5149:(1732). In this case, the defendant was on trial "for printing a libel reflecting upon the Portuguese Jews". The printing in question claimed that Jews who had arrived in London from Portugal burned a Jewish woman to death when she had a child with a Christian man, and that this act was common. Following Osborne's anti-Semitic publication, several Jews were attacked. Initially, the judge seemed to believe the court could do nothing since no individual was singled out by Osborne's writings. However, the court concluded that "since the publication implied the act was one Jews frequently did, the whole community of Jews was defamed." Though various reports of this case give differing accounts of the crime, this report clearly shows a ruling based on group libel. Since laws restricting libel were accepted at this time because of its tendency to lead to a breach of peace, group libel laws were justified because they showed potential for an equal or perhaps greater risk of violence. For this reason, group libel cases are criminal even though most libel cases are civil torts.
7327:(Chapter 24, Sections 9 and 10), punishable with a fine, or, if aggravated, with up to two years' imprisonment or a fine. Defamation is defined as spreading a false report or insinuation apt to cause harm to a person, or otherwise disparaging someone. Defamation of the deceased may also constitute an offence if apt to cause harm to surviving loved ones. In addition, there is a crime called "dissemination of information violating personal privacy" (Chapter 24, Section 8), which consists in disseminating information, even accurate, in a way that is apt to harm someone's right to privacy. Information that may be relevant with regard to a person's conduct in public office, in business, or in a comparable position, or of information otherwise relevant to a matter of public interest, is not covered by this prohibition. Finnish criminal law has no provisions penalizing the defamation of corporate entities, only of natural persons.
7384:
7273:, the crime of insult prescribes a penalty of up to three months in prison, or a fine of "up to 100 daily incomes" (Criminal Code, Article 199). If the crime is committed in public, penalties are aggravated to up to six months of imprisonment, or a fine of "up to 150 daily incomes" (Article 199–2). Moreover, the crime of defamation occurs when someone affirms or disseminates false facts about other person that can damage his reputation. The maximum penalty is one year in prison, or a fine of up to 150 daily incomes (Article 200–1). If the crime is committed in public, the prison term can reach one year (Article 200–2). On the other hand, according to Article 203, there is an exemption for the application of the aforementioned articles (insult and defamation) when the
3956:. New Zealand law allows for the following remedies in an action for defamation: compensatory damages; an injunction to stop further publication; a correction or a retraction; and in certain cases, punitive damages. Section 28 of the Act allows for punitive damages only when a there is a flagrant disregard of the rights of the person defamed. As the law assumes that an individual suffers loss if a statement is defamatory, there is no need to prove that specific damage or loss has occurred. However, Section 6 of the Act allows for a defamation action brought by a corporate body to proceed only when the body corporate alleges and proves that the publication of the defamation has caused or is likely to cause pecuniary loss to that body corporate.
3533:
defences: opinion and truth. Statements of opinion cannot be regarded as defamatory as they are inherently non-falsifiable. Where a statement has been shown to be one of fact rather than opinion, the most common defence in common law jurisdictions is that of truth. Proving the truth of an allegedly defamatory statement is always a valid defence. Where a statement is partially true, certain jurisdictions in the
Commonwealth have provided by statute that the defence "shall not fail by reason only that the truth of every charge is not proved if the words not proved to be true do not materially injure the claimant's reputation having regard to the truth of the remaining charges". Similarly, the American doctrine of
8154:; up to six months in prison, or a fine of up to 240 days), "injuries" (art. 181; up to three months in prison, or a fine up to 120 days), and "offence to the memory of a deceased person" (art. 185; up to 6 months in prison or a fine of up 240 days). Penalties are aggravated in cases with publicity (art. 183; up to two years in prison or at least 120 days of fine) and when the victim is an authority (art.184; all other penalties aggravated by an extra half). There is yet the extra penalty of "public knowledge of the court decision" (costs paid by the defamer) (art. 189 of Penal Code) and also the crime of "incitement of a crime" (article 297; up to three years in prison, or fine).
5142:(1700). In this case, the jury found that the defendant was guilty of libeling several subjects, though they did not specifically identify who these subjects were. A report of the case told that the jury believed that "where a writing ... inveighs against mankind in general, or against a particular order of men, as for instance, men of the gown, this is no libel, but it must descend to particulars and individuals to make it libel." This jury believed that only individuals who believed they were specifically defamed had a claim to a libel case. Since the jury was unable to identify the exact people who were being defamed, there was no cause to identify the statements were a libel.
8113:. Essentially, this Act provides that libel is criminally punishable and describes it as: "Libel – the unlawful or prohibited act as defined in Article 355 of the Revised Penal Code, as amended, committed through a computer system or any other similar means which may be devised in the future." Professor Harry Roque of the University of the Philippines has written that under this law, electronic libel is punished with imprisonment from six years and one day to up to twelve years. As of 30 September 2012, five petitions claiming the law to be unconstitutional had been filed with the Philippine Supreme Court, one by Senator
2443:. In such a case the truth of the statements was no justification for the public and insulting manner in which they had been made, but, even in public matters, the accused had the opportunity to justify his actions by openly stating what he considered necessary for public safety to be denounced by the libel and proving his assertions to be true. The second head included defamatory statements made in private, and in this case the offense lay in the content of the imputation, not in the manner of its publication. The truth was therefore a sufficient defense, for no man had a right to demand legal protection for a false reputation.
6659:
3915:. Indian courts have endorsed the defences of absolute and qualified privilege, fair comment, and justification. While statutory law in the United Kingdom provides that, if the defendant is only successful in proving the truth of some of the several charges against him, the defence of justification might still be available if the charges not proved do not materially injure the reputation, there is no corresponding provision in India, though it is likely that Indian courts would treat this principle as persuasive precedent. Recently, incidents of defamation in relation to public figures have attracted public attention.
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17011:
16985:
16959:
16933:
16907:
16881:
16855:
16829:
16803:
16777:
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16725:
16699:
8679:
statement is true. The court ruled that untrue defamatory statements concerning public matters shall not be punished unless they are issued under actual malice. This includes situations where the offender knowingly or under gross negligence issued said defamatory statement. In terms of the burden of proof for actual malice, the court ruled that it shall be on the prosecutor or the accuser. To prevent fake news from eroding the marketplace of ideas, the court pointed out that the media (including mass media, social media, and self-media) shall be more thorough than the general public in fact-checking.
7159:(grave slander), including the imputation of a crime or misdemeanor that cannot lead to public prosecution, and the imputation of a vice or lack of morality, which are capable of harming considerably the reputation, credit or interests of the offended person. "Grave slander" in written form or with publicity are punished with "lower imprisonment" in its minimum to medium degrees plus a fine of eleven to twenty "vital wages". Calumny or slander of a deceased person (Article 424) can be prosecuted by the spouse, children, grandchildren, parents, grandparents, siblings and
6987:, defamation is a crime, which is prosecuted either as "defamation" (three months to a year in prison, plus fine; Article 139 of the Penal Code), "calumny" (six months to two years in prison, plus fine; Article 138 of the PC) or "injury" (one to six months in prison, or fine; Article 140), with aggravating penalties when the crime is practiced in public (Article 141, item III) or against a state employee because of his regular duties. Incitation to hatred and violence is also foreseen in the Penal Code (incitation to a crime, Article 286). Moreover, in situations like
2499:. Article 19 of the ICCPR expressly provides that the right to freedom of opinion and expression may be limited so far as it is necessary "for respect of the rights or reputations of others". Consequently, international human rights law provides that while individuals should have the right to a legal remedy for defamation, this right must be balanced with the equally protected right to freedom of opinion and expression. In general, ensuring that domestic defamation law adequately balances individuals' right to protect their reputation with freedom of expression and of
6613:
75:
11652:, Peter Lang, 2009, p. 190. "A statement can only be defamatory if it is false; therefore true statements of fact about others, regardless of the damage rendered, are not defamatory (although such comments might represent other sorts of privacy or hate speech violations). Defamation may occur when one party (the eventual defendant if a case goes forward) writes or says something that is false about a second party (plaintiff) such that some third party 'receives' the communication, and the communication of false information damages the plaintiff".
6451:
7495:. This section defines defamation and provides ten valid exceptions when a statement is not considered to be defamation. It says that defamation takes place, when someone "by words either spoken or intended to be read, or by signs or by visible representations, makes or publishes any imputation concerning any person intending to harm, or knowing or having reason to believe that such imputation will harm, the reputation of such person". The punishment is simple imprisonment for up to two years, or a fine, or both (Section 500).
5425:
8430:) and has a penalty of up to two years in prison or a fine. In judging if the crime is gross, the court should consider whether the information, because of its content or the scope of its dissemination, is calculated to produce "serious damage". For example, if it can be established that the defendant knowingly conveyed untruths. Article 4 makes it a crime to defame a deceased person according to Article 1 or 2. Most obviously, the paragraph is meant to make it illegal to defame someone's parents as a way to bypass the law.
7589:
Code) refers to any other situation involving offending one's reputation before many persons, and is punishable with a penalty of up to a year in prison or up to €1,032 in fine, doubled to up to two years in prison or a fine of €2,065 if the offence consists in the attribution of a determined fact. When the offence happens by the means of the press or by any other means of publicity, or in a public demonstration, the penalty is of imprisonment from six months to three years, or a fine of at least €516. Both of them were
6475:
5469:
5401:
3995:
subsidiaries); this rule was introduced by the state of New South Wales in 2003, and then adopted nationwide in 2006. By contrast, Canadian law grants private corporations substantially the same right to sue for defamation as individuals possess. Since 2013, English law charts a middle course, allowing private corporations to sue for defamation, but requiring them to prove that the defamation caused both serious harm and serious financial loss, which individual plaintiffs are not required to demonstrate.
6728:
or that are not assertive (see
Article 113). When calumny or injury are committed through the press, a possible extra penalty is the publication of the judicial decision at the expenses of the guilty (Article 114). He who passes to someone else information about a person that is included in a personal database and that one knows to be false, is punished with six months to three years in prison. When there is harm to somebody, penalties are aggravated by an extra half (Article 117 bis, §§ 2nd and 3rd).
5540:
5202:
7929:
if the defamation happens in print, in broadcasting or through an especially aggravating circumstance, imprisonment may have reached two years (§ 247). When the offender acts "against his better judgment", he was liable to a maximum prison term of three years (§ 248). According to § 251, defamation lawsuits must be initiated by the offended person, unless the defamatory act was directed to an indefinite group or a large number of persons, when it may also have been prosecuted by public authorities.
3579:: A more limited, or 'qualified', form of privilege may be available to journalists as a defence in circumstances where it is considered important that the facts be known in the public interest; an example would be public meetings, local government documents, and information relating to public bodies such as the police and fire departments. Another example would be that a professor – acting in good faith and honesty – may write an unsatisfactory letter of reference with unsatisfactory information.
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6191:
6146:
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6546:
10616:
3387:
8397:, and is only applicable if the offence, by its nature, effects and circumstances, is considered by the general public as strong. Injury has a penalty of fine from three to seven months-fine, or from six to fourteen months-fine when it is strong and with publicity. According to Article 216, an additional penalty to calumny or injury may be imposed by the judge, determining the publication of the judicial decision (in a newspaper) at the expenses of the defamer.
7423:
increased penalties for offending against paras 186 and 187), §189 (denigration of a deceased person), §192 ("insult" with true statements). Other sections relevant to prosecution of these offences are §190 (criminal conviction as proof of truth), §193 (no defamation in the pursuit of rightful interests), §194 (application for a criminal prosecution under these paragraphs), §199 (mutual insult allowed to be left unpunished), and §200 (method of proclamation).
19556:
6903:", public work for up to 240 hours, correctional work for up to one year, or imprisonment of up to six months. Penalties are aggravated to up to three years of prison if the victim is falsely accused of having committed a crime "of grave or very grave nature" (Article 147.2). The crime of insult (Article 148) can lead to a fine of up to 1,000 times the minimum wage, or to the same penalties of defamation for public work, correctional work or imprisonment.
6635:
6499:
6099:
5892:
5868:
5353:
6308:
5983:
5960:
7136:) are covered by Articles 412 to 431 of the Penal Code. Calumny is defined as "the false imputation of a determined crime and that can lead to a public prosecution" (Article 412). If the calumny is written and with publicity, penalty is "lower imprisonment" in its medium degree plus a fine of 11 to 20 "vital wages" when it refers to a crime, or "lower imprisonment" in its minimum degree plus a fine of six to ten "vital wages" when it refers to a
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5517:
6168:
5704:
4115:
243:
6007:
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5156:, false statements in connection with elections, and the use of profanity in public, are also often used in contexts similar to criminal libel actions. The boundaries of a court's power to hold individuals in "contempt of court" for what amounts to alleged defamatory statements about judges or the court process by attorneys or other people involved in court cases is also not well established in many common law countries.
6427:
6215:
6284:
5634:
9394:
speech or publications critical of heads of state, public officials, state bodies, and the state itself. The report noted that blasphemy and religious insult laws existed in around one third of OSCE participating states; many of these combined blasphemy and/or religious insult with elements of hate speech legislation. A number of countries continued to include harsh punishments for blasphemy and religious insult.
5820:
3938:
information was published "with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not". Later the
Supreme Court held that statements that are so ridiculous to be clearly not true are protected from libel claims, as are statements of opinion relating to matters of public concern that do not contain a provably false factual connotation. Subsequent state and federal cases have addressed defamation law and the Internet.
6403:
5844:
5775:
6720:, the crimes of calumny and injury are foreseen in the chapter "Crimes Against Honor" (Articles 109 to 117-bis) of the Penal Code. Calumny is defined as "the false imputation to a determined person of a concrete crime that leads to a lawsuit" (Article 109). However, expressions referring to subjects of public interest or that are not assertive do not constitute calumny. Penalty is a fine from 3,000 to 30,000
3757:", involving the making of a statement that is untrue even though not defamatory. Thus a surveyor who states a house is free from risk of flooding has not defamed anyone, but may still be liable to someone who purchases the house relying on this statement. Other increasingly common claims similar to defamation in U.S. law are claims that a famous trademark has been diluted through tarnishment, see generally
19566:
3587:: Statements made in a good faith and reasonable belief that they were true are generally treated the same as true statements; however, the court may inquire into the reasonableness of the belief. The degree of care expected will vary with the nature of the defendant: an ordinary person might safely rely on a single newspaper report, while the newspaper would be expected to carefully check multiple sources.
9335:. In at least 21 countries, defences to charges of defamation included truth and public interest. This included countries that had at least one truth or public interest defence to criminal or civil defamation (including countries where defence of truth was qualified or limited – for example, to statements of fact as opposed to opinions, or to libel as opposed to insult).
3557:
granted. While some privileges have long been recognised, courts may create a new privilege for particular circumstances – privilege as an affirmative defence is a potentially ever-evolving doctrine. Such newly created or circumstantially recognised privileges are referred to as residual justification privileges. There are two types of privilege in common law jurisdictions:
3986:. Once a claim has been made, the defendant may avail themselves of a defence of justification (the truth), fair comment, responsible communication, or privilege. Publishers of defamatory comments may also use the defence of innocent dissemination where they had no knowledge of the nature of the statement, it was not brought to their attention, and they were not negligent.
3455:. English law allows actions for libel to be brought in the High Court for any published statements alleged to defame a named or identifiable individual or individuals (under English law companies are legal persons, and allowed to bring suit for defamation) in a manner that causes them loss in their trade or profession, or causes a reasonable person to think worse of them.
11631:, Looseleaf Law Publications, 2008, p. 59. "There are five essential elements to defamation: (1) The accusation is false; and (2) it impeaches the subject's character; and (3) it is published to a third person; and (4) it damages the reputation of the subject; and (5) that the accusation is done intentionally or with fault such as wanton disregard of facts."
8417:) and consists of pointing out someone as a criminal or as "having a reprehensible way of living", or of providing information about them "intended to cause exposure to the disrespect of others". The penalty is a fine. It is generally not a requirement that the statements are untrue; it is enough if they statements are meant to be vilifying.
2398:
although punitive in its character, doubtless included practically the element of compensation. But a new remedy was introduced with the extension of the criminal law, under which many kinds of defamation were punished with great severity. At the same time increased importance attached to the publication of defamatory books and writings, the
7046:
civilly liable for them. The plaintiff must further demonstrate that the person who made the remarks committed a wrongful act. Defamation in Quebec is governed by a reasonableness standard, as opposed to strict liability; a defendant who made a false statement would not be held liable if it was reasonable to believe the statement was true.
8674:. The court dismissed all the complaints and upheld the constitutionality of the disputed provisions. It emphasized that excluding the application of substantial truth doctrine on defamatory speeches concerning private matters with no public concern, is proportionate in protecting the victim's reputation and privacy. The court reaffirmed
8942:(SLAPPs) following the rise of the internet, the federal and many state governments have adopted statutes limiting the enforceability of offshore defamation judgments and expediting the dismissal of defamation claims. American writers and publishers are shielded from the enforcement of offshore libel judgments not compliant under the
9217:. Civil defamation cases were increasingly used, as evidenced by the number of civil lawsuits and disproportionate fines against journalists and media critical of governments. In at least four countries, defamation laws were used by public officials, including heads of state, to restrict critical media across all platforms.
6842:. The judgment established that internet-published foreign publications that defamed an Australian in their Australian reputation could be held accountable under Australian defamation law. The case gained worldwide attention and is often said, inaccurately, to be the first of its kind. A similar case that predates
3945:. A comprehensive discussion of what is and is not libel or slander under American law is difficult, as the definition differs between different states and is further affected by federal law. Some states codify what constitutes slander and libel together, merging the concepts into a single defamation law.
3644:: Most jurisdictions require that a lawsuit be brought within a limited period of time. If the alleged libel occurs in a mass media publication such as a newspaper or the Internet, the statute of limitations begins to run at the time of publication, not when the plaintiff first learns of the communication.
9363:
Due to legal protection of speech, and practical and jurisdictional limits on effectiveness of controls, censorship was increasingly carried out by private bodies. Privatized censorship by internet intermediaries involved: (i) the widening range of content considered harmful and justified to block or
7964:
ARTICLE 353. Definition of Libel. – A libel is a public and malicious imputation of a crime, or of a vice or defect, real or imaginary, or any act, omission, condition, status, or circumstance tending to cause the dishonor, discredit, or contempt of a natural or juridical person, or to
7305:
According to the Czech
Criminal Code, Article 184, defamation is a crime. Penalties may reach a maximum prison term of one year (Article 184–1) or, if the crime is committed through the press, film, radio, TV, publicly accessible computer network, or by "similarly effective" methods, the offender may
7143:
According to
Article 25 of the Penal Code, "lower imprisonment" is defined as a prison term between 61 days and five years. According to Article 30, the penalty of "lower imprisonment" in its medium or minimum degrees carries with it also the suspension of the exercise of a public position during the
6727:
He who publishes or reproduces, by any means, calumnies and injuries made by others, will be punished as responsible himself for the calumnies and injuries whenever its content is not correctly attributed to the corresponding source. Exceptions are expressions referring to subjects of public interest
3812:
estimates that 95% of libel cases involving news stories do not arise from high-profile news stories, but "run of the mill" local stories like news coverage of local criminal investigations or trials, or business profiles. Media liability insurance is available to newspapers to cover potential damage
10902:
While this holds true in the majority of common law jurisdictions, particularly in the
Commonwealth, a number of common law jurisdictions no longer recognise any legal distinction between fact and opinion. The Supreme Court of the United States, in particular, has ruled that the First Amendment does
9606:
were proposed, criminalizing online publication of content deemed as hate speech, and allowing the executive to order take downs of such content. Several states tried to pass legislation creating special criminal offences for online content that could damage the reputation and/or honour of a person.
9512:
Journalists were predominantly jailed under anti-state laws, with charges ranging from spreading chaos, promoting terrorism, and inciting dissidence, to incitement against the ruling government. Charges for publishing or spreading false news were the next most frequent. Other defamation or religious
8210:
This is distinct from and does not affect plaintiffs right of action under the common law torts of libel and slander as modified by the
Defamation Act 1957. The Protection of Harassment Act 2014, which provides for criminal penalties in addition to civil remedies, is specifically designed to address
8178:
legislation. In a 2015 case, a Saudi writer was arrested for defaming a former ruler of the country. Reportedly, under a counterterrorism law, "actions that 'threaten Saudi Arabia's unity, disturb public order, or defame the reputation of the state or the king' are considered acts of terrorism. The
7820:
In
Malaysia, defamation is both a tort and a criminal offence meant to protect the reputation and good name of a person. The principal statutes relied upon are the Defamation Act 1957 (Revised 1983) and the Penal Code. Following the practice of other common law jurisdictions like the United Kingdom,
7667:
Under article 723 of the
Japanese Civil Code, a court is empowered to order a tortfeasor in a defamation case to "take suitable measures for the restoration of the reputation either in lieu of or together with compensation for damages". An example of a civil defamation case in Japan can be found at
7434:
The crime of insult (Article 361, § 1, of the Penal Code) may have led to up to one year of imprisonment or a fine, while unprovoked insult (Article 361-A, § 1) was punished with at least three months in prison. In addition, defamation may have resulted in up to two months in prison or a fine, while
4082:
and the most common defence is "veritas" (i.e. proving the truth of otherwise defamatory statement). Defamation falls within the realm of non-patrimonial (i.e. dignitary) interests. The Scots law pertaining to the protection of non-patrimonial interests is said to be 'a thing of shreds and patches'.
3699:
If the plaintiff proves that such a statement was made and was false, to recover damages the plaintiff need only prove that someone had made the statement to any third party. No proof of special damages is required. However, to recover full compensation a plaintiff should be prepared to prove actual
3590:
Mere vulgar abuse: An insult that is not necessarily defamatory if it is not intended to be taken literally or believed, or likely to cause real damage to a reputation. Vituperative statements made in anger, such as calling someone "an arse" during a drunken argument, would likely be considered mere
3537:
provides that a statement is not defamatory if it has "slight inaccuracies of expression" but is otherwise true. Since a statement can only be defamatory if it harms another person's reputation, another defence tied to the ability of a statement to be defamatory is to demonstrate that, regardless of
2390:
Defamation law has a long history stretching back to classical antiquity. While defamation has been recognized as an actionable wrong in various forms across historical legal systems and in various moral and religious philosophies, defamation law in contemporary legal systems can primarily be traced
9472:
Civil society and press freedom organizations lobbied for changes to the penal codes in their respective countries – sometimes successfully. However, even in countries where libel or defamation were explicitly decriminalized, there were often other laws whose broad provisions allowed
9393:
issued a report on criminal defamation and anti-blasphemy laws among its member states, which found that defamation was criminalized in nearly three-quarters (42) of the 57 OSCE participating states. Many of the laws pertaining to defamation included specific provisions with harsher punishments for
9197:
The majority of countries (86%) had laws imposing criminal penalties for defamation. Six countries decriminalized defamation. Both criminal and civil defamation charges against journalists and media organizations continued. Other legal trends included using charges of terrorism, blasphemy, inciting
8633:
to protect reputation, privacy, and the public interest. It seemed to extend the defence of truth in ¶ 3, to providing evidence that a perpetrator had reasonable grounds in believing the allegations were true (even if they could not ultimately be proven). Regarding criminal punishments versus civil
7928:
In Norway, defamation was a crime punished with imprisonment of up to six months or a fine (Penal Code, Chapter 23, § 246). When the offense is likely to harm one's "good name" and reputation, or exposes him to hatred, contempt or loss of confidence, the maximum prison term went up to one year, and
7919:
holds: "When someone is liable towards another person under this
Section because of an incorrect or, by its incompleteness, misleading publication of information of factual nature, the court may, upon a right of action (legal claim) of this other person, order the tortfeasor to publish a correction
7344:
is particularly rooted in protecting the privacy of individuals. While the broader scope of the rights protected make defamation cases easier to prove in France than, for example, in England; awards in defamation cases are significantly lower and it is common for courts to award symbolic damages as
7314:
In Denmark, libel is a crime, as defined by Article 267 of the Danish Criminal Code, with a penalty of up to six months in prison or a fine, with proceedings initiated by the victim. In addition, Article 266-b prescribes a maximum prison term of two years in the case of public defamation aimed at a
3789:
Additionally, American courts apply special rules in the case of statements made in the press concerning public figures, which can be used as a defence. While plaintiff alleging defamation in an American court must usually prove that the statement caused harm, and was made without adequate research
3629:
Incapability of further defamation: Historically, it was a defence at common law that the claimant's position in the community is so poor that defamation could not do further damage to the plaintiff. Such a claimant could be said to be "libel-proof", since in most jurisdictions, actual damage is an
3532:
There are a variety of defences to defamation claims in common law jurisdictions. The two most fundamental defences arise from the doctrine in common law jurisdictions that only a false statement of fact (as opposed to opinion) can be defamatory. This doctrine gives rise to two separate but related
8743:
Whoever, imputing anything the deceased person before the third person, and that imputation to be likely to impair the reputation of the father, mother, spouse or child of the deceased or to expose that person hated or scammed to be said to commit defamation, and shall be punished as prescribed by
8388:
for truth. Penalties for cases with publicity are imprisonment from six months to two years or a fine of 12 to 24 months-fine, and for other cases only a fine of six to twelve months-fine (Article 206). Additionally, the crime of injury (Article 208 of the Penal Code) consists of hurting someone's
7110:
The rise of the internet as a medium for publication and the expression of ideas, including the emergence of social media platforms transcending national boundaries, has proven challenging to reconcile with traditional notions of defamation law. Questions of jurisdiction and conflicting limitation
6918:
of the alleged fact" and of defamation "when law does not admit this evidence" (Article 443). The penalty is eight days to one year of imprisonment, plus a fine (Article 444). In addition, the crime of "calumnious denunciation" (Article 445) is punished with 15 days to six months in prison, plus a
3967:
where the private law is derived from French civil law). In common law provinces and territories, defamation covers any communication that tends to lower the esteem of the subject in the minds of ordinary members of the public. Probably true statements are not excluded, nor are political opinions.
2526:
which requires that limitations be: 1) "provided by law that is clear and accessible to everyone", 2) "proven to be necessary and legitimate to protect the rights or reputations of others", and 3) "proportionate and the least restrictive to achieve the purported aim". This test is analogous to the
2397:
was aimed at giving sufficient scope for the discussion of a man's character, while it protected him from needless insult and pain. The remedy for verbal defamation was long confined to a civil action for a monetary penalty, which was estimated according to the significance of the case, and which,
9662:
countries in Western Europe retained criminal defamation laws. In several Western European countries, defamation was sanctioned more harshly if it involved a public official. In some instances, heads of state were provided more protection to their reputation and punishments were more severe. Some
9151:
recognized as a defence. Members of government continued to initiate most such cases. There was a trend towards using civil defamation in lieu of criminal defamation, but with demands for extremely high damages and the potential to bankrupt media outlets – although the courts often
8929:
is sometimes cited as precedent that truth is not always a defence to libel in the U.S., but the case is actually not valid precedent on that issue because Staples did not argue First Amendment protection, which is one theory for truth as complete defence, for its statements. The court assumed in
8696:
A person who, contrary to the truth, asserts or circulates as a fact that which injurious to the reputation or the credit of another or his earnings or prosperity in any other manner, shall compensate the other for any damage arising therefrom, even if he does not know of its untruth, provided he
7588:
In Italy, there used to be different crimes against honor. The crime of injury (Article 594 of the Penal Code) referred to the act of offending someone's honor in their presence and was punishable with up to six months in prison or a fine of up to €516. The crime of defamation (Article 595, Penal
7163:
of the offended person. Finally, according to Article 425, in the case of calumnies and slander published in foreign newspapers, are considered liable all those who from Chilean territory sent articles or gave orders for publication abroad, or contributed to the introduction of such newspapers in
4087:
heritage of Scots law gives the courts scope to recognise, and afford reparation in, cases in which no patrimonial (or 'quasi-patrimonial') 'loss' has occurred, but a recognised dignitary interest has nonetheless been invaded through the wrongful conduct of the defender. For such reparation to be
3480:
in which the defamatory matter is published. If the offending material is published in some fleeting form, such as spoken words or sounds, sign language, gestures or the like, then it is slander. In contrast, libel encompasses defamation by written or printed words, pictures, or in any form other
9743:
branches of governments worldwide doubled in the last five years – to a total of approximately 117,000 requests in 2020. Of these companies, only Google published data on the rationale for content removal requests made by governments; that data showed "defamation" and "privacy and
9320:
Two countries decriminalized defamation in 2009, followed by another in 2010. In another case, there was no criminal libel at the federal level, and a minority of states still had criminal defamation laws. In general, criminal penalties for libel were imposed rarely, with two notable exceptions.
7349:
on criticism of public policy While the only statutory defence available under French defamation law is to demonstrate the truth of the defamatory statement in question, a defence that is unavailable in cases involving an individual's personal life; French courts have recognised three additional
3674:, the law recognises that certain false statements are so damaging that they create a presumption of injury to the plaintiff's reputation, allowing a defamation case to proceed to verdict with no actual proof of damages. Although laws vary by state, and not all jurisdictions recognise defamation
3556:
Privilege: A circumstance that justifies or excuses an act that would otherwise constitute a tort on the ground that it stemmed from a recognised interest of social importance, provides a complete bar and answer to a defamation suit, though conditions may have to be met before this protection is
2594:
in the subject matter of the criticism should be recognized as a defence. Care should be taken by States parties to avoid excessively punitive measures and penalties. Where relevant, States parties should place reasonable limits on the requirement for a defendant to reimburse the expenses of the
9168:
partially decriminalized defamation by eliminating prison terms. According to an analysis by the Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion and Public Life, sixteen countries (84%) had laws penalizing blasphemy, apostasy and/or defamation of religion. Lese-majesty laws existed in some parts of the
7557:
The 2009 Act repeals the Defamation Act 1961, which had, together with the underlying principles of the common law of tort, governed Irish defamation law for almost half a century. The 2009 Act represents significant changes in Irish law, as many believe that it previously attached insufficient
7045:
To establish civil liability for defamation, the plaintiff must establish, on a balance of probabilities, the existence of an injury (fault), a wrongful act (damage), and of a causal connection (link of causality) between the two. A person who has made defamatory remarks will not necessarily be
3488:
In common law jurisdictions, civil lawsuits alleging defamation have frequently been used by both private businesses and governments to suppress and censor criticism. A notable example of such lawsuits being used to suppress political criticism of a government is the use of defamation claims by
8678:
and further supplemented its decision. It elaborated on the offender's duty to check the validity of the defamatory statements regarding public matters, and dictated that the offender shall not be punished if there are objective and reasonable grounds for the offender to believe the defamatory
3937:
dramatically altered the nature of libel law in the country by elevating the fault element for public officials to actual malice – that is, public figures could win a libel suit only if they could demonstrate the publisher's "knowledge that the information was false" or that the
11645:, Routledge, 2006, p. 273. "Simplifying a very complicated decision, the court said that because the plaintiff must prove a statement is false in order to win an action in defamation, it is impossible to win an action in defamation if the statement, by its very nature, cannot be proven false."
8736:
Whoever, imputes anything to the other person before a third person in a manner likely to impair the reputation of such other person or to expose such other person to be hated or scorned, is said to commit defamation, and shall be punished with imprisonment not exceeding one year or fined not
7422:
are §90 (denigration of the Federal President), §90a (denigration of the State and its symbols), §90b (unconstitutional denigration of the organs of the Constitution), §185 ("insult"), §186 (defamation of character), §187 (defamation with deliberate untruths), §188 (political defamation with
6886:
In Austria, the crime of defamation is foreseen by Article 111 of the Criminal Code. Related criminal offences include "slander and assault" (Article 115), that happens "if a person insults, mocks, mistreats or threatens will ill-treatment another one in public", and yet "malicious falsehood"
5181:
opposes criminal defamation, arguing that civil defamation laws providing defences for statements on matters of public interest are better compliant with international human rights law. The European Court of Human Rights has placed restrictions on criminal libel laws because of the freedom of
11638:, Cengage Learning, 2007, p. 115. "In other words, making a negative statement about another person is not defamation unless the statement is false and represents something as a fact (for example, 'Vladik cheats on his taxes') rather than a personal opinion (for example, 'Vladik is a jerk')."
9198:
subversion of state power, acting against the state, and conducting activities to overthrow the state. In 2011, the Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion and Public Life found that anti-blasphemy laws existed in eight countries (18%), while 15 (34%) had laws against defamation of religion.
8342:, wasting the investigative capacity of police departments. One person could end up suing 50 others, or more. This led to the emergence of settlement-money hunters, provoking others to insult them, and then demanding compensation. According to statistics from the Cyber Security Bureau of the
6779:
The 2006 reforms also established across all Australian states the availability of truth as an unqualified defence; previously a number of states only allowed a defence of truth with the condition that a public interest or benefit existed. The defendant however still needs to prove that the
2517:
In most of Europe, article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights permits restrictions on freedom of speech when necessary to protect the reputation or rights of others. Additionally, restrictions of freedom of expression and other rights guaranteed by international human rights laws
3481:
than spoken words or gestures. The law of libel originated in the 17th century in England. With the growth of publication came the growth of libel and development of the tort of libel. The highest award in an American defamation case, at US$ 222.7 million was rendered in 1997 against
2599:
of defamation and, in any case, the application of the criminal law should only be countenanced in the most serious of cases and imprisonment is never an appropriate penalty. It is impermissible for a State party to indict a person for criminal defamation but then not to proceed to trial
8133:
or expose him "to the loss of confidence necessary for a given position, occupation or type of activity". Penalties include fine, limitation of liberty and imprisonment for up to a year (Article 212.1 of the Criminal Code). The penalty is more severe when the offence happens through the
3994:
Common law jurisdictions vary as to whether they permit corporate plaintiffs in defamation actions. Under contemporary Australian law, private corporations are denied the right to sue for defamation, with an exception for small businesses (corporations with less than 10 employees and no
7841:) have been abolished in the Federal Penal Code as well as in fifteen states. These crimes remain in the penal codes of seventeen states, where penalty is, in average, from 1.1 years (for ones convicted for slanderous allegation) to 3.8 years in jail (for those convicted for calumny).
7753:). General defamation provision. Where the truth of the allegations is not a factor in determining guilt; but there is "Special Provision for Matters Concerning Public Interest", whereby proving the allegations is allowed as a defence. See also 232: "prosecuted only upon complaint".
3647:
No third-party communication: If an employer were to bring an employee into a sound-proof, isolated room, and accuse him of embezzling company money, the employee would have no defamation recourse, since no one other than the would-be plaintiff and would-be defendant heard the false
8230:. In addition to criminal law, which allows for imprisonment (up to seven years in case the allegations are false) and monetary fines, one can also sue for damages with civil actions. Generally, criminal actions proceed civil ones with South Korean police as judicial investigators.
3621:
is not liable if they had no actual knowledge of the defamatory statement or no reason to believe the statement was defamatory. Thus, a delivery service cannot be held liable for delivering a sealed defamatory letter. The defence can be defeated if the lack of knowledge was due to
11667:, Cengage Learning, 2008, p. 390. "Libel refers to written defamatory statements; slander refers to oral statements. Libel encompasses communications occurring in 'physical form'... defamatory statements on records and computer tapes are considered libel rather than slander."
12947:
9152:
dismissed such cases. According to an analysis by the Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion and Public Life, laws against defamation of religion remained on the books in 13 countries (27%), four countries had laws penalizing apostasy, and two had anti-blasphemy laws.
9707:
As of 2022, at least 160 countries had criminal defamation laws on the books, down from 166 in 2015. At least 57 laws and regulations across 44 countries were adopted or amended since 2016, containing vague language or disproportionate punishments, threatening online
7140:(Article 413). If it is not written or with publicity, penalty is "lower imprisonment" in its minimum degree plus a fine of six to fifteen "vital wages" when it is about a crime, or plus a fine of six to ten "vital wages" when it is about a misdemeanor (Article 414).
7932:
Under the new Penal Code, decided upon by the Parliament in 2005, defamation would cease to exist as a crime. Rather, any person who believes he or she has been subject to defamation will have to press civil lawsuits. The Criminal Code took effect on 1 October 2015.
7409:
Defined as "the allegation or allocation of a fact that damages the honor or reputation of the person or body to which the fact is imputed". A defamatory allegation is considered an insult if it does not include any facts or if the claimed facts cannot be verified.
7111:
periods in trans-border online defamation cases, liability for hyperlinks to defamatory content, filing lawsuits against anonymous parties, and the liability of internet service providers and intermediaries make online defamation a uniquely complicated area of law.
9143:, calling for the abolition of insult and criminal defamation laws. Such laws frequently led to the arrest and imprisonment of journalists across the continent. It was signed by two countries. In most cases – criminal or civil – the
8704:
The Court, when given judgment as to the liability for wrongful act and the amount of compensation, shall not be bound by the provisions of the criminal law concerning liability to punishment or by the conviction or non-conviction of the wrongdoer for a criminal
9300:
Defamation was a criminal offence in the vast majority of countries, occasionally leading to imprisonment or elevated fines. Criminal penalties for defamation remained, but there was a trend towards their repeal. Between 2007 and 2012, 23 of the 27 countries in
7635:", Article 368, Penal Code), which, under the Italian legal system, is defined as the crime of falsely accusing, before the authorities, a person of a crime they did not commit. As to the trial, judgment on the legality of the evidence fades into its relevance.
2450:, whose legal tradition is the predecessor of contemporary common law jurisdictions, slander was punished by cutting out the tongue. Historically, while defamation of a commoner in England was known as libel or slander, the defamation of a member of the English
7812:, and found procedural illegalities in the lower courts' judgments (regarding the exclusion of evidence from testimony, as hearsay). As a result, the court quashed the conviction on appeal, and remanded the case to a lower court for further proceedings.
7306:
stay in prison for up to two years or be prohibited of exercising a specific activity. However, only the most severe cases will be subject to criminal prosecution. The less severe cases can be solved by an action for apology, damages or injunctions.
5093:, a British free expression advocacy group, has published global maps charting the existence of criminal defamation law across the globe, as well as showing countries that have special protections for political leaders or functionaries of the state.
2581:
Defamation laws must be crafted with care to ensure that they comply with paragraph 3 , and that they do not serve, in practice, to stifle freedom of expression. All such laws, in particular penal defamation laws, should include such defences as the
4049:
is a generic term meaning 'worthiness, dignity, self-respect', and comprises related concerns like mental tranquillity and privacy. Because it is such a wide concept, its infringement must be serious. Not every insult is humiliating; one must prove
6746:
developed primarily out of the English law of defamation and its cases, though now there are differences introduced by statute and by the implied constitutional limitation on governmental powers to limit speech of a political nature established in
6775:(Vic), s 9). Corporations may, however, still sue for the tort of injurious falsehood, where the burden of proof is greater than in defamation, because the plaintiff must show that the defamation was made with malice and resulted in economic loss.
3930:
did not interpret the First Amendment as applying to libel cases involving media defendants. This left libel laws, based upon the traditional common law of defamation inherited from the English legal system, mixed across the states. The 1964 case
10147:, secrecy, loyalty, and treachery; dignity and honour are again mentioned. The author concludes that freedom of speech should be practised for the sake of justice, and can be lifted if it causes discomfort or unhealthy relationships in society.
6756:
In 2006, uniform defamation laws came into effect across Australia. In addition to fixing the problematic inconsistencies in law between individual States and Territories, the laws made a number of changes to the common law position, including:
5164:
While defamation torts are less controversial as they ostensibly involve plaintiffs seeking to protect their right to dignity and their reputation, criminal defamation is more controversial as it involves the state expressly seeking to restrict
9462:(ECOWAS). The journalist was subjected to censorship, excessive fines, and a lengthy imprisonment for defamation. Following this legally binding decision, the country in question proceeded to amend its laws and pay the journalist compensation.
3501:
has gained prominence in many common law jurisdictions outside Singapore as activists, journalists, and critics of corporations, political leaders, and public figures are increasingly targeted with vexatious defamation litigation. As a result,
9091:
Debate around defamation of religions, and how this impacts the right to free expression, continued to be an issue at a global level. In 2006, UNESCO's executive board adopted a decision on "Respect for freedom of expression and respect for
3729:
While defamation torts are broadly similar across common law jurisdictions; differences have arisen as a result of diverging case law, statutes and other legislative action, and constitutional concerns specific to individual jurisdictions.
7804:. The defence alleged, among other things, violation of Article 21 of the Constitution. The court found that none of the defence's grounds for appeal amounted to lawful grounds for a final appeal. Nevertheless, the court examined the case
10184:). The author concludes that in the Malaysian context, this proposed harmonization would be justified by Article 3 of the Constitution (with a passing reference to the "supremacy of the Constitution", apparently guaranteed in Article 4).
18582:
8443:), not characterised under Article 1 or 2, and is punishable with a fine or, if it is gross, with up to six months of prison or a fine. While an act of defamation involves a third person, it is not a requirement for insulting behaviour.
1222:
8815:, and the laws are rarely enforced. There are no criminal defamation or insult laws at the federal level. According to the Knowledge article, on the state level, 23 states and two territories have criminal defamation laws on the books:
6764:
Providing new defences including that of triviality, where it is a defence to the publication of a defamatory matter if the defendant proves that the circumstances of publication were such that the plaintiff was unlikely to sustain any
3712:
cannot survive. The conception of what type of allegation may support an action for defamation per se can evolve with public policy. For example, in May 2012 an appeals court in New York, citing changes in public policy with regard to
3560:
Absolute privilege has the effect that a statement cannot be sued on as defamatory, even if it were made maliciously; a typical example is evidence given in court (although this may give rise to different claims, such as an action for
2299:
Defamation and related laws can encompass a variety of acts (from general defamation and insult – as applicable to every citizen – to specialized provisions covering specific entities and social structures):
4083:
This notwithstanding, there is 'little historical basis in Scots law for the kind of structural difficulties that have restricted English law' in the development of mechanisms to protect so-called 'rights of personality'. The
9693:
According to the 2017 OSCE report, criminal defamation laws were in place in at least 21 of the 27 countries in Western Europe and North America. At least 13 states retained statutes penalizing blasphemy or religious insult.
7622:
in the exercise of that profession or art. Therefore, journalists convicted of libel may be banned from exercising their profession. Deliberately false accusations of defamation, as with any other crime, lead to the crime of
6919:
fine. In any of the crimes covered by Chapter V of the Penal Code, the minimum penalty may be doubled (Article 453-bis) "when one of the motivations of the crime is hatred, contempt or hostility of a person due to his or her
9059:
that was made accessible through their servers or services, if it was deemed illegal or harmful. Due to uncertain takedown procedures and the lack of legal resources, intermediaries sometimes were excessively compliant with
9834:
7008:, defamation is formally a criminal offence, but the penalty of imprisonment was abolished in 1999. Articles 146 (insult), 147 (criminal defamation) and 148 (public insult) of the Criminal Code prescribe a penalty of fine.
10983:
Conduct usually takes the form of statements, either oral or in writing; nevertheless, other forms of conduct, such as physical contact or gestures, could also arise. The principles are the same as those applicable to the
10022:. According to the text, allegations cannot be taken back, reparation methods proposed by theologians are unsatisfactory, and the only way is finding the right occasion for a favourable characterization of the defamed.
12310:
6991:
or moral constraint, defamation acts are also covered by the crimes of "illegal constraint" (Article 146 of the Penal Code) and "arbitrary exercise of discretion" (Article 345 of PC), defined as breaking the law as a
4011:, the general elements of delict must be present, but specific rules have been developed for each element. Causation, for example, is seldom in issue, and is assumed to be present. The elements of liability under the
9493:
and anti-terrorism laws, were frequently used as tools of government control on media. Emergency laws often superseded the general law. Defamation laws tended to favour those who could afford costly legal expenses.
8629:, Article 11 establishes freedom of speech. Article 23 allows restrictions to freedoms and rights, to prevent infringing on the freedoms and rights of others. The court found that Art. 310 ¶¶ 1-2 were necessary and
7082:
The criminal portion of the law has been rarely applied, but it has been observed that, when treated as an indictable offence, it often appears to arise from statements made against an agent of the Crown, such as a
3467:
jurisdictions, to constitute defamation, a claim must generally be false and must have been made to someone other than the person defamed. Some common law jurisdictions distinguish between spoken defamation, called
15113:
9533:, had civil and/or criminal defamation laws. Various cases indicated that such laws were used by political interests and powerful elites (individuals and corporations). Cases of online defamation were on the rise.
8774:, proving the truth of the allegation was originally a valid defence only in civil libel cases. Criminal libel was construed as an offence against the public at large based on the tendency of the libel to provoke
7657:
Article 21. Freedom of assembly and association as well as speech, press and all other forms of expression are guaranteed. No censorship shall be maintained, nor shall the secrecy of any means of communication be
8700:
A person who makes a communication the untruth of which is unknown to him, does not thereby render himself liable to make compensation, if he or the receiver of the communication has a rightful interest in it.
10161:
Fourth, the proposal of harmonization is discussed. The author proposes amending Malaysian laws to conform with Islamic legal principles, under the supervision of a specific department. Mentioned are: Islamic
3841:
on the charge of seditious libel, because it was proven that all the statements Zenger had published about Cosby had been true, so there was not an issue of defamation. Another example of libel is the case of
4062:
in the narrow sense), adultery, loss of consortium, alienation of affection, breach of promise (but only in a humiliating or degrading manner), et cetera. "Fama" is a generic term referring to reputation and
3890:
Provide that, while most instances of slander continue to require special damage to be proved (i.e. prove that pecuniary loss was caused by the defamatory statement), instances such as slander of title shall
11729:
9480:
The majority of countries had defamation laws, that were used to charge and imprison journalists. Media outlets were suspended after publishing reports critical of the government or other political elites.
6708:). In addition, defamation of authorities, public officials or foreign representatives (Articles 227, 239 to 241) are separate crimes with maximum penalties varying from one to three years of imprisonment.
8346:, the number of cyber defamation and insult reports was 5,712 in 2010, 8,880 in 2014, and at least 8,488 in 2015. More than half of the complaints for cyber insults were game-related (the article mentions
7691:
defiles the national flag or other national emblem of a foreign state for the purpose of insulting the foreign state", can be construed to include more abstract defiling; translations of the Japanese term
8195:
provides for individuals who have been affected by false statements online to seek a variety of court orders under the tort of harassment that are not available under the pre-internet tort of defamation:
7995:
Conditions for defence of truth: good motives, justifiable ends; not available for allegations of non-criminal activities – unless related to official duties of government employees (Art.
15256:
8748:
Criminal defamation charges in Thailand under Section 326 of the Criminal Code are frequently used to censor journalists and activists critical of human rights circumstances for workers in the country.
2494:
This implies a right to legal protection against defamation; however, this right co-exists with the right to freedom of opinion and expression under Article 19 of the ICCPR as well as Article 19 of the
15842:
7098:
According to the OSCE official report on defamation laws issued in 2005, 57 persons in Canada were accused of defamation, libel and insult, among which 23 were convicted – 9 to prison sentences, 19 to
8223:, both true and false statements can be considered defamation. The penalties increase for false statements. It is also possible for a person to be criminally defamed when they are no longer alive.
7095:. In the most recent case, in 2012, an Ottawa restaurant owner was convicted of ongoing online harassment of a customer who had complained about the quality of food and service in her restaurant.
14903:
9651:
Legal developments varied across the region. While criminal defamation and insult laws were repealed in some countries, stronger defamation laws were produced or reintroduced in other countries.
4067:
pertaining to it encompasses defamation more broadly Beyond simply covering actions that fall within the broader concept of defamation, "actio iniuriarum" relating to infringements of a person's
9181:
users reporting on political matters were arrested. The charges were defamation or insult, typically with respect to heads of state. There was a trend towards trying journalists and bloggers in
3597:: Statements made with an honest belief in their soundness on a matter of public interest (such as regarding official acts) are defendable against a defamation claim, even if such arguments are
9865:; anything that can injure the honour or character of another. With two exceptions: for the good of the guilty, or when necessary to prevent a greater evil – and then, only with
9800:
7118:
held that a person who posts hyperlinks on a website which lead to another site with defamatory content is not publishing that defamatory material for the purposes of libel and defamation law.
13197:"IRIS 2006–10:2/1: Ilia Dohel, Office of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media. Representative on Freedom of the Media: Report on Achievements in the Decriminalization of Defamation"
8647:) argued against Articles 309 and 310. Its position was abolishing prison sentences in practice, on the way to full decriminalization. It argued that insulting language should be tackled via
5096:
There can be regional statutes that may differ from the national norm. For example, in the United States, criminal defamation is generally limited to the living. However, there are 7 states (
9372:; and (iii) a lack of transparency regarding blocking and filtering processes (including the relationship between the state and private bodies, in the setting of filters and the exchange of
8788:
allowed the proven truth of the allegation to be used as a valid defence in criminal libel cases, but only if the defendant also demonstrated that publication was for the "public benefit".
18551:
14876:
13809:
9080:, where companies conducted their own monitoring and filtering to avoid possible repercussions. This contributed to a process of privatized censorship, where some governments may rely on
7970:
Malice presumed, even if true; exceptions: private communications in the course of duty, fair reports – without comments – on official proceedings (Art. 354)
1183:
12665:
9587:
country. Other forms of criminal offences existed in some countries: insulting public officials, harming the reputation and honour of the head of state, insulting or defaming the state.
4092:
requires that the conduct of the defender be 'contumelious'—that is, it must show such hubristic disregard of the pursuer's recognised personality interest that an intention to affront (
3804:(or other legitimate public figure) to win a libel case in an American court, the statement must have been published knowing it to be false or with reckless disregard to its truth (i.e.
3749:" in which the making of a true statement may give rise to liability: but neither of these comes under the general heading of "defamation". The tort of harassment created by Singapore's
13399:
12269:
8462:. There is wilful defamation when the offender knows the falsity of his/her allegations and intentionally looks to ruin the reputation of one's victim (see Articles 174-1 and 174–2).
5138:
Questions of group libel have been appearing in common law for hundreds of years. One of the earliest known cases of a defendant being tried for defamation of a group was the case of
4088:
offered, however, the non-patrimonial interest must be deliberately affronted: negligent interference with a non-patrimonial interest will not be sufficient to generate liability. An
3655:
third-party communication, but the third-party hearing the defamatory statement does not believe the statement, or does not care, then there is no injury, and therefore, no recourse.
10309:
The two terms seem to be conflated. It is not clear which, if any, corresponds to harmful and true speech, and which to harmful and false speech. Combined with Knowledge's entry on
7482:, the security of the State, friendly relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality, or in relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an offence.]
12134:
8634:
remedies, it noted that if the law allowed anyone to avoid a penalty for defamation by offering monetary compensation, it would be tantamount to issuing them a licence to defame.
3926:
was designed to protect freedom of the press, it was primarily envisioned to prevent censorship by the state rather than defamation suits; thus, for most of American history, the
15696:
15010:
8710:
6906:
According to the OSCE report on defamation laws, "Azerbaijan intends to remove articles on defamation and insult from criminal legislation and preserve them in the Civil Code".
14434:
7607:
and therefore no criminal prosecution at all. Beginning from 15 January 2016, injury is no longer a crime but a tort, while defamation is still considered a crime like before.
12318:
9594:
turned to the courts, seeking relief for reputational injuries. Civil defamation lawsuits by politicians limited press freedom, in at least one country of the CIS sub-region.
2590:, consideration should be given to avoiding penalizing or otherwise rendering unlawful untrue statements that have been published in error but without malice. In any event, a
15110:
12686:
8465:
On the other hand, defamation is punished only with a maximum monetary penalty of 180 daily penalty units (Article 173–1). When it comes to a deceased or absent person, the
10110:
8458:, the crime of wilful defamation is punished with a maximum term of three years in prison, or with a fine of at least thirty days' worth, according to Article 174-2 of the
8211:
a narrower scope of conduct in order to avoid outlawing an overly broad range of speech, and is confined to addressing speech that causes "harassment, alarm, or distress".
7580:
As a criminal offence, defamation is punishable by a year of imprisonment. In order to constitute a felony, defamation must be intentional and target at least two persons.
14213:
7178:
14927:
7071:
of any person by exposing him to hatred, contempt or ridicule, or that is designed to insult the person of or concerning whom it is published", receives the same penalty.
7669:
7261:) makes serious defamation punishable by fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years or criminal detention upon complaint, unless it is against the government.
5131:(OSCE) has also published a detailed database on criminal and civil defamation provisions in 55 countries, including all European countries, all member countries of the
9232:
country still had such a provision. According to the Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion & Public Life, 17 countries had laws penalizing religious hate speech.
2416:, the dissemination of which was regarded as particularly dangerous, and visited with very severe punishment, whether the matters contained in them were true or false.
2600:
expeditiously – such a practice has a chilling effect that may unduly restrict the exercise of freedom of expression of the person concerned and others.
2586:
and they should not be applied with regard to those forms of expression that are not, of their nature, subject to verification. At least with regard to comments about
2486:
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honour and reputation.
7920:
in a way to be set by court." If the court grants an injunction, the defendant is usually ordered to delete the publication or to publish a rectification statement.
7644:
13222:
10067:
the false statement, which undoes the injury (even if this requires exposing the perpetrator as a liar). Compensation for the victim's losses may also be required.
19045:
11352:
10917:
10856:.For instance, despite the common belief that the term "tort" exclusively refers to civil liability in common law jurisdictions, Knowledge has articles discussing
7989:
Slander by deed – "any act not included and punished in this title, which shall cast dishonor, discredit or contempt upon another person" (Art. 359)
4003:
Defamation in jurisdictions applying Roman Dutch law (i.e. most of Southern Africa, Indonesia, Suriname, and the Dutch Caribbean) gives rise to a claim by way of "
1689:
9417:
Between 2012 and 2017, four AU member states decriminalized defamation. Other national courts defended criminal defamation's place in their constitution [
14958:
11898:
10395:
9324:
According to the Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion & Public Life, eight countries had blasphemy legislation, though these laws were used infrequently.
7821:
Singapore, and India, Malaysia relies on case law. In fact, the Defamation Act 1957 is similar with the English Defamaiton Act 1952. The Malaysian Penal Code is
18091:
15246:
11458:
9210:
fully decriminalized defamation. An additional four abolished prison sentences for defamation convictions, although the offence remained in the criminal code.
8104:
7801:
2256:
and causes a legally redressable injury. The precise legal definition of defamation varies from country to country. It is not necessarily restricted to making
715:
15850:
8091:, and ordered the Philippine government to provide remedy, including compensation for time served in prison, and to prevent similar violations in the future.
15897:"Venezuelan Court Sentences Newspaper Publisher to Prison Four-year sentence raises concerns about press intimidation in the troubled South American country"
6914:
In Belgium, crimes against honor are foreseen in Chapter V of the Belgian Penal Code, Articles 443 to 453-bis. Someone is guilty of calumny "when law admits
3790:
into the truthfulness of the statement; where the plaintiff is a celebrity or public official, they must additionally prove that the statement was made with
9643:
New cybercrime laws were passed in two Caribbean countries. In 2017, one country passed an anti-hate law that was criticized for stifling political debate.
8325:, that would allow imprisonment up to three years for online defamation, and would authorize the police to investigate cyber defamation cases without prior
8317:, for spreading false information. According to the decision, Minerva's online comments affected national credibility negatively. Lawmakers from the ruling
7418:
In German law, there is no distinction between libel and slander. As of 2006, German defamation lawsuits are increasing. The relevant offences of Germany's
11118:
11084:
10852:
is used to refer to this category of civil wrong, though it can also refer to criminal offences in some jurisdictions and tort is the general term used in
9455:
9119:. Similar resolutions were made in 2012 and 2013. In 2013, 87 governments agreed on the Rabat Plan of Action, for the prohibition of incitement to hatred.
9003:
7550:
According to the (revised) Defamation Act 2009, the last criminal offences (Sections 36–37, blasphemy) seem to have been repealed. The
5174:
5128:
2478:
6878:. This judgment was significant as it demonstrated that tweets, consisting of even as little as three words, can be defamatory, as was held in this case.
18299:
13326:
7258:
931:
14913:
3485:
in favour of MMAR Group Inc; however, the verdict was dismissed in 1999 amid allegations that MMAR failed to disclose audiotapes made by its employees.
15692:
10945:, and not a case where the defence acquitted itself as a matter of law, as before the Zenger case defamation law had not provided the defence of truth.
9128:
9072:
for the affected content producer. Intermediaries were at times held criminally liable for content posted by a user, when others perceived it violated
9931:
is given as example) might be a mortal sin. While an offence of considerable magnitude (drunkenness is given as example), attributed to a member of a
9169:
region. There were vaguely worded concepts and terms, interpreted narrowly by the judiciary. The number of bloggers imprisoned was rising. Among some
3668:, such that people making a defamation claim for these statements do not need to prove that the statement was defamatory. In an action for defamation
19440:
18823:
14019:
10921:
8446:
Under exemptions in the Freedom of the Press Act, Chapter 7, both criminal and civil lawsuits may be brought to court under the laws on denigration.
7254:
3923:
2100:
1461:
13100:
9409:
appeared before courts, with some serving time in prison. Technological advancements strengthened governments' abilities to monitor online content.
8557:
Slander and libel as distinct offences, with harsher punishment for libel; truth as a defence – except for private matters (Art. 310)
8071:
published an article on a criminal defamation case. A broadcaster was jailed for more than two years, following conviction on libel charges, by the
7345:
low as €1. Controversially, damages in defamation cases brought by public officials are higher than those brought by ordinary citizens, which has a
18250:
12799:
12003:
11502:
9241:
2421:
qui, adversus bonos mores convicium cui fecisse cuiusve opera factum esse dicitur, quo adversus bonos mores convicium fieret, in eum iudicium dabo.
2232:
882:
14980:
11223:
10048:
In a somewhat contradictory opinion, it is stated that there are circumstances where misdeeds can be lawfully exposed, but a lie is intrinsically
8938:
In response to the expansion of other jurisdictions' attempts to enforce judgements in cases of trans-border defamation and to a rise in domestic
13631:
11256:
10881:
10505:, which would result in the perpetrator receiving same punishment, as the one their false testimony would have brought upon the falsely accused.
9451:
8939:
7402:
7182:
2559:
2535:
in assessing whether limitations on constitutional rights are "demonstrably justifiable in a free and democratic society" under Section 1 of the
15873:
15405:
14880:
13813:
13403:
9590:
Civil laws to protect the reputation of individuals or their privacy were increasingly used. There was an increase in the number of cases where
8226:
Criminal defamation occurs when a public statement damages the subject's reputation, unless the statement was true and presented solely for the
18171:
14460:
13321:
12671:
10815:
10789:
8714:
8434:
7738:) seems to include any act of 'disrespect' and 'blasphemy' – a standard term; as long as it is performed in a place of worship.
3772:
Although laws vary by state; in America, a defamation action typically requires that a plaintiff claiming defamation prove that the defendant:
3498:
2548:
795:
15134:
14084:
7509:
Some other offences related to insults: against public servants in judicial proceedings (Section 228), against religion or religious beliefs (
7435:
aggravated defamation could have led to at least three months of prison, plus a possible fine (Article 363) and deprivation of the offender's
7036:, defamation was originally grounded in the law inherited from France and is presently established by Chapter III, Title 2 of Book One of the
3745:, involving the making of a statement, even if truthful, intended to harm the claimant out of malice; some have a separate tort or delict of "
11207:
11186:
11165:
10709:
9447:
15289:
12948:"An analysis of three distinct approaches to using defamation to protect corporate reputation from Australia, England and Wales, and Canada"
11820:
18828:
17245:
15428:
15184:
13081:
12395:
10086:
8494:
7973:
Punishment for libel in writing or similar medium (including radio, painting, theatre, cinema): imprisonment, fine, civil action (Art. 355)
3826:
3742:
2670:
2419:
The Praetorian Edict, codified circa AD 130, declared that an action could be brought up for shouting at someone contrary to good morals: "
1466:
15448:
14527:
13487:
12247:
11919:
11629:
Navigating the Legal Minefield of Private Investigations: A Career-Saving Guide for Private Investigators, Detectives, And Security Police
18798:
18392:
17924:
11122:
11088:
9390:
7983:
of private-life facts – connected to official proceedings – offending virtue, honour, reputation (Art. 357)
6749:
1436:
1024:
540:
15161:
11962:
3782:
if the defamatory matter is of public concern, acted in a manner which amounted at least to negligence on the part of the defendant; and
18076:
17460:
9610:
Public officials throughout the region initiated criminal proceedings against internet users, predominantly against those opposing the
8192:
8179:
law decrees that a suspect can be held incommunicado for 90 days without the presence of their lawyer during the initial questioning."
8117:. The petitions all claim that the law infringes on freedom of expression, due process, equal protection and privacy of communication.
6867:
student Andrew Farley was ordered to pay $ 105,000 to a teacher for writing defamatory remarks about her on the social media platform.
6824:, justification (truth), honest opinion, publication of public documents, fair report of proceedings of public concern and triviality.
3769:
protects plaintiffs against statements which are not technically false but are misleading. Libel and slander both require publication.
2810:
700:
15324:
15018:
14308:
14049:
8667:(in order to reserve public resources for major crimes, rather than private disputes and quarrels irrelevant to the public interest).
6724:. He who intentionally dishonor or discredit a determined person is punished with a penalty from 1,500 to 20,000 pesos (Article 110).
3524:
is suspended and which, if successful, would terminate the lawsuit and allow the party to recover its legal costs from the plaintiff.
14438:
12365:
10124:, many more concepts might be included. The author concludes that Islamic definitions are better for classifying defamatory actions.
10098:
9459:
9245:
9010:
also provided technical assistance to governments on revising legislation, to align with international standards and best practices.
7915:
In the Netherlands, defamation is mostly dealt with by lodging a civil complaint at the District Court. Article 167 of book 6 of the
17051:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Western Europe and North America 2017/2018
13578:
11526:
10941:
sowed the seed for the later establishment of truth as an absolute defence against libel charges. The outcome of the case is one of
10569:
of his newly married wife; and divorce was disallowed (similarly with calumny). The article notes that after the destruction of the
9225:
increased pressure on authorities, to stop granting public officials a higher degree of protection against defamation in the media.
7439:. Finally, disparaging the memory of a deceased person is punished with imprisonment of up to six months (Penal Code, Article 365).
18006:
17894:
17637:
17025:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Latin America and the Caribbean 2017/2018
15896:
12438:
9788:
8812:
7947:
7537:
3970:
622:
510:
13605:
12690:
12478:
12050:
9602:
There were attempts to pass legislation allowing content removal based on different claims, including defamation and hate speech.
7771:
Article 233, "Damage to Credibility; Obstruction of Business". Special provision for damaging the reputation of, or 'confidence' (
7383:
3430:
While each legal tradition approaches defamation differently, it is typically regarded as a tort for which the offended party can
2522:(ECHR)) and by the constitutions of a variety of countries are subject to some variation of the three-part test recognised by the
16869:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Western Europe and North America (2014)
14697:
13426:"European Council – Aperçu des legislations nationales en matière de diffamation et d'injure – English version – Section Albania"
9160:
All Arab States retained criminal penalties for defamation. Truth was rarely a defence to defamation and libel charges. In 2012,
2536:
16843:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Latin America and the Caribbean (2014)
15345:
13111:
9583:
retained imprisonment as a possibility. Defamation of public officials, state bodies, or state institutions was criminalized in
3894:
Clarify that broadcast statements (including those that are only broadcast in spoken form) constitute libel rather than slander.
3753:
is an example of a tort of this type being created by statute. There is also, in almost all jurisdictions, a tort or delict of "
19541:
18255:
18016:
17844:
17829:
17824:
17670:
15742:
14935:
9277:
laws, which refer specifically to defamation of public officials. The OAS Special Rapporteur expressed concern over the use of
8802:
5076:
2745:
2201:
887:
632:
460:
445:
440:
270:
16999:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Central and Eastern Europe 2017/2018
13919:
11793:
9544:
law or the affairs of the state. From 2014, criminal defamation laws were challenged, both in South and East Asian countries.
7340:
While defamation law in most jurisdictions centres on the protection of individuals' dignity or reputation, defamation law in
19569:
18150:
18081:
17809:
17205:
16541:
16502:
16459:
16416:
16375:
16311:
16270:
16225:
16184:
16137:
16096:
16055:
16019:
15983:
15947:
13196:
12824:
8626:
7558:
importance to the media's freedom of expression and weighed too heavily in support of the individual's right to a good name.
7541:
6920:
2571:
2523:
2496:
774:
705:
425:
209:
16490:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Western Europe and North America 2017/2018
15468:
15377:
15071:
15032:
14854:
12188:
11444:
10525:
8138:(Article 212.2). When the insult is public and aims at offending a group of people or an individual because of his or their
7513:), against religious feelings (Section 298), against breach of peace (Section 504), against modesty of women (Section 509).
19601:
18604:
17899:
17721:
17126:
16817:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Central and Eastern Europe (2014)
16447:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Latin America and the Caribbean 2017/2018
11886:
10820:
9256:, defamation, slander, and libel. Some countries proposed reforming the IACHR, which could have weakened the office of the
8343:
7720:
7499:
6864:
3549:. Public interest is generally not "what the public is interested in", but rather "what is in the interest of the public".
3434:. The range of remedies available to successful plaintiffs in defamation cases varies between jurisdictions and range from
2225:
1244:
515:
329:
14504:
14412:
14340:
14274:
14230:
13898:
13862:
13787:
13765:
13050:
11541:
10037:
According to the text, theologians say that the act of lying might not be grievous in itself, but advise mentioning it in
9435:
violations since 2005, set a precedent with two rulings in favour of cases challenging the criminalization of defamation.
8930:
this case that the Massachusetts law was constitutional under the First Amendment without it being argued by the parties.
7595:
crimes, that is, the victim had the right of choosing, in any moment, to stop the criminal prosecution by withdrawing the
7463:
19250:
18920:
18833:
18724:
18382:
18202:
17834:
17819:
17077:
Journalism Is a Public Good: World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development, Global Report 2021/2022
15675:
14679:
13425:
11389:
10985:
10280:
10094:
9683:
9257:
9108:
8352:
specifically). Most of the accused were teenagers. Parents often paid settlement fees, ranging from 300,000 to 2,000,000
8083:, who subsequently filed a complaint. Questioned were the conviction's compatibility with freedom of expression, and the
2519:
1902:
1558:
1471:
1362:
1014:
832:
450:
435:
14252:
9338:
Civil defamation continued, particularly about content related to the rich and powerful, including public officials and
8972:
In March 2016, a civil action for defamation led to imposition of a four-year prison sentence on a newspaper publisher.
7153:
as "all expression said or action performed that dishonors, discredits or causes contempt". Article 417 defines broadly
18818:
18282:
14838:
9561:
7517:
7431:
In Greece, the maximum prison term for defamation, libel or insult was five years, while the maximum fine was €15,000.
7102:
and one to a fine. The average period in prison was 270 days, and the maximum sentence was four years of imprisonment.
5177:, have campaigned against strict defamation laws that criminalise defamation. The freedom of expression advocacy group
5132:
3849:
3508:
3417:
1456:
914:
16404:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Central and Eastern Europe 2017/2018
14966:
14727:
13692:"Judgments – Berezovsky v. Michaels and Others Glouchkov v. Michaels and Others (Consolidated Appeals)"
12577:
10178:), and "other laws" practised by people in various countries; provided that they are in line with Islamic divine law (
10150:
Third, Malaysian laws related to defamation are enumerated. According to the author, there were cases with exorbitant
5089:
In addition to tort law, many jurisdictions treat defamation as a criminal offence and provide for penalties as such.
18456:
18287:
17773:
17751:
16765:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Asia and the Pacific (2014)
12928:
12908:
11603:
11353:"Response to the consultations of the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression on her report on disinformation"
11266:
9473:
governments to imprison journalists for a wide range of reasons (cybercrime, anti-terrorism, incitement to violence,
8618:
8547:
8239:
8100:
7902:
7545:
3948:
New Zealand received English law with the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in February 1840. The current Act is the
3438:
to court orders requiring the defendant to retract the offending statement or to publish a correction or an apology.
2540:
2507:
Providing for truth (i.e., demonstrating that the content of the defamatory statement is true) to be a valid defence,
1088:
919:
381:
359:
11977:
8964:
who initiated the state and federal laws). Both the New York state law and the federal law were passed unanimously.
8206:
Disabling Order (an order requiring an internet-based intermediaries to disable access to the defamatory statement).
7884:
7618:, or with the violation of a duty inherent to that profession or art, lead to the additional penalty of a temporary
6701:). If the slandering occurs in public or damages multiple people, the fine is 40,000 ALL to three million ALL (c. $
19203:
19040:
18940:
18387:
18277:
15718:
13720:
13696:
13652:
13449:
12712:
10116:
First, definitions of defamation from Malaysian and Islamic law are listed. According to the paper, definitions by
10080:
9465:
In 2016, the Constitutional Court of Zimbabwe declared its criminal defamation laws unconstitutional. In 2017, the
6900:
6788:
4712:
4476:
2325:
1855:
1684:
1578:
1019:
909:
16172:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Western Europe and North America
14636:
11860:
18793:
18294:
18046:
17849:
17582:
16947:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Asia Pacific, 2017/2018
16529:
Journalism Is a Public Good: World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development, Global Report 2021/2022
16125:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Latin America and the Caribbean
15352:, No. 22 (I) – Issued by the Documentation Office for East European Law, from the University of Leyden, page 114)
13226:
12035:
10493:
cannot repair subtle damage to reputation – with two exceptions. Bringing an evil name upon one's
9838:
9820:
9249:
9170:
4052:
3136:
2218:
1431:
926:
670:
465:
16973:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Arab States, 2017/2018
16791:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of the Arab region (2014)
13938:
11899:
High Court awards PM Lee $ 210,000 in damages in defamation suits against TOC editor Terry Xu and article author
4071:
provides civil remedies for assaults, acts of a sexual or indecent nature, and 'wrongful arrest and detention'.
19611:
17909:
12464:
9671:
7880:
4948:
4201:
3933:
3844:
3796:
3068:
2544:
2471:
525:
18056:
15505:
14183:
14146:
13691:
11324:
10120:
can include: mislead, accuse of adultery, and embarrass or discredit the dignity or honour of another. In the
9903:(honestly believed real by the detractor). Contrasted with calumny, where the assertions are knowingly false.
4058:
680:
19621:
19472:
19188:
17889:
15623:
11757:
11074:
11070:
9140:
8759:
8034:
Offending religious feelings – in places of worship, or during religious ceremonies (Art. 133)
7498:
Some other offences related to false allegations: false statements regarding elections (Section 171G), false
7315:
group of persons because of their race, colour, national or ethnic origin, religion or "sexual inclination".
4958:
2132:
1840:
505:
16084:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Central and Eastern Europe
12924:
12904:
10893:
In recent times, internet publications such as defamatory comments on social media can also constitute libel
8031:
Statute of limitations: Two years for libel, six months for slander, two months for light offences (Art. 90)
4471:
18751:
18699:
17660:
17630:
17508:
17159:
14698:"Commento alla decisione della Corte europea dei diritti dell'uomo di ricevibilità del ricorso n. 48898/99"
14027:
10772:
8949:
8912:
8644:
8581:
Increased punishment for injuring the reputation of heads and representatives of friendly states (Art. 116)
8314:
5033:
4942:
3868:
printed was false, the court ruled in its favour, saying that libel of a public official requires proof of
3779:
shared the statement with a third party (that is, somebody other than the person defamed by the statement);
3664:
Many common law jurisdictions recognise that some categories of statements are considered to be defamatory
2926:
2555:
1389:
1337:
260:
16921:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Africa 2017/2018
15912:... defamation of a businessman connected to government-owned iron miner Ferrominera Orinoco ...
14559:
11426:
9974:
to publish the fact outside said community. But even if the sin is not public, it may be revealed for the
9025:
enabled powerful individuals to limit critical and dissenting voices by shopping around the world for the
8763:. There were only a few instances of the criminal libel law being applied. Notably, the Italian anarchist
8560:
Defences related to protection of legal interests, reports on public matters, and fair comments (Art. 311)
8274:
committed suicide while suffering from depression, later linked to personal attacks about her appearance.
7554:
is one year from the time of first publication (may be extended to two years by the courts) (Section 38).
3611:: In rare cases, a defendant can argue that the plaintiff consented to the dissemination of the statement.
2959:
2574:
published their General comment No. 34 (CCPR/C/GC/34) – regarding Article 19 of the ICCPR.
2558:, and Section 24 of the 2010 Constitution of Kenya. Nevertheless, the worldwide use of criminal and civil
19383:
19235:
18654:
18245:
18191:
16363:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Asia Pacific, 2017/2018
13097:
11230:
11018:
10877:
9981:
The damage from failing to reveal another's sin must be balanced against the evil of defamation [
8421:
7876:
7573:
As a civil offence, defamation is considered a tort case and the court may award a compensation of up to
3538:
whether the statement is true or is a statement of fact, it does not actually harm someone's reputation.
3142:
2043:
1887:
1292:
877:
815:
16299:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Arab States, 2017/2018
13886:
13519:
13272:
12853:
12282:
12010:
11478:"The "misuse" of the judicial system to attack freedom of expression, trends, challenges and responses""
7577:
to the person targeted by the defamation, while the plaintiff does not have to prove a material damage.
7520:
defamation is prosecuted only upon a complaint (within six months from the act) (Section 199), and is a
7217:
Liability for fact fabrication, distortion, lack of verification, misrepresentation, insults (Art. 1025)
6768:
The defences against defamation may be negated if there is proof the publication was actuated by malice.
3860:
guilty of libel for printing an advertisement that criticised Alabama officials for mistreating student
3794:(i.e. the intent to do harm or with reckless disregard for the truth). A series of court rulings led by
2410:; and under the later emperors the latter term came to be specially applied to anonymous accusations or
19631:
19616:
19492:
18267:
17944:
17675:
16739:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Africa (2014)
14988:
13752:
12159:
11404:
10516:, and this was in accordance with the ethical principle of treating the honour of others as one's own.
10113:
provides for freedom of speech, with expressly permitted restrictions for defamation-related offences.
9866:
9207:
7436:
6875:
5069:
4632:
4280:
2916:
2152:
899:
560:
275:
16043:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Asia and the Pacific
15650:
15364:
14597:
National Informatics Centre (Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India)
13256:
National Informatics Centre (Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India)
12214:
11044:
9013:
The use of civil defamation increased, often in lieu of criminal cases, resulting in disproportionate
7726:
Article 188, "Desecrating Places of Worship; Interference with Religious Service". The Japanese term (
7684:(translation from government, but still not official text) seems to prescribe these related offences:
3968:
Intent is always presumed, and it is not necessary to prove that the defendant intended to defame. In
18845:
18659:
18556:
18436:
18098:
18066:
17731:
17665:
17198:
16666:
16333:
15597:
14109:
13562:
13548:
Pearson, Mark (1 July 2007). "A review of Australia's defamation reforms after a year of operation".
12884:
12120:
10132:
8175:
7067:, defined as "matter published, without lawful justification or excuse, that is likely to injure the
4926:
3231:
3080:
1483:
1297:
1188:
1068:
722:
690:
339:
265:
202:
13331:
12763:
12738:
10340:. And classifies all of slander, defamation, and calumny, as the same – and equal to
8625:("The Defamation Case"). They upheld the constitutionality of Art. 310 of the Criminal Code. In the
8384:) consists of accusing someone of a crime knowing the falsity of the accusation, or with a reckless
7687:
Article 92, "Damage to a Foreign National Flag". Seems relevant to the extent that the wording: "...
7201:
Liability for infringement; and requests to stop, restore reputation, offer apology (Arts. 995–1000)
4045:, harm consists in the infringement of a personality right, either "corpus", "dignitas", or "fama".
19105:
18993:
18840:
18609:
18541:
18364:
18319:
18181:
18061:
18038:
17974:
17904:
17788:
17465:
17346:
17119:
15808:
13674:
13469:
12781:
12403:
10841:
10007:
9659:
7865:
7372:
is backed by a serious investigation that dutifully sought to ascertain the truth of the statement.
7324:
4973:
4196:
3517:
3490:
3264:
3248:
2815:
2775:
1749:
1637:
1478:
1249:
1173:
996:
951:
805:
685:
660:
590:
520:
396:
46:
16258:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Africa 2017/2018
15816:
15763:
13025:
A Historical Survey of Delictual Liability in Scotland for Personal Injuries and Death (Continued)
11829:
11578:
11204:
11183:
11162:
10584:
against slander are described as very stringent. Abusive language might have been exempt from any
8566:
Damage to credibility, with increased penalties when done via the media or the Internet (Art. 313)
8200:
Stop Publication Order (an order requiring the tortfeasor to stop making the defamatory statement)
8037:
Disrespectful behaviour towards legislature or related bodies, during their proceedings (Art. 144)
3941:
American defamation law is much less plaintiff-friendly than its counterparts in European and the
2439:") the person exposed thereto. Any act apt to bring another person into disrepute gave rise to an
19559:
19388:
19368:
19230:
19220:
19178:
18808:
18649:
18506:
18501:
18471:
18466:
18409:
18344:
18329:
18262:
18235:
18220:
17623:
17575:
17549:
17529:
17149:
16671:
16643:
16007:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of the Arab region
15547:
15279:
15223:
14113:
13998:
13978:
13958:
13678:
13473:
13356:
12888:
10662:
10302:
9999:
must be able to document the causes and connections of events, and strengthen public conscience.
9812:
8339:
7869:
7115:
7017:
6833:
6783:
The law as it currently stands in Australia was summarised in the 2015 case of Duffy v Google by
6737:
4791:
3975:
3960:
3942:
3876:
3630:
essential element for a libel claim. Essentially, the defence was that the person had such a bad
3570:
3129:
2954:
2921:
2532:
2048:
2028:
1882:
1872:
1830:
1446:
1287:
1138:
1133:
1103:
1098:
1041:
976:
961:
894:
867:
852:
226:
156:
120:
18446:
17062:
17036:
17010:
16984:
16958:
16932:
16906:
16880:
16854:
16828:
16802:
16776:
16750:
16724:
16698:
15693:"Thailand: UN experts condemn use of defamation laws to silence human rights defender Andy Hall"
15425:
14366:
13078:
12391:
8300:, warned how rumours around celebrities can impact their lives, in unexpected and serious ways.
1078:
19487:
19460:
19450:
18930:
18910:
18773:
18644:
18536:
18481:
18451:
18431:
18359:
18339:
18314:
18309:
18304:
18215:
18186:
18159:
18130:
18125:
18051:
17716:
17706:
17545:
17442:
17154:
14537:
14003:
13983:
13963:
13942:
13557:
12239:
11941:
10647:
10056:
9914:
9740:
9314:
9136:
9056:
9037:
8522:
8466:
8338:, submitted complaints for insults during online games were increasing. Complainants aimed for
8255:
8151:
7797:
7551:
7452:
7274:
7056:
7042:, which provides that "every person has a right to the respect of his reputation and privacy".
5430:
4963:
4702:
4692:
4378:
4227:
4176:
4129:
3641:
3614:
3482:
3452:
3410:
3325:
3147:
3058:
2901:
2846:
2750:
2645:
2428:
2147:
2120:
2110:
1568:
1548:
1411:
1282:
1168:
1113:
1083:
1063:
991:
971:
946:
941:
936:
847:
810:
783:
754:
749:
675:
324:
314:
42:
17095:
15445:
14315:
9389:
As of 2017, at least 130 UNESCO member states retained criminal defamation laws. In 2017, the
8767:
was convicted of criminal libel for denouncing the Italian state agent Ennio Belelli in 1912.
6887:(Article 297), defined as a false accusation that exposes someone to the risk of prosecution.
19626:
19606:
19455:
19415:
19348:
19245:
19193:
19120:
18875:
18639:
18546:
18521:
18516:
18496:
18491:
18486:
18426:
18374:
18334:
18240:
18210:
18108:
17726:
17470:
17369:
17341:
17263:
16611:"Defamation: A comparative study between the Malaysian laws and the Islamic legal principles"
16594:
16571:
14467:
14159:
13293:
11933:
10925:
10857:
10766:
10672:
10667:
10509:
10443:
9874:
9709:
9218:
9144:
9077:
9052:
8630:
8381:
8114:
7650:
7611:
7459:
7419:
7278:
6848:
5166:
5062:
4983:
4687:
4607:
3762:
3562:
3285:
3259:
3178:
3063:
3025:
2820:
2780:
2767:
2423:" In this case, the offence was constituted by the unnecessary act of shouting. According to
2115:
2075:
2008:
1897:
1845:
1764:
1513:
1277:
1178:
1153:
1148:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1058:
1006:
966:
872:
842:
732:
334:
17:
16895:
World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: 2017/2018 Global Report
13748:
13648:
7398:
6899:, the crime of defamation (Article 147) may result in a fine up to "500 times the amount of
6690:, defamation is a crime. Slandering in the knowledge of falsity is subject to fines of from
19326:
18860:
18734:
18561:
18441:
18399:
18349:
18324:
18140:
18103:
17839:
17701:
17331:
17191:
16638:
15312:
15251:
13923:
13670:
13465:
13119:
11158:
10699:
10155:
9988:
9962:, or their deeds have been forgotten. But this does not apply to particular communities (a
9261:
8590:
Insults against public officials, combined with physical damage to proclamations (Art. 141)
8318:
8246:
8072:
7038:
4777:
4697:
4682:
4466:
3830:
2757:
2697:
2500:
2272:. In the English-speaking world, the law of defamation traditionally distinguishes between
1986:
1498:
1372:
1193:
1073:
1031:
981:
956:
764:
727:
455:
309:
195:
15192:
15088:
11771:
11491:
9560:
to monitor content, as a matter of national security – particularly in the
9346:, and disproportionate damages. This prompted a campaign against what was seen by some as
8525:: Two years after injury and tortfeasor known, otherwise ten years from the act (Art. 197)
5152:
In a variety of Common Law jurisdictions, criminal laws prohibiting protests at funerals,
4078:, which is closely related to Roman Dutch law, the remedy for defamation is similarly the
2431:, he asserted that the offence consisted in shouting contrary to the morals of the city ("
2264:, and can extend to concepts that are more abstract than reputation – like
8:
19596:
19502:
19363:
18998:
18900:
18880:
18669:
18577:
18531:
18511:
18476:
18369:
18164:
17969:
17569:
17403:
17112:
13665:
13582:
12565:
10873:
10872:
in articles about jurisdictions which specifically use the term to refer to torts (e.g.,
10588:, unless it was considered slander (against both the living and the deceased). Fines and
10570:
10531:
10367:
10236:
10003:
9633:
9621:
9498:
9466:
9402:
9356:
9328:
9112:
9044:, 32 had laws or policies prohibiting blasphemy, and 87 had defamation of religion laws.
9041:
8664:
8533:
Injury to personality of creditor, by debtor's non-performance; compensation (Art. 227-1)
8459:
8297:
8289:
8142:, ethnicity, race, religion or lack of religion, the maximum prison term is three years.
7681:
7088:
6838:
6821:
5804:
4921:
4309:
4261:
4191:
4181:
3919:
3900:
3746:
3708:
if false, if the defendant establishes that it is in fact true, an action for defamation
3576:
3122:
3116:
3075:
3012:
2835:
2636:
2489:
Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.
2447:
2329:
2162:
2023:
1642:
1538:
1518:
1307:
1217:
1163:
1143:
1108:
1001:
788:
585:
17071:
17045:
17019:
16993:
16967:
16941:
16915:
16889:
16863:
16837:
16811:
16785:
16759:
16733:
16707:
15971:
World trends in freedom of expression and media development: regional overview of Africa
15757:
12486:
12442:
11883:
The Singapore Chill: Political Defamation and the Normalization of a Statist Rule of Law
11572:
10954:
The vast majority of southern African states apply Roman Dutch law with regard to their
7220:
Verification considerations, source credibility, controversial information, timeliness,
5215:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3503:
19275:
19270:
19260:
19208:
19198:
19173:
19115:
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18983:
18978:
18973:
18885:
18176:
17379:
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17240:
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16477:
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16155:
15737:
14386:
14210:
14126:
13177:
12407:
12070:
11751:
11734:
11303:
11282:
Lassiter, John C. (1978). "Defamation of Peers: The Rise and Decline of the Action for
10955:
10942:
10845:
10642:
10574:
10296:
10240:
10136:
10045:
do not consider slander distinct from detraction). The method of injury is negligible.
9679:
9637:
9579:
retained criminal defamation offences but without the possibility of imprisonment, and
9365:
9174:
8771:
8270:
hanged herself, unable to deal with remarks about her physical appearance and surgery.
8203:
Correction Order (an order for the tortfeasor to publish a correction of the statement)
7953:
7525:
7221:
7075:
6944:
6817:
5184:
5182:
expression provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights. One notable case was
5025:
4842:
4832:
4481:
4461:
4413:
4394:
4324:
4221:
3927:
3758:
3365:
3252:
3183:
3152:
3043:
3007:
2983:
2939:
2722:
2664:
2510:
Recognising reasonable publication on matters of public concern as a valid defence, and
1927:
1922:
1912:
1860:
1850:
1825:
1759:
1717:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1523:
800:
14705:
14592:
13609:
12832:
11882:
11703:
9397:
Countries in every region extended criminal defamation legislation to online content.
9084:
companies to regulate online content, outside of electoral accountability and without
8621:) – the Constitutional Court of Taiwan – delivered the
8606:
Insulting the remains of deceased persons, in combination with gravedigging (Art. 249)
8058:
Lesser physical injury, when intended to insult, offend, cause ignominy (Art. 265 ¶ 2)
7793:
3700:
damages. As with any defamation case, truth remains an absolute defence to defamation
19641:
19534:
19445:
19373:
19358:
19157:
19100:
18905:
18813:
18704:
18624:
18461:
17756:
17554:
17524:
17437:
17075:
17049:
17023:
16997:
16971:
16945:
16919:
16893:
16867:
16841:
16815:
16789:
16763:
16737:
16711:
16610:
16565:
16537:
16527:
16498:
16488:
16455:
16445:
16412:
16402:
16371:
16361:
16307:
16297:
16266:
16256:
16221:
16211:
16180:
16170:
16133:
16123:
16092:
16082:
16051:
16041:
16015:
16005:
15979:
15969:
15943:
15933:
14390:
13625:
13251:
13108:
12967:
11477:
11262:
10971:
10959:
10938:
10904:
10865:
10861:
10736:
10637:
10631:
10244:
9568:
9474:
9292:, and political issues were identified as the principal motives for content removal.
8999:
8811:
have criminal defamation laws, but the applicability of those laws is limited by the
8550:), under "Chapter 27 Offenses Against Reputation and Credit", lists these articles:
8543:
8483:
8411:) is criminalised by Chapter 5 of the Criminal Code. Article 1 regulates defamation (
8348:
8084:
8080:
7670:
Japan civil court finds against ZNTIR President Yositoki (Mitsuo) Hataya and Yoshiaki
7492:
7293:, or the defence of a right or the protection of justifiable interests, in all cases
5662:
5170:
5004:
4978:
4863:
4486:
4354:
4319:
3912:
3908:
3814:
3754:
3602:
3534:
3403:
3310:
3305:
3295:
3290:
3106:
3085:
2949:
2895:
2882:
2830:
2790:
2596:
2378:
2194:
2105:
2033:
2018:
1801:
1744:
1543:
1451:
1342:
1264:
1093:
364:
183:
130:
94:
89:
31:
16474:
16213:
World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: 2017/2018 Global Report
16152:
15780:
13036:
David Ibbetson, 'Iniuria, Roman and English' in Eric Descheemaeker and Helen Scott,
12739:"New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 US 254, 84 S. Ct. 710, 11 L. Ed. 2d 686 (1964)"
12427:
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 84 S. Ct. 710, 11 L. Ed. 2d 686 (1964)
12051:"The Origins and Constitutionality of Limitations on Truth as a Defense in Tort Law"
9313:, defamation, slander, insult, and lese-majesty laws – but excluding
8757:
The United Kingdom abolished criminal libel on 12 January 2010 by section 73 of the
8609:
Threat to injure the reputation of another, if it endangered their safety (Art. 305)
3569:) or statements made in a session of the legislature by a member thereof (known as '
19497:
19482:
19410:
19331:
19301:
19132:
18968:
18674:
18230:
18225:
18071:
17964:
17564:
17427:
17336:
17288:
17258:
17222:
14908:
14378:
13169:
12959:
12062:
11797:
11295:
11114:
Libel and Insult Laws: A matrix on where we stand and what we would like to achieve
10928:
which courts must take into account in developing the case law regarding defamation
10805:
10751:
10726:
10463:
10387:
10041:
to determine reparation methods. The important act is injuring a reputation (hence
9796:
9784:
9753:
9682:) prison sentences for defamation were considered a violation of Article 10 of the
9663:
governments strengthened criminal defamation laws to counter online hate speech or
9640:
removed prison sentences for defamation of government bodies and public officials.
9553:
9509:
videos), based on allegations of insulting religion and defaming powerful figures.
9450:
overturned the conviction of a journalist, characterizing it as a violation of the
9100:
8961:
8764:
8660:
8353:
8067:
8055:
Spreading false rumours, when aiming to monopolize or restrain trade (Art. 186 ¶ 2)
7980:
7064:
6960:
4953:
4911:
4906:
4763:
4657:
4552:
4247:
4105:
4004:
3809:
3494:
3320:
3300:
3173:
3101:
3053:
3002:
2935:
2877:
2785:
2762:
2704:
2692:
2467:
2315:
2157:
2142:
2070:
1991:
1961:
1776:
1612:
1312:
862:
857:
695:
580:
135:
74:
16588:
16440:
16438:
16436:
16434:
16118:
16116:
16114:
15111:
România, printre puținele state europene care au dezincriminat insulta și calomnia
14435:"In France, judicial evolution in defamation cases protects work of civil society"
13200:
9690:
had a mixed record when evaluating criminal defamation and freedom of expression.
8652:
8529:"Section 3 – Effects Of Obligations", "Sub-section 1 Performance":
8372:, defamatory insults can "only constitute a criminal offence, not a civil wrong".
7601:(a formal complaint), or even prosecute the fact only with a civil action with no
3765:", and "negligent misrepresentation". In America, for example, the unique tort of
3692:
adversely reflecting on a person's fitness to conduct their business or trade; and
3545:
in the specific information being widely known, and this may be the case even for
2261:
19512:
19420:
19316:
19265:
19125:
19110:
19090:
19055:
18768:
18679:
18614:
18404:
18354:
18135:
17989:
17447:
17432:
17397:
17313:
16397:
16395:
16393:
16077:
16075:
16073:
15452:
15432:
15284:
15117:
15075:
15068:
14842:
14683:
14217:
14198:
13115:
13104:
13085:
12399:
11211:
11190:
11169:
10853:
10783:
10731:
10589:
10585:
10408:
10090:
9804:
9736:
9331:
or defamation expanded, with growing recognition of the public-interest value of
9214:
9148:
9135:(AU) member countries to repeal criminal defamation or insult laws. In 2012, the
9061:
9048:
8775:
8726:
8594:
8357:
8305:
8227:
7708:
7503:
7394:
7346:
7225:
6151:
4897:
4587:
4516:
4442:
4401:
4299:
4237:
4167:
4152:
3834:
3801:
3584:
3542:
3521:
3315:
2977:
2906:
2889:
2591:
2562:, to censor, intimidate or silence critics, has been increasing in recent years.
2346:
2340:
2172:
2080:
1976:
1917:
1769:
1754:
1734:
1699:
1406:
1317:
1254:
1036:
986:
759:
605:
38:
10272:
10064:
9127:
By 2013, at least 19% of the region had decriminalized defamation. In 2010, the
8593:
Insult against the state, by dishonouring the flag, emblem, or portraits of its
8489:"Part I General Principles", "Chapter II Persons", "Section I Natural Persons":
7976:
Threat to publish libel concerning one's family, for extracting money (Art. 356)
7807:
7528:
and compoundable offence (See: The First Schedule, Classification of Offences).
7231:
Depictions of real people and events, in literary and artistic works (Art. 1027)
3678:, there are four general categories of false statement that typically support a
19636:
19507:
19465:
19435:
19425:
19343:
19336:
19321:
19311:
19147:
19083:
19025:
19020:
19005:
18788:
18783:
18778:
18664:
18599:
18113:
18086:
17934:
17646:
17559:
17452:
17356:
17275:
17235:
17230:
16431:
16111:
15317:[An online game full of swear words, 'Roll' ... accusation of insult].
14987:. Office of the President of the Philippines. 12 September 2012. Archived from
13054:
11677:
11574:
The Law of Torts: A Treatise on the English Law of Liability for Civil Injuries
11499:
10884:, uses the term "tortfeasor" to refer to individuals who incur civil liability.
10810:
10746:
10721:
10704:
10684:
10678:
10543:
10513:
10485:, the article refers to ethical and religious sanctions from the Bible and the
10482:
10268:
10117:
10106:
9947:
9842:
9830:
9780:
9720:
9658:
countries, criminal defamation laws mostly fell into disuse. In contrast, most
9537:
9526:
9469:
declared Section 194 (criminal defamation) of the Penal Code unconstitutional.
9351:
9347:
9310:
9302:
9228:
Blasphemy was not a widespread phenomenon in Central and Eastern Europe, where
9182:
9081:
9069:
9014:
8888:
8876:
8784:
8293:
8130:
7238:
7092:
7084:
6968:
6948:
6915:
6721:
6596:
5545:
5009:
4967:
4526:
4521:
4491:
4384:
3879:(e.g. Singapore, Ontario, and the United Kingdom) have enacted legislation to:
3670:
3355:
3111:
2993:
2911:
2713:
2659:
2654:
2475:
2474:, the right to a legal remedy for defamation was included in Article 17 of the
2353:
2167:
2125:
2095:
2085:
2003:
1996:
1981:
1971:
1791:
1727:
1669:
1664:
1649:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1302:
1239:
737:
710:
550:
234:
16390:
16070:
15534:
15519:
15492:
14676:
13788:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English version) – Section Azerbaijan"
12667:
The Tort of Defamation: An Analysis of the Law in India and the United Kingdom
11381:
11040:
10581:
9951:
9858:
9536:
One recently enacted defamation law received condemnation, including from the
9055:
gained increasing importance. Private companies could be held responsible for
6771:
Greatly restricting the right of corporations to sue for defamation (see e.g.
2257:
19590:
19519:
19142:
19078:
19063:
18925:
18890:
18870:
18741:
18684:
18619:
18011:
17914:
15535:
Swiss Penal Code – Defamation and calumny against a deceased or absent person
14577:
14382:
13124:
No Place in the Law: The Ignominy of Criminal Libel in American Jurisprudence
12971:
11903:
11013:
10761:
10715:
10689:
10163:
9823:"), have argued against expressions (true and false) that can offend others.
9757:
9713:
9664:
9490:
9439:
9373:
9306:
9271:, fully or partially decriminalized defamation. Another trend was abolishing
9222:
9132:
9104:
9022:
8868:
8844:
8614:
8285:
8079:. The radio broadcast dramatized a newspaper report regarding former speaker
7768:). General insult provision. See also 232: "prosecuted only upon complaint".
6799:
the defendant participates in publication to a third party of a body of work;
6618:
5941:
4773:
4627:
4339:
4289:
3869:
3822:
3805:
3791:
3738:
3714:
3546:
3195:
2587:
2513:
Ensuring that defamation may only be addressed by the legal system as a tort.
2249:
2179:
1786:
1722:
1707:
1563:
1528:
1508:
1379:
1322:
1259:
627:
530:
179:
115:
99:
17170:
15732:
15218:
14836:"Delitos de injuria, difamación y calumnia en los códigos penales de México"
14519:
12340:
10220:
Acts against honour and dignity that do not fall under the previous category
9971:
9959:
9862:
9423:]. Regional courts pressured countries to decriminalize defamation. The
9273:
9189:; although this was not limited to countries where such uprisings occurred.
8504:"Section 1 – Sources of Obligations", "Sub-section 5 Torts":
8061:
Threats to harm honour – e.g. for extracting money (Art. 282)
8023:
3497:. Over the first few decades of the twenty first century, the phenomenon of
3451:
Modern defamation in common law jurisdictions are historically derived from
37:"Libel" and "Slander" redirect here. For the Knowledge policy on libel, see
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16615:
15676:"Civil and Commercial Code: Torts (Section 420-437) – Thailand Law Library"
15628:
15572:
15319:
14904:"Libel law violates freedom of expression – UN rights panel"
13899:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English version) – Section Bulgary"
13766:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English version) – Section Austria"
12585:
11924:
11542:"An Opportunity Lost: The United Kingdom's Failed Reform of Defamation Law"
11459:"How powerful people use criminal-defamation laws to silence their critics"
10778:
10558:
10554:
10248:
10188:
10030:
Defined as attributing fault to another, when the slanderer knows they are
9932:
9906:
The degree of sinfulness depends on the harm done, based on three things:
9777:
9675:
9611:
9575:, three repealed all general provisions on criminal defamation and insult,
9432:
9428:
9424:
9369:
9354:; and that led to reforming the country's defamation law, resulting in the
9178:
9065:
9026:
8991:
8953:
8880:
8639:
8584:
Insults against foreign states, by dishonouring flags or emblems (Art. 118)
8369:
8334:
8271:
8263:
8259:
8174:, defamation of the state, or a past or present ruler, is punishable under
8171:
8076:
8016:
Crime committed in contempt of, or with insult to, public authorities (¶ 2)
7510:
7448:
6972:
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5113:
5014:
4577:
4501:
4374:
4359:
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Other defences recognised in one or more common law jurisdictions include:
3476:. The fundamental distinction between libel and slander lies solely in the
3373:
3360:
3350:
3269:
2855:
2333:
2305:
2013:
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1051:
1046:
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535:
500:
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170:
125:
58:
16713:
World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development (2014)
14835:
12102:
10597:
10283:, finding ways for people to express their views and opinions, education.
9731:, the number of content removal requests received by those platforms from
9540:. The law allowed journalists to be jailed if they were found questioning
9309:
imposed criminal penalties for various exercises of expression (including
8019:
Act committed with insult or disrespect, regarding rank, age, or sex (¶ 3)
3963:
jurisdictions, Canada follows English law on defamation issues (except in
19255:
19215:
19183:
19050:
19010:
18850:
18763:
18714:
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A relatively small defect alleged against a person of eminent station (a
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9502:
9343:
9339:
9186:
9116:
9085:
9073:
8908:
8856:
8455:
8394:
8220:
8139:
7957:
7289:, public information conducted by a politician or a government official,
7286:
7244:
Honorary titles and awards: protection, recording, correction (Art. 1031)
7160:
7137:
6936:
6928:
6456:
6196:
6127:
5029:
4785:
4781:
4647:
4304:
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It is also necessary in these cases to show that there is a well-founded
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2281:
1907:
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161:
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Legislative Department, Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India
12963:
9955:
9920:
8511:
Damage to reputation, credit, privacy, chastity, personality (Art. 195)
8125:
In Poland, defamation is a crime that consists of accusing someone of a
7491:
defamation, "reasonable restrictions" are defined in Section 499 of the
7209:
Right to reputation, protection from defamation and insults (Art. 1024)
3872:, which was defined as a "knowing or reckless disregard for the truth".
3472:, and defamation in other media such as printed words or images, called
19529:
19524:
19405:
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19280:
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8047:, endangering public order, or damaging state interests or credit (¶ 1)
7916:
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4743:
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4344:
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4139:
3704:. This means that even if the statement would be considered defamatory
3631:
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386:
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14761:
13223:"PACE Resolution 1577 (2007): Towards decriminalisation of defamation"
11307:
10420:
10407:] tongue ruins the slanderer, the listener, and the maligned. The
9552:
Since 2014, use of criminal defamation and insult laws increased. New
9021:, particularly against media and journalists critical of governments.
8998:, 174 countries retained criminal penalties for defamation, with full
8493:
Personality (and name) infringement; prevention, removal, damages for
19430:
19378:
19095:
18694:
17804:
15719:"Criminal Code: Defamation (Sections 326–333) – Thailand Law Library"
14532:
12311:"Defamation Per Se: Be Prepared to Plead (and Prove!) Actual Damages"
11325:"Briefing Note on International and Comparative Defamation Standards"
10756:
10601:
10566:
10535:
10416:
10313:(terms are spelled somewhat differently), it might be deduced that:
10276:
10144:
10060:
10031:
9996:
9967:
9854:
9792:
9772:
9530:
9289:
9278:
9268:
8904:
8852:
8840:
8782:; its veracity was therefore considered irrelevant. Section 6 of the
8648:
8570:
8326:
8275:
8251:
8188:
8150:
In Portugal, defamation crimes are: "defamation" (article 180 of the
8044:
7712:
7619:
7099:
6993:
6743:
6717:
5965:
5145:
Another early English group libel which has been frequently cited is
5105:
4878:
4873:
4847:
4816:
4806:
4768:
4662:
4642:
4582:
4557:
4531:
4511:
4496:
4075:
3813:
awards from libel lawsuits. An early example of libel is the case of
3618:
3605:
could honestly entertain such an opinion, the statement is protected.
3598:
3369:
2552:
2394:
2370:
2363:
2090:
2038:
1739:
1332:
420:
151:
15843:"The SPEECH Act Provides Protection Against Foreign Libel Judgments"
14611:
13173:
12526:
12066:
10615:
10015:
10011:
8288:
was falsely reported to have died in a car accident. A professor of
7854:
7835:
In Mexico, crimes of calumny, defamation and slanderous allegation (
7610:
Article 31 of the Penal Code establishes that crimes committed with
7570:(1965), defamation can constitute either civil or criminal offence.
3386:
3034:
19395:
19225:
19152:
18803:
18729:
18634:
18594:
17959:
17954:
17949:
17874:
17869:
17814:
17498:
17389:
17298:
17283:
17214:
16356:
16354:
14341:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Finland"
14275:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Denmark"
14231:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Croatia"
13514:
13512:
13225:. Assembly of the Council of Europe. 4 October 2007. Archived from
12548:
11643:
Law for advertising, broadcasting, journalism, and public relations
11299:
10428:
10424:
10198:
10128:
10055:
Slander violates commutative justice, so the perpetrator must make
10042:
9826:
9808:
9406:
9033:
8920:
8900:
8884:
8848:
8836:
8828:
8508:
General: Compensation for damaging the rights of another (Art. 184)
8385:
7992:
Responsibility for dissemination; same as for authorship (Art. 360)
7626:
7488:
7470:
19. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc.
7192:
Personality rights: reputation, honour, privacy, dignity (Art. 990)
7005:
6988:
6952:
6924:
6384:
6361:
6244:
6081:
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5153:
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1234:
575:
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565:
490:
485:
430:
16292:
16290:
16288:
15469:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Sweden"
14505:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Greece"
14413:"France: Strict defamation and privacy laws limit free expression"
13863:"European Council – Laws on Defamation – Section Belgium (French)"
13603:
11080:
Defamation and Insult Laws in the OSCE Region: A Comparative Study
11078:
10534:) of another's reputation and character, disgracing them in their
10187:
Finally, the author enumerates proposed steps to bring about this
9614:. Claims were based on defamation laws, including charges against
5169:. Human rights organisations, and other organisations such as the
4019:
harm, in the form of a violation of a personality interest (one's
3898:
Libel law in England and Wales was overhauled even further by the
17879:
17783:
17763:
17736:
17711:
17615:
17599:
17503:
17293:
17253:
16564:
15552:
Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China (Taiwan)
15435:(in Swedish) Department of Work Science, University of Gothenburg
15378:"European Council – Laws on Defamation (English) – Section Spain"
15047:
13361:
Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China (Taiwan)
12103:"Protection from Harassment Act 2014 - Singapore Statutes Online"
11112:
10593:
10562:
10547:
10502:
10498:
10459:
10455:
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9629:
9625:
9506:
9282:
9165:
9161:
9018:
8860:
8820:
8816:
8390:
8162:
Since 2014, defamation is no longer criminalized in the country.
7632:
7270:
7164:
Chile with the intention of propagating the calumny and slander.
6856:
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6575:
6268:
6036:
5756:
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3168:
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2412:
2265:
495:
391:
371:
344:
319:
242:
16664:
16351:
16034:
14655:
14289:
13509:
12619:
Rustom K. Karanjia and Anr v Krishnaraj M.D. Thackersey and Ors.
11845:
9881:
Defamation and calumny seem to be used as synonyms for slander.
5124:) that have criminal statutes regarding defamation of the dead.
18855:
17864:
17768:
17746:
17741:
17691:
17303:
17099:
17081:
17055:
17029:
17003:
16977:
16951:
16925:
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16873:
16847:
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16533:
16494:
16451:
16408:
16367:
16303:
16285:
16262:
16217:
16176:
16129:
16088:
16047:
16011:
15998:
15975:
15939:
15697:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
15033:"European Council – Defamation Laws (English) – Section Poland"
14855:"European Council – Defamation Laws (English) – Section Norway"
14732:
Official Website of the Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet
13322:"Act No. 3815, s. 1930 (Revised Penal Code of the Philippines)"
13267:
13265:
11650:
Intellectual property law and interactive media: free for a fee
11360:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
11330:. Article 19 Global Campaign for Free Expression. February 2004
10869:
10849:
10486:
10475:
10471:
10451:
10432:
10379:
10208:
10154:, interference by third parties, and selective actions against
10076:
9936:
9928:
9816:
9724:
9541:
9252:(OAS), recommended repealing or amending laws that criminalize
9093:
9007:
8864:
8832:
8711:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
8356:(US$ 300–2000 as of 2015), to save their children from getting
8280:
8262:, there were rumours online of a significant loan to the actor
8052:
False testimony against defendant, in criminal cases (Art. 180)
7999:
Malicious comments cancel the exceptions of Art. 354 (Art. 362)
7341:
7033:
6984:
6956:
6940:
6527:
6480:
6432:
6337:
6289:
6220:
6173:
6057:
5918:
5709:
5639:
5522:
5474:
5109:
5101:
4796:
4622:
4456:
4389:
4217:
3964:
3776:
made a false and defamatory statement concerning the plaintiff;
3638:
could possibly have been caused by the making of the statement.
3243:
3210:
2424:
2289:
2276:(written, printed, posted online, published in mass media) and
2269:
1493:
480:
376:
354:
349:
299:
16587:
14585:
14085:"Canada: Internet Defamation For Businesses And Professionals"
11663:
Linda L. Edwards, J. Stanley Edwards, Patricia Kirtley Wells,
11431:
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, as amended
11141:
11139:
9899:
of damaging another's good name, by revealing their faults or
9878:
has entries for two related concepts, detraction and slander.
9849:. It is never lawful to tell a lie. In general, forbidden are
9139:
passed a resolution encouraging AU heads of state to sign the
9076:
or defamation laws. Such cases indicated an emerging trend of
8709:
In practice, defamation law in Thailand has been found by the
8670:
In June 2023, the Constitutional Court delivered its judgment
2427:, not all shouting was actionable. Drawing on the argument of
18865:
17696:
17364:
17104:
16522:
16520:
16251:
16249:
16247:
16245:
16243:
16206:
16204:
16202:
15928:
15926:
15924:
15922:
15920:
15219:"Is South Korea's Criminal Defamation Law Hurting Democracy?"
13126:
by Gregory C. Lisby, 9 Comm. L. & Pol'y 433 footnote 386.
11812:
10795:
10467:
10439:
10383:
10363:
10254:
10229:
10213:
10140:
10121:
10102:
10085:
In a 2018 academic paper, the author (a law student from the
9900:
9846:
9096:
8892:
8824:
8778:, rather than being a crime based upon the actual defamation
8310:
8267:
7357:
References to a person's pardoned or expunged criminal record
7212:
Reputation includes moral character, prestige, talent, credit
7127:
6971:, political belief, physical or genetical characteristic, or
6802:
the body of work contains a passage alleged to be defamatory;
6408:
6012:
5849:
5825:
5780:
5097:
4652:
4597:
4547:
3724:
3020:
2293:
1503:
304:
15573:"Constitution of the Republic of China (Taiwan) (Main text)"
13400:"Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania – English version"
13262:
11730:"Firm Awarded $ 222.7 Million in a Libel Suit Vs. Dow Jones"
11382:"European Convention on Human Rights and its Five Protocols"
9978:, or for the benefit of the narrator, listener, or culprit.
9513:
insult laws were laid against journalists in several cases.
8109:
In 2012, the Philippines enacted Republic Act 10175, titled
7297:
the conduct was not aimed at damaging someone's reputation.
27:
Any communication that can injure a third party's reputation
19477:
19306:
17183:
15935:
World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development
15244:
14461:"Bundeskriminalamt (Federal Police) Yearly Statistics 2006"
13450:
Argentine Penal Code (official text) – Crimes Against Honor
12163:
11929:
11136:
10494:
10203:
10168:
10049:
10014:) must provide restitution. They must restore the victim's
9615:
8916:
8896:
7521:
6795:
The tort can be divided up into the following ingredients:
5121:
5019:
4748:
4506:
3734:
2627:
2610:
2285:
2137:
1966:
16517:
16240:
16199:
15962:
15917:
14253:"Czech Criminal Code – Law No. 40/2009 Coll., Article 184"
14064:
13828:
13316:
13314:
12687:"Pattnaik, Aju John 'Defamation Law in India'2 March 2013"
9958:
to refer to them – unless the accused have
9147:
continued to be on the defendant, and it was rare to have
8313:
court approved the arrest of online financial commentator
7948:
Mass media in the Philippines § Libel and cyber libel
7502:(Section 182), false claims in court (Section 209), false
7205:"Chapter V" ("Rights to Reputation and Rights to Honor"):
3952:
which came into force on 1 February 1993 and repealed the
15135:"Saudi Arabia passes anti-terror law, banning defamation"
12009:. Advocates for International Development. Archived from
11937:
11738:. Houston. Archived from the original on 15 November 2013
11041:"Defamation | Definition, Slander vs. Libel, & Facts"
10490:
10412:
10403:
10359:
10224:
There would be three types of punishment for defamation:
10174:
9983:
9850:
9557:
9419:
9032:
As of 2011, 47% of countries had laws against blasphemy,
8692:
The Civil and Commercial Code of Thailand provides that:
8087:. The United Nations Human Rights Committee recalled its
7615:
7360:
A plea of good faith, which may be made if the statement
6811:
the imputation is damaging to the plaintiff's reputation.
3718:
66:
13606:"Electronic Frontiers Australia: civil liberties online"
10918:
Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
10127:
Second, freedom of speech is compared with teachings of
9213:
At the same time, an emerging trend was using fines and
15346:"Copyright, Defamation and Privacy in Soviet Civil Law"
13311:
11648:
Edward Lee Lamoureux, Steven L. Baron, Claire Stewart,
10396:
Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour
10034:. It combines damaging another's reputation and lying.
8803:
United States defamation law § Criminal defamation
7237:
Right to request correction or deletion, for incorrect
7078:, for which the prison term is a maximum of five years.
16636:
16608:
15874:"On Libel and the Law, U.S. And U.K. Go Separate Ways"
15153:
11362:. Article 19 Global Campaign for Free Expression. 2021
11258:
Capital and Corporal Punishment in Anglo-Saxon England
8501:"Part II Obligations", "Chapter I General Provisions"
8105:
People of the Philippines v. Santos, Ressa and Rappler
7778:
7763:
7748:
7733:
7699:
7447:
In India, a defamation case can be filed under either
6836:
delivered judgment in the Internet defamation case of
3689:
alleging that someone has a foul or loathsome disease;
14637:"Dei delitti contro la persona. Libro II, Titolo XII"
14050:"Cyberbullying restaurant owner gets 90 days in jail"
13351:
13349:
13051:"Map showing countries with criminal defamation laws"
13012:
Personality, Confidentiality and Privacy in Scots Law
12999:
Personality, Confidentiality and Privacy in Scots Law
12986:
Personality, Confidentiality and Privacy in Scots Law
12183:
12181:
10010:'s defamation, are also guilty. Detractors (or their
9987:]. No more than necessary should be exposed, and
9646:
8717:
by business interests seeking to suppress criticism.
8663:
to decriminalize defamation, or at least limit it to
6761:
Abolishing the distinction between libel and slander.
2595:
successful party. States parties should consider the
2435:") something apt to bring in disrepute or contempt ("
15162:"Saudi writer arrested for insulting long-dead king"
14901:
13810:"Criminal Code of the Azerbaijan Republic (English)"
13526:. NSW Parliamentary Counsel's Office. 1 January 2006
13488:"Research Brief No 2005/14: Uniform Defamation Laws"
13288:
13286:
13246:
13244:
12782:"Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 497 U.S. 1 (1990)"
11570:
11540:
Vick, Douglas W.; Macpherson, Linda (1 April 1997).
11119:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
11085:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
11071:
Scott Griffen (Director of Press Freedom Programmes)
10611:
10306:
has two articles on the topic: calumny and slander.
9597:
9456:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
9327:
The range of defences available to those accused of
9004:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
8603:
Insulting the remains of deceased persons (Art. 247)
7323:
In Finland, defamation is a crime, according to the
6816:
Defences available to defamation defendants include
5175:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
5129:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
3821:. When he printed another man's article criticising
2479:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
15247:"Celebrities driven over the edge by online rumors"
14720:
14552:
14410:
14364:
13579:"Australian Press Council – Press Law in Australia"
13327:
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
12366:"Label of Gay Is No Longer Defamatory, Court Rules"
12189:"Equity and Rights in Society, Defamation Defences"
9295:
8380:In Spain, the crime of calumny (Article 205 of the
8278:was falsely rumoured to have been castrated by the
7986:
Slander – oral defamation (Art. 358)
7234:
Right to request correction or deletion (Art. 1028)
7130:, the crimes of calumny and slanderous allegation (
2547:in assessing limitations on rights under the ECHR,
2437:
quae... ad infamiam vel invidiam alicuius spectaret
2406:, from which is derived the modern use of the word
16598:. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
15651:"Case News on TCC Judgment 112 Hsien-Pan-8 (2023)"
13576:
13346:
12240:"Is Your Reputation So Bad You Cannot Be Defamed?"
12178:
11828:
11433:. Government Printer. 1996 – via Wikisource.
11402:
11107:
11105:
11065:
11063:
11061:
10401:According to the article, the slanderous [
9342:. There were a high number of claims, prohibitive
9285:offences against those who criticize governments.
9235:
9006:(OSCE) had an ongoing decriminalization campaign.
8040:"Unlawful use of means of publication" (Art. 154)
3493:to harass and suppress opposition leaders such as
19441:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
16575:. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
15894:
15687:
15685:
13283:
13241:
12764:"Hustler Magazine v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46 (1988)"
12124:, 30 Wis.2d 146, 158, 140 N.W.2d 417, 423 (1966).
11786:
11772:"Judge dismisses verdict in Dow Jones libel suit"
11347:
11345:
10922:First Amendment to the United States Constitution
10542:by being deliberately false. Punishments include
10462:attributes hardships of various figures (such as
8514:Compensation even if loss is not purely pecuniary
7707:Article 172, "False Accusations". That is, false
6859:defamation case to go to trial is believed to be
2101:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
19588:
15245:Lee Hyun-taek; Park Sun-young (3 October 2008).
14309:"The Criminal Code of Finland (English version)"
11503:Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
10423:, and slanderers. Slander is morally equated to
9444:Lohé Issa Konaté v. the Republic of Burkina Faso
8600:Insulting religious or memorial sites (Art. 246)
8563:Insult and defamation of the deceased (Art. 312)
8026:, in addition to other effects of the act (¶ 17)
8005:Intrigue against honour or reputation (Art. 364)
7195:Protection of personality rights (Arts. 991–993)
3918:The origins of U.S. defamation law pre-date the
3506:have been enacted in various jurisdictions; the
19101:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
17070:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
17044:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
17018:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16992:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16966:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16940:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16914:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16888:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16862:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16836:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16810:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16784:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16758:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16732:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
16706:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
15277:
14956:
14437:. International Press Institute. Archived from
14160:"IEstudiosPenales.com.ar – Penal Code of Chile"
13745:Hockey v Fairfax Media Publications Pty Limited
13638:
11102:
11058:
10508:The authors conclude that calumny was met with
9636:partially repealed criminal libel in 2014. The
9607:As of 2017, none of these bills were approved.
9547:
9129:African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights
9029:most likely to approve their defamation suits.
8940:strategic lawsuits against public participation
8651:, and not in the courts (with the exception of
8250:published an article on online attacks against
6872:Hockey v Fairfax Media Publications Pty Limited
6780:defamatory imputations are substantially true.
3499:strategic lawsuits against public participation
1745:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
18583:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
15682:
15124:, 31 martie 2014; accesat la 5 octombrie 2015.
14220:, Congressional-Executive Commission on China.
14211:Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China
14082:
12643:Santosh Tewari and Ors V State of U.P. and Anr
11978:"Protection of Public Participation Act, 2015"
11590:english law individual corporation defamation.
11539:
11527:"Civil Code of the People's Republic of China"
11342:
11254:
10816:Strategic lawsuit against public participation
10790:Rector v. Major League Baseball Advanced Media
10565:who, without reasonable cause, questioned the
9939:is given as example), might constitute only a
9368:of decisions to exclude content or to conduct
8393:, depreciating his reputation or injuring his
8332:In September 2015, according to an article in
7789:President of the Yukan Wakayama Jiji v. States
7772:
7757:
7742:
7727:
7693:
7255:Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China
7060:specifies the following as criminal offences:
1223:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
17631:
17199:
17175:
17120:
15401:
15399:
15397:
15395:
15011:"Cybercrime law Draws Outrage Among Netizens"
14432:
11911:
11794:"History of the Workers' Party: 1991 to 2000"
11604:"Defamation of corporate entities in England"
10710:Defamation of religion and the United Nations
10530:Defined as "false and malicious defamation" (
10172:), secondary sources of Islamic law (such as
9571:sub-region decriminalized defamation. Of the
9201:
8994:laws, existed across the world. According to
8438:
8425:
8412:
8406:
7836:
7827:with the Indian and Singaporean Penal Codes.
7624:
7602:
7596:
7590:
7464:fundamental right to free speech (Article 19)
7455:or cyber crime law, together or in sequence.
7198:Personality rights of the deceased (Art. 994)
7154:
7148:
7131:
5070:
3800:, 376 U.S. 254 (1964) established that for a
3411:
2226:
203:
17246:Intentional infliction of emotional distress
17066: This article incorporates text from a
17040: This article incorporates text from a
17014: This article incorporates text from a
16988: This article incorporates text from a
16962: This article incorporates text from a
16936: This article incorporates text from a
16910: This article incorporates text from a
16884: This article incorporates text from a
16858: This article incorporates text from a
16832: This article incorporates text from a
16806: This article incorporates text from a
16780: This article incorporates text from a
16754: This article incorporates text from a
16728: This article incorporates text from a
16702: This article incorporates text from a
15621:
14928:"Lee: The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012"
13935:Société Radio-Canada c. Radio Sept-îles inc.
13543:
13541:
11319:
11317:
10882:Civil Code of the People's Republic of China
10321:, is true speech that is negative or harmful
10087:International Islamic University of Malaysia
9835:his interpretation of the Eighth Commandment
9452:African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
9242:Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression
8990:As of 2012, defamation, slander, insult and
8923:without statutorily defining it as a crime.
8672:Case on the Criminalization of Defamation II
8303:In January 2009, according to an article in
7960:("Title Thirteen", "Crimes Against Honor"):
7800: 25 June 1969) – also on
7388:
7183:Civil Code of the People's Republic of China
3998:
3924:First Amendment of the American Constitution
3743:intentional infliction of emotional distress
2671:Intentional infliction of emotional distress
18799:List of people killed for being transgender
15819:(1st Cir. 2009); accessed 15 December 2014.
15781:"Criminal Defamation Laws in North America"
15426:"Om att utsättas för kränkningar på jobbet"
15212:
15210:
15053:
14661:
14491:
14295:
14199:Biblioteca.jus.gov.ar – Penal Code of Chile
14070:
13834:
13630:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
13389:Albanian Penal Code (2017), Art. 120 par. 2
13380:Albanian Penal Code (2017), Art. 120 par. 1
12358:
12304:
12302:
12300:
11255:Gates, Jay Paul; Marafioti, Nicole (2014).
11145:
11123:OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media
11111:
11089:OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media
11069:
9995:are allowed to criticize public officials.
9841:: The commandment above all forbids giving
9747:
9678:according to the court's standards, where (
9391:OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media
8956:in 2010. It is based on the New York State
8587:Insults against public officials (Art. 140)
8266:, who killed himself earlier due to debts.
8088:
8002:Incriminating an innocent person (Art. 363)
7883:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
7822:
7805:
6750:Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation
1437:List of people killed for being transgender
17638:
17624:
17461:Negligent infliction of emotional distress
17206:
17192:
17127:
17113:
15888:
15849:. American Bar Association. Archived from
15420:
15418:
15416:
15414:
15392:
15280:"Parties Clash Over Freedom Of Expression"
15089:"Portuguese Penal Code (official version)"
14959:"Cybercrime law and freedom of expression"
13850:Belgian Penal Code – Crimes against honour
12097:
12095:
12093:
12091:
11917:
11641:Michael G. Parkinson, L. Marie Parkinson,
11518:
10374:, "the evil tongue"). Intentionally false
10247:) – the author mentions 80
9970:are given as examples), where it would be
9935:in which such things frequently happen (a
9448:African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights
9260:, but the proposal was not adopted by the
7794:Vol. 23 No. 7 Minshu 1966 (A) 2472
5077:
5063:
3725:Variations within common law jurisdictions
3418:
3404:
2811:Negligent infliction of emotional distress
2233:
2219:
210:
196:
16609:Hasbollah Bin Mat Saad (September 2018).
14528:"Defamation litigation: a survivor's kit"
13718:
13561:
13538:
12521:
12519:
12507:
11595:
11314:
10880:). Similarly, the English version of the
10497:(punished with a fine and by disallowing
9744:security" as the leading justifications.
9505:made requests to remove content (such as
9460:Economic Community of West African States
9246:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
8737:exceeding twenty thousand Baht, or both.
7903:Learn how and when to remove this message
7466:is subject to "reasonable restrictions":
7401:by the barrister Maître Barboux, and the
6870:A more recent case in defamation law was
3817:in 1735. Zenger was hired to publish the
2565:
17895:Social determinants of health in poverty
16665:Wilhelm Bacher; Judah David Eisenstein.
15762:. London: Butterworth & Co. p.
15207:
15159:
14902:Frank Lloyd Tiongson (30 January 2012).
14877:"Norwegian Penal Code (English version)"
14526:Swamy, Subramanian (21 September 2004).
13604:Australian Law Reform Commission, 1979.
13357:"Criminal Code of the Republic of China"
13298:Japanese Law Translation Database System
13160:Kallgren, Edward (1953). "Group Libel".
13159:
12657:
12297:
12048:
11727:
11701:
11533:
11281:
9364:filter; (ii) inadequate due process and
9185:, particularly during and following the
8813:First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
7786:For a sample penal defamation case, see
7538:Blasphemy law in the Republic of Ireland
7477:(a) to freedom of speech and expression;
7382:
7354:References to matters over ten years old
6697:ALL (c. $ 350) to one million ALL (c. $
4099:
3971:Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto
2311:Insult against a legal person in general
511:Social determinants of health in poverty
16334:"Government requests to remove content"
15871:
15755:
15548:"Civil Code (of the Republic of China)"
15411:
14695:
13547:
13462:Lange v Australian Broadcasting Company
12308:
12088:
11774:. Amarillo: Amarillo.com. 6 August 1999
11697:
11695:
11564:
11492:"General comment No. 34 (CCPR/C/GC/34)"
11475:
11403:Tjaco Van Den Hout (15 February 2013).
10158:; having a negative impact on society.
9501:showed that several governments in the
9489:Libel, defamation, slander, as well as
9267:Seven countries, three of which in the
7518:Indian Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
7474:(1) All citizens shall have the right—
7369:is prudent and measured in presentation
5191:
3989:
3516:do so by enabling defendants to make a
2604:
2537:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
14:
19589:
16585:
16562:
15185:"Problems with Korea's Defamation Law"
14411:Index on Censorship (19 August 2013).
14360:
14358:
12663:
12516:
12436:
12384:
12250:from the original on 30 September 2020
11863:from the original on 28 September 2018
11818:
11704:"Trial of john peter zenger for libel"
11634:Roger LeRoy Miller, Gaylord A. Jentz,
11601:
11405:"Freedom of Expression and Defamation"
10970:deriving from English common law) via
10260:(lashing, imprisonment, fine, "other")
9869:intentions and without exaggerations.
9857:, detraction, calumny, slander, false
8740:Section 327. Defamation to the Family
8363:
7965:blacken the memory of one who is dead.
7741:Articles 230 and 230-2, "Defamation" (
7185:, "Book Four" ("Personality Rights").
6963:, present or future health condition,
6808:the imputation is about the plaintiff;
3763:intentional interference with contract
3514:Protection of Public Participation Act
17619:
17187:
17174:
17108:
15624:"Taiwan needs to decriminalize libel"
15577:Office of the President, ROC (Taiwan)
14957:Harry Roque Jr. (20 September 2012).
14879:. Legislationline.org. Archived from
14702:Diritto&Giustizia Edizione Online
14525:
13812:. Legislationline.org. Archived from
13581:. Presscouncil.org.au. Archived from
13485:
13402:. Legislationline.org. Archived from
12941:
12939:
12937:
12887:, 3 SCR 640 (22 December 2009),
12215:"Opinion and Fair Comment Privileges"
12001:
11288:The American Journal of Legal History
11261:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 150.
10962:(which generally applies Roman Dutch
9632:(in 2012), abolished criminal libel.
9111:made further calls for strengthening
8960:(also known as "Rachel's Law", after
8637:In January 2022, an editorial in the
7542:Censorship in the Republic of Ireland
2572:United Nations Human Rights Committee
2524:United Nations Human Rights Committee
2497:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
2458:literally "the scandal of magnates".
2391:back to Roman and early English law.
19565:
18605:Capital punishment for homosexuality
17900:Social determinants of mental health
15655:Constitutional Court R.O.C. (Taiwan)
15602:Constitutional Court R.O.C. (Taiwan)
15406:Swedish Penal Code (English version)
15217:Park, S. Nathan (15 December 2014).
15216:
14579:Defamation – Indian Penal Code, 1860
14112:, 3 SCR 269 (19 October 2011),
14017:
13887:Brazilian Penal Code (official text)
13719:Whitbourn, Michaela (4 March 2014).
12631:Ram Jethmalani Vs. Subramaniam Swamy
12418:50 Am.Jur.2d libel and slander 1–546
11918:Rafsanjani, Nazanin (2 April 2010).
11887:Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal
11692:
11524:
11392:from the original on 1 January 2024.
11075:Barbara Trionfi (Executive Director)
10821:United States free speech exceptions
9910:The criminality of the thing alleged
8254:, and their potential connection to
8013:Aggravating circumstances (Art. 14)
7881:adding citations to reliable sources
7848:
7397:stands in court during the cases of
7366:is not driven by animosity or malice
5238:Criminal defamation laws by country
5195:
3864:activists. Even though some of what
3659:
2433:adversus bonos mores huius civitatis
1245:Capital punishment for homosexuality
516:Social determinants of mental health
18725:Genital modification and mutilation
15895:Anatoly Kurmanaev (12 March 2016).
15327:from the original on 31 August 2023
15310:
15292:from the original on 31 August 2023
15278:Kang Hyun-kyung (11 January 2009).
15259:from the original on 31 August 2023
15189:Korea Economic Institute of America
15017:. 30 September 2012. Archived from
14934:. 21 September 2012. Archived from
14433:Scott Griffen (25 September 2014).
14355:
13666:Dow Jones and Company Inc v Gutnick
13651: at 158 (27 October 2015),
13199:. Council of Europe. Archived from
13153:
12945:
10573:, these laws prescribing fines and
10458:, as deserved punishments. And the
10281:Human Rights Commission of Malaysia
10089:) argued for harmonization between
9684:European Convention on Human Rights
9618:parodying political personalities.
9109:United Nations Human Rights Council
8958:2008 Libel Terrorism Protection Act
8643:(written by a law student from the
8482:According to the Civil Code of the
8193:Protection from Harassment Act 2014
7643:Further information (in Japanese):
3751:Protection from Harassment Act 2014
3733:Some jurisdictions have a separate
3717:, ruled that describing someone as
3695:imputing serious sexual misconduct.
2520:European Convention on Human Rights
1363:Genital modification and mutilation
24:
17645:
15876:. National Public Radio. Parallels
15164:. Middle East Eye. Middle East Eye
14201:(see articles 416–417 and 424–425)
14020:"The trouble with criminal speech"
13497:. Queensland Parliamentary Library
12934:
12193:Hobart Community Legal Service Inc
11819:Burton, John (30 September 2008).
11636:Business Law Today: The Essentials
11546:Federal Communications Law Journal
9913:The reputation of the detractor's
9795:(like the one commissioned by the
9567:Since 2012, more countries in the
9562:Commonwealth of Independent States
8613:In July 2000, the Justices of the
7074:A "libel known to be false" is an
6805:the passage conveys an imputation;
6686:According to the Criminal Code of
5133:Commonwealth of Independent States
3850:Supreme Court of the United States
3634:before the libel, that no further
3509:California Code of Civil Procedure
3489:politicians in Singapore's ruling
2470:and with the rise of contemporary
2280:(oral speech). It is treated as a
25:
19653:
17089:
15942:, 2014, pp. 29, 31, 33, 39,
15840:
15598:"No. 509 ("The Defamation Case")"
14593:"Criminal Procedure Code (India)"
14365:Dominique Mondoloni (June 2014).
14018:Mann, Arshy (29 September 2014).
13941:, RJQ 1811 (1 August 1994),
13520:"Defamation Act 2005 No 77 (NSW)"
13194:
13120:Nevada Revised Statutes § 200.510
13109:Louisiana Revised Statute § 14:47
13014:, (W. Green, 2010), at para.17.13
13001:, (W. Green, 2010), at para.17.17
12584:. 19 October 2020. Archived from
10538:. Here, it is distinguished from
10267:Other proposed measures include:
10235:(which category seems to include
9719:According to reports provided by
9516:
9131:adopted a resolution, calling on
8975:
8952:and signed into law by President
8752:
8655:). According to the article, 180
8240:South Korean cyber defamation law
8111:Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
8101:Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
7614:or with abuse of a profession or
7546:Statute of Limitations in Ireland
7300:
2541:necessary in a democratic society
2320:Acts against state institutions (
19564:
19555:
19554:
19204:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
19041:Law for Protection of the Nation
18941:White genocide conspiracy theory
17061:
17035:
17009:
16983:
16957:
16931:
16905:
16879:
16853:
16827:
16801:
16775:
16749:
16723:
16697:
16658:
16630:
16602:
16592:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
16579:
16569:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
16556:
16326:
15865:
15834:
15822:
15798:
15785:Committee to Protect Journalists
15773:
15749:
15725:
15711:
15668:
15643:
15622:Huang Yu-zhe (26 January 2022).
15615:
15590:
15565:
15540:
15525:
15510:
15504:(Swiss criminal code in English
15498:
15483:
15461:
15438:
15370:
15355:
15339:
15304:
15271:
15238:
15182:
15176:
15160:Alsaafin, Linah (15 July 2015).
15127:
15103:
15081:
15059:
15025:
15003:
14973:
14950:
14920:
14895:
14869:
14847:
14829:
14804:
14779:
14754:
14745:
14689:
14667:
14629:
14609:
14603:
14570:
14497:
14453:
14426:
14404:
14333:
14301:
14267:
14245:
14223:
14204:
14189:
14174:
14152:
14137:
14119:
14099:
14076:
14042:
14011:
13991:
13971:
13951:
13928:
13913:
13891:
13877:
13855:
13840:
13802:
13780:
13758:
13738:
13712:
13697:Parliament of the United Kingdom
13684:
13658:
13597:
13570:
13479:
13455:
13440:
13418:
13392:
13383:
13374:
13277:Law Reform Commission of Ireland
13215:
13188:
13141:
12988:, (W. Green, 2010), at para.1.02
12713:"The Trial of John Peter Zenger"
12270:Arthur Alan Wolk v. Walter Olson
11728:Peterson, Iver (21 March 1997).
11407:. Latvijas Ārpolitikas Institūts
10614:
10561:and monetary compensation for a
10081:Application of Sharia by country
9950:, or their misdeeds are already
9946:If the victim has been publicly
9837:, gives practical advice to the
9647:Western Europe and North America
9484:
9296:Western Europe and North America
8919:criminalizes defamation through
8791:
8715:hostile and vexatious litigation
7853:
7487:Accordingly, for the purpose of
6789:Supreme Court of South Australia
6657:
6633:
6611:
6589:
6568:
6544:
6520:
6497:
6473:
6449:
6425:
6401:
6377:
6354:
6330:
6306:
6282:
6261:
6237:
6213:
6189:
6166:
6144:
6120:
6097:
6074:
6050:
6029:
6005:
5981:
5958:
5934:
5911:
5890:
5866:
5842:
5818:
5797:
5773:
5749:
5726:
5702:
5678:
5655:
5632:
5608:
5585:
5561:
5538:
5515:
5491:
5467:
5444:
5423:
5399:
5375:
5351:
5327:
5304:
5280:
5258:
5232:
5200:
4713:Perverting the course of justice
4113:
3785:caused damages to the plaintiff.
3591:vulgar abuse and not defamatory.
3385:
1856:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1685:Law for Protection of the Nation
1579:White genocide conspiracy theory
241:
73:
19046:MSM blood donation restrictions
18794:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
17583:Ex turpi causa non oritur actio
16586:Delany, Joseph Francis (1912).
16563:Delany, Joseph Francis (1908).
16454:, 2018, pp. 7, 9, 34, 39,
16014:, 2014, pp. 8, 9, 30, 31,
15756:Folkard, Henry Coleman (1908).
15733:"Coroners and Justice Act 2009"
13721:"The tweet that cost $ 105,000"
13273:"Defamation Act 2009 (Ireland)"
13129:
13091:
13069:
13053:. Article19.org. Archived from
13043:
13030:
13017:
13004:
12991:
12978:
12914:
12894:
12874:
12862:
12847:
12817:
12792:
12774:
12756:
12731:
12705:
12679:
12654:Defamation Act, 1952 (England).
12648:
12636:
12624:
12612:
12600:
12578:"Defamation under Law of Torts"
12570:
12559:
12541:
12501:
12471:
12457:
12430:
12421:
12412:
12372:. Associated Press. 31 May 2012
12333:
12309:Bossary, Andrew (3 June 2014).
12275:
12262:
12232:
12207:
12152:
12127:
12113:
12042:
12036:Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.
12028:
11995:
11982:Legislative Assembly of Ontario
11970:
11956:
11892:
11875:
11821:"Death of Singaporean maverick"
11764:
11721:
11670:
11657:
11618:
11484:
11469:
11451:
11437:
11419:
11396:
11374:
11275:
11248:
11121:(prepared by the office of the
10977:
10948:
10937:one famous 1734 case involving
10931:
10910:
10896:
10887:
10834:
10643:Annie Oakley § Libel cases
10438:According to the authors, some
9787: – full text on
9766:
9598:Latin America and the Caribbean
9250:Organization of American States
9236:Latin America and the Caribbean
9192:
8469:is 30 years (after the death).
8165:
7783:) in, the business of another.
7188:"Chapter I" ("General rules"):
4608:Intellectual property violation
3137:Ex turpi causa non oritur actio
2461:
1690:MSM blood donation restrictions
1432:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
19059:(as religious or racial quota)
17134:
16637:Kaufmann Kohler; S. Schulman.
16265:, 2018, pp. 6, 8, 9, 48,
15872:Shapiro, Ari (21 March 2015).
15314:욕설 넘치는 온라인게임 '롤' ... 모욕죄 고소 난무
14816:Jisho.org: Japanese Dictionary
14791:Jisho.org: Japanese Dictionary
14766:Jisho.org: Japanese Dictionary
14127:"Cyber Libel Updates Archives"
14083:Karem Tirmandi (12 May 2022).
12931:(British Columbia, Canada)
12921:Farallon Mining Ltd. v. Arnold
12465:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
11964:Cal. Code of Civil Procedure §
11577:. Stevens and Haynes. p.
11216:
11195:
11174:
11151:
11033:
11006:
10903:not require recognition of an
10553:According to the authors, the
10131:. Mentioned among others are:
9672:European Court of Human Rights
9155:
8569:Offences only prosecuted upon
8517:Measures to restore reputation
8449:
8214:
8191:, Division 2 of Part 3 of the
7936:
7844:
3984:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
3934:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
3875:Many jurisdictions within the
3845:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
3837:. The verdict was returned as
3797:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
2545:European Court of Human Rights
2472:international human rights law
1703:(as religious or racial quota)
13:
1:
19473:Second-generation gender bias
19189:Constitutional colorblindness
17890:Social determinants of health
17457:Specific types of negligence
16536:, 2022, pp. 48, 49, 52,
15520:Swiss Penal Code – Defamation
13852:(see Articles 443 to 453-bis)
11665:Tort Law for Legal Assistants
11602:Howard, Sam (15 March 2007).
11571:John William Salmond (1907).
11525:Congress, National People's.
10994:
10600:also seemed to be acceptable
10101:of the Constitution declares
9884:
9405:passed throughout the world;
9141:Declaration of Table Mountain
8796:
8760:Coroners and Justice Act 2009
8720:
8537:
7941:
7675:
7378:
7248:
6890:
3573:' in Commonwealth countries).
3446:
3441:
3247:(term used for torts in some
2583:
2252:that injures a third party's
2133:Second-generation gender bias
1841:Constitutional colorblindness
506:Social determinants of health
17213:
17072:license statement/permission
17046:license statement/permission
17020:license statement/permission
16994:license statement/permission
16968:license statement/permission
16942:license statement/permission
16916:license statement/permission
16890:license statement/permission
16864:license statement/permission
16838:license statement/permission
16812:license statement/permission
16786:license statement/permission
16760:license statement/permission
16734:license statement/permission
16708:license statement/permission
16179:, 2014, pp. 7, 10, 29,
15759:The Law of Slander and Libel
14704:(in Italian). Archived from
14494:, p. 68, items 6 and 7.
13608:. Efa.org.au. Archived from
13550:Australian Journalism Review
12607:Pukhraj v State of Rajasthan
12483:stylebook.fredericksburg.com
11857:Lawyers' Rights Watch Canada
10999:
10773:Martin v. Hearst Corporation
10737:Freedom of speech/expression
10519:
10390:, relevant is the ninth (in
10191:. Defamation would include:
10052:and can never be justified.
8967:
8950:111th United States Congress
8645:National Chengchi University
8182:
6731:
6711:
5159:
4943:Ignorantia juris non excusat
3982:test adopted in the US case
3686:accusing someone of a crime;
2556:Constitution of South Africa
2531:applied domestically by the
2481:(ICCPR), which states that:
7:
19602:Communication of falsehoods
19384:Medical model of disability
19236:Hate speech laws by country
16497:, 2018, pp. 6, 7, 40,
15978:, 2014, pp. 7, 8, 24,
14696:Buonomo, Giampiero (2001).
14612:"Defamation Law in Ireland"
14147:Chilean Penal Code, Book II
13027:, (1975) 8 CILS 189, at 195
12804:Defamation and the Internet
12549:"Law Document English View"
12529:. Singapore Statutes Online
12162:. legal.org. Archived from
11445:"The Constitution of Kenya"
11427:"Chapter 2: Bill of Rights"
11019:Legal Information Institute
10878:South African law of delict
10607:
9702:
9412:
9384:
8933:
8682:
8676:J.Y. Interpretation No. 509
8623:J.Y. Interpretation No. 509
8233:
8145:
8094:
7815:
7779:
7764:
7749:
7734:
7700:
7105:
7049:
6999:
4007:". For liability under the
3852:overruled a state court in
3651:No actual injury: If there
3527:
3458:
3143:Joint and several liability
2044:Medical model of disability
1888:Hate speech laws by country
10:
19658:
19493:Social model of disability
17945:Discrimination against men
16690:
16338:Google Transparency Report
15493:Swiss Penal Code – Calumny
14643:(in Italian). 22 June 2018
14184:Chilean Penal Code, Book I
13577:Jack Herman; David Flint.
13088:on criminalised defamation
13038:Iniuria and the Common Law
12049:Franklin, Mark A. (1963).
10523:
10351:
10347:
10290:
10286:
10074:
10025:
9888:
9815: – see his
9770:
9751:
9548:Central and Eastern Europe
9208:Central and Eastern Europe
9202:Central and Eastern Europe
8948:, which was passed by the
8800:
8687:
8477:
8433:Article 3 regulates other
8237:
8157:
8098:
7945:
7662:
7642:
7568:Defamation Prohibition Law
7535:
7531:
7413:
7335:
7318:
7309:
7264:
7172:
7015:
6909:
6881:
6876:Federal Court of Australia
6735:
6681:
4633:Possessing stolen property
4281:Offense against the person
4103:
3911:largely resembles that of
2917:Comparative responsibility
2608:
2385:
2153:Social model of disability
561:Discrimination against men
82:Foundations and Philosophy
36:
29:
19550:
19289:
19166:
18959:
18846:Opposition to immigration
18570:
18200:
18037:
17797:
17747:Race / Ethnicity
17684:
17653:
17592:
17538:
17517:
17486:
17413:
17388:
17355:
17312:
17274:
17221:
17181:
17176:Links to related articles
17142:
16306:, 2018, pp. 10, 43,
16220:, 2018, pp. 38, 39,
15311:정준호 (10 September 2015).
14216:20 September 2021 at the
14149:(see Articles 412 to 431)
14131:McConchie Law Corporation
13725:The Sydney Morning Herald
13452:(Articles 109 to 117-bis)
12946:Coe, Peter (March 2021).
12927: (10 November 2011),
12909:Superior Court of Justice
12829:Media Law Resource Center
12664:Ayesha (6 October 2010),
12345:Digital Media Law Project
12219:Digital Media Law Project
11756:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
11476:Soraide, Rosario (2022).
10478:) to sins of the tongue.
10332:The Knowledge article on
9674:had limited influence in
9431:over cases pertaining to
9122:
8985:
8542:The Criminal Code of the
8472:
8400:
8120:
8043:Publication of malicious
7923:
7830:
7773:
7758:
7743:
7728:
7694:
7561:
7426:
7330:
7027:
7011:
6978:
6832:On 10 December 2002, the
6827:
5209:This section needs to be
4927:Diminished responsibility
4721:Crimes against the public
3999:Roman Dutch and Scots law
3232:Non-economic damages caps
1484:Opposition to immigration
355:Race / Ethnicity
144:Methodological background
18841:Occupational segregation
18610:Compulsory sterilization
17347:Alienation of affections
15451:26 February 2021 at the
15313:
15074:17 December 2009 at the
14981:"Republic Act No. 10175"
14383:10.1177/0306422014537174
14186:(see Articles 25 and 30)
12512:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
12404:Cumberland School of Law
12398:27 February 2008 at the
12315:American Bar Association
11920:"SLAPP Back: Transcript"
10848:jurisdictions, the term
10827:
10592:were a possibility. But
10454:speaking ill of Moses),
10382:. Both forbidden in the
10133:fragmentation of society
10095:Islamic legal principles
10070:
9748:Defamation and religions
9458:, and the treaty of the
8733:Section 326. Defamation
8577:Other related articles:
8405:In Sweden, denigration (
8375:
8127:conduct that may degrade
7756:Article 231, "Insults" (
7638:
7583:
7442:
7363:pursues a legitimate aim
7167:
7121:
7022:
6863:. The defendant, former
4856:Crimes against the state
4776:(such as prohibition of
4056:. This includes insult (
3959:As is the case for most
3833:, Zenger was accused of
3520:or dismiss during which
3518:special motion to strike
3265:Private attorney general
3219:Other topics in tort law
2847:Principles of negligence
2776:Alienation of affections
1479:Occupational segregation
1250:Compulsory sterilization
47:Slander (disambiguation)
19369:Internalized oppression
19231:Fighting Discrimination
19221:Fat acceptance movement
19179:Anti-discrimination law
18819:Native American mascots
17576:Volenti non fit injuria
17550:contributory negligence
17530:Ultrahazardous activity
17074:). Text taken from
17048:). Text taken from
17022:). Text taken from
16996:). Text taken from
16970:). Text taken from
16944:). Text taken from
16918:). Text taken from
16892:). Text taken from
16866:). Text taken from
16840:). Text taken from
16814:). Text taken from
16788:). Text taken from
16762:). Text taken from
16736:). Text taken from
16716:, 29,31,33,39,
16710:). Text taken from
16672:The Jewish Encyclopedia
16644:The Jewish Encyclopedia
16411:, 2018, pp. 5, 8,
16370:, 2018, pp. 7, 8,
16132:, 2014, pp. 7, 8,
16091:, 2014, pp. 8, 9,
16050:, 2014, pp. 8, 9,
15901:The Wall Street Journal
15224:The Wall Street Journal
15116:1 February 2021 at the
14751:MINPO art. 723 (Japan)
14052:. CBC. 16 November 2012
13649:[2015] SASC 170
13486:Dixon, Nicolee (2005).
12004:"A4ID Defamation Guide"
11529:– via Wikisource.
11447:– via Wikisource.
11210:7 December 2009 at the
11189:7 December 2009 at the
11168:7 December 2009 at the
11045:Encyclopædia Britannica
10924:provide protection for
10663:Character assassination
10303:The Jewish Encyclopedia
9813:Jean-Baptiste Massillon
9799: – see "
9697:
9425:ECOWAS Court of Justice
9379:
9107:symbols". In 2011, the
9053:internet intermediaries
8980:
8256:suicides in the country
7645:Defamation law of Japan
7493:Indian Penal Code, 1860
7116:Supreme Court of Canada
7057:Criminal Code of Canada
7018:Canadian defamation law
6951:, place of birth, age,
6834:High Court of Australia
6738:Defamation in Australia
5135:, America, and Canada.
4540:Crimes against property
4230:(also called violation)
3976:Supreme Court of Canada
3887:and qualified privilege
3883:Codify the defences of
3819:New York Weekly Journal
3571:Parliamentary privilege
3130:Volenti non fit injuria
2955:Ultrahazardous activity
2922:Contributory negligence
2533:Supreme Court of Canada
2029:Internalized oppression
1883:Fighting Discrimination
1873:Fat acceptance movement
1831:Anti-discrimination law
1457:Native American mascots
121:Judicial interpretation
19488:Social identity threat
19461:Reverse discrimination
19451:Racial color blindness
18931:Violence against women
18911:Sex-selective abortion
17443:Calculus of negligence
16924:, 9,11,12,51,
15446:"I väntan på juryn..."
15348:(Levitsky, Serge L.) (
15056:, p. 117, item 6.
14728:"Constitution (Japan)"
14560:"Constitution (India)"
14004:Criminal Code (Canada)
13984:Criminal Code (Canada)
13964:Criminal Code (Canada)
13749:[2015] FCA 652
12881:Grant v. Torstar Corp.
12510:The American Democracy
12468:, 376 U.S. 254 (1964).
12439:"Us political systems"
12437:Sexton, Kevin (2010).
12285:. Dancing With Lawyers
12283:"Dancing With Lawyers"
10868:, only using the term
10840:In some, but not all,
10648:Anti-Defamation League
10512:and penal severity in
9801:The Eighth Commandment
9315:incitement to violence
9137:Pan-African Parliament
9057:user-generated content
9038:defamation of religion
8746:
8707:
8523:Statute of limitations
8467:statute of limitations
8439:
8426:
8413:
8407:
8344:National Police Agency
8258:. Before the death of
8089:General comment No. 34
8022:Intentionally causing
7967:
7837:
7823:
7806:
7798:Supreme Court of Japan
7704:) include 'defacing'.
7660:
7625:
7603:
7597:
7591:
7552:statute of limitations
7485:
7406:
7405:'s assault on Barboux.
7389:
7155:
7149:
7132:
6923:, colour of the skin,
6814:
5431:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4992:Other common-law areas
4825:Crimes against animals
4693:Miscarriage of justice
4675:Crimes against justice
3943:Commonwealth countries
3642:Statute of limitations
3615:Innocent dissemination
3453:English defamation law
3148:Market share liability
3081:Shopkeeper's privilege
3059:Statute of limitations
2902:Restitutio ad integrum
2751:Intrusion on seclusion
2646:Trespass to the person
2602:
2566:General comment No. 34
2543:" test applied by the
2492:
2148:Social identity threat
2121:Reverse discrimination
2111:Racial color blindness
1569:Violence against women
1549:Sex-selective abortion
43:Libel (disambiguation)
41:. For other uses, see
19612:Freedom of expression
19456:Religious intolerance
19416:Political correctness
19246:Intersex human rights
19194:Cultural assimilation
18876:Religious persecution
18640:Disability hate crime
18415:Jewish / Antisemitism
17370:Tortious interference
17342:Malicious prosecution
17028:, 7,9,34,39,
16794:, 8,9,30,31,
16595:Catholic Encyclopedia
16572:Catholic Encyclopedia
15743:The National Archives
15431:30 April 2010 at the
15367:(Articles 205 to 216)
15350:Law in Eastern Europe
15078:(articles 180 to 189)
15069:Portuguese Penal Code
14969:on 22 September 2012.
14682:17 March 2015 at the
14664:, p. 79, item 8.
14298:, p. 51, item 6.
13945:(Quebec, Canada)
13671:[2002] HCA 56
13495:Queensland Parliament
13466:[1997] HCA 25
13162:California Law Review
13084:18 April 2009 at the
13040:, (Hart, 2013), at 40
12911:(Ontario, Canada)
12907: (14 June 2011),
12871:(1970), 73 W.W.R. 114
12717:National Park Service
12527:"Defamation Act 1957"
12508:Patterson, T (2009).
12121:Lathan v. Journal Co.
12002:Brown, Mayer (2013).
11934:National Public Radio
11087:(Commissioned by the
10926:freedom of expression
10858:conflict of tort laws
10767:Malicious prosecution
10673:Collateral censorship
10668:Chilling effect (law)
10524:Further information:
10510:righteous indignation
10358:It is described as a
10352:Further information:
9889:Further information:
9875:Catholic Encyclopedia
9710:freedom of expression
9078:preventive censorship
9002:in 21 countries. The
8731:
8694:
8244:In October 2008, the
8238:Further information:
8115:Teofisto Guingona III
7962:
7655:
7651:Constitution of Japan
7468:
7460:Constitution of India
7386:
6849:Berezovsky v Michaels
6793:
5167:freedom of expression
4898:Defenses to liability
4688:Malfeasance in office
4100:Defamation as a crime
4034:wrongful conduct; and
3563:malicious prosecution
3491:People's Action Party
3260:Conflict of tort laws
3026:Tortious interference
2781:Criminal conversation
2768:Malicious prosecution
2609:Further information:
2579:
2577:Paragraph 47 states:
2483:
2304:Defamation against a
2116:Religious intolerance
2076:Political correctness
1898:Intersex human rights
1846:Cultural assimilation
1514:Religious persecution
1278:Disability hate crime
1047:Jewish / Antisemitism
19622:Freedom of the press
18861:Political repression
17850:Anti-left handedness
17840:Anti-intellectualism
17332:Breach of confidence
17080:, 48,49,52,
15252:Korea JoongAng Daily
15195:on 22 September 2019
14938:on 22 September 2012
14841:21 July 2011 at the
14255:. Business.center.cz
13924:Civil Code of Quebec
13294:"Penal Code (Japan)"
13252:"Penal Code (India)"
13098:Idaho Code § 18-4801
11702:Benenson, R (1981).
10700:Cyber defamation law
10362:, based on both the
10156:political opposition
10063:seems achievable by
9989:fraternal correction
9499:transparency reports
9262:OAS General Assembly
9064:, often outside the
8665:private prosecutions
8420:Article 2 regulates
8319:Grand National Party
8247:Korea JoongAng Daily
8073:Regional Trial Court
7877:improve this section
7399:character defamation
7147:Article 416 defines
7039:Civil Code of Quebec
5252:Custodial sentences
5192:Laws by jurisdiction
4744:Censorship violation
4467:Cybersex trafficking
4096:) might be imputed.
3990:Corporate defamation
3504:tort reform measures
2758:Breach of confidence
2605:Defamation as a tort
1499:Political repression
466:Anti-left handedness
456:Anti-intellectualism
19364:Historical eugenics
18901:Segregation academy
18881:Religious terrorism
18670:Enemy of the people
18578:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
18082:Jehovah's Witnesses
17970:Perpetual foreigner
17570:Vicarious liability
17509:Attractive nuisance
17404:Rylands v. Fletcher
17327:Invasion of privacy
16872:, 7,10,29,
15678:. 12 February 2015.
15471:. Council of Europe
15380:. Council of Europe
15365:Penal Code of Spain
15109:Mona Scărișoreanu,
15035:. Council of Europe
15021:on 29 October 2012.
14883:on 24 February 2021
14857:. Council of Europe
14708:on 11 December 2019
14507:. Council of Europe
14371:Index on Censorship
14343:. Council of Europe
14277:. Council of Europe
14233:. Council of Europe
13901:. Council of Europe
13865:. Council of Europe
13790:. Council of Europe
13655:(SA, Australia)
13585:on 12 November 2010
12964:10.1017/lst.2020.38
12855:Defamation Act 1992
12835:on 9 September 2021
12693:on 23 February 2015
12621:(1970) 72 BOMLR 94.
12566:Defamation Act 1952
12445:on 18 February 2011
12055:Stanford Law Review
12039:, 497 U.S. 1 (1990)
11833:on 10 December 2022
10974:under colonial rule
10874:Scots Law of Delict
10571:Temple in Jerusalem
10532:circular definition
10489:, arguing that the
10378:and also injurious
10368:rabbinic literature
10275:, mediation via an
9634:Trinidad and Tobago
9622:Antigua and Barbuda
9467:High Court of Kenya
9403:anti-terrorism laws
9357:Defamation Act 2013
9329:invasion of privacy
9175:citizen journalists
9113:religious tolerance
9042:Pew Research Center
9040:. According to the
8807:Fewer than half of
8460:Swiss Criminal Code
8435:insulting behaviour
8364:Former Soviet Union
8298:Soongsil University
7682:Penal Code of Japan
7395:Mme Camille du Gast
7253:Article 246 of the
7177:Based on text from
7089:corrections officer
6844:Dow Jones v Gutnick
6839:Dow Jones v Gutnick
6822:qualified privilege
6773:Defamation Act 2005
5239:
4922:Defense of property
4774:Illegal consumption
4310:Criminal negligence
4210:Severity of offense
3954:Defamation Act 1954
3950:Defamation Act 1992
3920:American Revolution
3901:Defamation Act 2013
3747:invasion of privacy
3721:is not defamation.
3577:Qualified privilege
3253:mixed legal systems
3123:Respondeat superior
3117:Vicarious liability
3076:Defence of property
3013:Insurance bad faith
2927:Attractive nuisance
2746:Invasion of privacy
2456:scandalum magnatum,
2448:Anglo-Saxon England
2330:government agencies
2024:Historical eugenics
1539:Segregation academy
1519:Religious terrorism
1308:Enemy of the people
1218:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
706:Jehovah's Witnesses
586:Perpetual foreigner
19276:Social integration
19271:Self-determination
19261:Racial integration
19209:Diversity training
19199:Cultural pluralism
19174:Affirmative action
19074:Racial segregation
18984:Crime of apartheid
18886:Religious violence
18379:Indigenous people
17774:Sexual orientation
17380:Restraint of trade
17241:False imprisonment
17054:, 6,7,40,
16742:, 7,8,24,
16566:"Detraction"
15853:on 7 November 2017
15738:legislation.gov.uk
15141:. 17 December 2013
14991:on 9 December 2021
14677:Italian Penal Code
14321:on 26 October 2021
13645:Duffy v Google Inc
13203:on 20 January 2013
13114:2011-07-04 at the
13103:2009-10-01 at the
13057:on 3 November 2011
12859:as at 1 March 2017
12719:. 26 February 2015
12645:1996 (20) ACR 808.
12633:2006 (87) DRJ 603.
12408:Samford University
12390:Edward C. Martin.
12370:The New York Times
12321:on 31 October 2017
12135:"Legal dictionary"
12016:on 9 February 2014
11853:"J. B. Jeyaretnam"
11800:on 6 February 2005
11735:The New York Times
11284:Scandalum Magnatum
11224:"Book 9, Title 36"
10956:law of obligations
10943:jury nullification
10575:capital punishment
10411:will be denied to
10328:, is untrue speech
10297:Rabbinic authority
10137:divine retribution
9638:Dominican Republic
9564:(CIS) sub-region.
9521:Most countries in
9366:judicial oversight
9350:libel laws in the
9348:plaintiff-friendly
9258:special rapporteur
9206:Four countries in
8772:English common law
8727:Thai Criminal Code
8697:ought to know it.
8554:Insults (Art. 309)
8495:emotional distress
8009:Related articles:
7954:Revised Penal Code
7592:a querela di parte
7407:
7241:(Arts. 1029, 1030)
7076:indictable offence
6945:sexual orientation
6865:Orange High School
6855:Australia's first
6818:absolute privilege
6742:Defamation law in
5237:
5185:Lingens v. Austria
4843:Wildlife smuggling
4833:Cruelty to animals
4462:Child sexual abuse
4414:Negligent homicide
4325:False imprisonment
4222:Indictable offense
4166:Scope of criminal
3858:The New York Times
3759:trademark dilution
3153:Transferred intent
3044:Assumption of risk
3008:Restraint of trade
2984:Rylands v Fletcher
2816:Employment-related
2665:False imprisonment
1928:Social integration
1923:Self-determination
1913:Racial integration
1861:Diversity training
1851:Cultural pluralism
1826:Affirmative action
1718:Racial segregation
1628:Crime of apartheid
1524:Religious violence
1011:Indigenous people
382:Sexual orientation
30:For the film, see
19632:Journalism ethics
19617:Freedom of speech
19584:
19583:
19578:
19577:
19446:Racism by country
19374:Intersectionality
19359:Heteronormativity
19158:Voter suppression
18906:Sexual harassment
18705:Forced conversion
18625:Cultural genocide
18278:African Americans
18092:post–Cold War era
18077:Eastern Orthodoxy
17835:Anti-drug addicts
17830:Anti-homelessness
17757:Scientific racism
17613:
17612:
17555:Last clear chance
17525:Product liability
17438:Res ipsa loquitur
17223:Intentional torts
17168:
17167:
16976:, 10,43,
16898:, 38,39,
16543:978-92-3-100509-1
16504:978-92-3-100296-0
16461:978-92-3-100295-3
16418:978-92-3-100294-6
16377:978-92-3-100293-9
16313:978-92-3-100297-7
16272:978-92-3-100291-5
16227:978-92-3-100242-7
16186:978-92-3-100018-8
16139:978-92-3-100013-3
16098:978-92-3-100012-6
16057:978-92-3-100010-2
16021:978-92-3-100009-6
15985:978-92-3-100008-9
15949:978-92-3-001201-4
15811:(1st Cir. 2009),
15805:Noonan v. Staples
15183:Back, Sang Hyun.
15015:The Daily Tribune
14367:"Legal Divisions"
14171:(see pages 75–78)
14106:Crookes v. Newton
13816:on 13 August 2015
13136:R v Orme and Nutt
13010:Elspeth C. Reid,
12997:Elspeth C. Reid,
12984:Elspeth C. Reid,
12869:Murphy v. LaMarsh
12825:"Defamation FAQs"
12674:on 1 October 2011
12588:on 14 August 2021
11940:). Archived from
11904:The Straits Times
11859:. 26 March 2012.
11708:The CQ Researcher
11148:, pp. 31–33.
10972:reception statute
10960:South African law
10958:, having adopted
10939:John Peter Zenger
10905:opinion privilege
10866:Tort Law in China
10862:European tort law
10638:Abu Dhabi Secrets
10632:Absence of Malice
10326:(hotzaat) shem ra
10279:, empowering the
10195:Libel and slander
9569:South-East Europe
9554:legal obligations
9475:national security
9000:decriminalization
8927:Noonan v. Staples
8713:to be facilitate
8544:Republic of China
8484:Republic of China
8349:League of Legends
8085:trial in absentia
8081:Prospero Nograles
8065:In January 2012,
7952:According to the
7913:
7912:
7905:
7516:According to the
7458:According to the
7393:on 25 July 1902.
7291:journalistic work
6679:
6678:
5249:Special offences
5246:General offences
5230:
5229:
5171:Council of Europe
5140:R v Orme and Nutt
5087:
5086:
4487:Indecent exposure
4355:Human trafficking
4320:Domestic violence
4248:Inchoate offenses
4094:animus iniuriandi
4080:actio iniuriarium
4015:are as follows:
3913:England and Wales
3831:Colonial New York
3815:John Peter Zenger
3755:misrepresentation
3660:Defamation per se
3603:reasonable person
3599:logically unsound
3535:substantial truth
3432:take civil action
3428:
3427:
3301:England and Wales
3256:
3107:Last clear chance
3102:Intentional torts
3086:Neutral reportage
3069:Defense of others
3017:
2950:Product liability
2896:Res ipsa loquitur
2883:Reasonable person
2791:Breach of promise
2640:
2597:decriminalization
2379:contempt of court
2369:Acts against the
2345:Acts against the
2243:
2242:
2106:Racism by country
2034:Intersectionality
2019:Heteronormativity
1802:Voter suppression
1544:Sexual harassment
1343:Forced conversion
1265:Cultural genocide
910:African Americans
716:post–Cold War era
701:Eastern Orthodoxy
451:Anti-drug addicts
446:Anti-homelessness
365:Scientific racism
220:
219:
184:judicial opinions
131:Law and economics
32:Defamation (film)
16:(Redirected from
19649:
19568:
19567:
19558:
19557:
19498:Social privilege
19483:Social exclusion
19411:Police brutality
19332:Multiculturalism
19302:Amatonormativity
19133:Social exclusion
18969:Age of candidacy
18769:Homeless dumping
18675:Ethnic cleansing
17640:
17633:
17626:
17617:
17616:
17565:Small penis rule
17518:Strict liability
17487:Duty to visitors
17428:Standard of care
17337:Abuse of process
17208:
17201:
17194:
17185:
17184:
17172:
17171:
17129:
17122:
17115:
17106:
17105:
17065:
17039:
17013:
16987:
16961:
16935:
16909:
16883:
16857:
16831:
16805:
16779:
16753:
16727:
16701:
16684:
16683:
16681:
16679:
16662:
16656:
16655:
16653:
16651:
16634:
16628:
16627:
16625:
16623:
16606:
16600:
16599:
16591:
16583:
16577:
16576:
16568:
16560:
16554:
16553:
16552:
16550:
16524:
16515:
16514:
16513:
16511:
16485:
16472:
16471:
16470:
16468:
16442:
16429:
16428:
16427:
16425:
16399:
16388:
16387:
16386:
16384:
16358:
16349:
16348:
16346:
16344:
16330:
16324:
16323:
16322:
16320:
16294:
16283:
16282:
16281:
16279:
16253:
16238:
16237:
16236:
16234:
16208:
16197:
16196:
16195:
16193:
16167:
16150:
16149:
16148:
16146:
16120:
16109:
16108:
16107:
16105:
16079:
16068:
16067:
16066:
16064:
16038:
16032:
16031:
16030:
16028:
16002:
15996:
15995:
15994:
15992:
15966:
15960:
15959:
15958:
15956:
15930:
15915:
15914:
15909:
15907:
15892:
15886:
15885:
15883:
15881:
15869:
15863:
15862:
15860:
15858:
15838:
15832:
15826:
15820:
15813:rehearing denied
15802:
15796:
15795:
15793:
15791:
15777:
15771:
15770:
15753:
15747:
15746:
15729:
15723:
15722:
15721:. 19 March 2015.
15715:
15709:
15708:
15706:
15704:
15689:
15680:
15679:
15672:
15666:
15665:
15663:
15661:
15647:
15641:
15640:
15638:
15636:
15619:
15613:
15612:
15610:
15608:
15594:
15588:
15587:
15585:
15583:
15569:
15563:
15562:
15560:
15558:
15544:
15538:
15533:
15529:
15523:
15518:
15514:
15508:
15502:
15496:
15491:
15487:
15481:
15480:
15478:
15476:
15465:
15459:
15458:25 November 2008
15442:
15436:
15422:
15409:
15403:
15390:
15389:
15387:
15385:
15374:
15368:
15363:
15359:
15353:
15343:
15337:
15336:
15334:
15332:
15308:
15302:
15301:
15299:
15297:
15275:
15269:
15268:
15266:
15264:
15242:
15236:
15235:
15233:
15231:
15214:
15205:
15204:
15202:
15200:
15191:. Archived from
15180:
15174:
15173:
15171:
15169:
15157:
15151:
15150:
15148:
15146:
15131:
15125:
15107:
15101:
15099:
15095:
15094:(in Portuguese).
15093:
15085:
15079:
15067:
15063:
15057:
15054:OSCE Report 2005
15051:
15045:
15044:
15042:
15040:
15029:
15023:
15022:
15007:
15001:
15000:
14998:
14996:
14985:Official Gazette
14977:
14971:
14970:
14965:. Archived from
14954:
14948:
14947:
14945:
14943:
14932:Sun*Star – Davao
14924:
14918:
14917:
14912:. Archived from
14909:The Manila Times
14899:
14893:
14892:
14890:
14888:
14873:
14867:
14866:
14864:
14862:
14851:
14845:
14833:
14827:
14826:
14824:
14822:
14808:
14802:
14801:
14799:
14797:
14783:
14777:
14776:
14774:
14772:
14758:
14752:
14749:
14743:
14742:
14740:
14738:
14724:
14718:
14717:
14715:
14713:
14693:
14687:
14675:
14671:
14665:
14662:OSCE Report 2005
14659:
14653:
14652:
14650:
14648:
14633:
14627:
14626:
14624:
14622:
14607:
14601:
14600:
14589:
14583:
14582:
14574:
14568:
14567:
14556:
14550:
14549:
14547:
14545:
14536:. Archived from
14523:
14517:
14516:
14514:
14512:
14501:
14495:
14492:OSCE Report 2005
14489:
14483:
14482:
14480:
14478:
14473:on 14 April 2008
14472:
14466:. Archived from
14465:
14457:
14451:
14450:
14448:
14446:
14430:
14424:
14423:
14421:
14419:
14408:
14402:
14401:
14399:
14397:
14362:
14353:
14352:
14350:
14348:
14337:
14331:
14330:
14328:
14326:
14320:
14314:. Archived from
14313:
14305:
14299:
14296:OSCE Report 2005
14293:
14287:
14286:
14284:
14282:
14271:
14265:
14264:
14262:
14260:
14249:
14243:
14242:
14240:
14238:
14227:
14221:
14208:
14202:
14197:
14193:
14187:
14182:
14178:
14172:
14170:
14166:
14164:
14156:
14150:
14145:
14141:
14135:
14134:
14123:
14117:
14103:
14097:
14096:
14094:
14092:
14080:
14074:
14071:OSCE Report 2005
14068:
14062:
14061:
14059:
14057:
14046:
14040:
14039:
14037:
14035:
14026:. Archived from
14015:
14009:
14008:
13995:
13989:
13988:
13975:
13969:
13968:
13955:
13949:
13948:
13939:1994 CanLII 5883
13932:
13926:
13917:
13911:
13910:
13908:
13906:
13895:
13889:
13885:
13881:
13875:
13874:
13872:
13870:
13859:
13853:
13848:
13844:
13838:
13835:OSCE Report 2005
13832:
13826:
13825:
13823:
13821:
13806:
13800:
13799:
13797:
13795:
13784:
13778:
13777:
13775:
13773:
13762:
13756:
13742:
13736:
13735:
13733:
13731:
13716:
13710:
13709:
13707:
13705:
13688:
13682:
13662:
13656:
13642:
13636:
13635:
13629:
13621:
13619:
13617:
13612:on 16 April 2021
13601:
13595:
13594:
13592:
13590:
13574:
13568:
13567:
13565:
13563:10.1.1.1030.7304
13545:
13536:
13535:
13533:
13531:
13516:
13507:
13506:
13504:
13502:
13492:
13483:
13477:
13459:
13453:
13448:
13444:
13438:
13437:
13435:
13433:
13422:
13416:
13415:
13413:
13411:
13396:
13390:
13387:
13381:
13378:
13372:
13371:
13369:
13367:
13353:
13344:
13343:
13341:
13339:
13330:. Archived from
13318:
13309:
13308:
13306:
13304:
13290:
13281:
13280:
13269:
13260:
13259:
13248:
13239:
13238:
13236:
13234:
13219:
13213:
13212:
13210:
13208:
13192:
13186:
13185:
13157:
13151:
13145:
13139:
13133:
13127:
13095:
13089:
13073:
13067:
13066:
13064:
13062:
13047:
13041:
13034:
13028:
13021:
13015:
13008:
13002:
12995:
12989:
12982:
12976:
12975:
12943:
12932:
12918:
12912:
12901:Astley v. Verdun
12898:
12892:
12878:
12872:
12866:
12860:
12851:
12845:
12844:
12842:
12840:
12831:. Archived from
12821:
12815:
12814:
12812:
12810:
12796:
12790:
12789:
12778:
12772:
12771:
12760:
12754:
12753:
12751:
12749:
12735:
12729:
12728:
12726:
12724:
12709:
12703:
12702:
12700:
12698:
12689:. Archived from
12683:
12677:
12675:
12670:, archived from
12661:
12655:
12652:
12646:
12640:
12634:
12628:
12622:
12616:
12610:
12604:
12598:
12597:
12595:
12593:
12574:
12568:
12563:
12557:
12556:
12545:
12539:
12538:
12536:
12534:
12523:
12514:
12513:
12505:
12499:
12498:
12496:
12494:
12485:. Archived from
12475:
12469:
12461:
12455:
12454:
12452:
12450:
12441:. Archived from
12434:
12428:
12425:
12419:
12416:
12410:
12388:
12382:
12381:
12379:
12377:
12362:
12356:
12355:
12353:
12351:
12337:
12331:
12330:
12328:
12326:
12317:. Archived from
12306:
12295:
12294:
12292:
12290:
12279:
12273:
12266:
12260:
12259:
12257:
12255:
12244:Hodgson Russ LLP
12236:
12230:
12229:
12227:
12225:
12211:
12205:
12204:
12202:
12200:
12185:
12176:
12175:
12173:
12171:
12166:on 22 April 2008
12156:
12150:
12149:
12147:
12145:
12131:
12125:
12117:
12111:
12110:
12099:
12086:
12085:
12083:
12081:
12046:
12040:
12032:
12026:
12025:
12023:
12021:
12015:
12008:
11999:
11993:
11992:
11990:
11988:
11974:
11968:
11965:
11960:
11954:
11953:
11951:
11949:
11915:
11909:
11908:1 September 2021
11896:
11890:
11879:
11873:
11872:
11870:
11868:
11849:
11843:
11842:
11840:
11838:
11832:
11827:. Archived from
11816:
11810:
11809:
11807:
11805:
11796:. Archived from
11790:
11784:
11783:
11781:
11779:
11768:
11762:
11761:
11755:
11747:
11745:
11743:
11725:
11719:
11718:
11716:
11714:
11699:
11690:
11689:
11687:
11685:
11674:
11668:
11661:
11655:
11622:
11616:
11615:
11613:
11611:
11599:
11593:
11592:
11587:
11585:
11568:
11562:
11561:
11559:
11557:
11537:
11531:
11530:
11522:
11516:
11515:
11513:
11511:
11496:
11488:
11482:
11481:
11473:
11467:
11466:
11455:
11449:
11448:
11441:
11435:
11434:
11423:
11417:
11416:
11414:
11412:
11400:
11394:
11393:
11378:
11372:
11371:
11369:
11367:
11357:
11349:
11340:
11339:
11337:
11335:
11329:
11321:
11312:
11311:
11279:
11273:
11272:
11252:
11246:
11245:
11243:
11241:
11235:
11229:. Archived from
11228:
11220:
11214:
11199:
11193:
11184:47. 10. 15. 3–6.
11178:
11172:
11155:
11149:
11146:OSCE Report 2017
11143:
11134:
11133:
11132:
11130:
11109:
11100:
11099:
11098:
11096:
11091:Dunja Mijatović)
11073:(7 March 2017),
11067:
11056:
11055:
11053:
11051:
11037:
11031:
11030:
11028:
11026:
11010:
10988:
10981:
10975:
10952:
10946:
10935:
10929:
10914:
10908:
10900:
10894:
10891:
10885:
10838:
10806:Small penis rule
10752:Intentional tort
10727:False accusation
10624:
10619:
10618:
10388:Ten Commandments
10263:Monetary damages
9821:On evil-speaking
9797:Council of Trent
9785:Epistle of James
9754:Law and religion
9586:
9582:
9578:
9574:
9556:were imposed on
9231:
9068:and with little
9062:takedown notices
8962:Rachel Ehrenfeld
8765:Errico Malatesta
8661:Legislative Yuan
8442:
8429:
8416:
8410:
8358:criminal records
8354:South Korean won
8340:settlement money
8068:The Manila Times
7908:
7901:
7897:
7894:
7888:
7857:
7849:
7840:
7826:
7811:
7791:
7782:
7776:
7775:
7767:
7761:
7760:
7752:
7746:
7745:
7737:
7731:
7730:
7709:criminal charges
7703:
7697:
7696:
7690:
7630:
7606:
7600:
7594:
7576:
7504:criminal charges
7392:
7390:La Vie Illustrée
7275:specific context
7158:
7152:
7135:
7065:Defamatory libel
6961:religious belief
6901:minimum salaries
6707:
6706:
6700:
6696:
6695:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6639:
6637:
6636:
6617:
6615:
6614:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6526:
6524:
6523:
6503:
6501:
6500:
6479:
6477:
6476:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6288:
6286:
6285:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6172:
6170:
6169:
6150:
6148:
6147:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6011:
6009:
6008:
5987:
5985:
5984:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5940:
5938:
5937:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5896:
5894:
5893:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5824:
5822:
5821:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5661:
5659:
5658:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5614:
5612:
5611:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5521:
5519:
5518:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5310:
5308:
5307:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5240:
5236:
5225:
5222:
5216:
5204:
5203:
5196:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5036:
4907:Actual innocence
4764:Ethnic cleansing
4658:Trespass to land
4553:Arms trafficking
4117:
4110:
4109:
4106:Defamatory libel
4090:actio iniuriarum
4085:actio iniuriarum
4065:actio iniuriarum
4043:actio iniuriarum
4013:actio iniuriarum
4009:actio iniuriarum
4005:actio iniuriarum
3810:Associated Press
3495:J. B. Jeyaretnam
3463:In contemporary
3420:
3413:
3406:
3390:
3389:
3246:
3015:
2878:Standard of care
2763:Abuse of process
2673:
2634:
2615:
2614:
2584:defence of truth
2468:Second World War
2316:public officials
2294:criminal offence
2235:
2228:
2221:
2158:Social privilege
2143:Social exclusion
2071:Police brutality
1992:Multiculturalism
1962:Amatonormativity
1777:Social exclusion
1613:Age of candidacy
1407:Homeless dumping
1313:Ethnic cleansing
245:
222:
221:
212:
205:
198:
136:Sociology of law
77:
54:
53:
21:
19657:
19656:
19652:
19651:
19650:
19648:
19647:
19646:
19587:
19586:
19585:
19580:
19579:
19574:
19546:
19421:Polyculturalism
19317:Civil liberties
19285:
19266:Reappropriation
19167:Countermeasures
19162:
19091:Racial steering
19057:Numerus clausus
18961:
18955:
18680:Ethnic conflict
18615:Corrective rape
18566:
18196:
18151:minority Muslim
18033:
17925:HIV/AIDS stigma
17793:
17742:Mental disorder
17680:
17649:
17644:
17614:
17609:
17588:
17534:
17513:
17482:
17448:Rescue doctrine
17433:Proximate cause
17409:
17398:Public nuisance
17384:
17351:
17314:Dignitary torts
17308:
17270:
17217:
17212:
17177:
17169:
17164:
17143:By jurisdiction
17138:
17133:
17092:
17087:
17002:, 5,8,
16950:, 7,8,
16846:, 7,8,
16820:, 8,9,
16768:, 8,9,
16693:
16688:
16687:
16677:
16675:
16663:
16659:
16649:
16647:
16635:
16631:
16621:
16619:
16607:
16603:
16589:"Slander"
16584:
16580:
16561:
16557:
16548:
16546:
16544:
16526:
16525:
16518:
16509:
16507:
16505:
16487:
16486:
16475:
16466:
16464:
16462:
16444:
16443:
16432:
16423:
16421:
16419:
16401:
16400:
16391:
16382:
16380:
16378:
16360:
16359:
16352:
16342:
16340:
16332:
16331:
16327:
16318:
16316:
16314:
16296:
16295:
16286:
16277:
16275:
16273:
16255:
16254:
16241:
16232:
16230:
16228:
16210:
16209:
16200:
16191:
16189:
16187:
16169:
16168:
16153:
16144:
16142:
16140:
16122:
16121:
16112:
16103:
16101:
16099:
16081:
16080:
16071:
16062:
16060:
16058:
16040:
16039:
16035:
16026:
16024:
16022:
16004:
16003:
15999:
15990:
15988:
15986:
15968:
15967:
15963:
15954:
15952:
15950:
15932:
15931:
15918:
15905:
15903:
15893:
15889:
15879:
15877:
15870:
15866:
15856:
15854:
15847:Litigation News
15839:
15835:
15827:
15823:
15803:
15799:
15789:
15787:
15779:
15778:
15774:
15768:public benefit.
15754:
15750:
15731:
15730:
15726:
15717:
15716:
15712:
15702:
15700:
15691:
15690:
15683:
15674:
15673:
15669:
15659:
15657:
15649:
15648:
15644:
15634:
15632:
15620:
15616:
15606:
15604:
15596:
15595:
15591:
15581:
15579:
15571:
15570:
15566:
15556:
15554:
15546:
15545:
15541:
15531:
15530:
15526:
15516:
15515:
15511:
15503:
15499:
15489:
15488:
15484:
15474:
15472:
15467:
15466:
15462:
15453:Wayback Machine
15443:
15439:
15433:Wayback Machine
15423:
15412:
15408:(see Chapter 5)
15404:
15393:
15383:
15381:
15376:
15375:
15371:
15361:
15360:
15356:
15344:
15340:
15330:
15328:
15315:
15309:
15305:
15295:
15293:
15285:The Korea Times
15276:
15272:
15262:
15260:
15243:
15239:
15229:
15227:
15215:
15208:
15198:
15196:
15181:
15177:
15167:
15165:
15158:
15154:
15144:
15142:
15133:
15132:
15128:
15118:Wayback Machine
15108:
15104:
15097:
15091:
15087:
15086:
15082:
15076:Wayback Machine
15066:(in Portuguese)
15065:
15064:
15060:
15052:
15048:
15038:
15036:
15031:
15030:
15026:
15009:
15008:
15004:
14994:
14992:
14979:
14978:
14974:
14963:Manila Standard
14955:
14951:
14941:
14939:
14926:
14925:
14921:
14900:
14896:
14886:
14884:
14875:
14874:
14870:
14860:
14858:
14853:
14852:
14848:
14843:Wayback Machine
14834:
14830:
14820:
14818:
14810:
14809:
14805:
14795:
14793:
14785:
14784:
14780:
14770:
14768:
14760:
14759:
14755:
14750:
14746:
14736:
14734:
14726:
14725:
14721:
14711:
14709:
14694:
14690:
14684:Wayback Machine
14673:
14672:
14668:
14660:
14656:
14646:
14644:
14635:
14634:
14630:
14620:
14618:
14608:
14604:
14591:
14590:
14586:
14576:
14575:
14571:
14558:
14557:
14553:
14543:
14541:
14540:on 22 July 2013
14524:
14520:
14510:
14508:
14503:
14502:
14498:
14490:
14486:
14476:
14474:
14470:
14463:
14459:
14458:
14454:
14444:
14442:
14441:on 3 March 2021
14431:
14427:
14417:
14415:
14409:
14405:
14395:
14393:
14363:
14356:
14346:
14344:
14339:
14338:
14334:
14324:
14322:
14318:
14311:
14307:
14306:
14302:
14294:
14290:
14280:
14278:
14273:
14272:
14268:
14258:
14256:
14251:
14250:
14246:
14236:
14234:
14229:
14228:
14224:
14218:Wayback Machine
14209:
14205:
14195:
14194:
14190:
14180:
14179:
14175:
14168:
14162:
14158:
14157:
14153:
14143:
14142:
14138:
14125:
14124:
14120:
14104:
14100:
14090:
14088:
14081:
14077:
14069:
14065:
14055:
14053:
14048:
14047:
14043:
14033:
14031:
14030:on 7 March 2017
14024:Canadian Lawyer
14016:
14012:
13997:
13996:
13992:
13977:
13976:
13972:
13957:
13956:
13952:
13946:
13943:Court of Appeal
13933:
13929:
13920:Book 1, Title 2
13918:
13914:
13904:
13902:
13897:
13896:
13892:
13884:(in Portuguese)
13883:
13882:
13878:
13868:
13866:
13861:
13860:
13856:
13846:
13845:
13841:
13833:
13829:
13819:
13817:
13808:
13807:
13803:
13793:
13791:
13786:
13785:
13781:
13771:
13769:
13764:
13763:
13759:
13743:
13739:
13729:
13727:
13717:
13713:
13703:
13701:
13690:
13689:
13685:
13663:
13659:
13643:
13639:
13623:
13622:
13615:
13613:
13602:
13598:
13588:
13586:
13575:
13571:
13546:
13539:
13529:
13527:
13524:NSW legislation
13518:
13517:
13510:
13500:
13498:
13490:
13484:
13480:
13460:
13456:
13446:
13445:
13441:
13431:
13429:
13424:
13423:
13419:
13409:
13407:
13406:on 13 June 2010
13398:
13397:
13393:
13388:
13384:
13379:
13375:
13365:
13363:
13355:
13354:
13347:
13337:
13335:
13320:
13319:
13312:
13302:
13300:
13292:
13291:
13284:
13271:
13270:
13263:
13250:
13249:
13242:
13232:
13230:
13229:on 10 July 2010
13221:
13220:
13216:
13206:
13204:
13193:
13189:
13174:10.2307/3478081
13158:
13154:
13148:King v. Osborne
13146:
13142:
13134:
13130:
13116:Wayback Machine
13105:Wayback Machine
13096:
13092:
13086:Wayback Machine
13074:
13070:
13060:
13058:
13049:
13048:
13044:
13035:
13031:
13022:
13018:
13009:
13005:
12996:
12992:
12983:
12979:
12944:
12935:
12919:
12915:
12899:
12895:
12879:
12875:
12867:
12863:
12852:
12848:
12838:
12836:
12823:
12822:
12818:
12808:
12806:
12798:
12797:
12793:
12780:
12779:
12775:
12762:
12761:
12757:
12747:
12745:
12737:
12736:
12732:
12722:
12720:
12711:
12710:
12706:
12696:
12694:
12685:
12684:
12680:
12662:
12658:
12653:
12649:
12641:
12637:
12629:
12625:
12617:
12613:
12605:
12601:
12591:
12589:
12576:
12575:
12571:
12564:
12560:
12555:. 24 July 2014.
12547:
12546:
12542:
12532:
12530:
12525:
12524:
12517:
12506:
12502:
12492:
12490:
12489:on 1 March 2021
12477:
12476:
12472:
12462:
12458:
12448:
12446:
12435:
12431:
12426:
12422:
12417:
12413:
12400:Wayback Machine
12389:
12385:
12375:
12373:
12364:
12363:
12359:
12349:
12347:
12339:
12338:
12334:
12324:
12322:
12307:
12298:
12288:
12286:
12281:
12280:
12276:
12267:
12263:
12253:
12251:
12246:. 9 June 2020.
12238:
12237:
12233:
12223:
12221:
12213:
12212:
12208:
12198:
12196:
12195:. 20 March 2018
12187:
12186:
12179:
12169:
12167:
12158:
12157:
12153:
12143:
12141:
12133:
12132:
12128:
12118:
12114:
12101:
12100:
12089:
12079:
12077:
12067:10.2307/1227028
12047:
12043:
12033:
12029:
12019:
12017:
12013:
12006:
12000:
11996:
11986:
11984:
11976:
11975:
11971:
11963:
11961:
11957:
11947:
11945:
11916:
11912:
11897:
11893:
11880:
11876:
11866:
11864:
11851:
11850:
11846:
11836:
11834:
11825:Financial Times
11817:
11813:
11803:
11801:
11792:
11791:
11787:
11777:
11775:
11770:
11769:
11765:
11749:
11748:
11741:
11739:
11726:
11722:
11712:
11710:
11700:
11693:
11683:
11681:
11676:
11675:
11671:
11662:
11658:
11623:
11619:
11609:
11607:
11600:
11596:
11583:
11581:
11569:
11565:
11555:
11553:
11538:
11534:
11523:
11519:
11509:
11507:
11494:
11490:
11489:
11485:
11474:
11470:
11465:. 13 July 2017.
11457:
11456:
11452:
11443:
11442:
11438:
11425:
11424:
11420:
11410:
11408:
11401:
11397:
11380:
11379:
11375:
11365:
11363:
11355:
11351:
11350:
11343:
11333:
11331:
11327:
11323:
11322:
11315:
11280:
11276:
11269:
11253:
11249:
11239:
11237:
11233:
11226:
11222:
11221:
11217:
11212:Wayback Machine
11205:47. 10. 15. 25.
11200:
11196:
11191:Wayback Machine
11179:
11175:
11170:Wayback Machine
11156:
11152:
11144:
11137:
11128:
11126:
11125:), 9 March 2005
11110:
11103:
11094:
11092:
11068:
11059:
11049:
11047:
11039:
11038:
11034:
11024:
11022:
11012:
11011:
11007:
11002:
10997:
10992:
10991:
10986:Aquilian action
10982:
10978:
10953:
10949:
10936:
10932:
10915:
10911:
10901:
10897:
10892:
10888:
10854:comparative law
10839:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10784:Political libel
10732:Food libel laws
10620:
10613:
10610:
10590:excommunication
10586:legal liability
10528:
10522:
10409:divine presence
10366:("gossip") and
10356:
10350:
10342:hotzaat shem ra
10299:
10289:
10152:monetary awards
10118:Muslim scholars
10083:
10073:
10028:
9991:is preferable.
9919:The dignity or
9915:trustworthiness
9893:
9887:
9805:Roman Catechism
9781:religious texts
9775:
9769:
9764:
9750:
9737:law enforcement
9705:
9700:
9649:
9628:(in 2013), and
9600:
9584:
9580:
9576:
9573:eight countries
9572:
9550:
9519:
9487:
9415:
9387:
9382:
9298:
9248:(IACHR) of the
9238:
9229:
9204:
9195:
9183:military courts
9173:in particular,
9158:
9149:public interest
9145:burden of proof
9125:
9115:and preventing
9099:and values and
9049:legal liability
8988:
8983:
8978:
8970:
8936:
8915:. In addition,
8805:
8799:
8794:
8776:breach of peace
8755:
8729:provides that:
8723:
8690:
8685:
8540:
8480:
8475:
8452:
8403:
8378:
8366:
8306:The Korea Times
8242:
8236:
8228:public interest
8217:
8185:
8168:
8160:
8148:
8123:
8107:
8097:
7979:Publication in
7950:
7944:
7939:
7926:
7909:
7898:
7892:
7889:
7874:
7858:
7847:
7833:
7818:
7787:
7688:
7678:
7665:
7647:
7641:
7586:
7575:NIS 50,000
7574:
7564:
7548:
7534:
7506:(Section 211).
7445:
7429:
7416:
7403:Prince of Sagan
7381:
7347:chilling effect
7338:
7333:
7321:
7312:
7303:
7279:scientific work
7267:
7251:
7175:
7170:
7156:injurias graves
7124:
7108:
7052:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7014:
7002:
6981:
6969:native language
6929:national origin
6912:
6893:
6884:
6874:, heard in the
6861:Mickle v Farley
6830:
6740:
6734:
6714:
6704:
6702:
6698:
6693:
6691:
6684:
6658:
6656:
6634:
6632:
6612:
6610:
6590:
6588:
6569:
6567:
6545:
6543:
6521:
6519:
6498:
6496:
6474:
6472:
6450:
6448:
6426:
6424:
6402:
6400:
6378:
6376:
6355:
6353:
6331:
6329:
6307:
6305:
6283:
6281:
6262:
6260:
6238:
6236:
6214:
6212:
6190:
6188:
6167:
6165:
6152:North Macedonia
6145:
6143:
6121:
6119:
6098:
6096:
6075:
6073:
6051:
6049:
6030:
6028:
6006:
6004:
5982:
5980:
5959:
5957:
5935:
5933:
5912:
5910:
5891:
5889:
5867:
5865:
5843:
5841:
5819:
5817:
5798:
5796:
5774:
5772:
5750:
5748:
5727:
5725:
5703:
5701:
5679:
5677:
5656:
5654:
5633:
5631:
5609:
5607:
5586:
5584:
5562:
5560:
5539:
5537:
5516:
5514:
5492:
5490:
5468:
5466:
5445:
5443:
5424:
5422:
5400:
5398:
5376:
5374:
5352:
5350:
5328:
5326:
5305:
5303:
5281:
5279:
5259:
5257:
5235:
5226:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5205:
5201:
5194:
5162:
5147:King v. Osborne
5083:
5024:
4588:False pretenses
4517:Sex trafficking
4443:Sexual offenses
4402:Preterintention
4238:Summary offense
4108:
4102:
4001:
3992:
3909:Indian tort law
3856:that had found
3835:seditious libel
3802:public official
3727:
3662:
3585:Mistake of fact
3543:public interest
3530:
3461:
3449:
3444:
3424:
3384:
3278:By jurisdiction
2978:Public nuisance
2907:Rescue doctrine
2890:Proximate cause
2802:Negligent torts
2714:Dignitary torts
2669:
2613:
2607:
2592:public interest
2568:
2518:(including the
2464:
2441:actio injurarum
2388:
2239:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2081:Polyculturalism
1977:Civil liberties
1949:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1918:Reappropriation
1818:
1817:Countermeasures
1810:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1735:Racial steering
1701:Numerus clausus
1605:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1318:Ethnic conflict
1255:Corrective rape
1210:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1198:
835:
824:
823:
822:
821:
820:
775:minority Muslim
663:
653:
652:
651:
650:
649:
541:HIV/AIDS stigma
413:
405:
404:
403:
402:
401:
350:Mental disorder
292:
284:
283:
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39:Knowledge:Libel
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19466:Reverse racism
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19436:Prisoner abuse
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19426:Power distance
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19337:Neurodiversity
19334:
19324:
19322:Dehumanization
19319:
19314:
19312:Cisnormativity
19309:
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19290:Related topics
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19098:
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19084:Nuremberg Laws
19081:
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19048:
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19028:
19026:Ghetto benches
19023:
19021:Gerrymandering
19018:
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19008:
19006:Gender pay gap
19003:
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18789:Lavender scare
18786:
18784:Kill Haole Day
18781:
18779:Indian rolling
18776:
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18600:Cancel culture
18597:
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18571:Manifestations
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18192:Zoroastrianism
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17647:Discrimination
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17453:Duty to rescue
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17357:Economic torts
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17090:External links
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15444:Frigyes, Paul
15437:
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15126:
15122:România Liberă
15102:
15080:
15058:
15046:
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15002:
14972:
14949:
14919:
14916:on 9 May 2013.
14894:
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14666:
14654:
14628:
14610:Wood, Kieron.
14602:
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13391:
13382:
13373:
13345:
13334:on 8 June 2023
13310:
13282:
13261:
13240:
13214:
13187:
13168:(2): 290–299.
13152:
13140:
13128:
13090:
13068:
13042:
13029:
13023:Robert Black,
13016:
13003:
12990:
12977:
12958:(1): 111–129.
12933:
12925:2011 BCSC 1532
12913:
12905:2011 ONSC 3651
12893:
12873:
12861:
12846:
12816:
12791:
12786:Google Scholar
12773:
12768:Google Scholar
12755:
12743:Google Scholar
12730:
12704:
12678:
12656:
12647:
12635:
12623:
12611:
12609:SCC (Cri) 944.
12599:
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12231:
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12151:
12126:
12112:
12107:sso.agc.gov.sg
12087:
12061:(4): 789–848.
12041:
12027:
11994:
11969:
11955:
11944:on 21 May 2013
11910:
11891:
11874:
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11811:
11785:
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11669:
11656:
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11563:
11532:
11517:
11506:. 29 July 2011
11500:United Nations
11483:
11468:
11450:
11436:
11418:
11395:
11373:
11341:
11313:
11300:10.2307/845182
11294:(3): 216–236.
11286:, 1497-1773".
11274:
11267:
11247:
11236:on 15 May 2011
11215:
11194:
11173:
11163:47. 10. 15. 2.
11150:
11135:
11101:
11057:
11032:
11004:
11003:
11001:
10998:
10996:
10993:
10990:
10989:
10976:
10947:
10930:
10916:For instance,
10909:
10895:
10886:
10832:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10823:
10818:
10813:
10811:Smear campaign
10808:
10803:
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10793:
10786:
10781:
10776:
10769:
10764:
10759:
10754:
10749:
10747:Insult (legal)
10744:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10724:
10722:Dignitary tort
10719:
10712:
10707:
10705:Defamation Act
10702:
10697:
10692:
10687:
10685:Criminal libel
10682:
10679:Crimen injuria
10675:
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10660:
10655:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10627:
10626:
10625:
10609:
10606:
10526:he:הוצאת שם רע
10521:
10518:
10514:Jewish thought
10483:legal remedies
10349:
10346:
10336:equates it to
10330:
10329:
10322:
10288:
10285:
10269:right of reply
10265:
10264:
10261:
10251:
10222:
10221:
10218:
10196:
10107:state religion
10091:Malaysian laws
10072:
10069:
10027:
10024:
9925:
9924:
9917:
9911:
9886:
9883:
9843:false evidence
9831:Joseph Deharbe
9829:and catechist
9768:
9765:
9749:
9746:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9648:
9645:
9599:
9596:
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9546:
9538:United Nations
9518:
9515:
9491:emergency laws
9486:
9483:
9414:
9411:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9352:United Kingdom
9311:criminal libel
9303:Western Europe
9297:
9294:
9237:
9234:
9203:
9200:
9194:
9191:
9157:
9154:
9124:
9121:
9082:private-sector
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8976:UNESCO reports
8974:
8969:
8966:
8935:
8932:
8913:Virgin Islands
8889:South Carolina
8877:North Carolina
8801:Main article:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8785:Libel Act 1843
8754:
8753:United Kingdom
8751:
8722:
8719:
8689:
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8684:
8681:
8611:
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8607:
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8509:
8499:
8498:
8497:(Arts. 18, 19)
8479:
8476:
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8471:
8451:
8448:
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8377:
8374:
8368:In the former
8365:
8362:
8294:social studies
8235:
8232:
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8213:
8208:
8207:
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8131:public opinion
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7893:September 2022
7861:
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7677:
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7664:
7661:
7640:
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7612:abuse of power
7585:
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7526:non-cognisable
7484:
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7387:Front page of
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7301:Czech Republic
7299:
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7239:credit reports
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7016:Main article:
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2466:Following the
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2016:
2011:
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2004:Ethnic penalty
2001:
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1997:Neurodiversity
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1982:Dehumanization
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1972:Cisnormativity
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1670:Ghetto benches
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1303:Eliminationism
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738:Untouchability
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551:Leprosy stigma
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19154:
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19149:
19146:
19144:
19143:State atheism
19141:
19139:
19136:
19134:
19131:
19127:
19124:
19122:
19119:
19117:
19114:
19112:
19109:
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19107:
19104:
19102:
19099:
19097:
19094:
19092:
19089:
19085:
19082:
19080:
19079:Jim Crow laws
19077:
19076:
19075:
19072:
19070:
19067:
19065:
19064:One-drop rule
19062:
19060:
19058:
19054:
19052:
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19047:
19044:
19042:
19039:
19037:
19034:
19032:
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19027:
19024:
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19009:
19007:
19004:
19000:
18997:
18995:
18992:
18991:
18990:
18987:
18985:
18982:
18980:
18979:Blood quantum
18977:
18975:
18972:
18970:
18967:
18966:
18964:
18958:
18952:
18949:
18947:
18944:
18942:
18939:
18937:
18934:
18932:
18929:
18927:
18926:Victimisation
18924:
18922:
18921:Trans bashing
18919:
18917:
18914:
18912:
18909:
18907:
18904:
18902:
18899:
18897:
18894:
18892:
18891:Religious war
18889:
18887:
18884:
18882:
18879:
18877:
18874:
18872:
18871:Racialization
18869:
18867:
18864:
18862:
18859:
18857:
18854:
18852:
18849:
18847:
18844:
18842:
18839:
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18827:
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18817:
18815:
18812:
18810:
18807:
18805:
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18800:
18797:
18795:
18792:
18790:
18787:
18785:
18782:
18780:
18777:
18775:
18772:
18770:
18767:
18765:
18762:
18760:
18757:
18753:
18750:
18749:
18748:
18745:
18743:
18742:Glass ceiling
18740:
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18733:
18732:
18731:
18728:
18726:
18723:
18721:
18718:
18716:
18713:
18711:
18708:
18706:
18703:
18701:
18698:
18696:
18693:
18691:
18688:
18686:
18685:Ethnic hatred
18683:
18681:
18678:
18676:
18673:
18671:
18668:
18666:
18663:
18661:
18658:
18656:
18653:
18651:
18648:
18646:
18643:
18641:
18638:
18636:
18633:
18631:
18628:
18626:
18623:
18621:
18620:Counter-jihad
18618:
18616:
18613:
18611:
18608:
18606:
18603:
18601:
18598:
18596:
18593:
18591:
18588:
18584:
18581:
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18579:
18576:
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18573:
18569:
18563:
18560:
18558:
18555:
18553:
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18530:
18528:
18525:
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18510:
18508:
18505:
18503:
18500:
18498:
18495:
18493:
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18488:
18485:
18483:
18480:
18478:
18475:
18473:
18470:
18468:
18465:
18463:
18460:
18458:
18455:
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18448:
18445:
18443:
18440:
18438:
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18421:
18418:
18417:
18416:
18413:
18411:
18408:
18406:
18403:
18401:
18398:
18394:
18393:United States
18391:
18389:
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18380:
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18256:United States
18254:
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18239:
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18219:
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18208:
18206:
18204:
18199:
18193:
18190:
18188:
18185:
18183:
18180:
18178:
18177:Protestantism
18175:
18173:
18170:
18166:
18163:
18162:
18161:
18158:
18152:
18149:
18147:
18144:
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18112:
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18107:
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18102:
18100:
18097:
18093:
18090:
18088:
18087:LDS or Mormon
18085:
18083:
18080:
18078:
18075:
18073:
18070:
18069:
18068:
18065:
18063:
18060:
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18045:
18044:
18042:
18040:
18036:
18030:
18027:
18025:
18022:
18018:
18015:
18013:
18012:Transmisogyny
18010:
18008:
18005:
18004:
18003:
18000:
17996:
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17991:
17988:
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17986:
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17958:
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17941:
17938:
17936:
17933:
17931:
17928:
17926:
17923:
17921:
17918:
17916:
17915:Gerontophobia
17913:
17911:
17908:
17906:
17903:
17901:
17898:
17896:
17893:
17891:
17888:
17886:
17883:
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17873:
17871:
17868:
17866:
17863:
17861:
17858:
17856:
17853:
17851:
17848:
17846:
17845:Anti-intersex
17843:
17841:
17838:
17836:
17833:
17831:
17828:
17826:
17823:
17821:
17820:Anti-albinism
17818:
17816:
17813:
17811:
17808:
17806:
17803:
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17800:
17796:
17790:
17787:
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17690:
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17664:
17662:
17661:Institutional
17659:
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17641:
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17492:
17491:
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17485:
17477:
17474:
17472:
17469:
17467:
17466:In employment
17464:
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17160:United States
17158:
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15875:
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15852:
15848:
15844:
15841:Green, Dana.
15837:
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15806:
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15699:. 17 May 2018
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15549:
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15537:(Article 175)
15536:
15528:
15522:(Article 173)
15521:
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15506:
15501:
15495:(Article 174)
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15326:
15323:(in Korean).
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14763:
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14707:
14703:
14699:
14692:
14686:, Article 31.
14685:
14681:
14678:
14670:
14663:
14658:
14642:
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14632:
14617:
14616:www.lawyer.ie
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14169:(578 KB)
14165:(in Spanish).
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14114:Supreme Court
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14102:
14086:
14079:
14073:, p. 40.
14072:
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13994:
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13900:
13894:
13888:
13880:
13864:
13858:
13851:
13843:
13837:, p. 19.
13836:
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13783:
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13753:Federal Court
13750:
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13687:
13680:
13676:
13673:, (2002) 210
13672:
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13661:
13654:
13653:Supreme Court
13650:
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13471:
13468:, (1997) 189
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13195:Dohel, Ilia.
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12952:Legal Studies
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12929:Supreme Court
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12800:"Court Cases"
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12392:"False light"
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12165:
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12160:"Legal Terms"
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11998:
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11881:Cameron Sim,
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11463:The Economist
11460:
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10762:Libel tourism
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10716:Depp v. Heard
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10690:Cyberbullying
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10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10633:
10629:
10628:
10623:
10617:
10612:
10605:
10603:
10599:
10595:
10591:
10587:
10583:
10578:
10576:
10572:
10568:
10564:
10560:
10556:
10551:
10549:
10545:
10541:
10537:
10533:
10527:
10517:
10515:
10511:
10506:
10504:
10500:
10496:
10492:
10488:
10484:
10479:
10477:
10473:
10469:
10465:
10461:
10457:
10453:
10449:
10445:
10441:
10436:
10434:
10430:
10426:
10422:
10418:
10414:
10410:
10406:
10405:
10399:
10397:
10393:
10389:
10385:
10381:
10377:
10373:
10369:
10365:
10361:
10355:
10345:
10343:
10339:
10335:
10327:
10323:
10320:
10316:
10315:
10314:
10312:
10307:
10305:
10304:
10298:
10294:
10284:
10282:
10278:
10274:
10270:
10262:
10259:
10257:
10252:
10250:
10246:
10242:
10238:
10234:
10232:
10227:
10226:
10225:
10219:
10216:
10215:
10210:
10206:
10205:
10200:
10197:
10194:
10193:
10192:
10190:
10185:
10183:
10182:
10177:
10176:
10171:
10170:
10165:
10164:customary law
10159:
10157:
10153:
10148:
10146:
10142:
10138:
10134:
10130:
10125:
10123:
10119:
10114:
10112:
10108:
10104:
10100:
10096:
10092:
10088:
10082:
10078:
10068:
10066:
10062:
10058:
10053:
10051:
10046:
10044:
10040:
10035:
10033:
10023:
10021:
10018:and pay them
10017:
10013:
10009:
10005:
10000:
9998:
9994:
9990:
9986:
9985:
9979:
9977:
9973:
9969:
9965:
9961:
9957:
9953:
9949:
9944:
9942:
9938:
9934:
9930:
9923:of the victim
9922:
9918:
9916:
9912:
9909:
9908:
9907:
9904:
9902:
9898:
9892:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9876:
9870:
9868:
9864:
9860:
9856:
9852:
9848:
9844:
9840:
9836:
9832:
9828:
9824:
9822:
9818:
9814:
9810:
9806:
9802:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9786:
9783:(such as the
9782:
9779:
9774:
9763:
9759:
9758:Religious law
9755:
9745:
9742:
9738:
9734:
9730:
9726:
9722:
9717:
9715:
9714:press freedom
9711:
9695:
9691:
9689:
9685:
9681:
9677:
9676:legal reforms
9673:
9668:
9666:
9665:cyberbullying
9661:
9657:
9652:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9635:
9631:
9627:
9623:
9619:
9617:
9613:
9608:
9605:
9595:
9593:
9588:
9570:
9565:
9563:
9559:
9555:
9545:
9543:
9539:
9534:
9532:
9528:
9524:
9514:
9510:
9508:
9504:
9500:
9495:
9492:
9482:
9478:
9476:
9470:
9468:
9463:
9461:
9457:
9453:
9449:
9445:
9441:
9440:landmark case
9436:
9434:
9430:
9426:
9422:
9421:
9410:
9408:
9404:
9400:
9395:
9392:
9377:
9375:
9374:personal data
9371:
9367:
9361:
9359:
9358:
9353:
9349:
9345:
9341:
9336:
9334:
9330:
9325:
9322:
9318:
9316:
9312:
9308:
9307:North America
9304:
9293:
9291:
9286:
9284:
9280:
9276:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9263:
9259:
9255:
9251:
9247:
9243:
9233:
9226:
9224:
9223:civil society
9220:
9216:
9211:
9209:
9199:
9190:
9188:
9184:
9180:
9176:
9172:
9167:
9163:
9153:
9150:
9146:
9142:
9138:
9134:
9133:African Union
9130:
9120:
9118:
9114:
9110:
9106:
9102:
9098:
9095:
9089:
9087:
9083:
9079:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9045:
9043:
9039:
9035:
9030:
9028:
9027:jurisdictions
9024:
9023:Libel tourism
9020:
9016:
9011:
9009:
9005:
9001:
8997:
8993:
8973:
8965:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8951:
8947:
8946:
8941:
8931:
8928:
8924:
8922:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8898:
8894:
8890:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8874:
8870:
8869:New Hampshire
8866:
8862:
8858:
8854:
8850:
8846:
8845:Massachusetts
8842:
8838:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8804:
8792:United States
8789:
8787:
8786:
8781:
8777:
8773:
8768:
8766:
8762:
8761:
8750:
8745:
8741:
8738:
8734:
8730:
8728:
8718:
8716:
8712:
8706:
8702:
8698:
8693:
8680:
8677:
8673:
8668:
8666:
8662:
8658:
8654:
8650:
8646:
8642:
8641:
8635:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8615:Judicial Yuan
8608:
8605:
8602:
8599:
8596:
8592:
8589:
8586:
8583:
8580:
8579:
8578:
8572:
8568:
8565:
8562:
8559:
8556:
8553:
8552:
8551:
8549:
8545:
8532:
8531:
8530:
8524:
8521:
8516:
8513:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8506:
8505:
8502:
8496:
8492:
8491:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8470:
8468:
8463:
8461:
8457:
8447:
8444:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8415:
8409:
8398:
8396:
8392:
8387:
8383:
8373:
8371:
8361:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8350:
8345:
8341:
8337:
8336:
8330:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8307:
8301:
8299:
8295:
8291:
8287:
8286:Byun Jung-soo
8283:
8282:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8248:
8241:
8231:
8229:
8224:
8222:
8212:
8205:
8202:
8199:
8198:
8197:
8194:
8190:
8180:
8177:
8173:
8163:
8155:
8153:
8143:
8141:
8137:
8132:
8128:
8118:
8116:
8112:
8106:
8102:
8092:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8069:
8060:
8057:
8054:
8051:
8046:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8033:
8030:
8025:
8021:
8018:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8011:
8010:
8004:
8001:
7998:
7994:
7991:
7988:
7985:
7982:
7978:
7975:
7972:
7969:
7968:
7966:
7961:
7959:
7955:
7949:
7934:
7930:
7921:
7918:
7907:
7904:
7896:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7872:
7871:
7867:
7862:This section
7860:
7856:
7851:
7850:
7842:
7839:
7828:
7825:
7813:
7810:
7809:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7790:
7784:
7781:
7769:
7766:
7754:
7751:
7739:
7736:
7724:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7705:
7702:
7685:
7683:
7673:
7671:
7659:
7654:
7652:
7646:
7636:
7634:
7629:
7628:
7621:
7617:
7613:
7608:
7605:
7599:
7593:
7581:
7578:
7571:
7569:
7566:According to
7559:
7555:
7553:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7529:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7514:
7512:
7507:
7505:
7501:
7496:
7494:
7490:
7481:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7467:
7465:
7461:
7456:
7454:
7450:
7440:
7438:
7432:
7424:
7421:
7420:Criminal Code
7411:
7404:
7400:
7396:
7391:
7385:
7371:
7368:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7351:
7348:
7343:
7328:
7326:
7325:Criminal Code
7316:
7307:
7298:
7296:
7295:provided that
7292:
7288:
7284:
7283:literary work
7280:
7277:is that of a
7276:
7272:
7262:
7260:
7256:
7243:
7240:
7236:
7233:
7230:
7227:
7223:
7219:
7216:
7211:
7210:
7208:
7207:
7206:
7200:
7197:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7180:
7165:
7162:
7157:
7151:
7145:
7144:prison term.
7141:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7119:
7117:
7114:In 2011, the
7112:
7103:
7101:
7096:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7077:
7073:
7070:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7061:
7059:
7058:
7047:
7043:
7041:
7040:
7035:
7019:
7009:
7007:
6997:
6995:
6990:
6986:
6976:
6974:
6973:social origin
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6957:philosophical
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6921:intended race
6917:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6898:
6888:
6879:
6877:
6873:
6868:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6845:
6841:
6840:
6835:
6825:
6823:
6819:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6792:
6790:
6786:
6781:
6774:
6770:
6767:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6758:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6745:
6739:
6729:
6725:
6723:
6719:
6709:
6689:
6674:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6655:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6631:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6619:United States
6609:
6608:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6587:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6542:
6541:
6537:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6518:
6517:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6506:
6495:
6494:
6490:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6447:
6446:
6442:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6423:
6422:
6418:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6399:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6352:
6351:
6347:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6259:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6235:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6211:
6210:
6206:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6175:
6164:
6163:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6142:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6118:
6117:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6095:
6094:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6072:
6071:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6048:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6027:
6026:
6022:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5979:
5978:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5956:
5955:
5951:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5942:Liechtenstein
5932:
5931:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5840:
5839:
5835:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5816:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5747:
5746:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5724:
5723:
5719:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5700:
5699:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5583:
5582:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5559:
5558:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5536:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5233:Summary table
5224:
5212:
5207:
5198:
5197:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5157:
5155:
5150:
5148:
5143:
5141:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5125:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5092:
5080:
5075:
5073:
5068:
5066:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4959:Justification
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4792:Miscegenation
4790:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4628:Pickpocketing
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4477:Homosexuality
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4449:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4340:Home invasion
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4290:Assassination
4288:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4054:
4048:
4044:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3996:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3980:actual malice
3978:rejected the
3977:
3973:
3972:
3966:
3962:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3944:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3929:
3928:Supreme Court
3925:
3922:. Though the
3921:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3873:
3871:
3870:actual malice
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3823:William Cosby
3820:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3806:actual malice
3803:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3792:actual malice
3784:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3737:or delict of
3736:
3731:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3715:homosexuality
3711:
3707:
3703:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3536:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3326:United States
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:Sexual torts
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2723:Appropriation
2721:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:In 2011, the
2563:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:Acts against
2357:
2355:
2352:Acts against
2351:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2341:state symbols
2339:Acts against
2338:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2314:Acts against
2313:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2250:communication
2247:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2180:Social stigma
2178:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1787:State atheism
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1723:Jim Crow laws
1721:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:One-drop rule
1706:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1623:Blood quantum
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1564:Victimisation
1562:
1560:
1559:Trans bashing
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1529:Religious war
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1509:Racialization
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:Glass ceiling
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1323:Ethnic hatred
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1260:Counter-jihad
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:United States
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
889:
888:United States
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
840:
834:
828:
827:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
801:Protestantism
799:
797:
794:
790:
787:
786:
785:
782:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
751:
748:
747:
746:
743:
739:
736:
734:
731:
730:
729:
726:
724:
721:
717:
714:
712:
711:LDS or Mormon
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
662:
657:
656:
646:
643:
641:
638:
634:
631:
629:
628:Transmisogyny
626:
624:
621:
620:
619:
616:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
531:Gerontophobia
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
461:Anti-intersex
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
436:Anti-albinism
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
409:
408:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
288:
287:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
261:Institutional
259:
258:
249:
248:
244:
240:
239:
236:
233:
232:
228:
224:
223:
213:
208:
206:
201:
199:
194:
193:
191:
190:
185:
181:
178:
177:
176:
175:
172:
169:
168:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
148:
147:
143:
142:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
116:Jurisprudence
114:
113:
112:
111:
107:
106:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
86:
85:
81:
80:
76:
72:
71:
68:
65:
64:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
19627:Honor crimes
19607:Criminal law
19354:Gender-blind
19241:Human rights
19069:Racial quota
19056:
19036:Jewish quota
19016:Gerontocracy
19011:Gender roles
18989:Disabilities
18974:Blood purity
18946:Wife selling
18936:White flight
18916:Slut-shaming
18896:Scapegoating
18814:Murder music
18629:
18477:Palestinians
18420:Anti-Zionism
18288:South Africa
18273:Black people
18251:South Africa
18067:Christianity
18057:Baháʼí Faith
17980:Sectarianism
17920:Heterosexism
17885:Ephebiphobia
17855:Anti-Masonry
17722:Hair texture
17581:
17574:
17423:Duty of care
17402:
17321:
17264:Self defense
17135:
17076:
17068:free content
17050:
17042:free content
17024:
17016:free content
16998:
16990:free content
16972:
16964:free content
16946:
16938:free content
16920:
16912:free content
16894:
16886:free content
16868:
16860:free content
16842:
16834:free content
16816:
16808:free content
16790:
16782:free content
16764:
16756:free content
16738:
16730:free content
16712:
16704:free content
16676:. Retrieved
16670:
16660:
16648:. Retrieved
16642:
16632:
16620:. Retrieved
16616:ResearchGate
16614:
16604:
16593:
16581:
16570:
16558:
16547:, retrieved
16528:
16508:, retrieved
16489:
16465:, retrieved
16446:
16422:, retrieved
16403:
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16362:
16341:. Retrieved
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16317:, retrieved
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15989:, retrieved
15970:
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15953:, retrieved
15934:
15911:
15904:. Retrieved
15900:
15890:
15878:. Retrieved
15867:
15855:. Retrieved
15851:the original
15846:
15836:
15828:
15824:
15812:
15809:556 F. 3d 20
15804:
15800:
15788:. Retrieved
15784:
15775:
15767:
15758:
15751:
15745:, 2009 c. 25
15736:
15727:
15713:
15701:. Retrieved
15670:
15658:. Retrieved
15654:
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15633:. Retrieved
15629:Taipei Times
15627:
15617:
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15580:. Retrieved
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15555:. Retrieved
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15456:Journalisten
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15320:Hankook Ilbo
15318:
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15261:. Retrieved
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15222:
15199:22 September
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14989:the original
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14962:
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14942:20 September
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14706:the original
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14468:the original
14455:
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14428:
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14406:
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14181:(in Spanish)
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14139:
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14028:the original
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13814:the original
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13770:. Retrieved
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13700:. 8 May 2000
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13599:
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11981:
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11942:the original
11925:On The Media
11923:
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11877:
11865:. Retrieved
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11682:. Retrieved
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11635:
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11627:Ron Hankin,
11620:
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11231:the original
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11127:, retrieved
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11093:, retrieved
11079:
11048:. Retrieved
11035:
11023:. Retrieved
11017:
11014:"Defamation"
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10933:
10912:
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10836:
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10779:McLibel case
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10714:
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10559:flagellation
10555:Law of Moses
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10450:(related to
10437:
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10318:
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9429:jurisdiction
9427:, which had
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9179:social media
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9066:legal system
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8627:Constitution
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8370:Soviet Union
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6785:Justice Blue
6782:
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6552:Turkmenistan
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5114:North Dakota
5095:
5088:
4984:Self-defense
4941:
4864:Lèse-majesté
4578:Embezzlement
4502:Prostitution
4492:Masturbation
4375:Manslaughter
4360:Intimidation
4314:
4272:Solicitation
4145:
4138:
4123:Criminal law
4093:
4089:
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4079:
4073:
4068:
4064:
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3979:
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3969:
3961:Commonwealth
3958:
3953:
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3947:
3940:
3932:
3917:
3906:
3899:
3897:
3885:fair comment
3877:Commonwealth
3874:
3865:
3862:civil rights
3857:
3848:(1964). The
3843:
3838:
3818:
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3788:
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3595:Fair comment
3551:
3540:
3531:
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3507:
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3462:
3450:
3429:
3351:Criminal law
3270:Class action
3135:
3128:
3121:
3064:Self-defense
2982:
2960:Deep pockets
2894:
2856:Duty of care
2727:
2618:Part of the
2580:
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2569:
2551:of the post-
2516:
2493:
2465:
2462:Human rights
2455:
2445:
2440:
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2393:
2389:
2334:armed forces
2306:legal person
2298:
2277:
2273:
2245:
2244:
2014:Gender-blind
1893:Human rights
1713:Racial quota
1700:
1680:Jewish quota
1660:Gerontocracy
1655:Gender roles
1633:Disabilities
1618:Blood purity
1584:Wife selling
1574:White flight
1554:Slut-shaming
1534:Scapegoating
1452:Murder music
1109:Palestinians
1052:Anti-Zionism
920:South Africa
905:Black people
883:South Africa
691:Christianity
681:Baháʼí Faith
596:Sectarianism
536:Heterosexism
501:Ephebiphobia
471:Anti-Masonry
330:Hair texture
171:Legal debate
157:Prescriptive
126:Positive law
108:Legal theory
51:
19256:Nonviolence
19251:LGBT rights
19216:Empowerment
19184:Anti-racism
19106:Segregation
19051:No kid zone
18851:Persecution
18764:Hate speech
18715:Gay bashing
18690:Ethnic joke
18645:Dog whistle
18590:Blood libel
18268:Azerbaijani
18172:Neopaganism
18165:Persecution
18126:Persecution
18109:Persecution
18072:Catholicism
18052:Exclusivism
18002:Transphobia
17985:Supremacism
17940:Lesbophobia
17860:Aporophobia
17825:Anti-autism
17676:Taste-based
17671:Statistical
17546:Comparative
17494:Trespassers
17476:Malpractice
17471:Entrustment
15532:(in French)
15517:(in French)
15490:(in French)
15475:7 September
15384:7 September
15100:(full text)
15039:7 September
14887:7 September
14861:7 September
14621:19 February
14544:28 November
14511:7 September
14477:7 September
14347:7 September
14325:15 February
14281:7 September
14259:7 September
14237:7 September
14110:2011 SCC 47
14056:23 February
13947:(in French)
13905:7 September
13869:7 September
13847:(in French)
13820:7 September
13794:7 September
13772:7 September
13704:7 September
13616:7 September
13589:7 September
13530:8 September
13501:6 September
13432:7 September
13410:7 September
13338:2 September
13233:7 September
13207:7 September
13061:7 September
12885:2009 SCC 61
12857:New Zealand
12289:7 September
12144:24 November
12139:findlaw.com
11889:319 (2011).
11837:19 November
11804:19 November
11240:7 September
10964:private law
10801:Section 230
10742:Hate speech
10658:Blood libel
10580:Rabbinical
10557:prescribed
10540:leshon hara
10376:accusations
10372:leshon hara
10354:Lashon hara
10334:lashon hara
10319:leshon hara
10311:lashon hara
10271:, order of
10258:punishments
10233:punishments
10057:restitution
9993:Journalists
9976:common good
9803:" from its
9688:high courts
9624:(in 2015),
9604:Draft bills
9592:politicians
9503:Arab region
9485:Arab region
9344:legal costs
9340:celebrities
9187:Arab Spring
9171:Gulf States
9156:Arab region
9117:hate speech
9086:due process
8909:Puerto Rico
8857:Mississippi
8809:U.S. states
8657:prosecutors
8653:hate speech
8456:Switzerland
8450:Switzerland
8395:self-esteem
8321:proposed a
8290:information
8252:celebrities
8221:South Korea
8215:South Korea
8140:nationality
7958:Philippines
7937:Philippines
7845:Netherlands
7796:, 975 (
7721:information
7500:information
7287:work of art
7228:(Art. 1026)
7138:misdemeanor
6937:nationality
6457:Switzerland
6197:Philippines
6128:Netherlands
4979:Provocation
4703:Obstruction
4683:Compounding
4648:Tax evasion
4472:Fornication
4305:Child abuse
4234:Misdemeanor
4158:Concurrence
3767:false light
3227:Tort reform
2861:Trespassers
2826:Malpractice
2821:Entrustment
2741:False light
2454:was called
2452:aristocracy
2375:legislature
2296:, or both.
2282:civil wrong
2262:falsifiable
1908:Nonviolence
1903:LGBT rights
1868:Empowerment
1836:Anti-racism
1750:Segregation
1695:No kid zone
1489:Persecution
1402:Hate speech
1353:Gay bashing
1328:Ethnic joke
1283:Dog whistle
1230:Blood libel
900:Azerbaijani
796:Neopaganism
789:Persecution
750:Persecution
733:Persecution
696:Catholicism
676:Exclusivism
618:Transphobia
601:Supremacism
556:Lesbophobia
476:Aporophobia
441:Anti-autism
276:Taste-based
271:Statistical
162:Jurimetrics
19597:Defamation
19591:Categories
19530:Stereotype
19525:Speciesism
19406:Oppression
19401:Oikophobia
19297:Allophilia
19281:Toleration
19138:Sodomy law
19031:Internment
18951:Witch-hunt
18829:Blackhawks
18759:Hate group
18747:Hate crime
18720:Gendercide
18710:Freak show
18700:Excellence
18660:Employment
18630:Defamation
18557:Vietnamese
18552:Venezuelan
18437:Lithuanian
18099:Falun Gong
18029:Xenophobia
18024:Vegaphobia
18007:Non-binary
17965:Pedophobia
17930:Homophobia
17752:Skin color
17712:Disability
17685:Attributes
17666:Structural
17605:Injunction
17415:Negligence
17375:Conspiracy
17322:Defamation
17289:Conversion
17136:Defamation
17096:Defamation
15880:31 October
15857:31 October
15817:561 F.3d 4
15790:31 October
15424:Ström, E.
15230:14 January
13679:High Court
13474:High Court
13079:statements
13076:ARTICLE 19
12839:31 October
12809:31 October
12748:31 October
12723:31 October
12697:16 January
12582:LawPage.In
12553:Ontario.ca
12479:"Foreword"
12449:8 November
12350:31 October
12325:31 October
12254:7 November
12224:31 October
12170:22 October
12080:31 October
11713:8 November
11684:8 November
11606:. Lexology
10995:References
10968:public law
10695:Cybercrime
10653:Blind item
10622:Law portal
10602:atonements
10582:enactments
10417:hypocrites
10338:detraction
10291:See also:
10273:retraction
10111:Article 10
10075:See also:
10065:retracting
10039:confession
10002:Those who
9997:Historians
9941:venial sin
9897:mortal sin
9891:Detraction
9885:Detraction
9867:charitable
9827:Theologian
9793:catechisms
9789:Wikisource
9771:See also:
9762:Divine law
9752:See also:
9656:common law
9399:Cybercrime
9333:journalism
8996:ARTICLE 19
8945:SPEECH Act
8873:New Mexico
8659:urged the
8597:(Art. 160)
8573:(Art. 314)
8382:Penal Code
8152:Penal Code
8099:See also:
7946:See also:
7917:Civil Code
7808:ex officio
7802:Wikisource
7750:meiyokison
7717:indictment
7536:See also:
7179:Wikisource
7069:reputation
6965:disability
6897:Azerbaijan
6891:Azerbaijan
6641:Uzbekistan
6505:Tajikistan
6314:San Marino
6105:Montenegro
5989:Luxembourg
5898:Kyrgyzstan
5874:Kazakhstan
5359:Azerbaijan
5221:April 2020
5179:Article 19
5091:Article 19
4937:Entrapment
4912:Automatism
4889:Subversion
4848:Bestiality
4817:War crimes
4812:Usurpation
4739:Corruption
4698:Misprision
4573:Cybercrime
4365:Kidnapping
4345:Hate crime
4335:Harassment
4315:Defamation
4267:Incitement
4262:Conspiracy
4228:Infraction
4187:Complicity
4182:Accomplice
4140:Actus reus
4104:See also:
4053:contumelia
4041:Under the
4037:intention.
3839:not guilty
3648:statement.
3632:reputation
3624:negligence
3465:common law
3447:Background
3442:Common law
3336:common law
3239:Quasi-tort
3191:Injunction
3184:Incidental
3003:Conspiracy
2728:Defamation
2705:Conversion
2620:common law
2560:defamation
2549:Section 36
2529:Oakes Test
2326:ministries
2322:government
2308:in general
2258:assertions
2254:reputation
2246:Defamation
2190:Stereotype
2185:Speciesism
2066:Oppression
2061:Oikophobia
1957:Allophilia
1933:Toleration
1782:Sodomy law
1675:Internment
1589:Witch-hunt
1467:Blackhawks
1397:Hate group
1385:Hate crime
1358:Gendercide
1348:Freak show
1338:Excellence
1298:Employment
1269:Defamation
1189:Vietnamese
1184:Venezuelan
1069:Lithuanian
723:Falun Gong
645:Xenophobia
640:Vegaphobia
623:Non-binary
581:Pedophobia
546:Homophobia
360:Skin color
320:Disability
291:Attributes
266:Structural
95:Philosophy
90:Definition
19503:Christian
19431:Prejudice
19379:Masculism
19327:Diversity
19121:religious
19096:Redlining
18695:Ethnocide
18655:Education
18542:Ukrainian
18472:Pakistani
18462:Mongolian
18383:Australia
18365:Hungarian
18320:Colombian
18300:Bulgarian
18182:Rastafari
18131:Ahmadiyya
18039:Religious
18017:Trans men
17975:Pregnancy
17910:Gayphobia
17905:Fatphobia
17810:Acephobia
17805:Arophobia
17789:Viewpoint
17499:Licensees
17259:Necessity
17250:Concepts
16667:"Slander"
16639:"Calumny"
16532:, Paris:
16493:, Paris:
16450:, Paris:
16407:, Paris:
16366:, Paris:
16302:, Paris:
16261:, Paris:
16216:, Paris:
16175:, Paris:
16128:, Paris:
16087:, Paris:
16046:, Paris:
16010:, Paris:
15974:, Paris:
15938:, Paris:
15557:19 August
15331:16 August
15296:12 August
15263:12 August
15139:Gulf News
14533:The Hindu
14391:147433423
13768:. Coe.int
13558:CiteSeerX
13428:. Coe.int
12972:0261-3875
12592:2 January
12020:14 August
11752:cite news
11556:12 August
11510:30 August
11480:. UNESCO.
11000:Citations
10846:mixed law
10757:Libel Act
10567:virginity
10536:community
10386:. Of the
10277:ombudsman
10253:Criminal
10228:Criminal
10145:afterlife
10099:Article 3
10061:Atonement
10043:moralists
10008:principal
9968:monastery
9952:notorious
9948:sentenced
9859:suspicion
9855:hypocrisy
9809:preachers
9778:Christian
9773:Canon law
9741:executive
9680:suspended
9660:civil law
9531:East Asia
9527:Southeast
9290:copyright
9279:terrorism
9269:Caribbean
9215:sanctions
9101:religious
8968:Venezuela
8905:Wisconsin
8853:Minnesota
8841:Louisiana
8649:education
8571:complaint
8327:complaint
8296:from the
8276:Na Hoon-a
8268:U;Nee
8189:Singapore
8183:Singapore
8176:terrorism
8045:fake news
7981:the press
7864:does not
7713:complaint
7658:violated.
7453:civil law
7259:中华人民共和国刑法
7100:probation
6994:vigilante
6953:patrimony
6933:ethnicity
6744:Australia
6732:Australia
6718:Argentina
6712:Argentina
5966:Lithuania
5160:Criticism
5106:Louisiana
5000:Contracts
4974:Necessity
4879:Secession
4874:Espionage
4807:Terrorism
4769:Smuggling
4663:Vandalism
4643:Smuggling
4583:Extortion
4558:Blackmail
4532:Voyeurism
4512:Pederasty
4497:Obscenity
4379:corporate
4202:Vicarious
4197:Principal
4192:Corporate
4177:Accessory
4168:liability
4153:Causation
4076:Scots law
3866:The Times
3619:defendant
3522:discovery
3483:Dow Jones
3346:Contracts
3286:Australia
3094:Liability
3054:Necessity
2942:liability
2866:Licensees
2786:Seduction
2553:Apartheid
2503:entails:
2501:the press
2395:Roman law
2371:judiciary
2364:blasphemy
2360:religions
2260:that are
2163:Christian
2091:Prejudice
2039:Masculism
1987:Diversity
1765:religious
1740:Redlining
1333:Ethnocide
1293:Education
1174:Ukrainian
1104:Pakistani
1094:Mongolian
1015:Australia
997:Hungarian
952:Colombian
932:Bulgarian
806:Rastafari
755:Ahmadiyya
661:Religious
633:Trans men
591:Pregnancy
526:Gayphobia
521:Fatphobia
426:Acephobia
421:Arophobia
397:Viewpoint
152:Normative
19642:Tort law
19560:Category
19542:The talk
19478:Snobbery
19396:Net bias
19226:Feminism
19153:Ugly law
18994:Catholic
18962:policies
18809:Mortgage
18804:Lynching
18735:examples
18730:Genocide
18650:Economic
18635:Democide
18595:Bullying
18507:Scottish
18502:Romanian
18467:Nigerian
18410:Japanese
18345:Georgian
18330:Filipino
18263:Assyrian
18236:Armenian
18226:American
18221:Albanian
18203:National
18187:Yazidism
18104:Hinduism
18062:Buddhism
17960:Nepotism
17955:Misogyny
17950:Misandry
17875:Clannism
17870:Biphobia
17815:Adultism
17732:Language
17593:Remedies
17539:Defenses
17504:Invitees
17390:Nuisance
17299:Replevin
17284:Trespass
17215:Tort law
16678:6 August
16650:6 August
16622:5 August
16343:1 August
15906:16 March
15660:4 August
15635:4 August
15607:4 August
15582:5 August
15449:Archived
15429:Archived
15325:Archived
15290:Archived
15257:Archived
15145:30 March
15114:Archived
15072:Archived
14839:Archived
14712:17 March
14680:Archived
14214:Archived
14116:(Canada)
14087:. Mondaq
13999:"s. 300"
13979:"s. 301"
13959:"s. 298"
13626:cite web
13366:4 August
13112:Archived
13101:Archived
13082:Archived
12891:(Canada)
12493:30 March
12396:Archived
12248:Archived
11987:27 March
11861:Archived
11610:15 March
11584:15 March
11390:Archived
11208:Archived
11187:Archived
11166:Archived
10966:despite
10920:and the
10608:See also
10577:ceased.
10429:adultery
10425:idolatry
10421:scoffers
10245:apostasy
10237:corporal
10199:Adultery
10129:Muhammad
10032:innocent
9972:unlawful
9960:reformed
9954:, it is
9863:judgment
9839:faithful
9819:titled "
9686:. Other
9407:bloggers
9274:desacato
9254:desacato
9230:only one
9105:cultural
9070:recourse
9034:apostasy
8921:case law
8901:Virginia
8885:Oklahoma
8849:Michigan
8837:Kentucky
8829:Illinois
8797:Criminal
8721:Criminal
8705:offence.
8683:Thailand
8538:Criminal
8386:contempt
8146:Portugal
8024:ignominy
7942:Criminal
7838:injurias
7816:Malaysia
7780:shinnyou
7676:Criminal
7653:reads:
7627:calunnia
7522:bailable
7489:criminal
7379:Criminal
7249:Criminal
7133:injurias
7050:Criminal
7006:Bulgaria
7000:Bulgaria
6989:bullying
6925:ancestry
6753:(1997).
6385:Slovenia
6362:Slovakia
6245:Portugal
6082:Mongolia
5672:Unclear
5452:Bulgaria
5321:Unclear
5243:Country
5188:(1986).
5154:sedition
5118:Oklahoma
5015:Property
5010:Evidence
5005:Defenses
4954:Insanity
4884:Sedition
4838:Poaching
4802:Regicide
4754:Genocide
4729:Apostasy
4667:Mischief
4603:Gambling
4568:Burglary
4452:Adultery
4429:Stabbing
4424:Stalking
4407:Homicide
4370:Menacing
4350:Homicide
4147:Mens rea
4130:Elements
4047:Dignitas
4025:dignitas
3682:action:
3528:Defences
3459:Overview
3361:Property
3356:Evidence
3206:Replevin
3174:Punitive
3161:Remedies
3035:Defences
2969:Nuisance
2940:absolute
2871:Invitees
2698:chattels
2688:Trespass
2628:Tort law
2413:pasquils
2292:), as a
2202:The talk
2138:Snobbery
2056:Net bias
1878:Feminism
1797:Ugly law
1638:Catholic
1604:Policies
1447:Mortgage
1442:Lynching
1373:examples
1368:Genocide
1288:Economic
1273:Democide
1235:Bullying
1139:Scottish
1134:Romanian
1099:Nigerian
1042:Japanese
977:Georgian
962:Filipino
895:Assyrian
868:Armenian
858:American
853:Albanian
833:national
811:Yazidism
728:Hinduism
686:Buddhism
576:Nepotism
571:Misogyny
566:Misandry
491:Clannism
486:Biphobia
431:Adultism
340:Language
227:a series
225:Part of
59:a series
57:Part of
19570:Commons
19349:Figleaf
18774:Housing
18537:Turkish
18482:Pashtun
18452:Mexican
18432:Kurdish
18405:Italian
18355:Haitian
18340:Finnish
18315:Chinese
18310:Chechen
18305:Catalan
18295:Bengali
18216:African
18201:Ethnic/
18160:Judaism
18146:Sunnism
18136:Shi'ism
18047:Atheism
17880:Elitism
17779:Species
17717:Genetic
17707:Dialect
17600:Damages
17294:Detinue
17254:Consent
17236:Battery
17231:Assault
17155:England
16691:Sources
16549:26 July
16510:26 July
16467:26 July
16424:26 July
16383:26 July
16319:26 July
16278:26 July
16233:26 July
16192:26 July
16145:26 July
16104:26 July
16063:26 July
16027:26 July
15991:26 July
15955:26 July
15831:, n.15.
14821:28 July
14796:28 July
14771:28 July
14737:28 July
14641:AltaLex
14108:,
14034:6 March
13937:,
13922:of the
13730:2 March
13303:28 July
13182:3478081
12923:,
12903:,
12883:,
12199:2 March
12075:1227028
11948:29 June
11867:1 April
11678:"Libel"
11624:False:
11129:26 July
11095:26 July
11077:(ed.),
11050:27 July
11025:27 July
10598:apology
10594:fasting
10563:husband
10548:damages
10520:Slander
10503:Perjury
10499:divorce
10481:As for
10460:Midrash
10456:stoning
10448:leprosy
10392:Judaism
10348:Calumny
10293:Halakha
10287:Judaism
10241:capital
10181:Maqasid
10143:in the
10139:by the
10105:as the
10026:Slander
10020:damages
9964:college
9861:, rash
9807:), and
9729:Twitter
9630:Grenada
9626:Jamaica
9507:YouTube
9497:Google
9438:In the
9283:treason
9244:of the
9166:Tunisia
9162:Algeria
9097:beliefs
9074:privacy
9019:damages
8861:Montana
8821:Florida
8817:Alabama
8595:founder
8391:dignity
8315:Minerva
8158:Romania
8129:him in
7956:of the
7885:removed
7870:sources
7711:(as in
7633:calumny
7604:querela
7598:querela
7532:Ireland
7414:Germany
7319:Finland
7310:Denmark
7271:Croatia
7265:Croatia
7150:injuria
7091:, or a
6910:Belgium
6882:Austria
6857:Twitter
6787:in the
6688:Albania
6682:Albania
6623:Unclear
6576:Ukraine
6269:Romania
6037:Moldova
5805:Ireland
5757:Iceland
5734:Hungary
5686:Germany
5669:Unclear
5663:Georgia
5616:Finland
5593:Estonia
5569:Denmark
5499:Croatia
5407:Belgium
5383:Belarus
5335:Austria
5318:Unclear
5312:Armenia
5288:Andorra
5266:Albania
5211:updated
5043:Portals
5034:estates
4966: (
4964:Mistake
4949:Infancy
4917:Consent
4869:Treason
4786:smoking
4782:alcohol
4749:Dueling
4734:Begging
4708:Perjury
4638:Robbery
4618:Looting
4613:Larceny
4593:Forgery
4563:Bribery
4434:Torture
4419:Robbery
4377: (
4330:Frameup
4300:Battery
4295:Assault
4257:Attempt
4059:iniuria
3854:Alabama
3808:). The
3609:Consent
3601:; if a
3567:perjury
3470:slander
3436:damages
3374:estates
3201:Detinue
3196:Tracing
3179:Special
3169:Damages
3049:Consent
2836:medical
2732:Slander
2660:Battery
2655:Assault
2637:Outline
2539:, the "
2386:History
2278:slander
2266:dignity
2009:Figleaf
1412:Housing
1169:Turkish
1114:Pashtun
1084:Mexican
1064:Kurdish
1037:Italian
987:Haitian
972:Finnish
947:Chinese
942:Chechen
937:Catalan
927:Bengali
848:African
831:Ethnic/
784:Judaism
770:Sunnism
760:Shi'ism
671:Atheism
496:Elitism
387:Species
325:Genetic
315:Dialect
100:History
19535:threat
19389:autism
19126:sexual
19116:racial
18999:Jewish
18856:Pogrom
18834:Chiefs
18824:Braves
18547:Uyghur
18522:Somali
18517:Slavic
18497:Romani
18492:Quebec
18487:Polish
18427:Korean
18388:Canada
18375:Indian
18360:Hazara
18335:Fulani
18246:France
18211:Afghan
18141:Sufism
17865:Audism
17798:Social
17727:Height
17304:Trover
17150:Canada
17100:Curlie
17082:UNESCO
17056:UNESCO
17030:UNESCO
17004:UNESCO
16978:UNESCO
16952:UNESCO
16926:UNESCO
16900:UNESCO
16874:UNESCO
16848:UNESCO
16822:UNESCO
16796:UNESCO
16770:UNESCO
16744:UNESCO
16718:UNESCO
16540:
16534:UNESCO
16501:
16495:UNESCO
16458:
16452:UNESCO
16415:
16409:UNESCO
16374:
16368:UNESCO
16310:
16304:UNESCO
16269:
16263:UNESCO
16224:
16218:UNESCO
16183:
16177:UNESCO
16136:
16130:UNESCO
16095:
16089:UNESCO
16054:
16048:UNESCO
16018:
16012:UNESCO
15982:
15976:UNESCO
15946:
15940:UNESCO
15829:Noonan
15703:26 May
15168:1 June
15096:
14995:22 May
14647:27 May
14445:25 May
14418:25 May
14396:25 May
14389:
14167:
14091:30 May
13560:
13180:
13150:, 1732
13138:, 1700
13122:, and
12970:
12533:25 May
12376:3 June
12073:
11778:15 May
11742:4 June
11680:. 2010
11411:26 May
11386:HR-Net
11366:26 May
11334:26 May
11308:845182
11306:
11265:
11202:Digest
11181:Digest
11159:Digest
10870:delict
10864:, and
10850:delict
10487:Talmud
10476:Isaiah
10472:Elijah
10464:Joseph
10452:Miriam
10444:quinsy
10440:rabbis
10433:murder
10431:, and
10380:gossip
10249:lashes
10209:sodomy
10207:) and
10141:angels
10077:Sharia
9956:lawful
9937:sailor
9929:bishop
9921:esteem
9901:crimes
9817:sermon
9811:(like
9760:, and
9739:, and
9727:, and
9725:Google
9703:Global
9542:Sharia
9529:, and
9454:, the
9446:, the
9413:Africa
9385:Global
9123:Africa
9094:sacred
9008:UNESCO
8986:Global
8934:Online
8865:Nevada
8833:Kansas
8780:per se
8770:Under
8619:司法院大法官
8548:中華民國刑法
8473:Taiwan
8414:förtal
8401:Sweden
8281:yakuza
8234:Online
8121:Poland
8095:Online
7924:Norway
7831:Mexico
7792:,
7765:bujoku
7689:
7562:Israel
7544:, and
7462:, the
7427:Greece
7342:France
7331:France
7226:morals
7106:Online
7034:Quebec
7028:Quebec
7012:Canada
6985:Brazil
6979:Brazil
6941:gender
6828:Online
6662:
6638:
6616:
6594:
6573:
6549:
6528:Turkey
6525:
6502:
6481:Taiwan
6478:
6454:
6433:Sweden
6430:
6406:
6382:
6359:
6338:Serbia
6335:
6311:
6290:Russia
6287:
6266:
6242:
6221:Poland
6218:
6194:
6174:Norway
6171:
6149:
6125:
6102:
6079:
6058:Monaco
6055:
6034:
6010:
5986:
5963:
5939:
5919:Latvia
5916:
5895:
5871:
5847:
5823:
5802:
5778:
5754:
5731:
5710:Greece
5707:
5683:
5660:
5640:France
5637:
5613:
5590:
5566:
5543:
5523:Cyprus
5520:
5496:
5475:Canada
5472:
5449:
5428:
5404:
5380:
5356:
5332:
5309:
5285:
5263:
5110:Nevada
5102:Kansas
5030:trusts
4968:of law
4932:Duress
4797:Piracy
4784:, and
4623:Payola
4482:Incest
4457:Bigamy
4395:felony
4390:Murder
4385:Mayhem
4218:Felony
4069:corpus
4021:corpus
3965:Quebec
3825:, the
3739:injury
3710:per se
3706:per se
3702:per se
3680:per se
3676:per se
3671:per se
3666:per se
3636:damage
3372:, and
3370:trusts
3334:Other
3321:Taiwan
3291:Canada
3244:Delict
3211:Trover
2936:Strict
2622:series
2425:Ulpian
2349:itself
2290:delict
2270:honour
2195:threat
2049:autism
1770:sexual
1760:racial
1643:Jewish
1494:Pogrom
1472:Chiefs
1462:Braves
1179:Uyghur
1154:Somali
1149:Slavic
1129:Romani
1124:Quebec
1119:Polish
1059:Korean
1020:Canada
1007:Indian
992:Hazara
967:Fulani
878:France
843:Afghan
765:Sufism
481:Audism
412:Social
335:Height
19637:Lying
19513:white
18866:Purge
18562:Welsh
18527:Tatar
18447:Māori
18442:Malay
18400:Irish
18350:Greek
18325:Croat
18283:China
18241:Asian
18121:Islam
17990:White
17737:Looks
17702:Class
17697:Caste
17654:Forms
17365:Fraud
15120:, în
15092:(PDF)
14471:(PDF)
14464:(PDF)
14387:S2CID
14319:(PDF)
14312:(PDF)
14163:(PDF)
13747:
13677:575,
13669:
13647:
13556:(1).
13491:(PDF)
13472:520,
13464:
13178:JSTOR
12071:JSTOR
12014:(PDF)
12007:(PDF)
11885:, 20
11495:(PDF)
11356:(PDF)
11328:(PDF)
11304:JSTOR
11234:(PDF)
11227:(PDF)
10842:civil
10828:Notes
10796:Rumor
10544:fines
10468:Moses
10413:liars
10384:Torah
10364:Bible
10256:tazir
10214:liwat
10122:Quran
10103:Islam
10071:Islam
10012:heirs
9847:court
9833:, in
9616:memes
9523:South
9219:Media
9015:fines
8893:Texas
8825:Idaho
8688:Civil
8478:Civil
8422:gross
8376:Spain
8311:Seoul
8136:media
8077:Davao
7735:fukei
7719:, or
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14787:"不敬"
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