1811:) of the Catholic church, the military, both of which had their own courts, and indigenous communities, which held land in common. Liberals' aim was to transform Mexico into a modern secular state with a dynamic economy. Corporate privilege and the conservative elite defenders were considered stumbling blocks to the nation's political, social, and economic progress. Secular, public education was a key element in opening paths to achievement for all Mexican citizens. Schooling historically had been the domain of the Roman Catholic Church and limited to elite men, so that broadening educational access and having a secular curriculum was seen as a way to transform Mexican society. The breakup of land owned by corporations, specifically the Roman Catholic Church and indigenous communities, was a crucial policy element in diminishing the power of the church and integrating Mexico's Indians into the republic as citizens and transforming them into yeoman farmers. Unlike many liberals elsewhere, Mexican liberals did not call for limitations on executive power, but early Mexican liberals were largely federalists who wanted considerable power reserved for the states and not the central government.
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1717:, liberalism sought to make fundamental the equality of individuals before the law, rather than their benefiting from special privileges of corporate entities, especially the Roman Catholic Church, the military, and indigenous communities. Liberalism viewed universal, free, secular education as the means to transform Mexico's citizenry. Early nineteenth-century liberals promoted the idea of economic development in the overwhelmingly rural country where much land was owned by the Catholic Church and held in common by indigenous communities to create a large class of
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1936:, which declared the liberal constitution nullified, but allowed President Comonfort to retain his office and with enhanced powers. Comonfort signed onto the plan and many liberals were jailed, including JuĂĄrez. When it quickly became clear that Comonfort's hope to chart a middle course between conservatives and liberals had failed, he resigned from the presidency after freeing the jailed liberals. Benito JuĂĄrez had been head of the Supreme Court and with Comonfort's resignation, he succeeded to the presidency as Mexico was plunged into
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of DĂaz, his resignation and exile, Madero agreed to an interim government until new elections could be held in fall 1911. He won the presidency overwhelmingly. He lifted censorship of the press, suppression of strikes, and other measures that DĂaz had employed to keep dissent in check. Madero was overthrown in
2061:
At the outbreak of the uprising against DĂaz, the opposition pointed to his continued re-election and abrogation of the liberal
Constitution of 1857. Francisco Madero was brought to power by revolutionary forces, but he had hoped to proceed via the constitutional path with election. With the ouster
1797:
Most
Mexican liberals looked to European thinkers in their formulation of their ideology, which has led to a debate about whether those ideas were merely "Mexicanized" versions. In practice in Mexico, liberals viewed the U.S. political and economic system as a model for Mexico, and actively sought
2045:
and advocated revolution. As the opposition to DĂaz grew, Liberal clubs met secretly in
Mexican cities to discuss politics, which led to the First Liberal Congress that met in San Luis PotosĂ in 1901. Radicals, such as Flores MagĂłn, were exiled to the United States and drafted the Liberal Party
1729:
in 1857 to give full force to the changes. Liberalism in Mexico "was not only a political philosophy of republicanism but a package including democratic social values, free enterprise, a legal bundle of civil rights to protect individualism, and a group consciousness of nationalism." Mexican
1785:(the greatest good for the greatest number) in Mexico; examined the so-called "Indian Question," of how to modernize Mexico when the majority of the population was indigenous living in rural communities; and considered the role of liberalism in economic development.
1951:
passed in the 1850s. With religious toleration mandated, the Roman
Catholic Church was no longer the sole spiritual institution in Mexico; it was excluded from its former role as the only educators of the nation; and its economic power was diminished.
1789:
was another prominent liberal of that generation, but he sided with Anglo-Texan rebels in their successful war for independence, with Zavala subsequently considered a traitor to Mexico. The early post-independence era was dominated by
General
2077:. Carranza sought legitimacy for his regime and called for a constitutional convention, which excluded the defeated factions of the revolution. What Carranza envisioned to be a tune-up of the 1857 charter instead was a new constitution, the
1806:
into exile. In Mexico, the most salient aspects of nineteenth-century liberalism were to create a secular state separated from the Roman
Catholic Church, establish equality before the law by abolishing corporate privileges
1997:, "scientists". DĂaz's supporters became comfortable with a strong executive, traditionally associated with conservative ideology, as a pragmatic means to achieve stability and ensure economic growth. Under DĂaz, a
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and
Mexican conservatives, who were more effective in forming an ideologically unified political force, so that Mexican liberals were rarely able to exercise political power nationally.
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was the most prolific and influential of this group surrounding DĂaz. A group of
Mexican politicians supporting the increasingly dictatorial DĂaz regime characterized themselves as the
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With that major liberal victory won, a third generation of liberals emerged during the presidency of liberal general and military hero of the Second French intervention in Mexico,
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2054:. He garnered support from PLM members in the campaign. The fraudulent 1910 elections sparked revolts throughout many parts of the country, considered the outbreak of the
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1912:, which prohibited corporationsâthe Roman Catholic Church, as well as indigenous communitiesâfor holding title to land. In 1857, liberals drafted and promulgated a new
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was part of a broader nineteenth-century political trend affecting
Western Europe and the Americas, including the United States, that challenged entrenched power. In
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1734:. Mexican liberals looked to the U.S. as their model for development and actively sought the support of the U.S., while Mexican conservatives looked to Europe.
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favoring
Mexicans rather than foreigners. The PLM had two basic factions, one was reformist and was supported by elite, urban intellectuals and the other was
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Chevalier, François. "Conservateurs et libéraux au Mexique. Essai de sociologie et géographie politiques de l'indepéndence a l'intervention françcaise,"
994:
2025:
As the DĂaz regime became increasingly dictatorial and trampled on the rights and liberties of Mexicans, a group of Mexican oppositionists led by
1900:
aimed at transforming liberal ideas into legislation and reform. They were all guided by liberal principles and fought for them. Liberals enacted
2374:
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1759:
from Spain in 1821, the first Mexican liberals became important on the national scene. The most prominent was secular priest and intellectual,
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1972:
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origin and rose to be a major literary figure and journalist. These intellectuals lived through and tried to shape political thought in the
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The term "liberal" became the name of a political faction, which previously had called itself "the Party of Progress" in contrast to the
1751:, which they called "the Party of Regression." Conservatives characterized themselves as those that defended Mexican tradition of the
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With the ouster of the French in 1867 and the discrediting of Mexican conservatives who had supported the regime of foreign monarch
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Liberals, the Church, and Indian peasants: Corporate lands and the challenge of reform in nineteenth-century Spanish America
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2070:, invoking the Constitution of 1857. That faction was victorious in the Mexican Revolution under the leadership of former
1870:
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1947:, JuĂĄrez, and his successor following his death of natural causes in 1872, SebastiĂĄn Lerdo de Tejada could implement the
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Patriotism, politics, and popular liberalism in nineteenth-century Mexico: Juan Francisco Lucas and the Puebla Sierra
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calls "romantic liberals" emerged. They were rooted in literature, and read and translated European writers such as
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in November 1857 forbade Catholics from taking the oath or face ex-communication. Moderate liberal politician,
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Topik, Steven. "The Economic Role of the State in Liberal Regimes: Brazil and Mexico Compared, 1888â1910," in
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with the Roman Catholic Church emerged whereby it regained a portion of its power and influence, but the
1748:
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2037:(PLM). It called for the overthrow of DĂaz and agitated for the rights of workers and peasants and for
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Alienation of Church Wealth in Mexico: Social and Economic Aspects of Liberal Revolution, 1856-1875
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Conflict and carnage in YucatĂĄn: Liberals, the Second Empire, and Maya revolutionaries, 1855-1876
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Dollars over dominion: The triumph of liberalism in Mexican-United States relations, 1861-1867
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in February 1913. A broad coalition of opposition to the new government formed itself as the
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Reforma Mexico and the United States: A Search for Alternatives to Annexation, 1854-1861
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Reforma Mexico and the United States: A Search for Alternatives to Annexation, 1854-1861
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Political button for the Mexican Liberal Party, which sought the end of the DĂaz regime.
3410:
3295:
3089:
2738:
2707:
Guiding the Invisible Hand: Economic Liberalism and the State in Latin American History
2621:. "El Liberalismo mexicano desde la reforma hasta la revoluciĂłn (una interpretaciĂłn)."
2055:
2017:
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and required Mexicans to take an oath of fealty to it. Many in the army opposed the
2320:
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1933:
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1963:, a new group of liberals in name only, the "cientĂficos," were influenced by the
1956:
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1877:
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The Divine Charter: Constitutionalism and Liberalism in Nineteenth-century Mexico
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Growth Against Development: The Economic Impact of Railroads in Porfirian Mexico
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The Transformation of Mexican Liberalism in Late Nineteenth-Century Mexico
2555:
Indigenous Citizens: Local Liberalism in Early National Oaxaca and YucatĂĄn
2763:
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Powell, T.G. "Mexican Intellectuals and the Indian Question, 1876-1911."
2539:
The Reform in Oaxaca, 1856-1876: A Microhistory of the Liberal Revolution
1993:
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1821:(1794â1850), first major liberal intellectual of independent Mexico.
2674:. Tuscaloosa, Alabama : The University of Alabama Press, 2015
1587:
1560:
1464:
1255:
506:
349:
2955:
The Transformation of Liberalism in Late Nineteenth-Century Mexico
2651:
El Liberalismo y el campesinado en el centro de MĂ©xico, 1850-1876'
2585:
The Transformation of Liberalism in Late Nineteenth-Century Mexico
3050:
2693:
The Mexican Reform, 1855-1876: A study in Liberal Nation-Building
2615:, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, pp. 49â124.
2050:
founded the Anti-Reelectionist Party and ran against DĂaz in the
696:
302:
236:
1908:(1856) and undermined the Church's economic power with the 1856
2709:, Joseph L. Love and Nils Jacobsen, eds. New York 1988, 117â44.
1885:
1714:
366:
1873:, a foreign intervention supported by Mexican conservatives.
1777:
2700:
The Politics of Penury: Debt and Taxes in Mexico, 1821-1856
1798:
U.S. aid when they came to power in 1855, when the liberal
2601:. Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press, 1997.
2046:
program in 1905. A reformist liberal, rich hacienda owner
2832:. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press 1978, 340-41
2681:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005.
3014:, vol. 2, pp. 1055â1057. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.
2607:, "The Liberal Republic and the Porfiriato, 1867-76" in
1742:
2688:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978.
1904:
to curtail the power of the Church and the army in the
3010:
James A. Sandos, "Patrido Liberal Mexicano (PLM)" in
1781:
of the Roman Catholic Church; considered the role of
2916:. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1989, p. 19.
2653:. Mexico City: SecretarĂa de EducaciĂłn PĂșblica 1974.
1775:. Mora attacked corporate privilege, especially the
2702:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1986.
2550:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 738â742.
995:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
2632:. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press 1976.
2571:. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press 1980.
2646:. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press 1978
2630:Church Property and the Mexican Reform, 1856-1910
2012:
3618:
2888:Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora, 1821â1853
1849:. Outstanding among these Mexican liberals were
3367:
2929:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press 1981.
2716:. Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1999.
2578:Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora, 1821-53
1829:(1846â48), a new generation of what historian
3353:
3052:Liberalism in Latin America and the Caribbean
3036:
2957:. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1989.
2541:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1981.
2534:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1971.
2156:
1928:sought to forge a middle ground when General
1688:
1020:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
990:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
2942:. New Haven: Yale University Press 1968, 39.
1869:between conservatives and liberals, and the
3329:Semi-autonomous territories are in italics.
2830:JuĂĄrez and DĂaz: Machine Politics in Mexico
2644:JuĂĄrez and DĂaz: Machine Politics in Mexico
2557:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2010.
1730:liberalism is most closely associated with
3360:
3346:
3043:
3029:
1695:
1681:
2695:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1979.
1721:. Liberals passed a series of individual
1025:International Federation of Liberal Youth
2890:. New Haven: Yale University Press 1968.
2084:
2016:
1813:
18:
1005:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
3619:
2874:. New York: HarperCollins 1997, p. 13.
2819:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, 738.
2744:History of Roman Catholicism in Mexico
3341:
3024:
2940:Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora
1743:Nineteenth-century Mexican liberalism
2856:Reforma Mexico and the United States
2667:. 3 vols. Mexico City: UNAM 1957â61.
1876:Pragmatic politicians, preeminently
2774:List of political parties in Mexico
2658:Hispanic American Historical Review
2639:. University of Alabama Press 1981.
2587:. Princeton University Press (1989)
1861:(1834â1893), who was of indigenous
1763:(1794â1850), who was influenced by
1045:Liberal South East European Network
24:AlegorĂa de la ConstituciĂłn de 1857
16:Aspect of Mexican political history
13:
2523:
14:
3653:
2058:, and DĂaz was forced to resign.
2009:remained theoretically enforced.
1035:Liberal Network for Latin America
468:(contributions to liberal theory)
3481:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3164:
3144:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2794:Index of Mexico-related articles
2508:
2493:
2478:
2463:
2448:
2433:
2418:
2403:
2388:
2373:
2358:
2343:
2328:
2313:
2298:
2283:
2268:
2253:
2238:
2223:
2208:
2193:
2178:
2163:
1662:
1650:
49:
3004:
2995:
2982:
2969:
2960:
2945:
2932:
2544:Britton, John. "Liberalism" in
3001:Britton, "Liberalism" pp. 742.
2919:
2906:
2893:
2877:
2861:
2848:
2835:
2822:
2813:John Britton, "Liberalism" in
2807:
2734:History of democracy in Mexico
2580:. Yale University Press (1968)
2013:Liberalism in the 20th century
1802:forced conservative strongman
409:Separation of church and state
1:
3632:Political movements in Mexico
2966:Britton, "Liberalism" p. 738.
2800:
3606:United States Virgin Islands
3368:Liberalism in North America
1825:With Mexico's defeat in the
7:
3637:Liberalism in North America
2721:
2562:Cahiers d'histoire mondiale
2052:1910 presidential elections
1959:(r. 1876â1911). During the
1804:Antonio LĂłpez de Santa Anna
1792:Antonio LĂłpez de Santa Anna
10:
3658:
2990:Mexico: Biography of Power
2977:Mexico: Biography of Power
2872:Mexico: Biography of Power
2749:Economic history of Mexico
2684:Schoonover, Thomas David,
2157:Gallery of liberal leaders
2081:, which remains in force.
1987:. Historian and educator
1871:Second French intervention
1737:
3581:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
3499:
3373:
3319:
3239:
3221:
3173:
3162:
3058:
2609:Mexico Since Independence
2381:SebastiĂĄn Lerdo de Tejada
2127:Ignacio Manuel Altamirano
2123:SebastiĂĄn Lerdo de Tejada
1894:SebastiĂĄn Lerdo de Tejada
1859:Ignacio Manuel Altamirano
1632:Sexually liberal feminism
1539:Bias in American academia
1010:European Democratic Party
466:List of liberal theorists
3601:Turks and Caicos Islands
3326:
2828:Perry, Laurens Ballard.
2642:Perry, Laurens Ballard.
291:Labor theory of property
2665:El Liberalismo mexicano
2594:. London: Longman 1994.
1000:Arab Liberal Federation
190:Consent of the governed
3531:British Virgin Islands
3012:Encyclopedia of Mexico
2816:Encyclopedia of Mexico
2663:Reyes Heroles, JesĂșs.
2547:Encyclopedia of Mexico
2501:JosĂ© MarĂa Pino SuĂĄrez
2276:Miguel Lerdo de Tejada
2147:JosĂ© MarĂa Pino SuĂĄrez
2119:Miguel Lerdo de Tejada
2068:Constitutionalist Army
2022:
1967:of French philosopher
1945:Maximilian I of Mexico
1890:Miguel Lerdo de Tejada
1822:
1015:European Liberal Youth
985:Africa Liberal Network
210:Economic globalization
27:
26:Petronilo Monroy 1867.
3642:Liberalism by country
3471:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3134:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2698:Tenenbaum, Barbara.
2670:Richmond, Douglas W.
2186:ValentĂn GĂłmez FarĂas
2103:ValentĂn GĂłmez FarĂas
2085:Major liberal leaders
2035:Mexican Liberal Party
2020:
1817:
1725:and then wrote a new
1657:Liberalism portal
1529:Anti-authoritarianism
1030:Liberal International
22:
3627:Liberalism in Mexico
2925:Olliff, Donathan C.
2854:Olliff, Donathan C.
2759:Constitution of 1857
2712:Thomson, Guy P. C.,
2635:Olliff, Donathan C.
2628:Knowlton, Robert J.
2516:Ricardo Flores MagĂłn
2411:Vicente Riva Palacio
2246:JosĂ© MarĂa Luis Mora
2171:FernĂĄndez de Lizardi
2091:JosĂ© MarĂa Luis Mora
2079:Constitution of 1917
2072:Governor of Coahuila
2039:economic nationalism
2031:Ricardo Flores MagĂłn
2007:Constitution of 1857
1827:MexicanâAmerican War
1819:JosĂ© MarĂa Luis Mora
1800:Revolution of Ayutla
1761:JosĂ© MarĂa Luis Mora
1757:Mexican independence
461:Age of Enlightenment
414:Separation of powers
3486:Trinidad and Tobago
3381:Antigua and Barbuda
3156:Trinidad and Tobago
3068:Antigua and Barbuda
2779:Education in Mexico
2597:Jackson, Robert L.
2486:Francisco I. Madero
2471:José Yves Limantour
2366:JosĂ© MarĂa Iglesias
2143:Francisco I. Madero
2135:José Yves Limantour
2075:Venustiano Carranza
2048:Francisco I. Madero
1669:Politics portal
372:Civil and political
345:Popular sovereignty
205:Economic liberalism
3421:Dominican Republic
3107:Dominican Republic
2739:Politics of Mexico
2677:RodrĂguez, Jaime.
2567:Coatsworth, John.
2537:Berry, Charles R.
2441:Ignacio Altamirano
2056:Mexican Revolution
2023:
1922:Catholic hierarchy
1823:
1749:Conservative Party
340:Permissive society
320:Limited government
28:
3614:
3613:
3503:other territories
3335:
3334:
2938:Hale, Charles A.
2912:Hale, Charles A.
2729:History of Mexico
2691:Sinkin, Richard.
2623:Historia Mexicana
2583:Hale, Charles A.
2553:Caplan, Karen D.
2291:Ignacio Comonfort
2216:Lorenzo de Zavala
2151:Gustavo A. Madero
2043:anarcho-communist
1926:Ignacio Comonfort
1867:War of the Reform
1857:(1818â1897); and
1787:Lorenzo de Zavala
1769:Benjamin Constant
1705:
1704:
1544:Bias in the media
1060:Regional variants
377:Natural and legal
3649:
3571:Saint Barthélemy
3501:Dependencies and
3374:Sovereign states
3362:
3355:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3327:
3168:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3022:
3021:
3015:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2993:
2986:
2980:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2958:
2952:Hale, Charles A.
2949:
2943:
2936:
2930:
2923:
2917:
2910:
2904:
2897:
2891:
2884:Hale, Charles A.
2881:
2875:
2865:
2859:
2852:
2846:
2839:
2833:
2826:
2820:
2811:
2660:40(1968): 19â36.
2590:Hamnett, Brian.
2575:Hale, Charles A.
2512:
2497:
2482:
2467:
2452:
2437:
2422:
2407:
2392:
2377:
2362:
2347:
2332:
2321:Guillermo Prieto
2317:
2302:
2287:
2272:
2257:
2242:
2227:
2212:
2201:Vicente Guerrero
2197:
2182:
2167:
2115:Guillermo Prieto
2095:Vicente Guerrero
2005:articles of the
1985:social Darwinism
1934:Plan of Tacubaya
1932:promulgated the
1855:Guillermo Prieto
1697:
1690:
1683:
1667:
1666:
1655:
1654:
1573:Economic freedom
1566:Radical centrism
404:Secular humanism
330:Natural monopoly
281:Internationalism
98:Internationalist
53:
30:
29:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3504:
3502:
3495:
3369:
3366:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3315:
3235:
3217:
3175:Central America
3169:
3160:
3054:
3049:
3019:
3018:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2987:
2983:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2950:
2946:
2937:
2933:
2924:
2920:
2911:
2907:
2898:
2894:
2882:
2878:
2868:Krauze, Enrique
2866:
2862:
2853:
2849:
2843:JuĂĄrez and DĂaz
2840:
2836:
2827:
2823:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2724:
2719:
2625:35(1985):59-91.
2605:Katz, Friedrich
2526:
2524:Further reading
2519:
2513:
2504:
2498:
2489:
2483:
2474:
2468:
2459:
2453:
2444:
2438:
2429:
2426:Manuel GonzĂĄlez
2423:
2414:
2408:
2399:
2393:
2384:
2378:
2369:
2363:
2354:
2348:
2339:
2336:Ignacio RamĂrez
2333:
2324:
2318:
2309:
2303:
2294:
2288:
2279:
2273:
2264:
2258:
2249:
2243:
2234:
2228:
2219:
2213:
2204:
2198:
2189:
2183:
2174:
2168:
2159:
2087:
2064:a military coup
2015:
1981:Herbert Spencer
1851:Ignacio RamĂrez
1847:Alexandre Dumas
1745:
1740:
1732:anticlericalism
1701:
1661:
1649:
1642:
1641:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1318:North Macedonia
1062:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1040:Liberal parties
978:
970:
969:
760:
752:
751:
482:
472:
471:
456:
446:
445:
441:State of nature
429:Social services
419:Social contract
382:To own property
185:
177:
176:
61:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3655:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3591:Sint Eustatius
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3536:Cayman Islands
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3342:
3333:
3332:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3223:Middle America
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3017:
3016:
3003:
2994:
2981:
2968:
2959:
2944:
2931:
2918:
2905:
2901:Reforma Mexico
2892:
2876:
2860:
2847:
2834:
2821:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2754:Liberal Reform
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2616:
2613:Leslie Bethell
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2542:
2535:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2514:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2477:
2475:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2357:
2355:
2351:Gabino Barreda
2349:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2306:Melchor Ocampo
2304:
2297:
2295:
2289:
2282:
2280:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2259:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2237:
2235:
2229:
2222:
2220:
2214:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2192:
2190:
2184:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2099:Melchor Ocampo
2086:
2083:
2027:Camilo Arriaga
2014:
2011:
1977:Charles Darwin
1918:Liberal Reform
1898:Melchor Ocampo
1892:, his brother
1831:Enrique Krauze
1783:utilitarianism
1773:Jeremy Bentham
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1719:yeoman farmers
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1659:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:Utilitarianism
1634:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1610:Libertarianism
1607:
1605:Land value tax
1602:
1601:
1600:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1578:Egalitarianism
1575:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1534:Anti-communism
1531:
1525:
1523:Related topics
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1477:Arizona School
1469:
1468:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1445:United Kingdom
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
981:
980:
979:
976:
975:
972:
971:
968:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
761:
758:
757:
754:
753:
750:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
572:Wollstonecraft
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
483:
478:
477:
474:
473:
470:
469:
463:
457:
452:
451:
448:
447:
444:
443:
438:
437:
436:
431:
424:Social justice
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
390:
389:
384:
379:
374:
364:
363:
362:
357:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
325:Market economy
322:
317:
316:
315:
310:
300:
293:
288:
286:Invisible hand
283:
278:
276:Harm principle
273:
272:
271:
266:
261:
256:
255:
254:
249:
234:
229:
228:
227:
222:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
175:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
153:
152:
147:
142:
141:
140:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
89:
88:
78:
73:
68:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3654:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3498:
3492:
3491:United States
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3351:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3330:
3324:not included.
3323:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3280:French Guiana
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3241:South America
3238:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3013:
3007:
2998:
2991:
2985:
2978:
2972:
2963:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2941:
2935:
2928:
2922:
2915:
2909:
2902:
2896:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2857:
2851:
2844:
2838:
2831:
2825:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2806:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2649:Powell, T.G.
2648:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2530:Bazant, Jan.
2529:
2528:
2517:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2396:Porfirio DĂaz
2391:
2386:
2382:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2261:Benito JuĂĄrez
2256:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2131:Porfirio DĂaz
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2107:Benito JuĂĄrez
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2019:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1999:modus vivendi
1996:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1969:Auguste Comte
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:Porfirio DĂaz
1953:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:FĂ©lix Zuloaga
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1888:, as well as
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:Benito JuĂĄrez
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1853:(1818â1879);
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1805:
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1593:Individualism
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1072:Latin America
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977:Organizations
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434:Welfare state
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3596:Sint Maarten
3576:Saint Martin
3455:
3328:
3322:Dependencies
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3150:Sint Maarten
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2809:
2789:Porfirionism
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2619:Knight, Alan
2608:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2568:
2561:
2554:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2456:Justo Sierra
2231:Juan Ălvarez
2139:Justo Sierra
2111:Juan Ălvarez
2060:
2024:
2003:anticlerical
1998:
1992:
1989:Justo Sierra
1983:, known for
1975:, scientist
1954:
1942:
1914:constitution
1880:, born in a
1875:
1837:, Michelet,
1824:
1808:
1796:
1776:
1755:. Following
1753:colonial era
1746:
1727:constitution
1707:
1706:
1627:Pirate Party
1487:Jeffersonian
1395:South Africa
1282:
885:Lloyd George
480:Philosophers
387:To bear arms
335:Open society
295:
71:Conservative
23:
3566:Puerto Rico
3476:Saint Lucia
3426:El Salvador
3193:El Salvador
3139:Saint Lucia
3128:Puerto Rico
2764:Reform laws
2518:(1874â1922)
2503:(1869â1913)
2488:(1873â1913)
2473:(1854â1935)
2458:(1848â1912)
2443:(1834â1893)
2428:(1833â1893)
2413:(1832â1896)
2398:(1830â1915)
2383:(1823â1889)
2368:(1823â1891)
2353:(1818â1881)
2338:(1818â1879)
2323:(1818â1897)
2308:(1814â1861)
2293:(1812â1863)
2278:(1812â1861)
2263:(1806â1872)
2248:(1794â1850)
2233:(1790â1867)
2218:(1788â1836)
2203:(1782â1831)
2188:(1781â1858)
2173:(1776â1827)
2033:formed the
1994:Cientificos
1973:Saint-Simon
1949:Reform laws
1902:reform laws
1884:village in
1843:Victor Hugo
1765:Montesquieu
1723:Reform laws
1455:Gladstonian
1415:Switzerland
1400:South Korea
1343:Philippines
1303:New Zealand
1298:Netherlands
955:Verhofstadt
950:Balcerowicz
759:Politicians
687:Collingwood
627:Tocqueville
502:Montesquieu
394:Rule of law
195:Due process
3621:Categories
3561:Montserrat
3556:Martinique
3551:Guadeloupe
3406:Costa Rica
3188:Costa Rica
2801:References
2784:Porfiriato
2769:Reform War
2564:, 8(1964).
1965:Positivism
1961:Porfiriato
1906:JuĂĄrez Law
1709:Liberalism
1583:Empiricism
1554:Democratic
1549:Capitalism
1460:Manchester
1293:Montenegro
1278:Luxembourg
1214:Venizelism
1144:Costa Rica
399:Secularism
232:Federalism
184:Principles
43:Liberalism
3546:Greenland
3461:Nicaragua
3436:Guatemala
3311:Venezuela
3249:Argentina
3208:Nicaragua
3198:Guatemala
3060:Caribbean
1938:civil war
1910:Lerdo Law
1835:Lamartine
1711:in Mexico
1598:Anarchist
1506:Venezuela
1482:Classical
1450:Cobdenism
1353:Cracovian
1308:Nicaragua
1273:Lithuania
1132:Hong Kong
1087:Australia
925:Roosevelt
895:StÄhlberg
890:Venizelos
845:Sarmiento
835:Gladstone
795:Lamartine
765:Jefferson
617:Martineau
567:De Gouges
552:Condorcet
537:Priestley
200:Democracy
172:Third Way
133:Christian
128:Religious
66:Classical
3511:Anguilla
3446:Honduras
3416:Dominica
3391:Barbados
3301:Suriname
3291:Paraguay
3269:Colombia
3203:Honduras
3102:Dominica
3085:Barbados
2992:, p. 14.
2988:Krauze,
2979:, p. 14.
2975:Krauze,
2899:Olliff,
2722:See also
1920:and the
1588:Humanism
1561:Centrism
1511:Zimbabwe
1465:Whiggism
1425:Thailand
1390:Slovenia
1385:Slovakia
1360:Portugal
1333:Paraguay
1256:Liberism
1221:Honduras
1139:Colombia
1112:Bulgaria
905:Rathenau
880:Milyukov
800:Macaulay
770:KoĆĆÄ
taj
742:Kymlicka
722:Friedman
667:Cassirer
657:Hobhouse
592:Constant
587:Humboldt
547:Beccaria
512:Rousseau
507:Voltaire
350:Property
313:Positive
308:Negative
264:Religion
242:Economic
215:Equality
138:Catholic
108:National
103:Muscular
81:Feminist
76:Cultural
35:a series
33:Part of
3541:Curaçao
3526:Bonaire
3521:Bermuda
3451:Jamaica
3431:Grenada
3386:Bahamas
3306:Uruguay
3274:Ecuador
3254:Bolivia
3122:Jamaica
3112:Grenada
3096:Curaçao
3080:Bahamas
2841:Perry,
1882:Zapotec
1738:History
1501:Uruguay
1440:Ukraine
1430:Tunisia
1375:Senegal
1365:Romania
1313:Nigeria
1288:Moldova
1231:Iceland
1226:Hungary
1204:Germany
1199:Georgia
1189:Finland
1184:Estonia
1174:Ecuador
1169:Denmark
1164:Czechia
1149:Croatia
1102:Bolivia
1097:Belgium
1092:Austria
1082:Armenia
1077:Albania
945:Jenkins
940:Kennedy
930:Pearson
915:Einaudi
900:Gokhale
860:Itagaki
855:Naoroji
850:Mommsen
830:Lincoln
820:Mazzini
805:Kossuth
790:Broglie
785:BolĂvar
780:Artigas
775:Madison
637:Spencer
622:Emerson
612:Bastiat
597:Ricardo
557:Bentham
497:Spinoza
454:History
355:Private
303:Liberty
237:Freedom
157:Secular
145:Islamic
123:Radical
60:Schools
3466:Panama
3456:Mexico
3401:Canada
3396:Belize
3286:Guyana
3259:Brazil
3231:Mexico
3213:Panama
3183:Belize
2592:JuĂĄrez
1979:, and
1971:, and
1896:, and
1886:Oaxaca
1809:fueros
1778:fueros
1771:, and
1715:Mexico
1494:Modern
1435:Turkey
1420:Taiwan
1410:Sweden
1380:Serbia
1370:Russia
1348:Poland
1328:Panama
1323:Norway
1283:Mexico
1268:Latvia
1246:Israel
1209:Greece
1194:France
1159:Cyprus
1117:Canada
1107:Brazil
1067:Europe
965:Macron
910:Madero
875:Deakin
865:Levski
840:Cavour
825:JuĂĄrez
815:Cobden
747:Badawi
737:Nozick
717:Berlin
707:Popper
682:Keynes
677:Ortega
642:Arnold
602:Guizot
562:Korais
527:Turgot
487:Milton
367:Rights
360:Public
269:Speech
247:Market
220:Gender
167:Techno
162:Social
150:Jewish
86:Equity
3516:Aruba
3441:Haiti
3264:Chile
3117:Haiti
3074:Aruba
2845:, 342
1863:Nahua
1839:Byron
1620:Right
1405:Spain
1263:Japan
1251:Italy
1236:India
1179:Egypt
1127:China
1122:Chile
960:Obama
935:Ohlin
870:Kemal
727:Rawls
702:Hayek
692:Äapek
672:Mises
662:Croce
652:Weber
647:Acton
577:Staël
542:Paine
532:Burke
517:Smith
492:Locke
259:Press
252:Trade
225:Legal
93:Green
3586:Saba
3411:Cuba
3296:Peru
3090:Cuba
2029:and
1845:and
1615:Left
1338:Peru
1241:Iran
1154:Cuba
920:King
810:DeĂĄk
712:Aron
632:Mill
607:List
522:Kant
118:Ordo
2903:, 4
2858:, 4
732:Sen
582:Say
113:Neo
3623::
2886:,
2870:,
2611:,
2149:-
2145:-
2141:â
2137:â
2133:â
2129:â
2125:â
2121:â
2117:â
2113:â
2109:â
2105:â
2101:â
2097:â
2093:â
1940:.
1841:,
1767:,
697:Hu
37:on
3361:e
3354:t
3347:v
3044:e
3037:t
3030:v
1807:(
1696:e
1689:t
1682:v
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