (meng huoyou) which on being set alight and coming in contact with water blazed all the more fiercely. It could be used in attacking cities. Tai Zu (Abaoji) was delighted, and at once got ready

5572:

known as sororate, in which a man would marry two or more women who were sisters, was practiced among the Liao elite. Polygamy was not restricted only to sororate, with some men having three or more wives, only some of whom were sisters. Sororate continued throughout the length of the Liao dynasty,

4698:

Khitan resistance to Han influence did not disappear after the rebellion. In 1064 the private publication of books was banned, a measure that would have only impacted the urban Han elite. In 1067 Daozong underwent a traditional rebirth ceremony, while still engrossed in his studies, to re-establish

4456:

Militarily, the Liao seemed to be in decline during Xingzong's reign. The number of wars conducted in previous decades had put a great burden on the people. In the late 1030s, Xingzong asked his ministers for advice on dealing with growing distress, impoverishment, internal discontent, and banditry

4169:

examination was held in 988, and they continued until the end of the dynasty. However, only two or three graduates out of ten were employed. The examinations focused on lyric-meter poetry and rhapsodies and only the Chinese took them. In 991, the first veritable records were produced, with those of

3824:

and confiscated their property, sending their representative back to the Khitan court. Taizong invaded in the following year but suffered a defeat in 945, having to escape the battle on a camel. However, with persistence, the Khitans wore down the Jin forces, and in 946, the Jin commander in chief,

3574:

with more phonetic elements. The Khitan script was used for memorial inscriptions on wood and stone and record keeping in the Northern Administration. Almost no extensive documents written in Khitan script have survived, suggesting that few were ever produced. In the Southern Establishment, Chinese

3492:

In 907, Abaoji demanded that he be made Khagan, and ascended as supreme leader of the Khitans with support from seven other tribes. Abaoji then slaughtered the other Khitan chieftains, alarming the Khitan elite, many of whom saw his action as a move towards Han-style emperorship. Abaoji's rule went

3379:

Towards the end of Xiantong period (860–874), when Xi'er became the king (of the Khitan), their territory began to be expanded. Afterwards, when Qinde became the king, taking advantage of the turmoil in China, they frequently raided the borders. Up to the time of Abaoji who was more valiant, all of

3257:

In the early history of the Khitan, there was a man riding a white horse and a woman riding a cart drawn by a gray ox. They met on the Liao River and then became husband and wife. They had eight sons who were called by the previous histories the persons who took turns to be the supreme leader. This

3172:

In the ancient Khitan way of life their wealth consisted of horses and their strength of soldiers. The horses were released in the open country and the soldiers were demobilized among the people. Whenever a military campaign occurred, they were called to arms. The mounted archers and armed soldiers

5660:

was considered a protective deity by the Khitans, who named him "The Benevolent King Who Guards the Country." They invoked Buddhism whenever they went to war and made massive offerings to placate the souls of fallen soldiers. The Liao began printing Buddhist texts in the 990s and an entire copy of

5567:

Women among the Khitan elite had arranged marriages, in some cases for political purposes. Men from the elite classes tended to marry women from the generation their senior. While this did not necessarily mean that there would be a large gap in ages between husband and wife, it was often the case.

5387:

Khitan tribal manpower was still available for service both in China and in the steppe, but tribal chieftains, now living in towns became more detached from the tribal structure. The Khitan forces therefore enjoyed both the grain supply and weapon manufacturing facilities of sedentary society and

4044:

by 978. Realizing their precarious situation, the Han strengthened their ties to the Liao with monthly courtesy missions starting in 971. In 974, the Song began negotiations with Liao for a possible neutrality treaty. The diplomatic efforts ended in failure and the Song invaded Han in 976 and 977,

3828:

His victory did not last. Having brought inadequate supplies, the Khitans wantonly looted the city and plundered the countryside provisions, and imposed harsh levies on the local populace, causing them to become resentful and attack them. Rather than stay and govern the conquered city, the Khitans

3457:

Abaoji held the title of Dama Yueshali, the commander of the khagan's personal guard, in the late 9th century. In 901, Abaoji was elected Yilijin (chieftain) of the Yila by the triennial council. None of the Khitans except the Yaonian used surnames at the time, but later in the 930s, Abaoji's clan

5933:

Khita is the finest country in the world in respect of cultivation, for there is no place in its whole extent which is uncultivated. The inhabitants or their neighbours are responsible for paying the land tax. Orchards, villages and cultivated fields are ranged on both sides of the river from the

5383:

The Khitan were originally divided into 8 tribes (部) each led by a commander (大人) replaced once every three years. Abaoji then declared himself king to prevent the other clans from replacing him. The tribes convened for discussions for mobilisations or warfare; the Khitan custom of assemblies had

5274:

The southern commissioners were usually members of the Yelü royal clan, the northern commissioners mostly members of the Xiao consort clan. The administration of the Northern Region was mainly, though not exclusively, staffed by Khitan holding traditional Khitan titles. Its most powerful officers

4204:

conducted a three-pronged invasion and quickly overwhelmed the Khitan border defenses, but the tide turned as they ventured deep into enemy territory. Far from their supply lines, the Song armies were surrounded and attacked from all sides, resulting in resounding victories for the Khitans on all

3583:

tall . He was wearing a long gown of brocade with a wide sash tied at the back. He and his consort sat on facing couches. I was led forth and presented. Before I could deliver my message, Abaoji asked: "I have heard that in your Chinese land you now have one Son of Heaven in Henan and another in

3349:

The rebellion of Ketuyu ended Dahe supremacy in 730. Li Guozhe, chief of the Yishihuo tribe, and Nieli, also from the Yishihuo tribe, founded a new confederation. Nieli enthroned Zuwu Khagan from the Yaonian clan as the supreme ruler of the Khitans, while Nieli became the military chief. Although

5580:

Lower class Khitan women in the Liao dynasty did not have arranged marriages and would attract suitors by singing and dancing in the streets. The songs served as self-advertisements, with the women telling of their beauty, familial status, and domestic skills. Virginity was not a requirement for

5485:

Early in the + 10th century the Khitan kingdom or Liao dynasty (+907–1125) created a form of writing of some 3000 characters, based on the Chinese system, in which to express its own language, and many Chinese classics, histories, and medical works were translated into Khitan and printed, though

5269:

The governments of the Northern Administration and the Southern Administration operated very differently. The Northern Administration operated under a system which Twitchett and Tietze called "essentially a great tribal leader's personal retinue". Many of the governmental appointments dealt with

5009:

fell to the Jin. To ensure Chun's continued loyalty, he was made commander in chief of the Liao armies and entrusted with defense operations against the Jin. Chun proved to be an awful commander. His new army, composed of Balhae refugees, inflicted more damage on the civilian population than the

3980:

believed that the Liao dynasty were poised to invade the Zhou. In 958, the Han reported renewed attacks by the Zhou. In the following year, the Zhou invaded Liao territory, taking some border prefectures. Muzong headed south to confront the Zhou invasion but the Zhou emperor fell sick and had to

5558:

societies) having a much more egalitarian view towards women than the Han Chinese did. Khitan women were taught how to hunt, and managed family herds, flocks, finances, and property when their husbands were at war. Upper-class women were able to hold governmental and military posts. Han Chinese

5050:, fearing an invasion of their border, sent troops in support of Tianzuo and blocked the Jurchen advance. Soon after Aguda arrived, he defeated a Khitan-Tangut force near the Xia border, and turned back east to take the Southern Capital, where Prince Chun had been declared the new Liao emperor ( 4765:

Economically the Liao dynasty suffered greatly from natural disasters during Daozong's reign. Starting from 1065, not a year went by without an area being struck by some natural disaster. At first it was mainly the southern agricultural regions that were effected but in the 1080s and 1090s, the

4624:

In the early years, the court was dominated by two men, Xiao Ge and Xiao Ala. Xiao Ala was the son of Xiao Xiaomu and part of Xiao Noujin's extended family. He was a close friend of Xingzong and had served as state counselor and viceroy of the Eastern Capital. He was also married to an imperial

3357:

launched two invasions into Khitan territory in 751 and 755. After being soundly defeated by the Khitans during the first invasion, An Lushan was successful in the second. An then led a rebellion against the Tang that included Khitan troops in his army. An had a Khitan eunuch named Li Zhuer who

5975:

announced in January 2018 that the ruins in Duolun County, Inner Mongolia, of an ancient palace that served as the summer retreat for the royal family and retinue of the Liao dynasty, had been discovered. They would move each year from mid-April to mid-July to avoid the heat. The site includes

4637:

into the capital and armed them with weapons to prepare for combat, but his deputy governor mobilized the Chinese garrison to resist them. When orders from the emperor arrived, Ming was executed. All the conspirators and their families, among them Xiao Ge, were executed, resulting in extensive

3650:

The Khitan ruler Abaoji did extend his influence onto the Mongolian Plateau in 924, but there is no indication whatsoever of any conflict with the Kyrgyz. The only information we have from Khitan (Liao) sources regarding the Kyrgyz indicates that the two powers maintained diplomatic relations.

3520:" (Shangjing), a newly built walled city with a grand park and imperial tents where the Chinese palaces would normally be located. Abaoji fostered the construction of 30 more walled cities for his captured ethnic Han subjects to inhabit. The Supreme Capital was joined by the "Eastern Capital" ( 3370:

Following the An Lushan Rebellion, the Khitans became vassals of the Uighurs while simultaneously paying tribute to the Tang, a situation that lasted from 755 until the fall of the Uighurs in 840. There were 29 recorded tribute activities to the Tang from 756 to 841. From 840 until the rise of

5849:

The Khitans buried their elite dead with metal masks and woven-wire suits. The masks were personalized to the face of the deceased and made from bronze, silver, or gold depending on their status. The Princess of Chen and her husband were found in a silver wire-suit with gold masks and a gold

3575:

was the administrative language, which many Khitans learned, including Abaoji's sons. In a conversation with Yao Kun, an envoy from Later Tang, Abaoji said he spoke Chinese but did not speak it in the presence of other Khitans, because he feared that they would emulate the Han and grow soft.

5685:

would start were different from the one selected by the Liao. As early as the Sui dynasty, efforts were made to preserve Buddhist teachings by carving them into stone or burying them. These efforts continued into the Liao dynasty, with Emperor Xingzong funding several projects in the years

5261:

The Liao employed two separate governments operating in parallel with one another: a Northern Administration in charge of Khitan and other nomadic peoples, most of whom lived in the northern side of Liao territory, and a Southern Administration in charge of the Chinese populace that lived

3309:

offered to aid the Tang in return for subdued Türkic households under Tang control. The Türks attacked the Khitans from the north while the Tang invaded from the south. The Khitans suffered a heavy defeat before Sun Wanrong rescued the situation and counterattacked, seizing Yingzhou and

3963:

named Wan also conspired against the emperor. Wan was spared but his co-conspirators were executed. In 959, Dilie, one of Louguo's co-conspirators, plotted rebellion. The next year, Wan's older brother, Xiyin, was arrested for plotting rebellion. Lihu was implicated and died in prison.

3169:

Living in the frigid and windy Northern Desert, the Khitan people made animal husbandry, hunting and fishing their occupations, which could provide them (meat, fish and milk) for food, wool and hides for clothing. They used the horsedrawn cart for their shelters throughout the seasonal

5159:

in 1141, and establishing their dominance in the region. With several key trading cities, the Qara Khitai was a multicultural state that showed evidence of religious tolerance. "Qara," which means black, corresponds to the Liao's dynastic color black and its dynastic element water.

4882:

Natural disasters continued to plague the Liao dynasty intermittently. In 1105 Tianzuo went out in disguise to see the suffering of the people, but nothing else on record hints at what he may have prescribed in policy. In the same year, merchant families were barred from taking the

3221:. In 584, they submitted to the Sui dynasty (581–618). In 605, they were attacked by the Türks and lost 40,000 men and women. The eight tribes of old dispersed. Only two Khitan leaders are known from this period: Hechen and Wuyu. The title of Khitan chieftains was Mofuhe or Mohefu. 4162:

was ordered to be translated into Khitan for use by the Northern Administration and in 994, it was decided that any Khitan that transgressed the Ten Abominable Crimes would suffer the same punishment as a Chinese. In 1027, a revised Chinese style legal code was ordered. The first

4490:, capturing Yuanhao's young widow and some high-ranking officials. The Khitans invaded again the next year and plundered the Xia countryside and accepted the surrender of a Tangut general. The Western Xia agreed to become a tributary and peaceful relations were restored by 1053. 4147:. Until her death in 1009, the Khitan empire was ruled by her and three ministers, two of whom were Chinese. Xiao Yanyan was an extremely capable ruler, being both astute in politics and warfare, commanding an ordo to herself capable of fielding 10,000 cavalry. According to the 7553:, p.102: "Until the 980s Khitan-Koryǒ relations had been at arm’s length, for the Jurchen tribes and Ting-an had provided a buffer zone between Koryǒ's northern frontier and the Liao border". p.103: "Koryǒ was left free to deal with the Jurchen tribes south of the Yalu Valley". 4932:'s rise to power. Despite their marginal status, they were militarily significant enough that the Song considered them a potential ally against the Liao, and periodically caused trouble for the Khitans. The Liao categorized the Jurchens into three groups: "civilized" Jurchens ( 3380:

the five tribes of the Xi, the seven tribes of the Shiwei and the Tartar were subdued ... Furthermore, they invaded the Shiwei and Jurchen to the north, captured the old land of the Türks to the west, and destroyed the Xi ... All the northeastern barbarians surrendered to them.

4973:, only bred on the coastal regions and required the Jurchens to fight across the territory of their neighbors, the Five Nations, to access. Liao envoys also habitually beat their village elders and abused their women. One of the primary causes of the Jurchen rebellion was the 3489:. Abaoji and Li Keyong had a conversation about the Khitan way of succession. Abaoji was concerned that he would be replaced in three years and Keyong noted that there was also a practice of replacement for his post. He told Abaoji that he could just refuse to be replaced. 3314:. A 170,000 strong Tang army was sent against the Khitans and defeated. Another 200,000 soldiers were sent against the Khitans but failed to stop their advance. However the Khitans failed to account for the Türks sacking their capital, Xincheng, and the defection of the 3200:

There were eight Khitan tribes: the Xiwandan, Hedahe (Adahe), Fufuyu (Jufufu), Yuling (Yuyuling), Rilian, Piqie (Pilier), Li (black), and Tuliuhan (Tuliuyu). The eight tribes shared power by rotating leadership triennially. The Khitan federation presented tribute to the

4370:, who formerly only had to pay a tribute. The Balhae people were ordered to build boats to transport grain to the Southern Capital. The journey was dangerous and many boats were lost, leading to resentment. In the summer of 1029, a distant descendant of Balhae royalty, 4170:

Jingzong's reign taking up 20 chapters. In 994, the Khitans produced their own calendar. Rules on what matters should be recorded were made in 1011. In 991, the Khitans conducted their first general census and in 997 another census was taken for the tribal population.

4057:

and annexed Northern Han. Taizong then made the disastrous mistake of attempting to invade Liao. His already overextended and tired troops advanced on the Supreme Capital. Initial skirmishes ended in the Song army's favor but they lost a crucial pitched battle on the

5286:

The government of the Southern Region was designed in imitation of a Tang model. It was based, as was the government of the Northern Region, at the Supreme Capital, where it had its main offices. It had the traditional groups of elder statesmen, the Three Preceptors

4279:. Part of the border demarcated by the treaty was on the barrier-less North China Plain in Hebei. To fortify these most perilous borderlands, the Song created an extensive defensive forest along the Song-Liao border to thwart potential Khitan cavalry attacks. 5010:

enemies. When the Jin attacked Chunzhou on the Songhua in early 1117, the Liao army melted away, not even offering a token resistance. At the end of the year, the Jin forces crossed the Liao River, defeated Chun's army, and conquered several prefectures.

4793:

tribes, some of whom lived in Liao territory but had long resisted Khitan rule. There were outbreaks of warfare with the Zubu previously in 997–1000, 1007, 1012–23, and 1027. In 1063, 1064, and 1070, prohibitions were placed on the trade of metals to the

4062:. Taizong was wounded and fled south in a donkey cart. Capitalizing on the Liao victory, Jingzong launched a punitive expedition in 980, and defeated a Song army. In another campaign in 982, the Liao army was defeated and Jingzong was forced to retreat. 5656:, and Khitan tribal religion. During Abaoji's reign, temples of all three major religions were constructed, but afterwards, imperial patronage was restricted mainly to Buddhism, which by the early tenth century, the majority of Khitans had adopted. The 5568:

Among the ruling Yelü clan, the average age that boys married was sixteen, while the average age that girls married was between sixteen and twenty-two. Although rare, ages as young as twelve were recorded, for both boys and girls. A special variety of

4750:, describing to him the hardships of the campaigns on which the dynasty was founded. A few weeks later Yanxi underwent a rebirth ceremony. In 1088 he was assigned to his first office. A year later he was married and sons were born in 1089 and 1093. 4875:, proceeded without incident. His first act upon becoming emperor was to desecrate the tomb of Yelü Yixin and all those who brought about the deaths of his grandmother and parents. The corpses of Yixin and his allies were mutilated. The deceased 5062:, joined Tianzuo at the Xia border. In the early summer of 1123, Dashi was captured by the Jin and forced to lead them to Tianzuo's camp, where the entire imperial family except for Tianzuo and one son were captured. Tianzuo sought refuge with 4243:

instead. The Khitans negotiated a peace that forced Goryeo to adopt the Liao calendar and end tributary relations with Song (a violation of King Taejo’s testamentary injunction never to make peace with the Khitan). In exchange, Goryeo diplomat

7541:, p.64: "By the end of the negotiation, Sŏ Hŭi had ... ostensibly for the purpose of securing safe diplomatic passage, obtained an explicit Khitan consent to incorporate the land between the Ch’ôngch’ôn and Amnok Rivers into Koryô territory." 5312:

The Liao dynasty was further divided into five "circuits", each with a capital city. The general idea for this system was taken from the Balhae, although no captured Balhae cities were made into circuit capitals. The five capital cities were

3975:

in 952. The Zhou attacked Han again in 954, and the Khitans once again came to their aid. The Khitans captured some Han troops by mistake and handed them back. On some occasions, Han envoys would visit the Liao to discuss strategic matters.

4612:

passed in each examination increased from 50 to 60 during Xingzong's reign to over 100 under Daozong. In 1059 prefectural and county schools were established, as well as institutions for higher learning in the capitals. In 1060, a second

4181:, but a series of reforms between 994 and 997 discontinued that role. The Kumo Xi king became a salaried official and Chinese style administrative units were set up in Kumo Xi territory. Their former capital became the "Central Capital" ( 2787:. Through the treaty, the Liao forced the Northern Song to recognize them as peers and heralded an era of peace and stability between the two powers that lasted approximately 120 years. It was the first state to control all of Manchuria. 6677:(A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History and Classics). Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta. p. 41. 5853:

The Khitans, from the 920s, adopted Tang dynasty-style tomb architecture very quickly and in increasingly elaborate forms. Liao mausoleums were based on Tang-style cultural influences, rather than the newer Song dynasty-style.

4314:

to punish Kang Cho; however, after an initial period of military success and the breakdown of several attempts at peace negotiations, Goryeo and the Khitans entered a decade of continuous warfare. In 1018 the Khitans suffered

4469:

to ask for territorial concessions from the Song. Negotiations resulted in the Liao dropping their territorial claims and an increase in annual tribute from the Song to 200,000 tales of silver and 300,000 bolts of silk. When

4594:. In 1055 all officials, and not just the emperor and members of the Southern Establishment, were required to wear Chinese court dress at major ceremonies. Daozong himself was highly taken with Chinese learning, poetry, 5066:, who while initially receptive, changed his mind after warnings from the Jurchens and declared himself a vassal of Jin in 1124. Tianzuo fled further north into the steppes where he traded his clothes for food from the 10816:

Háozhōu (壕州) Yuánzhōu (原州) Fúzhōu (福州) Héngzhōu (橫州) Fèngzhōu (鳳州) Suìzhōu (遂州) Fēngzhōu (豐州) Shùnzhōu(順州) Lǘzhōu (閭州) Sōngshānzhōu (松山州) Yùzhōu (豫州) Níngzhōu (寧州) Jìngzhōu (静州) Wéizhōu (維州) Fángzhōu (防州) Zhāozhōu

10248:

5739: 4351:. Expeditions against the Ganzhou Uyghurs were conducted in 1008, 1009, and 1010. These achieved limited success resulting in the deportation of some of the captured population. In 1027, the Khitans laid siege to 4985:) where the Jurchen tribes were expected to pay homage to the emperor. As a symbolic gesture of obeisance, the Jurchen chieftains were supposed to get up in turn and dance in the emperor's camp, but one of them, 3738:, given to him by his father after participating in its conquest. Taizong, who still regarded him as a threat, ordered in 929 that the capital of Dongdan and all its inhabitants be moved to the Eastern Capital ( 5376:, the emperor's private army, it contained 15,000 households, and could field up to 6,000 horsemen. The Liao nobles each had their own orda which the Liao government "borrowed" for campaign. According to the 3558:. While superficially similar to Chinese writing, it arbitrarily adds and reduces strokes to Chinese characters to compose words, making it completely unrecognizable to Han readers. In 925, the arrival of a 5585:

was seen in Khitan society as being equally serious to, if not more serious than, marriage itself, and was difficult to annul. The groom would pledge to work for three years for the bride's family, pay a

4335:

to Goryeo. The relationship between Liao and Goryeo would remain peaceful until the end of the Liao dynasty. However, according to historian Bielenstein, Goryeo maintained diplomatic relations with Song,

3070:

people. While modern historians have rejected the idea that the Khitan were solely Xiongnu in origin, there is some support for the claim that they are of mixed Xianbei and Xiongnu origin. Beginning with

4789:, which was rejected without any trouble or break in relations. The situation on the northwestern borderland was less stable and events toward the end of Daozong's reign would see the subjugation of the 3318:

from their ranks. Sun Wanrong was killed by his servant. Although the rebellion was defeated, it took over fifteen years from 700 to 714 before the Tang were able to reassert control over the Khitans.

4235:, at which point they called for negotiations with Goryeo military leadership. While the Khitans initially demanded total surrender from Goryeo, and Goryeo initially appeared willing to consider it, 4781:

Militarily the reign of Daozong saw little conflict with other settled states. In 1074 there was a border demarcation crisis with the Song but it was resolved by peaceful diplomacy in 1076. In 1078

2727:, became the leader of the Khitans and proclaimed a Chinese-style dynastic state in 916. The Liao dynasty launched multiple military campaigns against neighboring states and peoples including the 4083:

On 13 October 982, Jingzong fell sick during a hunting trip and died in his camp. He was 34 years old. Before his death, he designated his eldest son, the 11 year old Longxu, as his successor.

3891:, Taizong's younger brother. However Taizong had raised Ruan after Bei's departure in 930 and the relationship between them was as close as father and son. Ruan participated in the invasion of 9140: 10721: 10153: 5573:

despite laws banning the practice. Over the course of the dynasty, the Khitan elite moved away from having several wives and towards the Han Chinese system of having one wife and one or more

4275:, no major wars were fought between the Khitans and the Song for over a century following the signing of the treaty. By signing the treaty, the Song functionally renounced its claim over the 2897:

reintroduced the dynastic name "Great Liao" and the title remained in official use until the dynasty's collapse. Both "Great Khitan" and "Great Liao" enjoyed about 100 years of usage each.

2723:

The dynasty rose from the consolidation of power among the Khitans in the 8th century and their expansionist campaigns in the latter half of the 9th century. Eventually the Yila chieftain,

5594:(拜門). In other cases, the abduction would be non-consensual and would result in a rape. Khitan women had the right to divorce their husbands and were able to remarry after being divorced. 5042:

to the Western Capital. Shortly afterward, Tianzuo grew tired of Xiao Fengxian's manipulations, which had caused the death of his son, and had him commit suicide. Tianzuo then fled to the

3829:

decided to ship everything of value, from Jin officials and palace women to maps and music instruments, back to the Supreme Capital. Taizong also faced another threat from Taiyuan, where

4909:

with a marriage alliance and sent an envoy requesting the Song to stop its attacks on Western Xia. Diplomatic relations with the neighboring settled states remained cordial and even the

7506: 4956:, established dominance over their neighbors and created a semblance of Jurchen unity. The Liao court recognized this and conferred on their chieftains the title of military governor. 6209: 5785: 4959:

As the Wanyan clan consolidated their control over the Jurchens, relations with the Liao also became increasingly strained. The Jurchens resented the behavior of Liao officials at

5850:

headdress. Sometimes earrings are depicted on the masks as well. The Khitans believed a metal mask and suit would preserve the body and prevent decay. Some remains were cremated.

4629:

in 1042. In 1060 Zhongyuan tried to have Renxian, who opposed his faction, removed from the southern Chancellery, but Yixin interceded on his behalf by going directly to Daozong.

5976:

foundations of 12 buildings of more than 2,500 square feet that have been recorded and artifacts, such as glazed tiles, pottery and copper nails that were used to date the site.

4703:

of 1036, receiving further amendments between 1075 and 1085, were so out of step with actual practice that they proved unenforceable. In 1089 the new laws were abandoned and the

3777:

tribes. The most important expansion of Khitan territory during this period, however, came from political instability in the south. In 933, the Later Tang emperor died. His son,

5486:

their circulation was prohibited outside Khitan territory. None of this Liao printing survives, though there is a Sung reproduction of a Liao printed glossary in Chinese, the

6660:]. Vol. 8 of University of California, Chinese Dynastic Histories translations. Translated by Levy, Howard Seymour. University of California Press. pp. 42, 43. 5800: 5139:), he attempted to reclaim former Liao territory, which ended in disaster. Failing in that endeavor, Dashi established a permanent Khitan state in Central Asia known as the 4879:

was interred together with the empress who had been forced to commit suicide. Tianzuo's father, Jun, was given a posthumous temple name as though he had reigned as emperor.

3837:

dynasty. The occupation of Kaifeng lasted three months before Taizong withdrew. Shortly before reaching Liao territory, Taizong suddenly fell ill and died near modern-day

6672: 5769: 4077:

looted Liao territory in 973 and 976. In 981, captured Chinese soldiers attempted to enthrone a son of Xiyin but the plot failed, and Xiyin was forced to commit suicide.

3594:

During his reign, Abaoji attacked numerous neighboring peoples and expanded Liao territory exponentially. Against the steppe nomads, he led campaigns in 908 against the

4617:

was set up in the Central Capital in addition to the one in the Supreme Capital. In 1070 a special palace examination called the "Examination for the worthy and good" (

10714: 10146: 4382:

Shengzong died on 25 June 1031 at the age of 60. At his deathbed, he entrusted his ministers Xiao Xiaomu and Xiao Xiaoxian to enthrone his eldest son, the 15 year old

652: 638: 624: 610: 596: 582: 557: 543: 529: 515: 501: 487: 473: 459: 445: 4248:'s negotiations gained Goryeo the incorporation of the land between the border of Liao and Goryeo up to the Yalu River, which was at the time occupied by troublesome 4049:

in 978, the Song concentrated all their forces on an invasion of Han. This time they intercepted Liao forces en route to Han and crushed them. In the summer of 979,

3058:. In 388 the Kumo Xi itself split, with one group remaining under the name Kumo Xi and the other group becoming the Khitans. This view is partially backed up by the 5461:

Prior to their conquest of north China and the establishment of the Liao dynasty, the Khitans had no written language. In 920 the first of two Khitan scripts, the

13326: 5667:

was completed in 1075. Portions of it have been found in a pagoda built in 1056. Buddhist scholars living during the time of the Liao dynasty predicted that the

4827: 2913:

were seen as Chinese, the term "Khitai" came to mean "China" to people near them in Central Asia, Russia and northwestern China. The name was then introduced to

4621:) was established, requiring entrants to submit 100,000 characters worth of writing. In 1072 Daozong personally wrote the questions for the palace examination. 13331: 10707: 10139: 6077:

Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly 41 (3): 475–504.

5881:

ceramics. The music and songs of the Liao dynasty are also known to have indirectly or directly influenced Mongol, Jurchen, and Chinese musical traditions.

3015:(386–534) that was completed in 554. Several books written after 554 mention the Khitans being active during the late third and early fourth centuries. The 6706: 5388:

the horse and livestock supply to maintain mobility and meat rations in the field. The Khitans therefore had an edge over the Turkic tribes on the steppe.

4952:. The wild Jurchens were nominally subordinate to the Liao but were functionally independent. During the 11th century, one of the wild Jurchen clans, the 9477:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 4, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Apparatus, Theories and Gifts

2889:). This was probably due to the inclusion of non-Khitan peoples in the state. The name was changed back to "Great Khitan" in 983 during the reign of the 2794:

influence and customs was a defining feature of the dynasty. This tension led to a series of succession crises; Liao emperors favored the Han concept of

11577: 4259:

After securing the border with Goryeo, the Khitans attacked the Song dynasty in 994 and laid siege to Zitong, but was repelled by its defenders with

3477:. In 903, Abaoji was named Yüyue, the supreme commander of all Khitans, second only to the Yaonian Khagan. Two years later, he led 70,000 cavalry to 3165:(Volume 84), the Khitan are described as "bellicose in plundering and raiding borders" and "the most uncourteous and arrogant among all barbarians". 4583:, having already gained experience in governing while his father was alive. Unlike his father, Daozong did not face a succession crisis. While both 13351: 8680:[A Manuscript Codex in the Khitan Large Script from the Collection of the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences]. 9063: 8962: 4205:

three fronts. Despite their victory, the frontier was severely damaged and many people fled their homes. The region would not recover for years.

7700:

The Ecological, Economic, And Ethno-Cultural Frontiers Of North China: State Formation In The Eastern Intermediate Zone – a History Of The Qai 奚

6020: 5119:(universal khan). In 1130, Dashi led his host further west in search of new territory. Within a year, he had established himself as suzerain of 3989:, which attacked Han in 963, and was repelled with the aid of the Khitans. Border skirmishes occurred between the Liao and Song in 963 and 967. 3789:. On 28 November 936, Shi Jingtang was invested as emperor of Later Jin by the Khitans. In 938, the puppet emperor of Later Jin transferred the 3293:, Zhao Wenhui, regarded the Khitan chieftains as his servants. The Khitan chieftain Sun Wanrong and his brother-in-law, the governor of Songmo, 3054:

people. Following a defeat at the hands of another branch of the Xianbei in 345, the Yuwen split into three tribes, one of which was called the

5754: 2956:

There is no consensus among historians regarding the etymology of "Liao". Some believe that "Liao" was derived from the word for "iron" in the

2579: 12109: 13346: 9990: 8133: 5607: 5326: 5295:) to act as imperial advisers, and a complex bureaucracy at the head of which were three ministries similar to the three central ministries ( 2141: 5247:

for the enthronement of the emperor. The Rebirth Ceremony was then performed every 12 years by the emperor and confirmed his right to rule.

4963:, the main border trading post, who constantly cheated them. The Liao also placed on them the obligation of supplying the Liao emperor with 13256: 10101: 10024: 7157:""Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China." Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 44 (2014): 325–364" 5321:; Dongjing (東京), meaning Eastern Capital, located near modern-day Liaoning; Zhongjing (中京), meaning Central Capital, located in modern-day 5256: 5171:

in 1211 and traditional Chinese, Persian, and Arab sources consider the usurpation to be the end of the dynasty. The empire ended with the

5046:

where he tried to recruit fresh troops from local tribes. Following his trail, the Jin took the Western Capital in the spring of 1122. The

4311: 9141:

Chen Yuan (2014), "Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China," Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 44: 325–364

4177:

were completely integrated into Khitan administration by 997. The prior arrangement of vassalage and tribute had lasted since the time of

10029: 10019: 4316: 4228: 4120: 4101: 2512: 5238:, and much of the country of Mongolia. The peak population is estimated at 750,000 Khitans and two to three million ethnic Han Chinese. 4683:

for the first seven reigns. Daozong gathered prominent scholars around him to expound on various canonical texts and greatly patronized

3895:, earning himself as a capable warrior and commander. Upon Taizong's death, Ruan declared himself emperor before "his father's coffin". 1636: 1576: 11408: 5702:

where the decision to carry out war was determined by whether or not the shoulder blade of a white sheep cracked while being heated (

5481:, the Khitan scripts are functionally unintelligible to Chinese readers, and neither scripts have been fully deciphered to this day. 5317:(上京), meaning Supreme Capital, located in modern-day Inner Mongolia; Nanjing (南京), meaning Southern Capital, located near modern-day 4012: 5530:. The Liao emperors could read Chinese, and while there were some Chinese works translated into Khitan during the Liao dynasty, the 4216:

submitted to the Khitans and three later, was given a member of the Khitan imperial family as bride and installed as "King of Xia".

3278:

In 628, the Dahe Confederation led by Mohui submitted to the Tang. In 648, they submitted to the Tang again under the leadership of

11478: 11464: 1946: 1901: 5534:, which served as the core guide to the administration of government in China, are not known to have been translated into Khitan. 13341: 11488: 11468: 5210: 3630:. The destruction of Balhae resulted in three independent groups beyond Khitan control: the northwestern Balhae people in modern 2359: 9551:

Shen, Hsueh-Man (2001). "Realizing the Buddha's "Dharma" Body during the Mofa Period: A Study of Liao Buddhist Relic Deposits".

5677:

would be destroyed, was to begin in the year 1052. Previous dynasties, including the Sui and Tang, were also concerned with the

9935: 8189: 5542: 4029: 1266: 3516:, as heir apparent and demanded the entire nobility to swear fealty to him. Two years later, the Liao court was moved to the " 3143:

Provinces. The Khitans suffered a series of military defeats to other nomadic groups in the region, as well as to the Chinese

13062: 12444: 11444: 9636: 9089: 8932: 8677: 1566: 4981:

The Jurchen problem reared its head in late 1112 when Tianzuo embarked on a fishing expedition to the Huntong River (modern

11276: 10091: 6035: 5198: 4936:) descended from tribes captured by the Liao in the 10th century and assimilated into Khitan society, "obedient" Jurchens ( 4532: 3205:(409–436), which in return invested the Khitan khan as Prince Guishan. The Khitans also regularly presented tribute to the 1139: 1129: 156: 12968: 5620:

in the Water Moon pose, which raises the right knee and rests the right arm on top of it, symbolizing the divinity of the

4331:

was also invested by the Liao court as king. Goryeo broke off relations with Song and the Liao ceded territory around the

11670: 11439: 4267:

marched out and met the Khitans at Chanyuan, a small city on the Yellow River. In January 1005, the two sides signed the

2419: 1608: 770: 4466: 3924:. Before the army set off, Shizong and his entourage got drunk after making sacrifices to his father. Chage, the son of 13286: 13114: 12114: 9862: 9684: 9418: 9375: 9345: 9323: 9287: 9215: 9110: 8999: 8627: 6219: 5559:

living under the Liao dynasty were not forced to adopt Khitan practices, and while some Han Chinese did, many did not.

5172: 3431: 3066:

origins. Beginning in the Song dynasty, some Chinese scholars suggested that the Khitans might have descended from the

2826: 2572: 760: 5862: 5275:

were the Khitan commissioners for military affairs, the prime ministers of the Northern and Southern administrations (

13316: 13306: 11758: 9983: 9903: 9506: 9189: 8532: 8507: 8422: 7516: 6347: 6313: 2134: 1437: 5490:, with prefaces dated + 997 and 1034. The most extensive Liao publication known to us is the Chhitan edition of the 9920: 9459:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics

7610:"Frontier, Fortification, and Forestation: Defensive Woodland on the Song–Liao Border in the Long Eleventh Century" 6161:[Original Meaning of Dan gur in the Khitai Scripts: with a Discussion of the State Name of the Dongdanguo] 5063: 5001:

In 1115 Tianzuo sent envoys to negotiate with the Jurchens, but Aguda had already declared himself emperor of the

13321: 13311: 13271: 12740: 6156: 6121: 4863: 4836: 3249:

Sometime during the Sui dynasty, the military organization of the Khitans became more advanced. According to the

2075: 1191: 11902: 3419: 13301: 13296: 13291: 10944: 10795: 10376: 10227: 9882: 9844: 9837:

Sui-Tang Chang'an: A Study in the Urban History of Late Medieval China (Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies)

9775: 9753: 9399: 9245: 9170: 9131: 8565: 8199: 8172: 8143: 8116: 5403: 4669: 2872: 2667: 2627: 2517: 2088: 1629: 1581: 38: 9064:

https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/ancient-china-1000-year-old-royal-palace-discovered/ar-AAuA2zC?li=BBnb7Kz

3411: 13266: 13178: 9450:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Engineering, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering

5633: 5446:; some broader definitions of the Mongolic family include Khitan as a member. It is distantly related to the 3977: 2635: 2565: 2472: 2430: 2159: 1670: 1603: 1529: 1464: 7483:, p. 106: "the Khitan army attacked Goryeo, who was forced to accept the status of a Liao tributary in 994." 4143:. He was only 11 years old at the time of his father's death so actual power fell to the regent, his mother 13173: 13057: 11236: 10791: 10668: 10223: 9976: 9942: 9390: 5183: 3289:

Towards the turn of the century, however, Tang control of the north began to slip. The Governor-general of

3270: 2468: 2127: 2098: 2071: 2041: 1539: 10096: 9468:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing

3151:(589–618) dynasties. Khitan tribes at various times fell under the influence of Turkic tribes such as the 13336: 13251: 13183: 12220: 9952: 9225: 6025: 5722: 5515: 5002: 4561: 3436: 2806: 2400: 1591: 1348: 729: 575: 349: 4805:

Daozong passed away on 12 February 1101 at the age of 68. He was succeeded by his grandson, Yelü Yanxi.

4486:

with a flotilla of warships but was ambushed and defeated. The third army raided a Tangut palace in the

11602: 11569: 11531: 11456: 10985: 10867: 10417: 10299: 9762:

Twitchett, Denis; Tietze, Klaus-Peter (1994). "The Liao". In Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis (eds.).

7704: 5498:

in 579 cases, printed with Korean paper and ink in Peking in 1031–64; but nothing of it survives today.

4993:

detachments from the Eastern Capital, which was utterly defeated. Another force composed of Khitan and

3917: 3892: 3834: 3755: 3607: 3209:(386–534) court in the form of horses and animal skins. Trade occurred on the border in Helong (modern 2108: 1596: 492: 9432:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth

5469:, was developed in 925. Both scripts are based on the same spoken language, and both contain a mix of 4289:

Lu Zhen, a Song envoy to Liao in 1009, describing the conditions of Chinese subjects under Khitan rule

3913:

was aborted when the Khitans realized that enemy defenses were more formidable than they had thought.

3458:

adopted Yelü as their surname. At the same time their consort clan also began using the surname Xiao.

3098:

After splitting from the Yuwen, the Khitans and Kumo Xi fled to the region of Songmo (modern southern

13141: 12289: 11853: 11634: 11587: 11544: 11426: 5730: 5022: 4423: 4410: 4136: 3898:

Lihu attacked Ruan while he was on his way back to the Supreme Capital but was defeated. His mother,

3217:(550–577) and lost a large portion of their population as well as cattle. For a time they resided in 3022: 2890: 2502: 2440: 2425: 2415: 2405: 2282: 1622: 1559: 1524: 1097: 793: 703: 6683: 5356: 4294:

Four years after the Song invasion, conflict with Goryeo erupted again. In 1009, the Goryeo general

3805:. Shi Jingtang behaved as a vassal and even allowed Khitan envoys to cross his territory to contact 3793:

over to the Khitans, granting them access to the strategic fortifications of northern China and the

1303: 13099: 13074: 12924: 12583: 12578: 11649: 11639: 11592: 11582: 11549: 11473: 11359: 11332: 11327: 11269: 11207: 11130: 11122: 10639: 10562: 10554: 5926: 5111:

fled northwest and established his headquarter at the military garrison of Kedun (Zhenzhou) on the

4679:. In the same year a bureau for compiling national history was established, which produced in 1085 4580: 4419: 4264: 4140: 4059: 4021: 2350: 2051: 2016: 1874: 1293: 942: 223: 8976: 8194:. Vol. 36 of Civiltà veneziana: Studi. Fondazione "Giorgio Cini". L. S. Olschki. p. 33. 8138:. Vol. 36 of Civiltà veneziana: Studi. Fondazione "Giorgio Cini". L. S. Olschki. p. 32. 4851: 3704:

and not the first in line for the Khitan throne. His elder brother, the 26-year old heir apparent

3579:

After arriving, I was granted an audience. Abaoji invited me into his great tent. Abaoji was nine

13356: 13166: 13047: 12588: 12541: 12484: 12183: 12127: 11875: 11337: 8924: 4876: 4872: 4840: 4747: 4720: 4576: 4517: 4513: 4201: 4178: 4050: 4025: 3952: 3884: 3876: 3697: 3306: 3036: 2984: 2894: 2864: 2810: 1878: 1519: 199: 187: 5299:) of early Tang... but only the Secretariat played any significant role in political decisions. 13281: 13261: 13188: 13089: 13084: 12772: 12720: 12640: 12573: 12477: 12462: 12355: 12122: 12076: 11917: 11804: 11322: 11105: 10900: 10699: 10537: 10332: 10131: 9895:

Rethinking the Tribute System: Korean States and northeast Asian Interstate Relations, 600-1600

9333: 9199: 6678: 4708:

tribes, which Daozong rejected, declaring that "the old order should not be changed suddenly".

4348: 4092: 3948: 3852: 3798: 3079:

in origin, and in the late 19th century, Western scholars made the claim that the Khitans were

3072: 2980: 2783:. After heavy fighting and large casualties between the two empires, both sides worked out the 2507: 2332: 2061: 1870: 1751: 1571: 1549: 1534: 1020: 739: 211: 65: 9486:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1, Botany

9441:

Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Engineering, Part 1, Physics

8557: 8160: 5554:

The status of women in the Liao dynasty varied greatly, with the Khitan Liao (like many other

3688: 13246: 13119: 13079: 12892: 12767: 11831: 11821: 11780: 11751: 11644: 11610: 11554: 10014: 9794: 9126:. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 8678:"Рукописная книга большого киданьского письма из коллекции Института восточных рукописей РАН" 8106: 6649: 6337: 6305: 4603: 4474:

asked the Khitans in 1043 to join him in attacking the Song, Xingzong refused. In 1044, some

2995: 2780: 1700: 1680: 1675: 1544: 961: 13007: 8549: 5834: 5624:, Guanyin's personal paradise, which Guanyin puts off going to until she has saved humanity. 5612: 5214:

Liao seal with the Chinese inscription 臨潢府軍器庫之印 "Seal of the Armoury of Linhuang Prefecture"

4974: 3399: 3375:). During the Xiantong reign period (860–874), Xianzhi sent envoys to the Tang court twice. 3341: 13212: 13042: 13012: 12887: 12818: 12789: 12708: 12042: 11880: 11870: 11676: 11539: 11483: 10113: 9154: 6700: 5921: 4986: 4307: 3985:. He died soon after and the Zhou invaders withdrew. In 960, the Zhou were replaced by the 3844: 2492: 2262: 2179: 2168: 1721: 1710: 1695: 1586: 799: 411: 12992: 7698: 5115:. Dashi secured the allegiance of the garrison forces numbering 20,000 and set himself as 4544:

Gilt silver crown, excavated in 1986 from the tomb of Princess of Chen and her husband in

8: 12904: 12784: 12750: 12652: 12472: 12467: 12279: 11998: 11934: 11809: 11794: 11434: 11369: 11262: 11061: 10493: 6425: 6105: 5466: 5462: 5408: 5373: 5179: 5148: 4819: 4724: 4337: 4303: 4276: 3790: 3615: 3571: 3555: 3359: 2764: 2736: 1996: 1781: 1690: 1652: 751: 415: 12620: 12610: 5877:

works, with important surviving examples in painted wood, metal, and three-color glazed

4156:

Under Shengzong's reign, a number of administrative advances were produced. In 983, the

13017: 12997: 12980: 12931: 12796: 12605: 12556: 12489: 12407: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12294: 12264: 12156: 12054: 11922: 11897: 11223: 11118: 10763: 10655: 10550: 10195: 9814: 9663: 9615: 9568: 9229: 9204: 7176: 5531: 5478: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5266:

populations, and was given its own set of parallel northern and southern governments.

4960: 4940:) subordinate to the Liao and had regular contact with the court, and "wild" Jurchens ( 4328: 3290: 3210: 3043: 2482: 1791: 1771: 1741: 1731: 1705: 1685: 1554: 734: 9124:

The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World

8552:

The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World

13276: 13126: 13022: 12958: 12953: 12882: 12779: 12494: 12422: 12417: 12259: 12188: 12171: 12166: 12161: 11961: 11912: 11709: 11183: 11179: 10936: 10928: 10771: 10615: 10611: 10368: 10360: 10203: 9899: 9878: 9858: 9840: 9771: 9749: 9680: 9646:

Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1994). "Liao: An Architectural Tradition in the Making".

9632: 9502: 9414: 9395: 9385: 9371: 9341: 9319: 9283: 9276: 9241: 9211: 9185: 9166: 9127: 9106: 9085: 8995: 8928: 8689: 8623: 8561: 8550: 8528: 8503: 8418: 8195: 8168: 8139: 8112: 7631: 7512: 7180: 6343: 6309: 6215: 5503: 4814: 4680: 4497:

formally became the "Western Capital" (Xijing), completing the five capital regions.

4324: 4299: 4232: 3708:, was disliked by the conservative Khitan elites for his intellectual pursuits. As a 2717: 2705: 2531: 2527: 2194: 1482: 1050: 1030: 805: 7446: 6298: 5895: 4711: 4362:

In the 1020s, the Southern Establishment tried to extend its taxation system to the

4347:

sent tribute to Shengzong's court, which seems to have encouraged him to attack the

12975: 12762: 12757: 12713: 12700: 12630: 12598: 12593: 12457: 12452: 12434: 12395: 12328: 12311: 12252: 12242: 12237: 12178: 12134: 12104: 12064: 12047: 12030: 11993: 11744: 11615: 11384: 11354: 11312: 11199: 11191: 10952: 10924: 10631: 10623: 10384: 10356: 10051: 9806: 9718: 9655: 9605: 9560: 9302: 9144: 8948: 7621: 7168: 6656: 5873:

The influence of the Liao dynasty on subsequent culture includes a large legacy of

5729:, which they believed had the power to appease nature through power of traditional 5628: 5455: 5235: 5231: 5156: 4186: 4182: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3447: 3372: 3117: 3108: 3080: 2842: 2713: 2709: 2685: 2599: 2550: 1911: 1856: 1801: 1161: 719: 711: 478: 312: 103: 8105:

Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland (1995). Tillman, Hoyt Cleveland; West, Stephen H. (eds.).

4916:

Despite international peace on several fronts, the Liao dynasty would fall to the

4508: 4437:

Xingzong's reign saw the codification of law in 1036 with the promulgation of the

4383: 4069:

in 973. In 975, conflict with remnants of the Balhae people led to an invasion of

13193: 13161: 13034: 13002: 12985: 12941: 12936: 12914: 12909: 12867: 12860: 12835: 12695: 12690: 12531: 12412: 12306: 12301: 12269: 12094: 12084: 11978: 11971: 11966: 11951: 11907: 11789: 11775: 11705: 11698: 11688: 11398: 11219: 11175: 11126: 11069: 11044: 11009: 10948: 10783: 10651: 10607: 10558: 10501: 10476: 10441: 10380: 10215: 10119: 10036: 9893: 9100: 8617: 6125: 5695: 5439: 5431: 5377: 5078: 4921: 4524: 4487: 4402: 4394: 4367: 4320: 4268: 4240: 4227:, and annexed Jeongan. Resistance from Jeongan ended in 999. In 992, the Khitans 4149: 4127: 3903: 3902:, then led her own army to confront Ruan. The two armies faced each other on the 3731: 3722: 3623: 3546: 3302: 3301:). The Tang troops continued to suffer defeat until Li Jinzhong died of disease. 3187: 3113: 3099: 3091: 3075:

in the fourteenth century, several scholars have theorized that the Khitans were

2957: 2909: 2784: 2701: 2617: 2546: 2541: 2486: 2463: 2458: 2375: 2370: 2006: 1811: 376: 335: 95: 12615: 4340:

kept his own reign title, and the two states concluded peace as equals in 1022.

13136: 13131: 13094: 13069: 13052: 12963: 12948: 12919: 12877: 12725: 12685: 12680: 12635: 12561: 12521: 12511: 12501: 12316: 12195: 12089: 11956: 11838: 11417: 11393: 11344: 11294: 11195: 11005: 10875: 10871: 10803: 10779: 10627: 10437: 10307: 10303: 10235: 10211: 9872: 9427: 9363: 9271: 6007: 5761: 5227: 4684: 4549: 4249: 3618:. His campaigns continued right up until his death in 926 with the conquest of 3554:

In 920, Abaoji ordered the development of a Khitan writing system known as the

3424: 3386: 3311: 3103: 3046:

and Klaus-Peter Tietze, it is generally held that the Khitans emerged from the

2926: 2922: 2802: 2477: 1761: 1063: 980: 99: 5416: 5341: 4355:

but failed to take the city, and ended in disaster when they were ambushed by

4256:. By 994, regular diplomatic exchanges between the Khitans and Goryeo began. 4116: 4065:

Aside from conflict with the Song, the Liao also experienced trouble with the

3427:– attendants holding a musical instrument, bow and arrows, boots, and a falcon 13240: 13217: 13104: 12899: 12872: 12845: 12823: 12801: 12568: 12551: 12536: 12380: 12333: 12321: 12247: 12139: 12013: 12008: 11983: 11865: 11725: 11559: 11511: 11379: 11374: 11317: 11240: 11211: 11187: 10855: 10767: 10672: 10643: 10619: 10287: 10199: 10079: 10041: 9956: 9702: 8693: 8165:

China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries

7635: 6040: 5866: 5691: 5547: 5527: 5187: 5152: 5051: 5043: 4982: 4945: 4898: 4856: 4844: 4587:

and Zhongyuan still held substantial power, neither disputed the succession.

4344: 4097: 3993: 3940: 3868: 3855:, Taipei. Attributed to Li Zanhua (李贊華 909–946), but possibly a later artist. 3817: 3816:, came under the influence of an anti-Khitan court led by the army commander 3806: 3595: 3470: 3298: 3076: 2968: 2830: 2795: 2732: 2693: 2497: 2410: 2327: 2317: 2257: 2232: 2222: 1986: 1966: 1956: 1866: 1846: 853: 820: 631: 589: 520: 450: 285: 139: 12645: 12625: 11254: 10686: 9159: 5108: 5059: 4739: 4560:

Gilt bronze statue of the six-tusked elephant holding the throne of Puxian (

3899: 3701: 3563: 3513: 3086: 2905: 2814: 13109: 12850: 12840: 12806: 12735: 12730: 12657: 12447: 12429: 12390: 12385: 12365: 12360: 12232: 12225: 12215: 12205: 12099: 12037: 12018: 12003: 11939: 11715: 11681: 11516: 11077: 10787: 10509: 10219: 10058: 9960: 9931: 9119: 7495:, p.103: "The Korean king was invested with his title by the Liao emperor." 6015: 5993: 5934:

city of Khansa to the city of Khan Baliq, which is sixty-four days' travel.

5904: 5726: 5703: 5674: 5649: 5263: 5223: 5112: 5026: 4949: 4902: 4890: 4843:. While the subjects are the Xiongnu, the hairstyle depicted is distinctly 4732: 4716: 4626: 4595: 4591: 4483: 4431: 4193: 4041: 4033: 3986: 3968: 3838: 3813: 3751: 3742:). Dongdan lost its semi-autonomous status. In 930, Bei fled by sea to the 3631: 3606:, and again in 919 to subdue the Khongirad. From 922 to 923, he raided the 3462: 3242: 3206: 3202: 3156: 3152: 3125: 3026: 3012: 2822: 2818: 2760: 2697: 2434: 2380: 2355: 2307: 1976: 1428: 1404: 1391: 1378: 1281: 1219: 933: 923: 900: 617: 464: 362: 10084: 9723: 9706: 9148: 8992:

Women of the Conquest Dynasties: Gender and Identity in Liao and Jin China

8108:

China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History

7172: 5825: 5364:

The Liao army was originally just 2,000 men picked from various tribes as

4223:. In 991, they established three fortified military colonies in the lower 4108: 4080:

In 977, an examination hall was established outside the Southern Capital.

3960: 3888: 3766: 3135:

was written in 554, the Khitans had formed a state in what is now China's

3124:, which caused them to migrate south to the east of Bailang River (modern 12828: 12813: 12662: 12375: 12284: 12274: 12200: 11848: 11843: 11506: 11215: 11203: 11081: 10981: 10960: 10932: 10863: 10647: 10635: 10513: 10413: 10392: 10364: 10295: 10046: 7449:. New York : Columbia University Press – via Internet Archive. 6045: 5939: 5915: 5889: 5718: 5587: 5523: 5140: 5124: 5101: 5091: 5039: 5017: 4894: 4795: 4760:

Su Che, a Song envoy, reporting his findings after a 1089 mission to Liao

4675: 4584: 4479: 4427: 4272: 4245: 4236: 4153:, "most of his success must be attributed to his mother's instruction." 4144: 3830: 3664: 3643: 3451: 3294: 3283: 3238: 3234: 3214: 3161: 3148: 3144: 3031: 3017: 3007: 2914: 2901: 2791: 2322: 2247: 2237: 1660: 1335: 1206: 1040: 1008: 995: 829: 683: 603: 9797:; Feng Chia-Sheng (1946). "History of Chinese Society Liao (907–1125)". 9619: 6087: 5349: 4000:

in 965, but otherwise the northern frontier remained calm for the Liao.

3880: 3820:. In 943, Shi Chonggui revoked the trading privileges of the Khitans in 3705: 3509: 12855: 12672: 12546: 12506: 12439: 11720: 11622: 11521: 11285: 10997: 10993: 10956: 10940: 10775: 10750: 10429: 10425: 10388: 10372: 10207: 10182: 10106: 10063: 9818: 9667: 9572: 9032:] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Drama Publishing House. p. 241. 7626: 7609: 6030: 5699: 5511: 5368:'s personal retinue. To these 2,000 men were added captives taken from 5314: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5006: 4964: 4924:

who lived in fragmented tribes stretching northward from the border of

4905:, but the Liao court refused. The Liao cemented its relations with the 4847:, and likely based on northern steppe peoples contemporary to the Song. 4786: 4644:

Mountains and scenery much unlike the splendour of the Central Kingdom.

4556: 4471: 4260: 4224: 4037: 3972: 3956: 3921: 3778: 3743: 3635: 3611: 3567: 3517: 3112:, the territory of the Khitans rested on what is now the area south of 2961: 2950: 2942: 2776: 2756: 2297: 2292: 1087: 876: 85: 9968: 9701: 9368:

La Steppe et l'Empire : la formation de la dynastie Khitan (Liao)

9306: 6674:

The An Shi Rebellion and Rejection of the Other in Tang China, 618–763

6339:

Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and ...

6174: 6118: 4540: 3116:

and east of the Laoha. The Khitans then faced a joint invasion by the

2790:

Tension between traditional Khitan social and political practices and

12745: 12516: 12400: 12370: 12151: 12025: 11816: 11073: 10859: 10505: 10291: 9610: 9589: 8458:

Twitchett and Tietze (1994), xxix. and Wittfogel and Feng (1946), 44.

5955: 5943: 5874: 5663: 5621: 5582: 5574: 5474: 5426: 5067: 4614: 4458: 4371: 4209: 4158: 4045:

both times being repelled by Liao intervention. With the conquest of

3997: 3794: 3782: 3762: 3747: 3603: 3486: 3354: 3279: 2964: 2772: 2744: 2537: 2522: 2302: 1891: 235: 9810: 9659: 9564: 7156: 7033: 6139: 6133: 4500:

Xingzong fell sick and died on 28 August 1055. He was 39 years old.

3864: 3333: 3213:) and Miyun. In 553, the Khitans suffered a defeat to the armies of 12146: 11929: 11887: 11826: 11138: 10916: 10908: 10879: 10851: 10827: 10570: 10348: 10340: 10311: 10283: 10259: 9299:

Gift Exchange among States in East Asia during the Eleventh Century

8522: 8497: 5964: 5710: 5645: 5603: 5577:. This was done largely to smooth over the process of inheritance. 5569: 5510:

Only a single manuscript text in the Khitan large script is known (

5470: 5144: 4917: 4738:

The new empress remained barren so Daozong decided upon Jun's son,

4599: 4545: 4375: 4295: 4253: 4074: 3739: 3709: 3627: 3521: 3466: 3229: 3218: 3140: 3121: 3083:

in origin – modern linguistic analysis has discredited this claim.

2946: 2934: 2395: 2277: 2212: 678: 247: 149: 116: 9023: 5669: 4913:

sent embassies pledging their allegiance in 1106, 1110, and 1112.

4690: 4652:

While the rocky cliffs of these borderlands inspire the flautists.

4239:

was eventually able to convince the Khitans to accept Goryeo as a

4040:

in 960. The Song had defeated all the competing states except for

3936: 3661:

Abaoji died of typhoid fever at the age of 54 on 6 September 926.

2921:". In the modern era, words related to Khitay are still used as a 12059: 11988: 11944: 11799: 11693: 11364: 11307: 11302: 11065: 11001: 10989: 10977: 10920: 10912: 10896: 10892: 10497: 10433: 10421: 10409: 10352: 10344: 10328: 10324: 9184:. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan. 8431: 5807: 5792: 5776: 5714: 5617: 5555: 5519: 5514:), and no manuscripts in the Khitan small script are known. Most 5318: 5168: 5164: 5143:

or the Western Liao dynasty. The new Liao empire expanded to the

5047: 5030: 4994: 4906: 4832: 4661:

A poem composed by Chen Xiang, a Song envoy visiting Liao in 1067

4634: 4475: 4352: 4220: 4213: 4174: 4070: 4066: 4054: 3982: 3959:. He was executed when the plot was discovered. In 953, a son of 3821: 3802: 3786: 3774: 3639: 3528: 3474: 3345:

Liao tomb mural showing Khitan men with banners, drums, and maces

3315: 3067: 3063: 3055: 3051: 2938: 2930: 2768: 2728: 2385: 2312: 2267: 2242: 1836: 1230: 1081: 1075: 562: 506: 271: 259: 134: 123: 11860: 10729: 10161: 9210:(1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. 7986: 7984: 5903:

Another influence of the Liao cultural tradition is seen in the

4379:

resettled near the Supreme Capital while others fled to Goryeo.

2945:

and areas adjoining it, and by some Slavic peoples, such as the

2779:(923–936). In 1004, the Liao launched an expedition against the 2689: 11892: 11767: 11162: 11134: 10973: 10904: 10594: 10566: 10405: 10336: 9707:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires and Modern States" 7666: 6900: 6898: 6645: 6171:

Research into Jurchen and Khitan Studies by Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun

6114:

Research into Jurchen and Khitan Studies by Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun

5972: 5878: 5745: 5657: 5653: 5637: 5369: 5365: 5218:

At its height, the Liao dynasty controlled what is now Shanxi,

5096: 4990: 4953: 4929: 4925: 4885: 4782: 4743: 4608: 4494: 4446: 4442: 4363: 4197: 4189:, and public buildings were constructed between 1018 and 1020. 4165: 3925: 3910: 3770: 3735: 3619: 3482: 3478: 3443: 3404: 2918: 2880: 2860: 2850: 2752: 2748: 2724: 2675: 2643: 2365: 2252: 2227: 2217: 688: 534: 298: 175: 8682:Письменные памятники Востока (Written Monuments of the Orient) 5843:

Liao tomb and sarcophagus, and burial dress made of metal wire

4650:

Envoys of Han, nightly we sleep in the lamplight of felt tents

4457:

due to excessive demands for corvée and military service. The

3765:

rebelled. In the same year, Taizong sent his younger brother,

3680: 12526: 11627: 11057: 10799: 10489: 10231: 8256: 8244: 8232: 8220: 8044: 8020: 7996: 7981: 7927: 7903: 7855: 7771: 7735: 7711: 7654: 7556: 5960: 5411:

translated as "天朝萬順" (Heavenly Dynasty – Myriad Favourable).

5322: 5219: 5203: 5120: 4799: 4441:

which contained 547 articles and compiled all the laws since

4046: 3559: 3532: 3461:

After his accession as leader of the Yila, Abaoji raided the

3136: 3047: 3025:, refers to the Khitans in the section covering the reign of 2608: 2287: 2272: 673: 645: 10996:涑州 Jìzhōu 冀州 Dōngzhōu 東州 Shàngzhōu 尚州 Lùzhōu 麓州 Jīngzhōu 荊州 10428:涑州 Jìzhōu 冀州 Dōngzhōu 東州 Shàngzhōu 尚州 Lùzhōu 麓州 Jīngzhōu 荊州 9240:. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–42. 8088: 8086: 8073: 8071: 7959: 7957: 7944: 7942: 7824: 7822: 7034:"The Yenisei Kyrgyz from Early Times to the Mongol Conquest" 6895: 11349: 9594:

and the Military Subculture of the Northern Song, 960–1127"

9282:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. 8399: 8397: 8378: 8376: 7015: 7013: 7011: 7009: 5909: 4910: 4893:

in the Liao mode of governance. Between 1103 and 1105, the

4790: 4654:

During our return I take up a mirror to view my countenance

4646:

Along the road of white sands leading away from Yuanyangpo,

4642:

Vast territory, few people, only an occasional hostel stop.

4450: 4356: 4332: 3943:

Wenshu Hall built in 966 is the oldest extant Liao building

3626:. Most of Balhae's population was relocated to what is now 3599: 3415:

Khitan man in tomb painting in Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia

2740: 548: 11736: 9770:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–153. 9748:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–153, 7642: 7462: 7342: 7332: 7330: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7276: 7274: 7259: 7247: 7223: 7049: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6267: 4602:. He placed greater emphasis on Chinese education and the 3671:, a 10th-century painting of a rest stop for a Khitan khan 8893: 8891: 8876: 8709: 8208: 8083: 8068: 8056: 8032: 8008: 7969: 7954: 7939: 7891: 7879: 7867: 7834: 7819: 7783: 7759: 7747: 7723: 7678: 5372:

and the prefecture of Jingzhou. By the time it became an

4694:

Asia in 1100, showing the Khitan Empire and its neighbors

4306:

on the throne with the intention of serving as the boy's

4192:

Militarily, the Khitans came into conflict with both the

3851:(東丹王出行圖), scroll, light colors on silk. 146.8 x 77.3 cm. 3005:

The earliest reference to a Khitan state is found in the

2605: 9793: 9535:

Soldiers of the Dragon: Chinese Armies 1500 BC – AD 1840

8394: 8373: 8167:(illustrated ed.). University of California Press. 7568: 7006: 6787: 6785: 5230:

provinces in China, as well as northern portions of the

4656:

And tremble to discover more greying hair at my temples.

4648:

The flowers and shrubs, though fragrant, give us no joy.

3274:

Khitans eating. Tomb mural, Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia

9921:"Gilded Splendor" – Liao dynasty art at Asiasociety.org 9898:(Ph.D. thesis). University of California, Los Angeles. 9828:

From War to Diplomatic Parity in Eleventh Century China

8586: 8191:

La donna nella Cina imperiale e nella Cina repubblicana

8135:

La donna nella Cina imperiale e nella Cina repubblicana

7426: 7414: 7402: 7390: 7366: 7354: 7327: 7310: 7286: 7271: 7235: 7211: 7199: 7187: 7121: 7109: 7097: 7085: 6958: 6264: 6211:

Ruins of Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands

5616:

A Liao dynasty polychrome wood-carved statue depicting

4928:. They had been in contact with the Khitans ever since 4478:

living in Liao territory rebelled and sought refuge in

3781:, lasted only five months before his adoptive brother, 3570:

language. Uyghur influence led to the development of a

8888: 8864: 7915: 7580: 7378: 6982: 6907: 5779:

statue from the Chinese section of the Supreme Capital

5522:

inscriptions on stone tablets, as well as a number of

5206:

authorizing an imperial decree with the utmost urgency

4434:

began sending separate envoys to pay respects to her.

2821:

dynasty (or "Qara Khitai"), which ruled over parts of

9705:; Jonathan M. Adams; Thomas D. Hall (December 2006). 8657: 8574: 7807: 7073: 6936: 6934: 6919: 6885: 6883: 6881: 6857: 6821: 6809: 6797: 6782: 6602: 6566: 6497: 5071: 4968: 4520:

in 1056 at the site of his grandmother's family home.

4252:

tribes, citing that in the past the land belonged to

3362:

marked the beginning of the end of the Tang dynasty.

2863:(Emperor Taizu of Liao). In 947, Abaoji's successor, 9526:

Science & Civilisation in China Volume 5 Part 11

9082:

Animal and Shaman: Ancient Religions of Central Asia

9045: 8352: 8280: 7795: 7447:"Columbia chronologies of Asian history and culture" 6727: 6725: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6441: 6439: 6389: 6387: 6300:

The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia

5983: 5913:(雜劇) theater, its associated orchestration, and the 3812:

Shi Jingtang died in 942. His nephew and successor,

3562:

delegation led Abaoji to order his younger brother,

2602: 1447: 1369: 1249: 1182: 1112: 986: 10963:(肅州) Níngjiāngzhōu (寧江州) Hézhōu (河州) Xiángzhōu (祥州) 10395:(肅州) Níngjiāngzhōu (寧江州) Hézhōu (河州) Xiángzhōu (祥州) 8843: 8831: 8819: 8598: 8268: 7846: 6994: 6404: 6402: 6252: 6154: 6104: 5033:) in 1120 during the last years of the Liao dynasty 2960:, while others believe that the name came from the 2817:(who would become Emperor Dezong), established the 2657: 2621: 9799:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 9275: 9203: 9158: 9102:Diplomacy and Trade in the Chinese World, 589–1276 8794: 8792: 8790: 8479: 8340: 8328: 7298: 7133: 7061: 6970: 6946: 6931: 6878: 6297: 6240: 6228: 2893:due to a reassertion of Khitan identity. In 1066, 9874:Historical development of the pre-dynastic Khitan 9517:Science and Civilization in China Volume 5 Part 6 8762: 8760: 6845: 6833: 6758: 6746: 6722: 6626: 6614: 6590: 6578: 6545: 6533: 6521: 6509: 6480: 6468: 6451: 6436: 6419: 6417: 6384: 2696:. Founded around the time of the collapse of the 13238: 11012:榮州 Lǜzhōu 率州 Hézhōu 荷州 Yuánzhōu 源州 Bóhǎizhōu 渤海州 10444:榮州 Lǜzhōu 率州 Hézhōu 荷州 Yuánzhōu 源州 Bóhǎizhōu 渤海州 9030:Collection of Reviews of Classical Chinese Drama 9024:Chinese Academy of Opera (中国戲曲研究院), ed. (1959). 8989: 8977:"Tomb of Princess of Chen State in Liao Dynasty" 8161:"FIVE Sung Embassies: Some General Observations" 8111:(illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 27. 7459:據《渤海国记》：“定安国王大氏、乌氏迭见其理不可晓。渤海亡，始建国，下讫淳化二年，凡六十四年。” 6770: 6705:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6399: 6372: 2813:. However, the remaining Liao loyalists, led by 2688:that existed between 916 and 1125, ruled by the 10830:(河董) Jìngbiān (靜邊) Píbèihé (皮被河) Tǎlǎnzhǔ (塔懶主) 10262:(河董) Jìngbiān (靜邊) Píbèihé (皮被河) Tǎlǎnzhǔ (塔懶主) 9761: 9224: 8787: 8437: 7550: 7492: 6687:. Archived from the original on 5 November 2020 324:• "Great Liao" adopted as a dynastic name 13327:States and territories established in the 900s 8757: 6414: 5391:The Liao Army was composed of 3 sections: the 4319:and their army was all but annihilated at the 3773:. In 933, Taizong led a campaign against some 3750:as an honored guest. In 937, he was killed by 3039:, mentions a Khitan raid taking place in 378. 13332:States and territories disestablished in 1125 11752: 11284: 11270: 10715: 10691: 10147: 9984: 8648: 8298:Gernet (2008), 354. and Mote (1999), 205–206. 6129: 5608:Eight Great Architectures of the Liao Dynasty 4867:Fragment of a tomb mural showing a Khitan boy 4536:Funerary mask and crown from the Liao dynasty 4449:people relaxed and they were allowed to play 4185:), which received an inner and outer wall, a 2917:via Islamic and Russian sources, and became " 2573: 2135: 1630: 403:2,600,000 km (1,000,000 sq mi) 44: 26: 13209:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 8963:"Murals in two Liao Dynasty tombs (Article)" 8641: 8639: 8547: 8523:Christopher Kaplonski, David Sneath (2010). 8498:Christopher Kaplonski, David Sneath (2010). 6092:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary 5644:Religion in Liao society was a synthesis of 5257:Administrative divisions of the Liao dynasty 4418:The 15 year old Yelü Zongzhen, posthumously 3871:hunting with birds of prey, 9–10th centuries 9394:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 9098: 8994:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 174. 8741: 8739: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8412: 7672: 7468: 6173:] (in Chinese). Shōkadō. Archived from 5869:hunters in a painting by Chen Juzhong, 1196 4948:valley and the eastern mountains of modern 4465:In 1042, the Khitans took advantage of the 16:Khitan imperial dynasty of China (916–1125) 11759: 11745: 11277: 11263: 10722: 10708: 10154: 10140: 9991: 9977: 9674: 9645: 9301:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Washington. 9206:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China 9182:Chinese Theater in the Days of Kublai Khan 8417:. Columbia University Press. p. 974. 7453: 5681:, although their predictions for when the 5516:surviving specimens of both Khitan scripts 5279:), the Northern and Southern Great Kings ( 5241: 4871:The accession of Yelü Yanxi, posthumously 4606:for selection of officials. The number of 4453:, a game regarded as a military exercise. 3622:and the creation of the puppet Kingdom of 3155:and Chinese dynasties such as the Sui and 2967:which was the traditional homeland of the 2580: 2566: 2142: 2128: 1637: 1623: 9739: 9722: 9679:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 9609: 9318:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 8941: 8636: 8262: 8250: 8238: 8226: 8214: 8187: 8131: 8092: 8077: 8062: 8050: 8038: 8026: 8002: 7990: 7975: 7963: 7948: 7933: 7909: 7897: 7885: 7873: 7861: 7840: 7828: 7789: 7777: 7765: 7753: 7741: 7729: 7717: 7684: 7660: 7625: 7562: 7432: 7420: 7408: 7396: 7372: 7360: 7348: 7336: 7321: 7292: 7280: 7265: 7253: 7241: 7229: 7217: 7205: 7193: 7127: 7115: 7103: 7091: 7055: 7019: 6964: 6682: 5888:(詞) form of poetry, an important part of 5250: 5082:, Tianzuo died at the age of 54 in 1128. 3967:During Muzong's reign, the Liao assisted 3920:. In late 951, Shizong decided to invade 9857:, United States: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 9768:Alien Regime and Border States, 907–1368 9746:Alien Regime and Border States, 907–1368 9492: 9483: 9474: 9465: 9456: 9447: 9438: 9426: 9238:Alien Regime and Border States, 907–1368 9153: 8730: 7690: 7574: 7384: 6913: 6426:"The Khitans 契丹 (www.chinaknowledge.de)" 6295: 5954: 5942:describing northern China on his way to 5894: 5861: 5627: 5611: 5541: 5477:. Despite surface level similarities to 5434:, Folio 9 of manuscript codex Nova N 176 5425: 5402: 5355: 5340: 5209: 5197: 5163:Yelü Dashi's dynasty was usurped by the 5095: 5016: 4862: 4850: 4826: 4823:Collapse of the Liao dynasty (1117–1124) 4818: 4785:'s king asked for territory east of the 4710: 4689: 4564:), the Bodhisattva of Universal Virtue, 4555: 4539: 4531: 4523: 4507: 4409: 4401: 4393: 4126: 4115: 4107: 4096: 4011: 3935: 3863: 3843: 3687: 3679: 3663: 3430: 3418: 3410: 3398: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3269: 3228: 3085: 2513:Korean People's Association in Manchuria 13352:12th-century disestablishments in China 13033: 10907:(辰州) Lúzhōu (盧州) Tiězhōu (鐵州 (興州) (崇州) 10339:(辰州) Lúzhōu (盧州) Tiězhōu (鐵州 (興州) (崇州) 9998: 9855:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China 9784: 9693: 9523: 9514: 9362: 9313: 9079: 8897: 8882: 8715: 8675: 8592: 8556:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8104: 8014: 7040: 6988: 6670: 5698:. In warfare, they practiced a form of 4389: 4121:Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War 4102:First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War 4086: 3469:, and established superiority over the 3062:, which describes the Khitans being of 2989: 2700:, at its greatest extent it ruled over 13239: 9825: 9270: 8921:The Desk Encyclopedia of World History 8918: 8158: 7921: 7648: 7444: 7031: 6207: 5884:The rhythmic and tonal pattern of the 5465:, was developed. A second script, the 5398: 5307:Denis Twitchett and Klaus-Peter Tietze 4808: 4776:Denis Twitchett and Klaus-Peter Tietze 4503: 4030:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period 2801:The Liao dynasty was destroyed by the 11740: 11258: 10703: 10690: 10135: 9972: 9852: 9839:, U of M Center for Chinese Studies, 9834: 9740:Twitchett, Denis (1994), "The Liao", 9731: 9626: 9587: 9579: 9541: 9532: 9198: 9179: 9118: 8969: 8955: 8663: 8580: 8286: 8274: 7813: 7445:Bowman, John Stewart (6 March 2000). 7150: 7148: 7000: 6335: 6258: 6158:契丹文dan gur與「東丹國」國號：兼評劉浦江「再談“東丹國”國号問題」 6068:Turchin, Adams, and Hall (2006), 222. 5562: 4859:tent found in the Hadatu tomb in 1973 4590:Daozong's reign began with increased 4312:sent an army of 400,000 men to Goryeo 4007: 3754:, who overthrew Later Tang and ruled 3224: 2867:, officially renamed the dynasty as " 13347:10th-century establishments in China 9877:. Helsinki: University of Helsinki. 9550: 9408: 9384: 9354: 9332: 9296: 9262: 9051: 8870: 8849: 8837: 8825: 8604: 8358: 7801: 7607: 7586: 7480: 7304: 7154: 7139: 7079: 7067: 6976: 6952: 6940: 6925: 6889: 6863: 6791: 6423: 6304:. Rutgers University Press. p. 6246: 6234: 6036:List of emperors of the Liao dynasty 4528:Liao dynasty gold wire phoenix crown 4032:came to an end with the rise of the 3859: 3675: 3496:In 916, Abaoji assumed the title of 13257:Former countries in Chinese history 11671:The Cambridge History of Inner Asia 11440:Protectorate of the Western Regions 9891: 9734:Science and Civilization in China 5 9675:Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1997). 9629:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland 9588:Smith, Paul Jakov (December 2006). 9495:Science & Civilisation in China 8706:Franke and Twitchett (1994), 31–36. 8476:Twitchett and Tietze (1994), 79–80. 8391:Twitchett and Tietze (1994), 77–78. 7696: 7538: 7504: 6875:Wittfogel and Feng (1946), 400–402. 6743:Twitchett and Tietze (1994), 50–53. 6719:Twitchett and Tietze (1994), 48–49. 6644: 6563:Twitchett and Tietze (1994), 47–48. 5348:, believed to have been painted by 4323:by the Goryeo forces under General 3992:There were minor troubles with the 3931: 3394: 3286:was appointed prefect of Guicheng. 2076:Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate 311:• Abaoji assumes the title of 13: 11068:(錦州) Chuānzhōu (川州) Jiànzhōu (建州) 10500:(錦州) Chuānzhōu (川州) Jiànzhōu (建州) 9870: 9598:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 9254: 8485: 8346: 8334: 7155:Chen, Yuan Julian (January 2014). 7145: 6851: 6839: 6827: 6815: 6803: 6776: 6764: 6752: 6731: 6632: 6620: 6608: 6596: 6584: 6572: 6551: 6539: 6527: 6515: 6503: 6491: 6474: 6462: 6445: 6408: 6393: 6378: 5857: 5791:Liao era painted wooden statue of 5748:statue, Liao dynasty, 11th century 5632:One of the famous set of lifesize 5537: 5430:The only extant manuscript in the 3173:received their orders at the hour 398: 14: 13368: 10766:(祖州) Huáizhōu (懷州) Qìngzhōu (慶州) 10198:(祖州) Huáizhōu (懷州) Qìngzhōu (慶州) 9914: 9787:Imperial Chinese Military History 9711:Journal of World-Systems Research 9696:The Origins of the Chinese Nation 9278:A History of Chinese Civilization 8525:The History of Mongolia (3 Vols.) 8500:The History of Mongolia (3 Vols.) 8188:Lanciotti, Lionello, ed. (1980). 8132:Lanciotti, Lionello, ed. (1980). 7508:The History of Korea, 2nd Edition 3916:From 949 to 950, Shizong invaded 3883:, and not the designated heir of 3598:, in 910 the Kumo Xi, in 912 the 11407: 10730:Administrative divisions of the 10162:Administrative divisions of the 9057: 9036: 9017: 9008: 8983: 8912: 8903: 8855: 8810: 8801: 8778: 8769: 8748: 8721: 8700: 8669: 8610: 8541: 8516: 8491: 8470: 8461: 8452: 8443: 8406: 8403:Twitchett and Tietze (1994), 79. 8385: 8382:Twitchett and Tietze (1994), 78. 8370:Twitchett and Tietze (1994), 77. 8364: 8319: 8310: 8301: 8292: 8181: 8152: 8125: 8098: 7601: 7592: 7544: 7532: 7032:Drompp, Michael (January 2002). 6651:Biography of An Lu-shan, Issue 8 6277:Twitchett and Tietze (1994), 44. 6138: 6132: 6000: 5986: 5950: 5833: 5824: 5799: 5784: 5768: 5753: 5738: 5064:Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia 5025:, a Buddhist structure built at 4426:and one of his lesser consorts, 4219:In 985–86, the Khitans attacked 3841:at the age of 45 on 18 May 947. 3634:, the Balhae people west of the 3365: 2809:in 1125 with the capture of the 2775:that led to the collapse of the 2771:and part of Hebei) by fueling a 2598: 2178: 1659: 718: 650: 636: 622: 608: 594: 580: 555: 541: 527: 513: 499: 485: 471: 457: 443: 64: 37: 10947:(吉州) Yìzhōu (懿州) Yìngzhōu (媵州) 10379:(吉州) Yìzhōu (懿州) Yìngzhōu (媵州) 9316:Women of the Conquest Dynasties 9165:. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell. 8727:Wittfogel and Feng (1946), 199. 8676:Zaytsev, Viacheslav P. (2011). 7498: 7486: 7474: 7438: 7025: 6904:Wittfogel and Feng (1946), 401. 6869: 6737: 6713: 6664: 6638: 6557: 6363: 6329: 6289: 6280: 6214:. University of Hawaiʻi Press. 5675:the three treasures of Buddhism 4889:exam, which suggests continued 4837:Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute 4731:plans to eliminate his mother, 4112:Khitan invasion of Song in 1004 3614:. A year later he attacked the 3195: 2345:Medieval to Early Modern period 13342:1125 disestablishments in Asia 9764:The Cambridge History of China 9742:The Cambridge History of China 9582:A Crisis in the Literati State 9501:, Cambridge University Press, 9234:The Cambridge History of China 8467:Wittfogel and Feng (1946), 45. 8449:Wittfogel and Feng (1946), 44. 6336:Skaff, Jonathan Karam (2012). 6201: 6192: 6148: 6098: 6080: 6071: 6062: 5971:The Chinese state news agency 5963:in the Khitan city of Hedong ( 5709:Many elite Khitans, including 5277:Beifu zaixiang, Nanfu zaixiang 5085: 4670:Records of the Grand Historian 4131:Liao phoenix and dragon crowns 3909:In 947, a planned invasion of 3849:The King of Dongdan Goes Forth 3769:, to attack the Later Tang at 3481:to form a blood oath with the 2885: 2876: 2855: 2716:, and the northern tip of the 2680: 2671: 2648: 2639: 2631: 1577:Science and technology history 1: 10943:(湖州) (渤州) (郢州) Tóngzhōu (銅州) 10375:(湖州) (渤州) (郢州) Tóngzhōu (銅州) 9853:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009), 9835:Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000), 9370:. Paris: Les Belles Lettres. 9338:The Kitan Language and Script 9314:Johnson, Linda Cooke (2011). 8619:The Kitan Language and Script 7505:Kim, Djun Kil (30 May 2014). 6051: 5634:Yixian glazed pottery luohans 5193: 4920:by 1125. The Jurchens were a 4565: 4467:Li Yuanhao's invasion of Song 3978:Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou 3337:Khitan crown (female), silver 2431:Sino-Russian border conflicts 947: 906: 882: 859: 835: 776: 71: 9943:Dynasties in Chinese history 9627:Starr, S. Frederick (2015). 9528:, Cambridge University Press 9519:, Cambridge University Press 9488:, Cambridge University Press 9413:, Harvard University Press, 9180:Crump, James Irving (1980). 9066:Retrieved, January 12, 2018. 8919:Wright, Edmund, ed. (2006). 7161:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 6155:Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun (2009). 6116:] (in Chinese). Shōkadō. 6056: 5810:, Liao dynasty, 10th century 5686:immediately preceding 1052. 5581:marriage among the Khitans. 5029:("Southern Capital", modern 4638:changes in Liao leadership. 3971:in fending off an attack by 3801:) was constructed at modern 3797:. A new "Southern Capital" ( 3758:as a puppet of the Khitans. 3531:as a gift from the state of 3512:, from his primary consort, 2825:for almost a century before 2763:. Its conquests include the 2658: 2622: 7: 11766: 10790:(龍化州) Jiàngshèngzhōu (降聖州) 10222:(龍化州) Jiàngshèngzhōu (降聖州) 9785:Whiting, Marvin C. (2002), 9732:Tsien, Tsuen-hsuin (1985), 8754:Johnson (2011), xvii–xviii. 8438:Twitchett & Tietze 1994 8163:. In Rossabi, Moris (ed.). 7551:Twitchett & Tietze 1994 7493:Twitchett & Tietze 1994 6208:Hudson, Mark James (1999). 6026:Fashion in the Liao dynasty 5979: 5597: 5421: 5360:Liao dynasty cavalry armour 5336: 5072: 4969: 3730:Bei was still ruler of the 3696:Yelü Deguang, posthumously 3642:in the upper valley of the 3508:. He named his eldest son, 3321:In 720 the military chief ( 2712:, southern portions of the 2708:, the northern part of the 2659:Mos diau-d kitai huldʒi gur 2207:Ancient to Classical period 10: 13373: 11540:against Northwest khanates 9694:Tackett, Nicholas (2017), 9580:Smith, Paul Jakov (2015), 9546:, Pen & Sword Military 9265:The Travels of Ibn Battuta 9099:Bielenstein, Hans (2005), 9072: 8909:Johnson (2011), 53 and 84. 7705:University of Pennsylvania 7614:Journal of Chinese History 7608:Chen, Yuan Julian (2018). 6671:Chamney, Lee (Fall 2012). 5760:Liao era bronze figure of 5601: 5450:with many loan words from 5442:is closely related to the 5414: 5254: 5089: 4944:) who inhabited the lower 4812: 4575:Yelü Hongji, posthumously 4310:. The Khitans immediately 4196:and the Korean kingdom of 4135:Yelü Longxu, posthumously 4090: 3835:Later Han (Five Dynasties) 3809:, his geopolitical rival. 3756:Later Jin (Five Dynasties) 3746:court and was received by 3177:and assembled at the hour 3000: 2993: 2978: 2974: 2841:The "Great Khitan State" ( 493:Later Jin (Five Dynasties) 13287:Nomadic groups in Eurasia 13202: 13154: 12671: 12075: 11774: 11662: 11601: 11568: 11530: 11497: 11455: 11425: 11416: 11405: 11293: 11231: 11170: 11157: 11150: 11113: 11100: 11093: 11052: 11038: 11031: 11017: 10968: 10887: 10846: 10839: 10822: 10811: 10758: 10745: 10738: 10697: 10692:Links to related articles 10663: 10602: 10589: 10582: 10545: 10532: 10525: 10484: 10470: 10463: 10449: 10400: 10319: 10278: 10271: 10254: 10243: 10190: 10177: 10170: 10097:Memorial for Yelü Yanning 10072: 10007: 9949: 9940: 9928: 9357:The Age of Confucian Rule 8990:Linda C. Johnson (2011). 6224:– via Google Books. 6131:『遼朝國號非「哈喇契丹(遼契丹)」考：兼擬契丹大字 6130: 5815: 5494:in Chinese, in some 6000 5123:and gained a foothold in 4897:repeatedly requested the 4424:Emperor Shengzong of Liao 4414:Liao dynasty crown – back 4406:Liao dynasty crown – side 4398:Liao dynasty dragon crown 4137:Emperor Shengzong of Liao 3042:According to sinologists 3035:(1145), a history of the 2891:Emperor Shengzong of Liao 2846: 2503:Kwantung Leased Territory 1451: 1373: 1253: 1186: 1116: 990: 666: 422: 407: 396: 391: 387: 373: 359: 346: 332: 322: 309: 295: 291: 281: 277: 265: 253: 241: 229: 217: 205: 193: 181: 169: 165: 155: 145: 133: 109: 91: 81: 63: 58: 45: 27: 23: 13317:11th century in Mongolia 13307:10th century in Mongolia 11333:Western Turkic Khaganate 11328:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 10102:Administrative divisions 9544:Battles of Ancient China 9524:Needham, Joseph (2008), 9515:Needham, Joseph (1994), 9493:—— (1986f), 9484:—— (1986h), 9475:—— (1986e), 9466:—— (1986d), 9457:—— (1986c), 9448:—— (1986b), 9439:—— (1986g), 9411:Imperial China: 900–1800 9391:Imperial China: 900–1800 9232:(1994). "Introduction". 9080:Baldick, Julian (2012). 8159:Franke, Herbert (1983). 7511:. ABC-CLIO. p. 66. 6166: 6157: 6109: 5927:Classical Chinese poetry 5899:Liao gold waist ornament 5721:after the defeat by the 5444:Mongolic language family 4581:Emperor Xingzong of Liao 4579:, succeeded his father, 4420:Emperor Xingzong of Liao 4265:Emperor Zhenzong of Song 4141:Emperor Jingzong of Liao 4139:, succeeded his father, 4028:. During his reign, the 4022:Emperor Jingzong of Liao 4020:Yelü Xian, posthumously 3951:, succeeded his cousin, 3947:Yelü Jing, posthumously 3875:Yelü Ruan, posthumously 3700:, was the second son of 3527:In 917, Abaoji received 3021:(648), a history of the 2859:) was founded in 907 by 2836: 2351:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 1879:Second Turkic Khaganates 11338:Second Turkic Khaganate 9871:Xu, Elina-Qian (2005). 9537:, Osprey Publishing Ltd 9297:Hyun, Jeongwon (2013). 9200:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley 8925:Oxford University Press 8798:Johnson (2011), 99–100. 6296:Grousset, Rene (1970). 5723:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 5291:) and the Three Dukes ( 5242:Enthronement ceremonies 5127:. After conquering the 4877:Emperor Daozong of Liao 4873:Emperor Tianzuo of Liao 4841:Emperor Gaozong of Song 4748:Emperor Taizong of Liao 4721:Emperor Daozong of Liao 4577:Emperor Daozong of Liao 4518:Emperor Daozong of Liao 4514:Pagoda of Fogong Temple 4202:Emperor Taizong of Song 4179:Emperor Taizong of Liao 4051:Emperor Taizong of Song 4026:Emperor Shizong of Liao 3953:Emperor Shizong of Liao 3885:Emperor Taizong of Liao 3877:Emperor Shizong of Liao 3698:Emperor Taizong of Liao 3437:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 3307:Second Turkic Khaganate 3264:Songchao Shishi Leiyuan 3037:Three Kingdoms of Korea 2985:Timeline of the Khitans 2895:Emperor Daozong of Liao 2865:Emperor Taizong of Liao 2811:Emperor Tianzuo of Liao 2767:(including present-day 576:Jin dynasty (1115–1234) 418:in the southern circuit 13322:11th century in Russia 13312:10th century in Russia 13272:History of the Khitans 11323:First Turkic Khaganate 9892:Yun, Peter I. (1998). 9826:Wright, David (2005), 8816:Johnson (2011), 86–88. 8807:Johnson (2011), 90–92. 8766:Johnson (2011), 85–87. 8527:. BRILL. p. 100. 8502:. BRILL. p. 480. 8415:A New Cultural History 7852:Steinhardt (1997), 20. 5968: 5948: 5900: 5870: 5673:(末法), an age in which 5641: 5625: 5551: 5526:on coins, mirrors and 5508: 5435: 5412: 5361: 5353: 5310: 5281:Bei Dawang, Nan Dawang 5251:Law and administration 5215: 5207: 5105: 5034: 5023:Tianning Temple Pagoda 4998:had also joined them. 4868: 4860: 4848: 4824: 4779: 4763: 4727: 4695: 4664: 4572: 4553: 4537: 4529: 4521: 4415: 4407: 4399: 4366:people of the defunct 4349:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 4292: 4132: 4124: 4113: 4105: 4017: 3949:Emperor Muzong of Liao 3944: 3872: 3856: 3853:National Palace Museum 3728: 3693: 3685: 3672: 3659: 3592: 3552: 3440: 3428: 3416: 3408: 3392: 3346: 3338: 3275: 3268: 3246: 3193: 3095: 3073:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani 2981:History of the Khitans 2508:Nationalist government 1752:Munkhkhairkhan culture 334:• Signing of the 13302:12th century in China 13297:11th century in China 13292:10th century in China 13179:Medieval great powers 11465:against Western Turks 11022:Shùnhuà 順化 Láiyuǎn 來遠 10454:Shùnhuà 順化 Láiyuǎn 來遠 9724:10.5195/jwsr.2006.369 9542:Peers, Chris (2013), 9479:, Taipei: Caves Books 9470:, Taipei: Caves Books 9461:, Taipei: Caves Books 9452:, Taipei: Caves Books 9443:, Taipei: Caves Books 9434:, Taipei: Caves Books 9355:Kuhn, Dieter (2009), 9155:Crossley, Pamela Kyle 9149:10.1353/sys.2014.0000 8861:Shen (2001), 266–269. 8654:Kane (2009), 167–168. 8548:Michal Biran (2005). 8307:Steinhardt (1994), 5. 7173:10.1353/sys.2014.0000 6430:www.chinaknowledge.de 5958: 5931: 5898: 5865: 5631: 5615: 5602:Further information: 5545: 5483: 5429: 5415:Further information: 5406: 5359: 5344: 5272: 5213: 5201: 5099: 5020: 4866: 4855:Miniature model of a 4854: 4830: 4822: 4813:Further information: 4768: 4752: 4714: 4693: 4640: 4604:imperial examinations 4559: 4543: 4535: 4527: 4511: 4413: 4405: 4397: 4281: 4130: 4119: 4111: 4100: 4091:Further information: 4015: 3939: 3867: 3847: 3714: 3692:Khitan holding a mace 3691: 3684:Khitan boys and girls 3683: 3667: 3648: 3584:Hebei; is that true?" 3577: 3537: 3434: 3423:Khitan tomb mural in 3422: 3414: 3402: 3377: 3344: 3336: 3329:Yaonian Confederation 3273: 3255: 3232: 3167: 3089: 3023:Jin dynasty (266–420) 2996:List of Khitan rulers 2781:Northern Song dynasty 2652:), also known as the 2099:Democratic Revolution 1442:(mainland, 1912–1949) 92:Common languages 13267:History of Manchuria 13189:European colonialism 13174:Ancient great powers 11677:Greater Central Asia 10919:(瀋州) (集州) (遼州) (通州) 10351:(瀋州) (集州) (遼州) (通州) 10107:Shangjing Linhuangfu 9789:, Writers Club Press 9533:Peers, C.J. (2006), 9409:Mote, F. W. (2003), 9263:Gibb, H.A.R (1994), 8413:Cho-yun Hsu (2012). 6124:13 June 2013 at the 6021:Emperors family tree 5640:, early 12th century 5488:Lung Khan Shou Chien 5407:Liao silver coin in 5076:). According to the 4390:Xingzong (1031–1055) 4087:Shengzong (982–1031) 4073:, which failed. The 3106:). According to the 3013:Northern Wei dynasty 2990:Pre-dynastic history 2493:Far Eastern Republic 2263:Yan (Three Kingdoms) 2238:Yan (Warring States) 412:Liao dynasty coinage 348:• Emergence of 13184:Modern great powers 11178:(弘州) Fēngzhōu (豐州) 11137:(景州) Píngzhōu (平州) 10951:(衍州) Liánzhōu (連州) 10610:(弘州) Fēngzhōu (豐州) 10569:(景州) Píngzhōu (平州) 10383:(衍州) Liánzhōu (連州) 9255:Fu, Lo-han (2018), 9042:Crump (1990), 12–13 9014:Crump (1990), 25–26 8784:Johnson (2011), 98. 8775:Johnson (2011), 97. 8265:, pp. 149–151. 8253:, pp. 148–149. 8241:, pp. 145–146. 8229:, pp. 143–144. 8053:, pp. 138–139. 8029:, pp. 132–133. 8005:, pp. 135–136. 7993:, pp. 133–134. 7936:, pp. 129–130. 7912:, pp. 127–128. 7864:, pp. 124–125. 7780:, pp. 116–117. 7744:, pp. 114–116. 7720:, pp. 113–114. 7663:, pp. 111–112. 7651:, pp. 185–186. 7565:, pp. 103–104. 6830:, pp. 234–235. 6818:, pp. 230–231. 6806:, pp. 228–229. 6611:, pp. 116–117. 6575:, pp. 112–113. 6506:, pp. 110–111. 6106:Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun 5890:Song dynasty poetry 5467:Khitan small script 5463:Khitan large script 5409:Khitan large script 5399:Society and culture 5222:, Liaoning, Jilin, 5180:Jurchen Jin dynasty 5149:Kara-Khanid Khanate 4809:Tianzuo (1101–1125) 4798:, Zubu tribes, and 4725:Khitan small script 4504:Daozong (1055–1101) 4304:Hyeonjong of Goryeo 4277:Sixteen Prefectures 3791:Sixteen Prefectures 3638:, and the state of 3610:and its successor, 3572:Khitan small script 3556:Khitan large script 3360:An Lushan Rebellion 3011:, a history of the 2765:Sixteen Prefectures 2684:), was an imperial 2628:traditional Chinese 2401:Jurchen Jin dynasty 2360:Andong Protectorate 2072:People's Revolution 2042:National Revolution 1997:Oirat Confederation 1782:Deer stones culture 1653:History of Mongolia 13337:907 establishments 13252:Dynasties of China 11222:(東勝州) Tiāndé (天德) 11141:(灤州) Yíngzhōu (營州) 10806:(渭州) Zhènzhōu (鎮州) 10654:(東勝州) Tiāndé (天德) 10573:(灤州) Yíngzhōu (營州) 10238:(渭州) Zhènzhōu (鎮州) 9795:Wittfogel, Karl A. 9499:The Gunpowder Epic 9386:Mote, Frederick W. 8325:Ebrey (1996), 166. 7697:Hershey, Zachary. 7675:, p. 183-183. 7627:10.1017/jch.2018.7 7598:Smith (2006), 377. 6424:Theobald, Ulrich. 6198:Ledyard, 1983, 323 6180:on 19 October 2016 5969: 5901: 5871: 5642: 5626: 5563:Marriage practices 5552: 5550:and crown (female) 5532:Confucian classics 5479:Chinese characters 5452:Tungusic languages 5448:Mongolian language 5436: 5413: 5384:military origins. 5362: 5354: 5325:province near the 5234:, portions of the 5216: 5208: 5106: 5035: 4869: 4861: 4849: 4839:, commissioned by 4825: 4728: 4696: 4573: 4554: 4538: 4530: 4522: 4416: 4408: 4400: 4133: 4125: 4114: 4106: 4093:Goryeo–Khitan Wars 4018: 4008:Jingzong (969–982) 3945: 3873: 3857: 3694: 3686: 3673: 3441: 3429: 3417: 3409: 3353:The Tang governor 3347: 3339: 3276: 3247: 3225:Dahe Confederation 3096: 3044:Denis C. Twitchett 2662:), officially the 2636:simplified Chinese 2483:Beiyang government 2189:Prehistoric period 2062:Chinese occupation 1792:Slab-grave culture 1772:Ulaanzuukh culture 1742:Chemurchek culture 1732:Afanasievo culture 1457: 1267:Five Dynasties and 1259: 1194:Southern dynasties 1122: 1021:Chu–Han Contention 13234: 13233: 13228: 13227: 13150: 13149: 13115:Polish–Lithuanian 12290:Gurjara-Pratihara 11734: 11733: 11710:Chinese Turkestan 11658: 11657: 11479:Mongolian Plateau 11252: 11251: 11248: 11247: 11146: 11145: 11129:(涿州) Yìzhōu (易州) 11089: 11088: 11027: 11026: 10835: 10834: 10802:(成州) Yìzhōu (懿州) 10684: 10683: 10680: 10679: 10578: 10577: 10561:(涿州) Yìzhōu (易州) 10521: 10520: 10459: 10458: 10267: 10266: 10234:(成州) Yìzhōu (懿州) 10129: 10128: 10015:Goryeo–Khitan War 9967: 9966: 9950:Succeeded by 9677:Liao architecture 9638:978-1-317-45137-2 9497:, vol. V:7: 9340:. Leiden: Brill. 9091:978-0-8147-7165-5 8934:978-0-7394-7809-7 8885:, pp. 32–33. 8873:, pp. 82–83. 8718:, pp. 33–34. 8645:Kane (2009), 2–3. 8440:, pp. 78–79. 8017:, pp. 68–69. 7589:, pp. 69–71. 7351:, pp. 87–88. 7268:, pp. 82–83. 7256:, pp. 81–82. 7232:, pp. 76–81. 7082:, pp. 49–51. 7058:, pp. 68–69. 6928:, pp. 43–44. 6866:, pp. 38–39. 6794:, pp. 37–38. 6369:Xu (2005), 85–87. 5806:Bronze statue of 5504:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin 4681:Veritable Records 4300:Mokjong of Goryeo 4233:Cheongcheon River 4036:, which replaced 4024:, was the son of 4016:Khitan silk boots 3879:, was the son of 3860:Shizong (947–951) 3676:Taizong (926–947) 3498:Celestial Emperor 3450:fled the rule of 2718:North China Plain 2706:Mongolian Plateau 2590: 2589: 2532:Chinese Civil War 2528:Liaoshen Campaign 2518:Japanese invasion 2473:Russian invasions 2333:Göktürk Khaganate 2195:Liao civilization 2152: 2151: 2117: 2116: 2089:People's Republic 2025: 2024: 1930: 1929: 1902:Tang protectorate 1820: 1819: 1647: 1646: 1604:Transport history 1530:Education history 1502: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1483:Republic of China 1465:People's Republic 1438:Republic of China 1417: 1416: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1246: 1245: 1179: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1110: 1109: 1013:(206 BC – 220 AD) 943:Spring and Autumn 806:Liao civilization 697: 696: 662: 661: 658: 657: 568: 567: 267:• 1101–1125 255:• 1055–1101 243:• 1031–1055 13364: 13031: 13030: 12696:Austro-Hungarian 12396:Chagatai Khanate 11761: 11754: 11747: 11738: 11737: 11423: 11422: 11411: 11279: 11272: 11265: 11256: 11255: 11155: 11154: 11098: 11097: 11094:Southern Capital 11036: 11035: 10915:(顯州) (乾州) (貴德州) 10844: 10843: 10743: 10742: 10724: 10717: 10710: 10701: 10700: 10688: 10687: 10587: 10586: 10530: 10529: 10526:Southern Capital 10468: 10467: 10347:(顯州) (乾州) (貴德州) 10276: 10275: 10175: 10174: 10156: 10149: 10142: 10133: 10132: 10052:Battle of Qatwan 9993: 9986: 9979: 9970: 9969: 9929:Preceded by 9926: 9925: 9909: 9888: 9867: 9849: 9831: 9822: 9790: 9781: 9758: 9736: 9728: 9726: 9698: 9690: 9671: 9642: 9623: 9613: 9611:10.2307/25066819 9584: 9576: 9547: 9538: 9529: 9520: 9511: 9489: 9480: 9471: 9462: 9453: 9444: 9435: 9423: 9405: 9381: 9359: 9351: 9329: 9310: 9293: 9281: 9267: 9259: 9251: 9230:Twitchett, Denis 9221: 9209: 9195: 9176: 9164: 9137: 9115: 9095: 9067: 9061: 9055: 9049: 9043: 9040: 9034: 9033: 9021: 9015: 9012: 9006: 9005: 8987: 8981: 8980: 8973: 8967: 8966: 8959: 8953: 8952: 8945: 8939: 8938: 8916: 8910: 8907: 8901: 8895: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8868: 8862: 8859: 8853: 8847: 8841: 8835: 8829: 8823: 8817: 8814: 8808: 8805: 8799: 8796: 8785: 8782: 8776: 8773: 8767: 8764: 8755: 8752: 8746: 8745:Mote (1999), 76. 8743: 8728: 8725: 8719: 8713: 8707: 8704: 8698: 8697: 8673: 8667: 8661: 8655: 8652: 8646: 8643: 8634: 8633: 8614: 8608: 8602: 8596: 8590: 8584: 8578: 8572: 8571: 8555: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8495: 8489: 8483: 8477: 8474: 8468: 8465: 8459: 8456: 8450: 8447: 8441: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8410: 8404: 8401: 8392: 8389: 8383: 8380: 8371: 8368: 8362: 8356: 8350: 8344: 8338: 8332: 8326: 8323: 8317: 8316:Mote (1999), 58. 8314: 8308: 8305: 8299: 8296: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8254: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8205: 8185: 8179: 8178: 8156: 8150: 8149: 8129: 8123: 8122: 8102: 8096: 8090: 8081: 8075: 8066: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8042: 8036: 8030: 8024: 8018: 8012: 8006: 8000: 7994: 7988: 7979: 7973: 7967: 7961: 7952: 7946: 7937: 7931: 7925: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7895: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7865: 7859: 7853: 7850: 7844: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7793: 7787: 7781: 7775: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7721: 7715: 7709: 7708: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7676: 7673:Bielenstein 2005 7670: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7629: 7605: 7599: 7596: 7590: 7584: 7578: 7572: 7566: 7560: 7554: 7548: 7542: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7525: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7469:Bielenstein 2005 7466: 7460: 7457: 7451: 7450: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7370: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7325: 7319: 7308: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7284: 7278: 7269: 7263: 7257: 7251: 7245: 7239: 7233: 7227: 7221: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7184: 7152: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7107: 7101: 7095: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7046:Mote (1999), 51. 7044: 7038: 7037: 7029: 7023: 7017: 7004: 6998: 6992: 6986: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6938: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6902: 6893: 6887: 6876: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6780: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6720: 6717: 6711: 6710: 6704: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6686: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6460: 6449: 6443: 6434: 6433: 6421: 6412: 6406: 6397: 6391: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6367: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6303: 6293: 6287: 6284: 6278: 6275: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6205: 6199: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6179: 6164: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6136: 6117: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6084: 6078: 6075: 6069: 6066: 6010: 6005: 6004: 6003: 5996: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5946: 5837: 5828: 5803: 5788: 5772: 5757: 5742: 5506: 5456:Turkic languages 5346:Horse and Archer 5308: 5236:Russian Far East 5232:Korean peninsula 5157:Battle of Qatwan 5147:, defeating the 5075: 4972: 4777: 4761: 4662: 4570: 4567: 4345:Kingdom of Guiyi 4290: 4187:Confucian temple 3932:Muzong (951–969) 3833:announced a new 3726: 3657: 3590: 3550: 3506:Confucian temple 3502:Chinese era name 3448:Youzhou Jiedushi 3439:helmets and mask 3403:The location of 3395:Abaoji (907–926) 3390: 3373:Ningcheng County 3266: 3191: 3131:By the time the 3118:Rouran Khaganate 3109:New Book of Tang 2887: 2878: 2857: 2848: 2714:Russian Far East 2710:Korean Peninsula 2686:dynasty of China 2682: 2673: 2661: 2650: 2641: 2633: 2625: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2582: 2575: 2568: 2551:Russian Far East 2283:Sima Jin dynasty 2182: 2172: 2154: 2153: 2144: 2137: 2130: 2038: 2037: 1951:9th–12th century 1943: 1942: 1912:Uyghur Khaganate 1857:Rouran Khaganate 1833: 1832: 1802:Chandman culture 1728: 1727: 1663: 1649: 1648: 1639: 1632: 1625: 1567:Military history 1525:Economic history 1513:Related articles 1490: 1472: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1443: 1410: 1397: 1384: 1371: 1370: 1354: 1341: 1328: 1309: 1299: 1287: 1274: 1256: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1235: 1225: 1212: 1199: 1184: 1183: 1167: 1162:Sixteen Kingdoms 1145: 1135: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1103: 1069: 1056: 1046: 1036: 1026: 1014: 1001: 988: 987: 966: 958: 956: 952: 949: 939: 929: 917: 915: 911: 908: 893: 891: 887: 884: 870: 868: 864: 861: 846: 844: 840: 837: 787: 785: 781: 778: 722: 712:History of China 699: 698: 654: 653: 640: 639: 626: 625: 612: 611: 598: 597: 584: 583: 572: 571: 559: 558: 545: 544: 531: 530: 517: 516: 503: 502: 489: 488: 479:Kyrgyz Khaganate 475: 474: 461: 460: 447: 446: 440: 439: 424: 423: 400: 379:captured by Jin 231:• 982–1031 126: 76: 73: 68: 49: 48: 47: 41: 31: 30: 29: 21: 20: 13372: 13371: 13367: 13366: 13365: 13363: 13362: 13361: 13237: 13236: 13235: 13230: 13229: 13224: 13213:American Empire 13198: 13194:African empires 13146: 13029: 12721:Central African 12667: 12485:Romano-Germanic 12071: 11805:Middle Assyrian 11778: 11770: 11765: 11735: 11730: 11706:Western Regions 11699:Chinese Tartary 11689:Eurasian nomads 11654: 11611:against Dzungar 11597: 11578:against Mongols 11564: 11526: 11493: 11451: 11435:against Xiongnu 11418:Chinese empires 11412: 11403: 11295:Nomadic empires 11289: 11283: 11253: 11244: 11227: 11166: 11151:Western Capital 11142: 11109: 11085: 11048: 11043:Zhōngjīng (中京) 11032:Central Capital 11023: 11013: 10964: 10883: 10840:Eastern Capital 10831: 10818: 10807: 10754: 10739:Supreme Capital 10734: 10728: 10693: 10685: 10676: 10659: 10598: 10583:Western Capital 10574: 10541: 10517: 10480: 10475:Zhōngjīng (中京) 10464:Central Capital 10455: 10445: 10396: 10315: 10272:Eastern Capital 10263: 10250: 10239: 10186: 10171:Supreme Capital 10166: 10160: 10130: 10125: 10120:History of Liao 10068: 10037:Chanyuan Treaty 10025:Second conflict 10003: 9997: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9946: 9938: 9934: 9917: 9912: 9906: 9885: 9865: 9847: 9811:10.2307/1005570 9778: 9756: 9687: 9660:10.2307/3250078 9639: 9565:10.2307/3249911 9509: 9428:Needham, Joseph 9421: 9402: 9378: 9364:Marsone, Pierre 9348: 9326: 9290: 9272:Gernet, Jacques 9257:Natpat and Ordo 9248: 9226:Franke, Herbert 9218: 9192: 9173: 9134: 9113: 9092: 9075: 9070: 9062: 9058: 9050: 9046: 9041: 9037: 9022: 9018: 9013: 9009: 9002: 8988: 8984: 8975: 8974: 8970: 8961: 8960: 8956: 8949:"Funerary Mask" 8947: 8946: 8942: 8935: 8927:. p. 373. 8917: 8913: 8908: 8904: 8896: 8889: 8881: 8877: 8869: 8865: 8860: 8856: 8848: 8844: 8836: 8832: 8824: 8820: 8815: 8811: 8806: 8802: 8797: 8788: 8783: 8779: 8774: 8770: 8765: 8758: 8753: 8749: 8744: 8731: 8726: 8722: 8714: 8710: 8705: 8701: 8688:(15): 130–150. 8674: 8670: 8662: 8658: 8653: 8649: 8644: 8637: 8630: 8622:. 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6481: 6473: 6469: 6461: 6452: 6444: 6437: 6422: 6415: 6407: 6400: 6392: 6385: 6377: 6373: 6368: 6364: 6354: 6352: 6350: 6334: 6330: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6294: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6276: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6233: 6229: 6222: 6206: 6202: 6197: 6193: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6168: 6167:愛新覚羅烏拉熙春女真契丹学研究 6162: 6159: 6153: 6149: 6126:Wayback Machine 6111: 6110:愛新覚羅烏拉熙春女真契丹学研究 6103: 6099: 6086: 6085: 6081: 6076: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6054: 6006: 6001: 5999: 5992: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5953: 5947: 5938: 5860: 5858:Cultural legacy 5847: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5830: 5829: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5795: 5789: 5780: 5773: 5764: 5758: 5749: 5743: 5731:Confucian rites 5725:, converted to 5717:who became the 5696:Winter solstice 5610: 5600: 5565: 5540: 5538:Status of women 5507: 5502: 5440:Khitan language 5432:Khitan language 5424: 5419: 5401: 5378:History of Liao 5339: 5309: 5306: 5259: 5253: 5244: 5196: 5173:Mongol conquest 5094: 5088: 5079:History of Liao 4922:Tungusic people 4835:cavalry in the 4817: 4811: 4778: 4775: 4762: 4759: 4705:Xinding tiaozhi 4701:Xinding tiaozhi 4663: 4660: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4568: 4506: 4488:Helan Mountains 4439:Xinding tiaozhi 4392: 4368:Dongdan Kingdom 4321:Battle of Gwiju 4291: 4288: 4269:Chanyuan Treaty 4241:tributary state 4150:History of Liao 4095: 4089: 4010: 3934: 3904:Xar Moron River 3862: 3732:Dongdan Kingdom 3727: 3723:History of Liao 3720: 3678: 3658: 3655: 3591: 3588: 3566:, to study the 3551: 3547:History of Liao 3544: 3518:Supreme Capital 3500:, proclaimed a 3465:, attacked the 3407:in the year 900 3397: 3391: 3384: 3368: 3331: 3303:Qapaghan Qaghan 3267: 3262: 3227: 3198: 3192: 3188:History of Liao 3185: 3171: 3114:Xar Moron River 3100:Hexigten Banner 3092:Liaoning Museum 3003: 2998: 2992: 2987: 2977: 2958:Khitan language 2937:region and the 2915:medieval Europe 2910:Western Regions 2904:established by 2902:successor state 2839: 2827:being conquered 2785:Chanyuan Treaty 2702:Northeast China 2601: 2597: 2586: 2557: 2556: 2547:Outer Manchuria 2542:Northeast China 2487:Fengtian Clique 2464:Chuang Guandong 2459:Amur Annexation 2454: 2446: 2445: 2376:Dongdan Kingdom 2371:Little Goguryeo 2346: 2338: 2337: 2208: 2200: 2199: 2190: 2170: 2163: 2148: 2119: 2118: 2109:Modern Mongolia 2082: 2035: 2027: 2026: 2007:Dzungar Khanate 1947:Mongol khanates 1940: 1939:Medieval period 1932: 1931: 1885: 1830: 1822: 1821: 1812:Pazyryk culture 1725: 1643: 1614: 1613: 1609:Women's history 1515: 1514: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1446: 1441: 1432: 1431: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1400: 1395: 1387: 1382: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1344: 1339: 1331: 1326: 1318: 1312: 1307: 1297: 1285: 1277: 1272: 1268: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1233: 1223: 1215: 1210: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1157: 1154: 1148: 1143: 1133: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1093: 1067: 1059: 1054: 1044: 1035:(202 BC – 9 AD) 1034: 1024: 1012: 1004: 999: 984: 983: 972: 971: 964: 954: 950: 945: 937: 927: 913: 909: 904: 896: 889: 885: 880: 866: 862: 857: 849: 842: 838: 833: 824: 823: 812: 811: 783: 779: 774: 766: 755: 754: 693: 651: 637: 623: 609: 595: 581: 556: 542: 528: 514: 500: 486: 472: 458: 444: 380: 377:Emperor Tianzuo 366: 352: 339: 336:Chanyuan Treaty 325: 315: 302: 301:becomes khagan 268: 256: 244: 232: 220: 219:• 969–982 208: 207:• 951–969 196: 195:• 947–951 184: 183:• 926–947 172: 171:• 907–926 129: 121: 77: 74: 70:Liao circuits, 54: 50: 43: 36: 32: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13370: 13360: 13359: 13357:Former empires 13354: 13349: 13344: 13339: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13319: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13249: 13232: 13231: 13226: 13225: 13223: 13222: 13221: 13220: 13215: 13206: 13204: 13200: 13199: 13197: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13181: 13176: 13171: 13170: 13169: 13158: 13156: 13152: 13151: 13148: 13147: 13145: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13123: 13122: 13112: 13107: 13102: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13066: 13065: 13060: 13050: 13045: 13039: 13037: 13028: 13027: 13026: 13025: 13020: 13015: 13010: 13005: 12995: 12990: 12989: 12988: 12978: 12973: 12972: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12951: 12946: 12945: 12944: 12939: 12929: 12928: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12897: 12896: 12895: 12890: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12864: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12833: 12832: 12831: 12826: 12816: 12811: 12810: 12809: 12804: 12794: 12793: 12792: 12787: 12777: 12776: 12775: 12770: 12760: 12755: 12754: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12723: 12718: 12717: 12716: 12711: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12677: 12675: 12669: 12668: 12666: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12649: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12608: 12603: 12602: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12566: 12565: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12498: 12497: 12492: 12482: 12481: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12426: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12405: 12404: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12352: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12326: 12325: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12299: 12298: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12256: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12235: 12230: 12229: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12193: 12192: 12191: 12186: 12176: 12175: 12174: 12169: 12164: 12159: 12149: 12144: 12143: 12142: 12132: 12131: 12130: 12125: 12117: 12112: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12081: 12079: 12077:Post-classical 12073: 12072: 12070: 12069: 12068: 12067: 12057: 12052: 12051: 12050: 12045: 12035: 12034: 12033: 12023: 12022: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11975: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11949: 11948: 11947: 11942: 11932: 11927: 11926: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11884: 11883: 11878: 11876:Middle Kingdom 11873: 11863: 11858: 11857: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11836: 11835: 11834: 11832:Neo-Babylonian 11829: 11824: 11822:Old Babylonian 11814: 11813: 11812: 11807: 11797: 11792: 11786: 11784: 11772: 11771: 11764: 11763: 11756: 11749: 11741: 11732: 11731: 11729: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11703: 11702: 11701: 11691: 11686: 11685: 11684: 11674: 11666: 11664: 11663:Related topics 11660: 11659: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11631: 11630: 11620: 11619: 11618: 11607: 11605: 11599: 11598: 11596: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11583:against Turpan 11580: 11574: 11572: 11566: 11565: 11563: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11536: 11534: 11528: 11527: 11525: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11509: 11503: 11501: 11495: 11494: 11492: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11461: 11459: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11449: 11448: 11447: 11445:Chief Official 11437: 11431: 11429: 11420: 11414: 11413: 11406: 11404: 11402: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11390: 11389: 11388: 11387: 11377: 11372: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11341: 11340: 11335: 11330: 11325: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11299: 11297: 11291: 11290: 11288:history series 11282: 11281: 11274: 11267: 11259: 11250: 11249: 11246: 11245: 11235: 11233: 11229: 11228: 11174: 11172: 11168: 11167: 11161: 11159: 11152: 11148: 11147: 11144: 11143: 11117: 11115: 11111: 11110: 11104: 11102: 11095: 11091: 11090: 11087: 11086: 11056: 11054: 11050: 11049: 11042: 11040: 11033: 11029: 11028: 11025: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11015: 11014: 10972: 10970: 10966: 10965: 10891: 10889: 10885: 10884: 10850: 10848: 10841: 10837: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10826: 10824: 10820: 10819: 10815: 10813: 10809: 10808: 10762: 10760: 10756: 10755: 10749: 10747: 10740: 10736: 10735: 10727: 10726: 10719: 10712: 10704: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10682: 10681: 10678: 10677: 10667: 10665: 10661: 10660: 10606: 10604: 10600: 10599: 10593: 10591: 10584: 10580: 10579: 10576: 10575: 10549: 10547: 10543: 10542: 10536: 10534: 10527: 10523: 10522: 10519: 10518: 10488: 10486: 10482: 10481: 10474: 10472: 10465: 10461: 10460: 10457: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10447: 10446: 10404: 10402: 10398: 10397: 10323: 10321: 10317: 10316: 10282: 10280: 10273: 10269: 10268: 10265: 10264: 10258: 10256: 10252: 10251: 10247: 10245: 10241: 10240: 10194: 10192: 10188: 10187: 10181: 10179: 10172: 10168: 10167: 10159: 10158: 10151: 10144: 10136: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10123: 10116: 10111: 10110: 10109: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10088: 10087: 10076: 10074: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10055: 10054: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10033: 10032: 10030:Third conflict 10027: 10022: 10020:First conflict 10011: 10009: 10005: 10004: 9996: 9995: 9988: 9981: 9973: 9965: 9964: 9951: 9948: 9939: 9936:Five Dynasties 9930: 9924: 9923: 9916: 9915:External links 9913: 9911: 9910: 9904: 9889: 9883: 9868: 9864:978-0810860537 9863: 9850: 9845: 9832: 9823: 9791: 9782: 9776: 9759: 9754: 9737: 9729: 9717:(2): 219–229. 9703:Turchin, Peter 9699: 9691: 9686:978-0824818432 9685: 9672: 9643: 9637: 9624: 9604:(2): 363–422. 9585: 9577: 9559:(2): 263–303. 9548: 9539: 9530: 9521: 9512: 9507: 9490: 9481: 9472: 9463: 9454: 9445: 9436: 9424: 9420:978-0674012127 9419: 9406: 9400: 9382: 9377:978-2251381091 9376: 9360: 9352: 9347:978-9004168299 9346: 9330: 9325:978-0824834043 9324: 9311: 9294: 9289:978-0521497817 9288: 9268: 9260: 9252: 9246: 9222: 9217:978-0521669917 9216: 9196: 9190: 9177: 9171: 9151: 9138: 9132: 9116: 9112:978-9047407614 9111: 9096: 9090: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9068: 9056: 9054:, p. 905. 9044: 9035: 9016: 9007: 9001:978-0824860240 9000: 8982: 8968: 8954: 8940: 8933: 8911: 8902: 8887: 8875: 8863: 8854: 8842: 8830: 8818: 8809: 8800: 8786: 8777: 8768: 8756: 8747: 8729: 8720: 8708: 8699: 8684:(in Russian). 8668: 8666:, p. 169. 8656: 8647: 8635: 8629:978-9004168299 8628: 8609: 8597: 8595:, p. 305. 8585: 8583:, p. 132. 8573: 8566: 8540: 8533: 8515: 8508: 8490: 8488:, p. 125. 8478: 8469: 8460: 8451: 8442: 8430: 8423: 8405: 8393: 8384: 8372: 8363: 8361:, p. 115. 8351: 8349:, p. 136. 8339: 8337:, p. 133. 8327: 8318: 8309: 8300: 8291: 8279: 8267: 8263:Twitchett 1994 8255: 8251:Twitchett 1994 8243: 8239:Twitchett 1994 8231: 8227:Twitchett 1994 8219: 8217:, p. 142. 8215:Twitchett 1994 8207: 8200: 8180: 8173: 8151: 8144: 8124: 8117: 8097: 8095:, p. 141. 8093:Twitchett 1994 8082: 8080:, p. 140. 8078:Twitchett 1994 8067: 8065:, p. 139. 8063:Twitchett 1994 8055: 8051:Twitchett 1994 8043: 8041:, p. 138. 8039:Twitchett 1994 8031: 8027:Twitchett 1994 8019: 8007: 8003:Twitchett 1994 7995: 7991:Twitchett 1994 7980: 7978:, p. 132. 7976:Twitchett 1994 7968: 7966:, p. 131. 7964:Twitchett 1994 7953: 7951:, p. 137. 7949:Twitchett 1994 7938: 7934:Twitchett 1994 7926: 7924:, p. 138. 7914: 7910:Twitchett 1994 7902: 7900:, p. 129. 7898:Twitchett 1994 7890: 7888:, p. 125. 7886:Twitchett 1994 7878: 7876:, p. 126. 7874:Twitchett 1994 7866: 7862:Twitchett 1994 7854: 7845: 7843:, p. 117. 7841:Twitchett 1994 7833: 7831:, p. 123. 7829:Twitchett 1994 7818: 7816:, p. 126. 7806: 7804:, p. 185. 7794: 7792:, p. 120. 7790:Twitchett 1994 7782: 7778:Twitchett 1994 7770: 7768:, p. 116. 7766:Twitchett 1994 7758: 7756:, p. 115. 7754:Twitchett 1994 7746: 7742:Twitchett 1994 7734: 7732:, p. 114. 7730:Twitchett 1994 7722: 7718:Twitchett 1994 7710: 7707:. p. 229. 7689: 7687:, p. 121. 7685:Twitchett 1994 7677: 7665: 7661:Twitchett 1994 7653: 7641: 7620:(2): 313–334. 7600: 7591: 7579: 7577:, p. 148. 7567: 7563:Twitchett 1994 7555: 7543: 7531: 7517: 7497: 7485: 7473: 7471:, p. 217. 7461: 7452: 7437: 7433:Twitchett 1994 7425: 7421:Twitchett 1994 7413: 7409:Twitchett 1994 7401: 7397:Twitchett 1994 7389: 7377: 7373:Twitchett 1994 7365: 7361:Twitchett 1994 7353: 7349:Twitchett 1994 7341: 7337:Twitchett 1994 7326: 7322:Twitchett 1994 7309: 7297: 7293:Twitchett 1994 7285: 7281:Twitchett 1994 7270: 7266:Twitchett 1994 7258: 7254:Twitchett 1994 7246: 7242:Twitchett 1994 7234: 7230:Twitchett 1994 7222: 7218:Twitchett 1994 7210: 7206:Twitchett 1994 7198: 7194:Twitchett 1994 7186: 7144: 7132: 7128:Twitchett 1994 7120: 7116:Twitchett 1994 7108: 7104:Twitchett 1994 7096: 7092:Twitchett 1994 7084: 7072: 7060: 7056:Twitchett 1994 7048: 7039: 7024: 7022:, p. 102. 7020:Twitchett 1994 7005: 6993: 6991:, p. 307. 6981: 6969: 6965:Twitchett 1994 6957: 6945: 6930: 6918: 6906: 6894: 6877: 6868: 6856: 6854:, p. 232. 6844: 6842:, p. 183. 6832: 6820: 6808: 6796: 6781: 6769: 6767:, p. 171. 6757: 6755:, p. 262. 6745: 6736: 6734:, p. 219. 6721: 6712: 6663: 6637: 6635:, p. 120. 6625: 6623:, p. 199. 6613: 6601: 6599:, p. 245. 6589: 6587:, p. 242. 6577: 6565: 6556: 6554:, p. 111. 6544: 6542:, p. 130. 6532: 6530:, p. 131. 6520: 6518:, p. 129. 6508: 6496: 6494:, p. 110. 6479: 6477:, p. 106. 6467: 6465:, p. 105. 6450: 6448:, p. 137. 6435: 6413: 6398: 6396:, p. 145. 6383: 6371: 6362: 6348: 6328: 6314: 6288: 6279: 6263: 6251: 6249:, p. 162. 6239: 6237:, p. 4-5. 6227: 6221:978-0824821562 6220: 6200: 6191: 6147: 6097: 6079: 6070: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6008:History portal 5997: 5981: 5978: 5952: 5949: 5936: 5925:(散曲) forms of 5859: 5856: 5842: 5841: 5832: 5831: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5805: 5798: 5796: 5790: 5783: 5781: 5774: 5767: 5765: 5762:Gautama Buddha 5759: 5752: 5750: 5744: 5737: 5599: 5596: 5564: 5561: 5539: 5536: 5500: 5423: 5420: 5400: 5397: 5338: 5335: 5304: 5255:Main article: 5252: 5249: 5243: 5240: 5228:Inner Mongolia 5195: 5192: 5104:empire in 1160 5090:Main article: 5087: 5084: 4901:to attack the 4810: 4807: 4773: 4757: 4719:, the wife of 4685:Buddhist monks 4658: 4550:Inner Mongolia 4505: 4502: 4422:, was born to 4391: 4388: 4325:Kang Kam-ch'an 4317:a major defeat 4286: 4229:invaded Goryeo 4088: 4085: 4060:Gaoliang River 4009: 4006: 3933: 3930: 3861: 3858: 3795:Central Plains 3718: 3677: 3674: 3656:Michael Drompp 3653: 3586: 3542: 3504:, and built a 3425:Inner Mongolia 3396: 3393: 3387:Zizhi Tongjian 3382: 3367: 3364: 3330: 3327: 3260: 3226: 3223: 3197: 3194: 3183: 3147:(550–577) and 3104:Ongniud Banner 3050:branch of the 3002: 2999: 2991: 2988: 2976: 2973: 2929:, such as the 2927:Turkic peoples 2923:name for China 2838: 2835: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2584: 2577: 2570: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2544: 2535: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2480: 2478:Russian Dalian 2475: 2466: 2461: 2455: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2438: 2428: 2423: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2353: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2175: 2174: 2165: 2164: 2157: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2146: 2139: 2132: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2079: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2052:Bogd Khaganate 2048: 2047: 2044: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1831: 1829:Ancient period 1828: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1762:Sagsai culture 1758: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1665: 1664: 1656: 1655: 1645: 1644: 1642: 1641: 1634: 1627: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1540:Jewish history 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1500: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1492: 1491: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1473: 1471:(1949–present) 1460: 1458: 1452: 1445: 1444: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1412: 1411: 1399: 1398: 1386: 1385: 1374: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1356: 1355: 1345: 1342: 1332: 1329: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1310: 1300: 1289: 1288: 1276: 1275: 1262: 1260: 1254: 1244: 1243: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1214: 1213: 1201: 1200: 1187: 1177: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1169: 1168: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1146: 1136: 1125: 1123: 1117: 1108: 1107: 1105: 1104: 1092: 1091: 1071: 1070: 1064:Three Kingdoms 1058: 1057: 1047: 1037: 1027: 1016: 1015: 1003: 1002: 991: 985: 979: 978: 977: 974: 973: 970: 969: 968: 967: 962:Warring States 959: 930: 919: 918: 895: 894: 872: 871: 867: 1046 BC 848: 847: 843: 1600 BC 825: 819: 818: 817: 814: 813: 810: 809: 789: 788: 784: 2000 BC 765: 764: 756: 750: 749: 748: 745: 744: 743: 742: 740:Historiography 737: 732: 724: 723: 715: 714: 708: 707: 695: 694: 692: 691: 686: 681: 676: 670: 668: 664: 663: 660: 659: 656: 655: 648: 642: 641: 634: 628: 627: 620: 614: 613: 606: 600: 599: 592: 586: 585: 578: 569: 566: 565: 560: 552: 551: 546: 538: 537: 532: 524: 523: 518: 510: 509: 504: 496: 495: 490: 482: 481: 476: 468: 467: 462: 454: 453: 448: 436: 435: 430: 420: 419: 409: 405: 404: 401: 394: 393: 389: 388: 385: 384: 381: 374: 371: 370: 367: 360: 357: 356: 353: 347: 344: 343: 340: 333: 330: 329: 326: 323: 320: 319: 316: 310: 307: 306: 303: 296: 293: 292: 289: 288: 283: 282:Historical era 279: 278: 275: 274: 269: 266: 263: 262: 257: 254: 251: 250: 245: 242: 239: 238: 233: 230: 227: 226: 221: 218: 215: 214: 209: 206: 203: 202: 197: 194: 191: 190: 185: 182: 179: 178: 173: 170: 167: 166: 163: 162: 159: 153: 152: 147: 143: 142: 137: 131: 130: 128: 127: 119: 113: 111: 107: 106: 100:Middle Chinese 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 69: 61: 60: 56: 55: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13369: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13338: 13335: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13282:Medieval Asia 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13262:Mongol states 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13244: 13242: 13219: 13218:Soviet empire 13216: 13214: 13211: 13210: 13208: 13207: 13205: 13203:Miscellaneous 13201: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13168: 13165: 13164: 13163: 13160: 13159: 13157: 13153: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13121: 13118: 13117: 13116: 13113: 13111: 13108: 13106: 13103: 13101: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13055: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13040: 13038: 13036: 13032: 13024: 13021: 13019: 13016: 13014: 13011: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 13000: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12987: 12984: 12983: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12956: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12934: 12933: 12930: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12902: 12901: 12898: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12885: 12884: 12881: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12838: 12837: 12834: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12821: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12802:German Empire 12800: 12799: 12798: 12795: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12782: 12781: 12778: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12765: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12728: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12706: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12678: 12676: 12674: 12670: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12613: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12571: 12570: 12567: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12544: 12543: 12542:Turco-Persian 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12487: 12486: 12483: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12450: 12449: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12410: 12409: 12406: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12383: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12331: 12330: 12327: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12304: 12303: 12300: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12282: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12240: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12198: 12197: 12194: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12181: 12180: 12177: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12158: 12155: 12154: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12141: 12138: 12137: 12136: 12133: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12120: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12111: 12108: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12082: 12080: 12078: 12074: 12066: 12063: 12062: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12040: 12039: 12036: 12032: 12029: 12028: 12027: 12024: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11991: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11954: 11953: 11950: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11937: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11900: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11868: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11841: 11840: 11837: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11819: 11818: 11815: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11802: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11762: 11757: 11755: 11750: 11748: 11743: 11742: 11739: 11727: 11726:Greater China 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11711: 11707: 11704: 11700: 11697: 11696: 11695: 11692: 11690: 11687: 11683: 11680: 11679: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11672: 11668: 11667: 11665: 11661: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11629: 11626: 11625: 11624: 11621: 11617: 11614: 11613: 11612: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11604: 11600: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11575: 11573: 11571: 11567: 11561: 11560:Northern Yuan 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11537: 11535: 11533: 11529: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11512:Northern Liao 11510: 11508: 11505: 11504: 11502: 11500: 11496: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11474:against Tibet 11472: 11470: 11469:Eastern Turks 11466: 11463: 11462: 11460: 11458: 11454: 11446: 11443: 11442: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11432: 11430: 11428: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11415: 11410: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11386: 11383: 11382: 11381: 11380:Mongol Empire 11378: 11376: 11375:Khamag Mongol 11373: 11371: 11368: 11367: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11320: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11296: 11292: 11287: 11280: 11275: 11273: 11268: 11266: 11261: 11260: 11257: 11242: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11225: 11221: 11220:Dōngshèngzhōu 11217: 11213: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11193: 11189: 11188:Fèngshèngzhōu 11185: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11169: 11164: 11160: 11156: 11153: 11149: 11140: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11124: 11120: 11116: 11112: 11107: 11103: 11099: 11096: 11092: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11037: 11034: 11030: 11020: 11016: 11011: 11007: 11003: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10971: 10967: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10890: 10886: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10842: 10838: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10814: 10810: 10805: 10801: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10781: 10777: 10773: 10772:Chángchūnzhōu 10769: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10752: 10748: 10744: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10725: 10720: 10718: 10713: 10711: 10706: 10705: 10702: 10696: 10689: 10674: 10670: 10666: 10662: 10657: 10653: 10652:Dōngshèngzhōu 10649: 10645: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10620:Fèngshèngzhōu 10617: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10596: 10592: 10588: 10585: 10581: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10539: 10535: 10531: 10528: 10524: 10515: 10511: 10507: 10503: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10469: 10466: 10462: 10452: 10448: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10415: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10313: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10281: 10277: 10274: 10270: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10246: 10242: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10204:Chángchūnzhōu 10201: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10173: 10169: 10165: 10157: 10152: 10150: 10145: 10143: 10138: 10137: 10134: 10122: 10121: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10108: 10105: 10104: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10086: 10083: 10082: 10081: 10080:Khitan people 10078: 10077: 10075: 10071: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10053: 10050: 10049: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10042:Northern Liao 10040: 10038: 10035: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10017: 10016: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10006: 10001: 9994: 9989: 9987: 9982: 9980: 9975: 9974: 9971: 9962: 9958: 9957:Northern Liao 9954: 9945: 9944: 9937: 9933: 9927: 9922: 9919: 9918: 9907: 9905:9780599031203 9901: 9897: 9896: 9890: 9886: 9880: 9876: 9875: 9869: 9866: 9860: 9856: 9851: 9848: 9842: 9838: 9833: 9829: 9824: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9804: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9783: 9779: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9760: 9757: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9738: 9735: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9697: 9692: 9688: 9682: 9678: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9654:(1/2): 5–39. 9653: 9649: 9648:Artibus Asiae 9644: 9640: 9634: 9631:. Routledge. 9630: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9593: 9586: 9583: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9553:Artibus Asiae 9549: 9545: 9540: 9536: 9531: 9527: 9522: 9518: 9513: 9510: 9508:0-521-30358-3 9504: 9500: 9496: 9491: 9487: 9482: 9478: 9473: 9469: 9464: 9460: 9455: 9451: 9446: 9442: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9422: 9416: 9412: 9407: 9403: 9397: 9393: 9392: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9358: 9353: 9349: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9321: 9317: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9295: 9291: 9285: 9280: 9279: 9273: 9269: 9266: 9261: 9258: 9253: 9249: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9213: 9208: 9207: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9191:0-89264-093-6 9187: 9183: 9178: 9174: 9168: 9163: 9162: 9156: 9152: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9139: 9135: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9120:Biran, Michal 9117: 9114: 9108: 9104: 9103: 9097: 9093: 9087: 9084:. NYU Press. 9083: 9078: 9077: 9065: 9060: 9053: 9048: 9039: 9031: 9027: 9020: 9011: 9003: 8997: 8993: 8986: 8978: 8972: 8964: 8958: 8950: 8944: 8936: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8915: 8906: 8900:, p. 32. 8899: 8894: 8892: 8884: 8879: 8872: 8867: 8858: 8852:, p. 85. 8851: 8846: 8840:, p. 84. 8839: 8834: 8828:, p. 43. 8827: 8822: 8813: 8804: 8795: 8793: 8791: 8781: 8772: 8763: 8761: 8751: 8742: 8740: 8738: 8736: 8734: 8724: 8717: 8712: 8703: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8672: 8665: 8660: 8651: 8642: 8640: 8631: 8625: 8621: 8620: 8613: 8607:, p. 96. 8606: 8601: 8594: 8589: 8582: 8577: 8569: 8563: 8559: 8554: 8553: 8544: 8536: 8534:9789004216358 8530: 8526: 8519: 8511: 8509:9789004216358 8505: 8501: 8494: 8487: 8482: 8473: 8464: 8455: 8446: 8439: 8434: 8426: 8424:9780231528184 8420: 8416: 8409: 8400: 8398: 8388: 8379: 8377: 8367: 8360: 8355: 8348: 8343: 8336: 8331: 8322: 8313: 8304: 8295: 8289:, p. 93. 8288: 8283: 8276: 8271: 8264: 8259: 8252: 8247: 8240: 8235: 8228: 8223: 8216: 8211: 8203: 8197: 8193: 8192: 8184: 8176: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8155: 8147: 8141: 8137: 8136: 8128: 8120: 8114: 8110: 8109: 8101: 8094: 8089: 8087: 8079: 8074: 8072: 8064: 8059: 8052: 8047: 8040: 8035: 8028: 8023: 8016: 8011: 8004: 7999: 7992: 7987: 7985: 7977: 7972: 7965: 7960: 7958: 7950: 7945: 7943: 7935: 7930: 7923: 7918: 7911: 7906: 7899: 7894: 7887: 7882: 7875: 7870: 7863: 7858: 7849: 7842: 7837: 7830: 7825: 7823: 7815: 7810: 7803: 7798: 7791: 7786: 7779: 7774: 7767: 7762: 7755: 7750: 7743: 7738: 7731: 7726: 7719: 7714: 7706: 7702: 7701: 7693: 7686: 7681: 7674: 7669: 7662: 7657: 7650: 7645: 7637: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7604: 7595: 7588: 7583: 7576: 7575:Needham 1986f 7571: 7564: 7559: 7552: 7547: 7540: 7535: 7520: 7518:9781610695824 7514: 7510: 7509: 7501: 7494: 7489: 7482: 7477: 7470: 7465: 7456: 7448: 7441: 7435:, p. 99. 7434: 7429: 7423:, p. 98. 7422: 7417: 7411:, p. 96. 7410: 7405: 7399:, p. 93. 7398: 7393: 7387:, p. 22. 7386: 7385:Crossley 1997 7381: 7375:, p. 94. 7374: 7369: 7363:, p. 91. 7362: 7357: 7350: 7345: 7339:, p. 92. 7338: 7333: 7331: 7324:, p. 87. 7323: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7307:, p. 52. 7306: 7301: 7295:, p. 83. 7294: 7289: 7283:, p. 84. 7282: 7277: 7275: 7267: 7262: 7255: 7250: 7244:, p. 81. 7243: 7238: 7231: 7226: 7220:, p. 76. 7219: 7214: 7208:, p. 75. 7207: 7202: 7196:, p. 74. 7195: 7190: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7151: 7149: 7142:, p. 40. 7141: 7136: 7130:, p. 73. 7129: 7124: 7118:, p. 71. 7117: 7112: 7106:, p. 70. 7105: 7100: 7094:, p. 69. 7093: 7088: 7081: 7076: 7070:, p. 81. 7069: 7064: 7057: 7052: 7043: 7035: 7028: 7021: 7016: 7014: 7012: 7010: 7003:, p. 66. 7002: 6997: 6990: 6985: 6979:, p. 44. 6978: 6973: 6967:, p. 60. 6966: 6961: 6955:, p. 45. 6954: 6949: 6943:, p. 47. 6942: 6937: 6935: 6927: 6922: 6916:, p. 81. 6915: 6914:Needham 1986f 6910: 6901: 6899: 6892:, p. 41. 6891: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6872: 6865: 6860: 6853: 6848: 6841: 6836: 6829: 6824: 6817: 6812: 6805: 6800: 6793: 6788: 6786: 6779:, p. 72. 6778: 6773: 6766: 6761: 6754: 6749: 6740: 6733: 6728: 6726: 6716: 6708: 6702: 6685: 6680: 6676: 6675: 6667: 6659: 6658: 6657:Chiu Tang shu 6653: 6652: 6647: 6641: 6634: 6629: 6622: 6617: 6610: 6605: 6598: 6593: 6586: 6581: 6574: 6569: 6560: 6553: 6548: 6541: 6536: 6529: 6524: 6517: 6512: 6505: 6500: 6493: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6476: 6471: 6464: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6447: 6442: 6440: 6431: 6427: 6420: 6418: 6411:, p. 33. 6410: 6405: 6403: 6395: 6390: 6388: 6381:, p. 10. 6380: 6375: 6366: 6351: 6349:9780199734139 6345: 6341: 6340: 6332: 6317: 6315:9780813506272 6311: 6307: 6302: 6301: 6292: 6286:Xu (2005), 6. 6283: 6274: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6261:, p. 43. 6260: 6255: 6248: 6243: 6236: 6231: 6223: 6217: 6213: 6212: 6204: 6195: 6176: 6172: 6160: 6151: 6141: 6135: 6127: 6123: 6120: 6115: 6107: 6101: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6074: 6065: 6061: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6041:Northern Liao 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6009: 5998: 5995: 5984: 5977: 5974: 5966: 5962: 5957: 5951:Historic site 5945: 5941: 5935: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5897: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5868: 5864: 5855: 5851: 5836: 5827: 5809: 5802: 5797: 5794: 5787: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5766: 5763: 5756: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5692:Rehe Province 5687: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5665: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5639: 5635: 5630: 5623: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5578: 5576: 5571: 5560: 5557: 5549: 5548:funerary mask 5544: 5535: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5433: 5428: 5418: 5410: 5405: 5396: 5394: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5358: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5334: 5330: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5267: 5265: 5258: 5248: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5212: 5205: 5200: 5191: 5189: 5188:Mongol Empire 5185: 5181: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5153:Seljuk Empire 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5074: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5053: 5052:Northern Liao 5049: 5045: 5044:Yin Mountains 5041: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4983:Songhua River 4979: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4946:Songhua River 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4865: 4858: 4853: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4831:Depiction of 4829: 4821: 4816: 4815:Jin–Song Wars 4806: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4772: 4767: 4756: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4702: 4692: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4671: 4657: 4639: 4636: 4630: 4628: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4563: 4562:Samantabhadra 4558: 4551: 4547: 4542: 4534: 4526: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4460: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4412: 4404: 4396: 4387: 4385: 4384:Yelü Zongzhen 4380: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4343:In 1006, the 4341: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4285: 4280: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4206: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4129: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4103: 4099: 4094: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4014: 4005: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3941:Geyuan Temple 3938: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3912: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3823: 3819: 3818:Jing Yanguang 3815: 3810: 3808: 3807:Southern Tang 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3725: 3724: 3717: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3690: 3682: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3652: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3602:, in 915 the 3601: 3597: 3585: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3548: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3438: 3433: 3426: 3421: 3413: 3406: 3401: 3389: 3388: 3381: 3376: 3374: 3366:Rise to power 3363: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3343: 3335: 3326: 3324: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3299:Lulong County 3296: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3272: 3265: 3259: 3254: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3233:Rebellion of 3231: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3190: 3189: 3182: 3180: 3176: 3166: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3093: 3090:Liao figure. 3088: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3009: 2997: 2986: 2982: 2972: 2970: 2969:Khitan people 2966: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2900:In 1124, the 2898: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2852: 2844: 2834: 2832: 2831:Mongol Empire 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2797: 2796:primogeniture 2793: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2694:Khitan people 2691: 2687: 2683: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2645: 2637: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2613: 2595: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2571: 2569: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2498:Green Ukraine 2496: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2453:Modern period 2450: 2449: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2411:Northern Yuan 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2258:Xianbei state 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2233:Takri Kingdom 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2196: 2193: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2155: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2122: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2034:Modern period 2031: 2030: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1987:Northern Yuan 1985: 1984: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1968: 1967:Mongol Empire 1965: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1957:Khamag Mongol 1955: 1954: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1936: 1935: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1848: 1847:Xianbei state 1845: 1844: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1826: 1825: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1723: 1718: 1717: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1617: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1572:Naval history 1570: 1568: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1555:Music history 1553: 1551: 1550:Media history 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1535:Legal history 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1509: 1508: 1489:1949–present) 1485: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1477: 1469: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1440: 1439: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1343: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1314: 1306: 1305: 1304:Southern Song 1301: 1296: 1295: 1294:Northern Song 1291: 1290: 1284: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1271: 1270: 1264: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1222: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1196: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1150: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1006: 1005: 998: 997: 993: 992: 989: 982: 976: 975: 963: 960: 955: 476 BC 944: 941: 940: 936: 935: 931: 928:(1046–771 BC) 926: 925: 921: 920: 914: 256 BC 903: 902: 898: 897: 879: 878: 874: 873: 856: 855: 851: 850: 832: 831: 827: 826: 822: 816: 815: 808: 807: 802: 801: 796: 795: 791: 790: 773: 772: 768: 767: 763: 762: 758: 757: 753: 747: 746: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 727: 726: 725: 721: 717: 716: 713: 710: 709: 705: 701: 700: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 671: 669: 667:Today part of 665: 649: 647: 644: 643: 635: 633: 632:Khamag Mongol 630: 629: 621: 619: 616: 615: 607: 605: 602: 601: 593: 591: 590:Northern Liao 588: 587: 579: 577: 574: 573: 570: 564: 561: 554: 553: 550: 547: 540: 539: 536: 533: 526: 525: 522: 521:Shiwei people 519: 512: 511: 508: 505: 498: 497: 494: 491: 484: 483: 480: 477: 470: 469: 466: 463: 456: 455: 452: 451:Khitan people 449: 442: 441: 438: 437: 434: 431: 429: 426: 425: 421: 417: 413: 410: 406: 402: 395: 390: 386: 382: 378: 372: 368: 364: 358: 354: 351: 345: 341: 337: 331: 327: 321: 317: 314: 308: 304: 300: 294: 290: 287: 286:Medieval Asia 284: 280: 276: 273: 270: 264: 261: 258: 252: 249: 246: 240: 237: 234: 228: 225: 222: 216: 213: 210: 204: 201: 198: 192: 189: 186: 180: 177: 174: 168: 164: 160: 158: 154: 151: 148: 144: 141: 138: 136: 132: 125: 120: 118: 115: 114: 112: 108: 105: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 84: 80: 67: 62: 57: 53: 40: 35: 22: 19: 13247:Liao dynasty 12969:Contemporary 12819:Indo-Persian 12807:Nazi Germany 12751:Contemporary 12653:Vijayanagara 12552:Great Seljuk 12463:Thessalonica 12391:Golden Horde 12210: 12031:Carthaginian 11810:Neo-Assyrian 11795:Neo-Sumerian 11716:China proper 11682:Central Asia 11669: 11517:Eastern Liao 11507:Western Liao 11498: 11184:Níngbiānzhōu 10732:Liao dynasty 10731: 10616:Níngbiānzhōu 10164:Liao dynasty 10163: 10118: 10059:Eastern Liao 10047:Western Liao 10000:Liao dynasty 9999: 9961:Western Liao 9941: 9932:Tang dynasty 9894: 9873: 9854: 9836: 9827: 9802: 9798: 9786: 9767: 9763: 9745: 9741: 9733: 9714: 9710: 9695: 9676: 9651: 9647: 9628: 9601: 9597: 9592:Shuihu zhuan 9591: 9581: 9556: 9552: 9543: 9534: 9525: 9516: 9498: 9494: 9485: 9476: 9467: 9458: 9449: 9440: 9431: 9410: 9389: 9367: 9356: 9337: 9334:Kane, Daniel 9315: 9298: 9277: 9264: 9256: 9237: 9233: 9205: 9181: 9160: 9123: 9101: 9081: 9059: 9047: 9038: 9029: 9026:《中国古典戲曲論著集成》 9025: 9019: 9010: 8991: 8985: 8971: 8957: 8943: 8923:. New York: 8920: 8914: 8905: 8898:Baldick 2012 8883:Baldick 2012 8878: 8866: 8857: 8845: 8833: 8821: 8812: 8803: 8780: 8771: 8750: 8723: 8716:Johnson 2011 8711: 8702: 8685: 8681: 8671: 8659: 8650: 8618: 8612: 8600: 8593:Whiting 2002 8588: 8576: 8551: 8543: 8524: 8518: 8499: 8493: 8481: 8472: 8463: 8454: 8445: 8433: 8414: 8408: 8387: 8366: 8354: 8342: 8330: 8321: 8312: 8303: 8294: 8282: 8277:, p. 2. 8270: 8258: 8246: 8234: 8222: 8210: 8190: 8183: 8164: 8154: 8134: 8127: 8107: 8100: 8058: 8046: 8034: 8022: 8015:Tackett 2017 8010: 7998: 7971: 7929: 7917: 7905: 7893: 7881: 7869: 7857: 7848: 7836: 7809: 7797: 7785: 7773: 7761: 7749: 7737: 7725: 7713: 7699: 7692: 7680: 7668: 7656: 7644: 7617: 7613: 7603: 7594: 7582: 7570: 7558: 7546: 7534: 7522:. 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Retrieved 6175:the original 6170: 6150: 6113: 6100: 6091: 6082: 6073: 6064: 6046:Western Liao 6016:Eastern Liao 5994:China portal 5970: 5932: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5905:Yuan dynasty 5902: 5885: 5883: 5875:statuary art 5872: 5852: 5848: 5727:Confucianism 5708: 5704:scapulimancy 5688: 5682: 5678: 5668: 5662: 5650:Confucianism 5643: 5591: 5579: 5566: 5553: 5524:inscriptions 5509: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5460: 5437: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5363: 5345: 5331: 5311: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5280: 5276: 5273: 5268: 5260: 5245: 5224:Heilongjiang 5217: 5177: 5162: 5116: 5113:Orkhon River 5107: 5077: 5056: 5036: 5027:Liao Nanjing 5012: 5000: 4980: 4958: 4950:Heilongjiang 4941: 4937: 4933: 4915: 4903:Song dynasty 4891:sinicization 4884: 4881: 4870: 4804: 4780: 4769: 4764: 4753: 4737: 4733:Xiao Guanyin 4729: 4717:Xiao Guanyin 4704: 4700: 4697: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4641: 4631: 4627:Song dynasty 4623: 4619:Xianliang ge 4618: 4607: 4596:Confucianism 4592:sinicization 4589: 4574: 4571:Liao dynasty 4499: 4492: 4484:Yellow River 4464: 4455: 4438: 4436: 4432:Song dynasty 4417: 4381: 4361: 4342: 4293: 4282: 4258: 4218: 4207: 4194:Song dynasty 4191: 4172: 4164: 4157: 4155: 4148: 4134: 4082: 4079: 4064: 4042:Northern Han 4034:Song dynasty 4019: 4002: 3991: 3987:Song dynasty 3969:Northern Han 3966: 3946: 3915: 3908: 3897: 3874: 3848: 3839:Shijiazhuang 3827: 3814:Shi Chonggui 3811: 3761:In 929, the 3760: 3752:Shi Jingtang 3729: 3721: 3715: 3695: 3668: 3660: 3649: 3632:Heilongjiang 3593: 3580: 3578: 3553: 3545: 3538: 3526: 3495: 3491: 3463:Tang dynasty 3460: 3456: 3442: 3385: 3378: 3369: 3352: 3348: 3322: 3320: 3288: 3277: 3263: 3256: 3250: 3248: 3243:Tang dynasty 3241:against the 3207:Northern Wei 3203:Northern Yan 3199: 3196:Eight tribes 3186: 3178: 3174: 3168: 3160: 3132: 3130: 3126:Daling River 3107: 3102:and western 3097: 3059: 3041: 3030: 3027:Murong Sheng 3016: 3006: 3004: 2955: 2899: 2884: 2868: 2854: 2840: 2823:Central Asia 2819:Western Liao 2800: 2789: 2761:Song dynasty 2722: 2698:Tang dynasty 2692:clan of the 2679: 2663: 2654:Khitan State 2653: 2647: 2594:Liao dynasty 2593: 2591: 2391:Liao dynasty 2390: 2381:Later Balhae 2356:Tang dynasty 2308:Northern Yan 2113:1990–present 2017:Qing dynasty 1977:Yuan dynasty 1922:Liao dynasty 1921: 1841:209 BC–93 AD 1776:1450–1150 BC 1766:1500–1000 BC 1756:1800–1600 BC 1746:2750–1900 BC 1736:3300–2500 BC 1545:LGBT history 1481: 1463: 1436: 1403: 1390: 1377: 1347: 1334: 1322: 1321: 1302: 1292: 1280: 1269:Ten Kingdoms 1265: 1218: 1205: 1192:Northern and 1190: 1160: 1138: 1128: 1096: 1086: 1080: 1074: 1068:(220–280 AD) 1062: 1049: 1039: 1029: 1025:(206–202 BC) 1019: 1007: 1000:(221–207 BC) 994: 965:(475–221 BC) 938:(771–256 BC) 934:Eastern Zhou 932: 924:Western Zhou 922: 899: 875: 852: 828: 804: 798: 792: 769: 759: 618:Western Liao 465:Tang dynasty 433:Succeeded by 432: 427: 414:, including 365:established 363:Western Liao 52:Khitan State 51: 42: / 33: 18: 12557:Khwarezmian 12490:Carolingian 12295:Rashtrakuta 11999:Shaishunaga 11898:Hellenistic 11881:New Kingdom 11871:Old Kingdom 11489:Tarim Basin 10788:Lónghuàzhōu 10220:Lónghuàzhōu 9953:Jin dynasty 9766:, Volume 6, 9744:, Volume 6, 9236:, Volume 6, 9161:The Manchus 7922:Wright 2005 7649:Wright 2005 6701:cite thesis 5940:Ibn Battuta 5719:Qara Khitai 5588:bride price 5475:phonographs 5417:Yelü Chucai 5327:Laoha river 5141:Qara Khitai 5135:(in modern 5125:Transoxiana 5102:Qara Khitai 5092:Qara Khitai 5086:Qara Khitai 5073:haipin wang 5040:Juyong Pass 5003:Jin dynasty 4970:haidongqing 4942:sheng nüzhi 4895:Western Xia 4796:Western Xia 4715:Epitaph of 4676:Book of Han 4585:Xiao Noujin 4569: 1000 4516:, built by 4480:Western Xia 4428:Xiao Noujin 4273:Western Xia 4261:fire arrows 4225:Yalu valley 4145:Xiao Yanyan 3831:Liu Zhiyuan 3644:Mudan River 3452:Liu Rengong 3295:Li Jinzhong 3284:Sun Wanrong 3251:Book of Sui 3239:Sun Wanrong 3235:Li Jinzhong 3215:Northern Qi 3170:migrations. 3162:Book of Sui 3145:Northern Qi 3133:Book of Wei 3094:, Shenyang. 3060:Book of Wei 3032:Samguk Sagi 3029:(398–401). 3018:Book of Jin 3008:Book of Wei 2933:in China's 2807:Jin dynasty 2248:Han dynasty 2169:History of 1796:1100–300 BC 1786:1400–700 BC 1722:Prehistoric 1592:Discoveries 1587:Cartography 1582:Archaeology 1520:Art history 1409:(1644–1912) 1396:(1368–1644) 1383:(1271–1368) 1353:(1115–1234) 1340:(1038–1227) 1336:Western Xia 1308:(1127–1279) 1140:Eastern Jin 1130:Western Jin 1055:(25–220 AD) 1051:Eastern Han 1031:Western Han 910: 1046 890: 1046 886: 1250 863: 1600 839: 2070 780: 8500 761:Paleolithic 752:Prehistoric 684:North Korea 604:Western Xia 428:Preceded by 350:Jin dynasty 75: 1111 13241:Categories 13127:Portuguese 13008:Revival Le 12998:Vietnamese 12641:Later Tran 12611:Vietnamese 12507:Singhasari 12495:Holy Roman 12119:Bulgarian 12055:Satavahana 12026:Phoenician 11962:Achaemenid 11923:Indo-Greek 11903:Macedonian 11817:Babylonian 11721:Sinosphere 11623:Lifan Yuan 11522:Later Liao 11286:Inner Asia 11232:Prefecture 11192:Guīhuàzhōu 11180:Yúnnèizhōu 10969:Prefecture 10931:(同州) (咸州) 10927:(雙州) (銀州) 10925:Shuāngzhōu 10911:(海州) (淥州) 10812:Prefecture 10664:Prefecture 10624:Guīhuàzhōu 10612:Yúnnèizhōu 10401:Prefecture 10363:(同州) (咸州) 10359:(雙州) (銀州) 10357:Shuāngzhōu 10343:(海州) (淥州) 10244:Prefecture 10064:Later Liao 9884:9521004983 9846:0892641371 9777:0521243319 9755:0521243319 9401:0674445155 9307:1773/24231 9247:0521243319 9172:1557865604 9133:0521842263 8664:Tsien 1985 8581:Peers 2006 8567:0521842263 8287:Biran 2005 8275:Biran 2005 8201:8822229398 8174:0520043839 8145:8822229398 8118:0791422739 7814:Smith 2015 7703:(Thesis). 7167:(1): 325. 7001:Xiong 2009 6691:5 November 6259:Starr 2015 6184:13 October 6052:References 6031:Later Liao 5700:divination 5575:concubines 5512:Nova N 176 5471:logographs 5194:Government 5137:Kyrgyzstan 5133:Balasaghun 5129:Karakhanid 5109:Yelü Dashi 5060:Yelü Dashi 5007:Liao River 4965:gyrfalcons 4938:shun nüzhi 4787:Yalu River 4740:Yelü Yanxi 4472:Li Yuanhao 4200:. In 986, 4038:Later Zhou 4004:Yelü Bei. 3981:return to 3973:Later Zhou 3957:Later Zhou 3922:Later Zhou 3900:Shulü Ping 3887:, who was 3779:Li Conghou 3744:Later Tang 3734:in former 3702:Shulü Ping 3669:Zhuoxie tu 3636:Yalu River 3612:Later Tang 3568:Old Uyghur 3564:Yelü Diela 3514:Shulü Ping 3245:in 696–697 2994:See also: 2979:See also: 2962:Liao River 2951:Bulgarians 2943:Kazakhstan 2906:Yelü Dashi 2869:Great Liao 2815:Yelü Dashi 2777:Later Tang 2759:, and the 2757:Later Tang 2664:Great Liao 2298:Former Qin 2293:Former Yan 1816:600–300 BC 1806:700–300 BC 1597:Inventions 1327:(916–1125) 1298:(960–1127) 1286:(960–1279) 953: – c. 951: 770 912: – c. 888: – c. 877:Late Shang 865: – c. 841: – c. 782: – c. 416:cash coins 338:with Song 146:Government 135:Demonym(s) 34:Great Liao 13120:Couronian 12758:Ethiopian 12746:Manchukuo 12701:Brazilian 12547:Ghaznavid 12517:Srivijaya 12468:Trebizond 12453:Byzantine 12435:North Sea 12430:Norwegian 12418:Almoravid 12401:Ilkhanate 12371:Majapahit 12344:Muromachi 12253:Solomonic 12238:Ethiopian 12152:Caliphate 12085:Aragonese 11913:Ptolemaic 11635:Manchuria 11588:Manchuria 11545:Manchuria 11241:Jīnsùzhōu 11196:Kèhánzhōu 11058:Chéngzhōu 11045:Xíngzhōng 10986:Guǎngzhōu 10974:Shāngzhōu 10876:Chánglǐng 10800:Chéngzhōu 10784:Yíkūnzhōu 10751:Shàngjīng 10673:Jīnsùzhōu 10628:Kèhánzhōu 10490:Chéngzhōu 10477:Xíngzhōng 10418:Guǎngzhōu 10406:Shāngzhōu 10308:Chánglǐng 10232:Chéngzhōu 10216:Yíkūnzhōu 10183:Shàngjīng 10085:Yelü clan 9947:907–1125 9805:: 1–752. 9430:(1986a), 9105:, Brill, 9052:Gibb 1994 8871:Mote 1999 8850:Mote 1999 8838:Mote 1999 8826:Mote 1999 8694:1811-8062 8605:Kane 2009 8359:Kuhn 2009 7802:Mote 2003 7636:2059-1632 7587:Mote 1999 7481:Hyun 2013 7305:Mote 1999 7181:147099574 7140:Mote 1999 7080:Mote 1999 7068:Mote 1999 6977:Mote 2003 6953:Mote 1999 6941:Mote 1999 6926:Mote 1999 6890:Mote 1999 6864:Mote 1999 6792:Mote 1999 6679:CiteSeerX 6342:Oup USA. 6247:Kane 2009 6235:Kane 2009 6108:(2009). 6057:Citations 5944:Khanbaliq 5664:Tripitaka 5622:Pure land 5583:Betrothal 5492:Tripitaka 5315:Shangjing 5297:san sheng 5190:in 1234. 5184:conquered 5175:in 1218. 5068:Khongirad 4961:Ningjiang 4934:shu nüzhi 4615:Guozijian 4493:In 1044, 4459:Confucian 4372:Da Yanlin 4338:Hyeonjong 4298:murdered 4210:Li Jiqian 4183:Zhongjing 4159:Tang Code 3998:Khongirad 3961:Yelü Lihu 3918:Later Han 3893:Later Jin 3889:Yelü Lihu 3783:Li Congke 3767:Yelü Lihu 3763:Khongirad 3748:Li Siyuan 3604:Khongirad 3487:Li Keyong 3355:An Lushan 3159:. In the 2965:catchment 2773:proxy war 2745:Khongirad 2649:Liáo cháo 2623:Mos Jælud 2538:Manchuria 2523:Manchukuo 2441:Qing rule 2426:Later Jin 2416:Ming rule 2406:Yuan rule 2303:Later Yan 2171:Manchuria 2093:1924–1992 2083:1921–1924 2066:1919–1921 2056:1911–1919 2021:1691–1911 2011:1634–1757 2001:1399–1634 1991:1368–1635 1981:1271–1368 1971:1206–1368 1961:1130–1206 1892:Xueyantuo 1701:Geography 1273:(907–979) 1234:(690–705) 1224:(618–907) 1211:(581–618) 1198:(420–589) 1166:(304–439) 1144:(317–420) 1134:(266–316) 1102:(266–420) 1045:(9–23 AD) 771:Neolithic 735:Dynasties 355:1114–1115 236:Shengzong 110:Religion 86:Shangjing 13277:Khanates 13100:Japanese 13063:Scottish 13043:American 13035:Colonial 12964:Imperial 12932:Moroccan 12868:Japanese 12846:Afsharid 12705:Burmese 12691:Austrian 12646:Later Le 12621:Early Le 12606:Venetian 12532:Tiwanaku 12445:Hellenic 12408:Moroccan 12339:Kamakura 12329:Japanese 12312:Saffarid 12265:Georgian 12179:Chalukya 12157:Rashidun 12147:Calakmul 12115:Bruneian 11994:Haryanka 11972:Sasanian 11967:Parthian 11918:Bactrian 11908:Seleucid 11888:Goguryeo 11866:Egyptian 11800:Assyrian 11790:Akkadian 11781:Colonies 11650:Xinjiang 11640:Mongolia 11616:genocide 11550:Mongolia 11385:Chagatai 11318:Göktürks 11212:Shuòzhōu 11208:Yīngzhōu 11176:Hóngzhōu 11139:Luánzhōu 11135:Jǐngzhōu 11127:Zhuōzhōu 11119:Shùnzhōu 11078:Qiānzhōu 11010:Róngzhōu 10998:Níngzhōu 10982:Zōngzhōu 10929:Tóngzhōu 10917:Shěnzhōu 10913:Xiǎnzhōu 10905:Chénzhōu 10897:Dìngzhōu 10872:Āndìngfǔ 10856:Lóngzhōu 10852:Dōngjīng 10780:Yǒngzhōu 10644:Shuòzhōu 10640:Yīngzhōu 10608:Hóngzhōu 10571:Luánzhōu 10567:Jǐngzhōu 10559:Zhuōzhōu 10551:Shùnzhōu 10510:Qiānzhōu 10442:Róngzhōu 10430:Níngzhōu 10414:Zōngzhōu 10361:Tóngzhōu 10349:Shěnzhōu 10345:Xiǎnzhōu 10337:Chénzhōu 10329:Dìngzhōu 10304:Āndìngfǔ 10288:Lóngzhōu 10284:Dōngjīng 10212:Yǒngzhōu 10092:Emperors 10073:See also 9620:25066819 9388:(1999). 9366:(2011). 9336:(2009). 9274:(1996). 9202:(1996). 9157:(1997). 9122:(2005). 7539:Yun 1998 6648:(1960). 6355:13 March 6321:15 March 6122:Archived 5980:See also 5965:Bars-Hot 5959:A brick 5937:— 5919:(曲) and 5715:refugees 5711:noblemen 5646:Buddhism 5604:Bars-Hot 5598:Religion 5570:polygamy 5501:— 5422:Language 5350:Yelü Bei 5337:Military 5305:— 5293:san gong 5145:Aral Sea 5131:city of 4918:Jurchens 4774:— 4758:— 4673:and the 4659:— 4600:Buddhism 4546:Tongliao 4376:Jurchens 4359:tribes. 4329:Wang Hŭm 4302:and put 4296:Kang Cho 4287:— 4254:Goguryeo 4208:In 986, 4075:Jurchens 3881:Yelü Bei 3740:Dongjing 3719:— 3710:polymath 3706:Yelü Bei 3654:— 3628:Liaoning 3587:— 3543:— 3522:Dongjing 3510:Yelü Bei 3485:warlord 3467:Jurchens 3435:Liao or 3383:— 3291:Yingzhou 3261:— 3219:Goguryeo 3211:Chaoyang 3184:— 3141:Liaoning 3122:Goguryeo 3081:Tungusic 3077:Mongolic 2947:Russians 2935:Xinjiang 2856:Dà Qìdān 2396:Xingliao 2278:Goguryeo 2213:Gojoseon 2160:a series 2158:Part of 1926:907–1125 1867:Göktürks 1711:Religion 1706:Language 1696:Politics 1686:Nobility 1671:Timeline 1560:Timeline 1487:(Taiwan, 1467:of China 981:Imperial 730:Timeline 704:a series 702:Part of 679:Mongolia 408:Currency 248:Xingzong 224:Jingzong 150:Monarchy 117:Buddhism 59:916–1125 13167:largest 13162:Empires 13142:Swedish 13137:Spanish 13132:Russian 13095:Italian 13070:Chinese 13058:English 13053:British 13048:Belgian 13023:Vietnam 13013:Tay son 12959:Tsarist 12954:Russian 12949:Ottoman 12915:Dzungar 12910:Khoshut 12883:Mexican 12878:Maratha 12861:Pahlavi 12841:Safavid 12836:Iranian 12763:Haitian 12726:Chinese 12686:Ashanti 12658:Wagadou 12584:Eastern 12579:Western 12562:Timurid 12522:Tibetan 12512:Songhai 12502:Serbian 12423:Almohad 12413:Idrisid 12317:Samanid 12307:Tahirid 12302:Iranian 12280:Kannauj 12260:Genoese 12196:Chinese 12189:Eastern 12184:Western 12172:Fatimid 12167:Abbasid 12162:Umayyad 12135:Burmese 12095:Ayyubid 12090:Angevin 12060:Xianbei 12048:Eastern 12043:Western 11989:Magadha 11952:Iranian 11945:Xiongnu 11930:Hittite 11839:Chinese 11827:Kassite 11776:Ancient 11768:Empires 11694:Tartary 11484:Beiting 11399:Dzungar 11394:Timurid 11345:Tibetan 11308:Xianbei 11303:Xiongnu 11158:Capital 11123:Tánzhōu 11106:Nánjīng 11101:Capital 11082:Rùnzhōu 11070:Láizhōu 11066:Jǐnzhōu 11039:Capital 11002:Guīzhōu 10990:Suìzhōu 10978:Yàozhōu 10949:Yǎnzhōu 10937:Bīnzhōu 10933:Xìnzhōu 10921:Hánzhōu 10909:Hǎizhōu 10901:Bǎozhōu 10893:Kāizhōu 10880:Zhènhǎi 10847:Capital 10804:Wèizhōu 10796:Huīzhōu 10792:Ráozhōu 10768:Tàizhōu 10746:Capital 10590:Capital 10555:Tánzhōu 10538:Nánjīng 10533:Capital 10514:Rùnzhōu 10502:Láizhōu 10498:Jǐnzhōu 10471:Capital 10434:Guīzhōu 10422:Suìzhōu 10410:Yàozhōu 10381:Yǎnzhōu 10369:Bīnzhōu 10365:Xìnzhōu 10353:Hánzhōu 10341:Hǎizhōu 10333:Bǎozhōu 10325:Kāizhōu 10312:Zhènhǎi 10279:Capital 10236:Wèizhōu 10228:Huīzhōu 10224:Ráozhōu 10200:Tàizhōu 10178:Capital 10114:Coinage 10008:History 9830:, Brill 9819:1005570 9668:3250078 9650:. 1/2. 9573:3249911 9073:Sources 8486:Fu 2018 8347:Xu 2005 8335:Xu 2005 7524:30 July 6852:Xu 2005 6840:Xu 2005 6828:Xu 2005 6816:Xu 2005 6804:Xu 2005 6777:Xu 2005 6765:Xu 2005 6753:Xu 2005 6732:Xu 2005 6646:Liu, Xu 6633:Xu 2005 6621:Xu 2005 6609:Xu 2005 6597:Xu 2005 6585:Xu 2005 6573:Xu 2005 6552:Xu 2005 6540:Xu 2005 6528:Xu 2005 6516:Xu 2005 6504:Xu 2005 6492:Xu 2005 6475:Xu 2005 6463:Xu 2005 6446:Xu 2005 6409:Xu 2005 6394:Xu 2005 6379:Xu 2005 6119:Chapter 5808:Guanyin 5793:Guanyin 5777:Guanyin 5775:Bronze 5618:Guanyin 5556:nomadic 5520:epitaph 5319:Beijing 5289:san shi 5186:by the 5169:Kuchlug 5165:Naimans 5155:at the 5117:gurkhan 5048:Tanguts 5031:Beijing 4995:Kumo Xi 4967:called 4907:Tanguts 4899:Khitans 4833:Xiongnu 4800:Uyghurs 4635:Kumo Xi 4476:Tanguts 4353:Ganzhou 4250:Jurchen 4221:Jeongan 4214:Tanguts 4212:of the 4175:Kumo Xi 4071:Jeongan 4067:Tanguts 4055:Taiyuan 3983:Kaifeng 3869:Khitans 3822:Kaifeng 3803:Beijing 3799:Nanjing 3787:Taiyuan 3640:Jeongan 3624:Dongdan 3589:Yao Kun 3529:naphtha 3475:Kumo Xi 3316:Kumo Xi 3312:Youzhou 3305:of the 3153:Uighurs 3068:Xiongnu 3064:Xianbei 3056:Kumo Xi 3052:Xianbei 3001:Origins 2975:History 2939:Kazakhs 2931:Uyghurs 2908:in the 2886:Dà Liáo 2873:Chinese 2843:Chinese 2829:by the 2803:Jurchen 2769:Beijing 2729:Kumo Xi 2681:Dà Liáo 2668:Chinese 2386:Jeongan 2313:Kumo Xi 2268:Cao Wei 2243:Xiongnu 1916:744–840 1906:647–682 1896:628–646 1886:682–744 1884:555–630 1875:Eastern 1861:330–555 1837:Xiongnu 1691:Culture 1231:Wu Zhou 821:Ancient 800:Yangtze 563:Karluks 507:Kumo Xi 375:• 361:• 313:Emperor 297:• 272:Tianzuo 260:Daozong 200:Shizong 188:Taizong 157:Emperor 124:animism 122:Khitan 104:Jurchen 82:Capital 13105:Mongol 13090:German 13085:French 13075:Danish 13018:Dainam 12993:Tongan 12981:Somali 12976:Sokoto 12942:'Alawi 12920:Kalmyk 12900:Mongol 12893:Second 12873:Korean 12824:Mughal 12814:Indian 12797:German 12790:Second 12780:French 12773:Second 12709:Second 12681:Afghan 12673:Modern 12599:Kyrgyz 12594:Uighur 12589:Second 12569:Turkic 12537:Toltec 12473:Epirus 12458:Nicaea 12381:Mongol 12334:Yamato 12270:Huetar 12128:Second 12065:Rouran 12014:Shunga 12009:Maurya 11984:Kushan 11957:Median 11935:Hunnic 11893:Harsha 11365:Mongol 11360:Kyrgyz 11355:Uyghur 11313:Rouran 11237:Dézhōu 11224:Héqīng 11216:Wǔzhōu 11204:Yùzhōu 11200:Rúzhōu 11198:(可汗州) 11194:(歸化州) 11190:(奉聖州) 11186:(寧邊州) 11182:(雲內州) 11163:Dàtōng 11131:Jìzhōu 11074:Xízhōu 11062:Yízhōu 11006:Ānzhōu 10994:Sùzhōu 10961:Sùzhōu 10957:Fùzhōu 10953:Sūzhōu 10945:Jízhōu 10941:Húzhōu 10874:(安定府) 10864:Dìnglǐ 10828:Hédǒng 10786:(儀坤州) 10776:Wūzhōu 10774:(長春州) 10764:Zǔzhōu 10669:Dézhōu 10656:Héqīng 10648:Wǔzhōu 10636:Yùzhōu 10632:Rúzhōu 10630:(可汗州) 10626:(歸化州) 10622:(奉聖州) 10618:(寧邊州) 10614:(雲內州) 10595:Dàtōng 10563:Jìzhōu 10506:Xízhōu 10494:Yízhōu 10438:Ānzhōu 10426:Sùzhōu 10393:Sùzhōu 10389:Fùzhōu 10385:Sūzhōu 10377:Jízhōu 10373:Húzhōu 10306:(安定府) 10296:Dìnglǐ 10260:Hédǒng 10218:(儀坤州) 10208:Wūzhōu 10206:(長春州) 10196:Zǔzhōu 10002:topics 9902: 9881: 9861: 9843: 9817: 9774: 9752: 9683: 9666: 9635: 9618: 9571: 9505: 9417: 9398: 9374: 9344: 9322: 9286: 9244: 9214: 9188: 9169: 9130: 9109: 9088: 8998: 8931: 8692: 8626: 8564: 8560:–148. 8531: 8506: 8421: 8198: 8171: 8142: 8115: 7634: 7515: 7179: 6681: 6346: 6312: 6218: 6088:"Liao" 5973:Xinhua 5879:sancai 5867:Khitan 5816:Burial 5746:Luohan 5658:Buddha 5654:Daoism 5638:sancai 5592:baimen 5370:Balhae 5366:Abaoji 5264:Uighur 5226:, and 5167:under 4991:Balhae 4975:custom 4954:Wanyan 4930:Abaoji 4926:Goryeo 4886:jinshi 4857:Khitan 4845:Khitan 4783:Goryeo 4744:Abaoji 4609:jinshi 4598:, and 4495:Datong 4447:Balhae 4443:Abaoji 4364:Balhae 4308:regent 4246:Sŏ Hŭi 4237:Sŏ Hŭi 4198:Goryeo 4166:jinshi 4123:, 1018 3994:Shiwei 3926:Abaoji 3911:Goryeo 3775:Tangut 3771:Datong 3736:Balhae 3620:Balhae 3616:Tatars 3596:Shiwei 3560:Uyghur 3483:Shatuo 3479:Datong 3471:Shiwei 3444:Abaoji 3405:Balhae 3323:Yaguan 2919:Cathay 2883:: 2881:pinyin 2875:: 2861:Abaoji 2853:: 2851:pinyin 2845:: 2753:Goryeo 2749:Balhae 2737:Tatars 2733:Shiwei 2725:Abaoji 2704:, the 2678:: 2676:pinyin 2670:: 2646:: 2644:pinyin 2638:: 2630:: 2618:Khitan 2469:Korean 2420:Nurgan 2366:Balhae 2328:Shiwei 2318:Khitan 2253:Wuhuan 2228:Yemaek 2223:Donghu 2218:Sushen 2162:on the 1877:, and 1851:93–234 1724:period 1681:Rulers 1676:States 1429:Modern 1085:, and 803:, and 794:Yellow 706:on the 689:Russia 535:Balhae 299:Abaoji 212:Muzong 161: 140:Khitan 96:Khitan 13155:Lists 13110:Omani 13080:Dutch 12986:Isaaq 12937:Saadi 12905:Oirat 12888:First 12856:Qajar 12785:First 12768:First 12741:China 12714:Third 12574:First 12527:Tikal 12478:Morea 12448:Roman 12366:Latin 12361:Khmer 12356:Kanem 12322:Buyid 12248:Zagwe 12243:Aksum 12233:Chola 12140:First 12123:First 12110:Bornu 12105:Benin 12100:Aztec 12038:Roman 12019:Gupta 12004:Nanda 11940:White 11645:Tibet 11628:Amban 11593:Tibet 11555:Tibet 11370:Tatar 11243:(金肅州) 11239:(德州) 11218:(武州) 11214:(朔州) 11210:(應州) 11206:(蔚州) 11202:(儒州) 11133:(薊州) 11125:(檀州) 11121:(順州) 11080:(遷州) 11076:(隰州) 11072:(來州) 11064:(宜州) 11060:(成州) 10959:(復州) 10955:(蘇州) 10939:(賓州) 10935:(信州) 10923:(韓州) 10903:(保州) 10899:(定州) 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