2650:
3325:
1419:
3751:
1120:
5417:
anomalies which persist to this day in the reprinting of archaic texts and the spelling of regional words. The widely misunderstood 'ye' occurs through a habit of printer's usage that originates in Caxton's time, when printers would substitute the <y> (often accompanied by a superscript <e>) in place of the thorn <þ> or the eth <ð>, both of which were used to denote both the voiced and non-voiced sounds, /ð/ and /θ/ (Anderson, D. (1969) The Art of
Written Forms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p 169)
50:
5891:
script of the Greek names of the planets which are Kronos (Saturn), Zeus (Jupiter), Thouros (Mars), Phosphoros (Venus) and
Stilbon (Mercury). As observed by Linnaeus's one-time student Johann Beckmann in his History of Inventions (English transl., 1797), to understand their origin 'we must make ourselves acquainted with the oldest form of these characters which in all probability, like those used in writing, were subjected to many changes before they acquired that form which they have at present'.
2412:
2631:
801:
31:
1128:
3195:
8007:
583:
2435:
755:
3174:
that one cannot render all the tones for words beginning with these sounds. A silent ຫ indicates that the syllable should be read with the tone rules for ຫ, rather than those of the following consonant. Three consonants can form ligatures with the letter ຫ. ຫ+ນ=ໜ (n), ຫ+ມ=ໝ (m) and ຫ+ລ=ຫຼ (l). ງ (ŋ) and ວ (w) just form clusters: ຫງ (ŋ) and ຫວ (w). ລ (l) can also be used written in a cluster rather than as a ligature: ຫລ (l).
3601:
2205:
322:
2017:
426:
962:(meaning S-Z) suggests a connection of "long s and z" (ſʒ) but the Latin script also knows a ligature of "long s over round s" (ſs). The latter is used as the design principle for the character in most of today's typefaces. Since German was mostly set in blackletter typefaces until the 1940s, and those typefaces were rarely set in uppercase, a capital version of the
3352:
1381:
digraphs when the diacritics are unavailable, for example in electronic conversation. Phone books treat umlauted vowels as equivalent to the relevant digraph (so that a name Müller will appear at the same place as if it were spelled
Mueller; German surnames have a strongly fixed orthography, either a
560:
Today, modern font programming divides ligatures into three groups, which can be activated separately: standard, contextual and historical. Standard ligatures are needed to allow the font to display without errors such as character collision. Designers sometimes find contextual and historic ligatures
540:
contains a particularly large set to allow designers to create dramatic display text with a feel of antiquity. A parallel use of ligatures is seen in the creation of script fonts that join letterforms to simulate handwriting effectively. This trend is caused in part by the increased support for other
3173:
uses three ligatures, all comprising the letter ຫ (h). As a tonal language, most consonant sounds in Lao are represented by two consonants, which will govern the tone of the syllable. Five consonant sounds are only represented by a single consonant letter (ງ (ŋ), ນ (m), ມ (n), ລ (l), ວ (w)), meaning
3778:
enables standard ligature substitution by default for OpenType fonts, user can enable or disable any ligature substitution on the
Features dialog box, which is accessible via the Features button of the Character dialog box, or alternatively, input a syntax with font name and feature into the Font
3742:
maintains that ligaturing is a presentation issue rather than a character definition issue, and that, for example, "if a modern font is asked to display 'h' followed by 'r', and the font has an 'hr' ligature in it, it can display the ligature." Accordingly, the use of the special
Unicode ligature
1274:, where it was an optional ligature in some specific words that had been transliterated and borrowed from Ancient Greek, for example, "Æneas". It is still found as a variant in English and French words descended or borrowed from Medieval Latin, but the trend has recently been towards printing the
437:, a ligature is made by joining two or more characters in an atypical fashion by merging their parts, or by writing one above or inside the other. In printing, a ligature is a group of characters that is typeset as a unit, so the characters do not have to be joined. For example, in some cases the
5416:
The types used by Caxton and his contemporaries originated in
Holland and Belgium, and did not provide for the continuing use of elements of the Old English alphabet such as thorn <þ>, eth <ð>, and yogh <ʒ>. The substitution of visually similar typographic forms has led to some
507:
Ligatures have grown in popularity in the 21st century because of an increasing interest in creating typesetting systems that evoke arcane designs and classical scripts. One of the first computer typesetting programs to take advantage of computer-driven typesetting (and later laser printers) was
494:
revolution. Early computer software in particular had no way to allow for ligature substitution (the automatic use of ligatures where appropriate), while most new digital typefaces did not include ligatures. As most of the early PC development was designed for the
English language (which already
5890:
that ♂ represents the shield and spear of Mars and ♀ Venus's looking-glass. All the evidence favours the conclusion of the French classical scholar Claude de
Saumaise (Salmasius, 1588–1653) that these symbols, as also those for Saturn, Mercury and Jupiter, are derived from contractions in Greek
3620:
is a TeX typesetting engine designed to make the most of such advanced features. This type of substitution used to be needed mainly for typesetting Arabic texts, but ligature lookups and substitutions are being put into all kinds of
Western Latin OpenType fonts. In OpenType, there are standard
1190:
glyphs joined, developed into a legitimate letter with its own position in the alphabet. Because of its relative youth compared to other letters of the alphabet, only a few
European languages (English, Dutch, German, Polish, Welsh, Maltese, and Walloon) use the letter in native words.
1016:
has suggested the new upper case character for "ß" rather than replacing it with "SS" or "SZ" for geographical names. A new standardized German keyboard layout (DIN 2137-T2) has included the capital ß since 2012. The new character entered the official orthographic rules in June 2017.
2112:, written as ℔. Over time, the number sign was simplified to how it is seen today, with two horizontal strokes across two slash-like strokes. Now a logogram, the symbol is used mainly to denote (in the US) numbers, and weight in pounds. It has also been used popularly on
2473:
fonts the base form of the letters is not changed and the individual glyphs remain separate. Like some ligatures discussed above, these digraphs may or may not be considered individual letters in their respective languages. Until the 1994 spelling reform, the digraphs
5329:
Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen (StAGN) Empfehlungen und Hinweise für die Schreibweise geographischer Namen für Herausgeber von Kartenwerken und anderen Veröffentlichungen für den internationalen Gebrauch Bundesrepublik Deutschland 5. überarbeitete
503:
machine operators dropped because of the mass production of the IBM Selectric brand of electric typewriter in 1961. A designer active in the period commented: "some of the world's greatest typefaces were quickly becoming some of the world's worst fonts."
3743:
characters is "discouraged", and "no more will be encoded in any circumstances". (Unicode has continued to add ligatures, but only in such cases that the ligatures were used as distinct letters in a language or could be interpreted as standalone
318:. Merchants especially needed a way to speed up the process of written communication and found that conjoining letters and abbreviating words for lay use was more convenient for record keeping and transaction than the bulky long forms.
2357:) into one symbol, used to denote a sentence which is both a question and is exclaimed. For example, the sentence "Are you really coming over to my house on Friday‽" shows that the speaker is surprised while asking their question.
2595:
in its uppercase form looking virtually identical (only slightly bigger). When written as two separate letters, both should be capitalized – or both not – to form a correctly spelled word, like
421:
had their vertical strokes superimposed. Scribes also used notational abbreviations to avoid having to write a whole character in one stroke. Manuscripts in the fourteenth century employed hundreds of such abbreviations.
1746:'s ο-υ, carried over into Latin alphabets as well. This ligature is still seen today on icon artwork in Greek Orthodox churches, and sometimes in graffiti or other forms of informal or decorative writing.
460:
Because of their complexity, ligatures began to fall out of use in the 20th century. Sans serif typefaces, increasingly used for body text, generally avoid ligatures, though notable exceptions include
2074:". In most typefaces, it does not immediately resemble the two letters used to form it, although certain typefaces use designs in the form of a ligature (examples include the original versions of
910:
Besides conventional ligatures, in the metal type era some newspapers commissioned custom condensed single sorts for the names of common long names that might appear in news headings, such as "
516:
program. Now the standard method of mathematical typesetting, its default fonts are explicitly based on nineteenth-century styles. Many new fonts feature extensive ligature sets; these include
2707:. Having 37 consonants in total, the total number of ligatures that can be formed in Devanagari using only two letters is 1369, though few fonts are able to render all of them. In particular,
3554:
block features characters that have been combined into one square character in legacy character set so that it matches Japanese text. For example, the Japanese equivalent of "stock company",
3539:– some of these characters were also used in Japan, where they were pronounced with borrowed European readings instead. These have now fallen out of general use, but are occasionally seen.
1004:). Until 2017, the SS replacement was the only valid spelling according to the official orthography in Germany and Austria. In Switzerland, the ß is omitted altogether in favour of ss. The
4886:
968:
never came into common use, even though its creation has been discussed since the end of the 19th century. Therefore, the common replacement in uppercase typesetting was originally SZ (
2138:), was simplified by scribes who, instead of lifting the pen to write the grave accent, drew an arc around the "a". Another states that it is short for the Latin word for "toward", "
3009:, some letters change their form depending on their position in relation to other letters, and this can also change how ligatures look. A popular ligature all three scripts use is
453:
was invented around 1450, typefaces included many ligatures and additional letters, as they were based on handwriting. Ligatures made printing with movable type easier because one
3124:
ILY. It consists of the little finger of the letter I plus the thumb and forefinger of the letter L. The letter Y (little finger and thumb) overlaps with the other two letters.
541:
languages and alphabets in modern computing, many of which use ligatures somewhat extensively. This has caused the development of new digital typesetting techniques such as
3616:
to a single character, used for ligature substitution. Typesetting software may or may not implement this feature, even if it is explicitly present in the font's metadata.
6325:
2066:. Like many other ligatures, it has at times been considered a letter (e.g., in early Modern English); in English it is pronounced "and", not "et", except in the case of
1008:
of the Eszett character was occasionally used since 1905/06, has been part of Unicode since 2008, and has appeared in more and more typefaces. Since the end of 2010, the
3256:
but retain the original multi-character (multiple morpheme) reading and are therefore not considered true characters themselves. In Chinese, these ligatures are called
2162:, this fairly unpopular character became widely known, used to tag specific users. Lately, it has been used to de-gender nouns in Spanish with no agreed pronunciation.
5516:
Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30).
4950:
292:
both include many cases of character combinations that gradually evolve from ligatures into separately recognizable characters. Other notable ligatures, such as the
3747:. For example, ligatures such as æ and œ are not used to replace arbitrary "ae" or "oe" sequences; it is generally considered incorrect to write "does" as "dœs".)
2695:
make frequent use of ligatures in consonant clusters. The number of ligatures employed is language-dependent; thus many more ligatures are conventionally used in
557:. An increasing modern trend is to use a "Th" ligature which reduces spacing between these letters to make it easier to read, a trait infrequent in metal type.
2469:, are not ligatures in the general case as the two letters are displayed as separate glyphs: although written together, when they are joined in handwriting or
457:
would replace frequent combinations of letters and also allowed more complex and interesting character designs which would otherwise collide with one another.
856:
typefaces, originally mandatory in Fraktur but now employed only stylistically, can be seen to this day on street signs for city squares whose name contains
2887:
script, used from Middle Ages to the 19th century to write some Slavic languages, have a box-like shape that lends itself to more frequent use of ligatures.
5355:
Fermino, J. L. D. (2000). Introduction to the wampanoag grammar. (Master's thesis). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. p. 48.
4909:'s work in which he combines Latin letters to form characters that resemble Chinese. Croatian designer Maja Škripelj also created a ligature that combined
7592:
6985:
5590:
3772:
when editing documents created in earlier versions of Word. Users can enable automatic ligature substitution on the Advanced tab of the Font dialog box.
1011:
2959:, most letters' shapes depend on whether they are followed (word-initial), preceded (word-final) or both (medial) by other letters. For example, Arabic
141:
6168:"L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes"
5773:– contains section on the history of the dollar sign, with much documentary evidence supporting the theory that $ began as a ligature for "pesos".
495:
treated ligatures as optional at best) dependence on ligatures did not carry over to digital. Ligature use fell as the number of traditional hand
6975:
2708:
476:
knowledge or training to operate) also generally avoid them. A few, however, became characters in their own right, see below the sections about
1761:
306:, figure prominently throughout ancient manuscripts. These new glyphs emerge alongside the proliferation of writing with a stylus, whether on
7966:
2715:' Indic support, does not correctly handle ligatures with consonants attached to the right of the characters द, ट, ठ, ड, and ढ, leaving the
5090:
3384:
357:
Around the 9th and 10th centuries, monasteries became a fountainhead for these type of script modifications. Medieval scribes who wrote in
2158:. Around the 18th century, it started being used in commerce to indicate price per unit, as "15 units @ $ 1". After the popularization of
6428:
5969:
2243:
and a cross (which was added in the 16th century to Christianize the pagan symbol), though other sources disagree; the symbol for Venus
751:) provide a setting to disable ligatures for German, while some users have also written macros to identify which ligatures to disable.
2176:
used a symbol resembling an overlapping U-S ligature, with the right vertical bar of the U intersecting through the middle of the S (
2172:
possibly originated as a ligature (for "pesos", although there are other theories as well) but is now a logogram. At least once, the
6954:
6376:
3692:, though the CSS Fonts Module Level 4 draft standard indicates that authors should prefer several other properties. Those include
3474:
6329:
5468:
5677:
5300:
2062:. The ampersand comes in many different forms. Because of its ubiquity, it is generally no longer considered a ligature, but a
918:", and others. In these cases the characters did not appear combined, just more tightly spaced than if printed conventionally.
5948:
3515:"kilowatt". However, in the 19th century these were often written via compound characters, pronounced disyllabically, such as
6889:
3677:. When TeX finds these combinations in a text, it substitutes the appropriate ligature, unless overridden by the typesetter.
849:
17:
5886:
The origin of these symbols has long been a matter of interest to scholars. Probably none now accepts the interpretation of
5818:
4893:'s 'Square Word' calligraphy, combining Latin characters into forms that resemble Chinese characters. The word pictured is '
7036:
1976:
1092:
communities participating in the Wôpanâak Language Reclamation Project (WLRP), the ligature was replaced with the numeral
956:) is an official letter of the alphabet in Germany and Austria. There is no general consensus about its history. Its name
1297:, while normally printed as ligatures in French, are replaced by component letters if technical restrictions require it.
105:
2130:
is potentially a ligature, but there are many different theories about the origin. One theory says that the French word
3081:, being a flexible script, especially has many ligatures. For a wider, but not complete, list of Syriac ligatures, see
1067:
3469:
2208:
The symbol for Saturn in late Classical (4th & 5th c.) and medieval Byzantine (11th c.) manuscripts, derives from
6980:
6360:
5812:
5766:
5660:
5409:
5377:
5255:
5648:
1410:
is different: there the umlaut vowels are treated as independent letters with positions at the end of the alphabet.
6870:
6852:
2559:
can be considered a digraph, a ligature, or a letter in itself, depending on the standard used. Its uppercase and
8031:
6504:
6421:
1789:
5577:
pound of England. The Italian abbreviation of lb with a line drawn across the letters was used for both weights.
2563:
forms are often available as a single glyph with a distinctive ligature in several professional typefaces (e.g.
614:
when placed beside each other in a word, and are combined into a single glyph with the tittle absorbed into the
8041:
6829:
6482:
5049:
3281:
3240:
3235:
as a component – left, top, right and bottom respectively – and share it at the center of the composition.
5123:
7961:
6746:
5782:
3083:
2005:
5440:
7846:
7808:
6527:
2995:. Besides the obligatory lām + ʼalif ligature, Arabic script grammar requires numerous stylistic ligatures.
1953:
1947:
1840:, a short-lived alphabet intended for young children, used a number of ligatures to represent long vowels:
1155:
that originated in the seventh century, the phoneme it represents was formerly written in various ways. In
1026:
570:
6401:
4256:
3649:
Opinion is divided over whether it is the job of writers or typesetters to decide where to use ligatures.
1825:
1821:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1797:
7992:
7061:
6448:
1981:
409:) were written with the facing edges of the bowls superimposed. In many script forms, characters such as
6215:
6012:
4264:
7572:
6453:
6414:
2745:, in particular a combination of omicron (Ο) and upsilon (Υ), which later gave rise to a letter of the
6055:
3077:. All three scripts use ligatures, but not in an equal spread or always with the same letters.
1096:, partly because of its ease in typesetting and display as well as its similarity to the o-u ligature
7218:
6134:
3423:
and cannot be used as such in Chinese. Instead, it is usually considered a graphic representation of
2817:
1945:
1837:
1424:
1390:); however, the alphabetic order used in other books treats them as equivalent to the simple letters
1065:
1049:
793:
ligature is therefore not used in Turkish typography, and neither are other ligatures like that for
7976:
7793:
7464:
7401:
7106:
7029:
6540:
6496:
6491:
3117:
2649:
2587:(which is not found in native Dutch words, but occurs in words borrowed from other languages) as a
1967:
1962:
1564:
1051:
496:
5616:
3724:
ligature in the middle column, and the Unicode code point on the right. Provided you are using an
2204:
6949:
6737:
6257:
6037:
5844:
5394:
3093:(one of the main languages of South Asia), which uses a calligraphic version of the Arabic-based
2296:
2264:
1777:
1030:
362:
101:
95:
7421:
7144:
6913:
6308:
6237:"L2/20-125R: Unicode request for expected IPA retroflex letters and similar letters with hooks"
5538:
4272:
3769:
3296:
3113:
1872:
that are not encoded in Unicode. Ligatures for consonants also existed, including ligatures of
1418:
1403:
1263:
6167:
3653:
is an example of a computer typesetting system that makes use of ligatures automatically. The
8036:
7896:
7396:
7391:
7304:
7291:
7124:
6928:
6478:
5966:
4932:
4260:
3440:, has had such a ligature associated with it combining the three relevant Chinese characters
3094:
2450:
2113:
1957:
1813:
1705:
1581:
1034:
500:
80:
6236:
5517:
2313:, with the cross added at the top in the 16th century to Christianize it. The dwarf planet
1764:
to be an OI ligature because of its appearance, and is thus known (to the ISO and, in turn,
1605:
7688:
7329:
7183:
5915:
4962:
2173:
1773:
1465:
1232:
1156:
276:
6353:
The Art of Xu Bing: Words Without Meaning, Meaning Without Words (Asian Art & Culture)
5142:
8:
8046:
8010:
7971:
7884:
7778:
7633:
7611:
7601:
7469:
7076:
7066:
7022:
5903:
5557:
The romance of writing, from Egyptian hieroglyphics to modern letters, numbers, and signs
5110:
4968:
4926:
4914:
4874:
3324:
2621:
2400:
2276:
2236:
1997:
1805:
1793:
1641:
1407:
1255:
915:
76:
6307:
Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02).
6194:
5919:
5653:
Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks
5191:
3264:
723:
boundary of a composite word are sometimes considered incorrect, especially in official
7934:
7861:
7841:
7831:
7803:
7773:
7733:
7360:
7223:
7149:
7139:
6860:
6284:
6103:
5877:
5869:
5755:
5465:
5328:
5305:
5027:
5023:
5015:
4935: – Pair of characters used to write one phoneme (the unfused pairing of graphemes)
3775:
3736:
installed, some or all of these will display correctly. See also the provided graphic.
3481:. In Chinese these units are disyllabic and standardly written with two characters, as
3311:), meaning "ushering in wealth and fortune" and used as a popular New Year's greeting.
3102:
2956:
2805:
2284:
2146:
being represented by the arc. Another says it is short for an abbreviation of the term
1712:
1572:
1310:
1306:
1228:
1224:
1119:
1039:
724:
702:
491:
454:
282:
56:
7856:
2583:
with a broken left-hand stroke. Adding to the confusion, Dutch handwriting can render
1547:
practice, an "a" with another "a" on top (aͣ) could sometimes be used, for example in
7879:
7798:
7753:
7683:
7154:
6516:
6356:
5808:
5762:
5656:
5405:
5373:
5366:
5251:
5217:
5165:
4910:
3548:
3249:
3128:
2980:
2712:
2682:
2364:
2075:
1985:
1718:
1236:
911:
550:
465:
286:
84:
6309:"L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode 'Teuthonista' phonetic characters in the UCS"
5881:
5728:
2490:
purposes. Catalan makes a difference between "Spanish ll" or palatalized l, written
7765:
7718:
7557:
7504:
7365:
7175:
5952:
5861:
4999:
4902:
3725:
3002:
2837:
2462:
2354:
2228:
2059:
1989:
1769:
1625:
1522:
1101:
762:
554:
529:
469:
307:
4941: – Process in typography (optimization of spacing between adjacent letters).
4877:
block: regular and bold variants of ℯT (script e and T) and of ɛT (open E and T).
3248:
has a long history of creating new characters by merging parts or wholes of other
2349:
is an unconventional punctuation meant to combine the interrogation point (or the
7901:
7788:
7783:
7703:
7671:
7562:
7299:
7101:
6276:
5973:
5852:
5802:
5534:
5472:
4974:
3744:
3654:
3437:
3245:
2998:
2948:
2930:, in the Hebrew script) is the definite article in Arabic. For example, the word
2914:. The ligature appears in some pre-modern texts (mainly religious), or in
2891:
2809:
2746:
2723:
2685:
has the following ligatures: և (ե+ւ), ﬔ (մ+ե), ﬕ (մ+ի), ﬓ (մ+ն), ﬗ (մ+խ), ﬖ (վ+ն)
2625:
2055:
2025:
1693:
1689:
1669:
1548:
1220:
933:
904:
49:
5702:
3360:
2520:
2309:), the Greek name for the planet. It later came to look like a lower-case Greek
7906:
7851:
7728:
7531:
7355:
7309:
7243:
7213:
7081:
6842:
6463:
6078:
5995:
5978:
4944:
4248:
3765:
3754:
2869:
2754:
2742:
2689:
2548:
2466:
2184:
1971:
1743:
1599:
1505:
1445:
1271:
1152:
450:
449:
with a greater separation than when they are typeset as separate letters. When
293:
1262:
is not considered an independent letter but a spelling variant, for example: "
8025:
7698:
7666:
7656:
7536:
6837:
3750:
3433:
3132:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2813:
2785:
2719:
attached to them and displaying the following consonant in its standard form.
2382:
2350:
2329:
2001:
1736:
1637:
1590:
1005:
545:, and the incorporation of ligature support into the text display systems of
521:
3720:
This table below shows discrete letter pairs on the left, the corresponding
2411:
1900:(neither the reversed t nor any of the consonant ligatures are in Unicode).
800:
716:, which would be damaged by collision with raised parts of the next letter.
7956:
7836:
7723:
7708:
7678:
7638:
7621:
7375:
7345:
7319:
7228:
7071:
7053:
7003:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6759:
6754:
6458:
6437:
6095:
4252:
4244:
3290:
3201:
3170:
2915:
2554:
2477:
2416:
2192:
2083:
1645:
1501:
1477:
537:
525:
509:
3761:
Light, the 'f' and 'i' appear superimposed when default settings are used.
2639:
2630:
1768:) as "Oi". Historically, it was used in many Latin-based orthographies of
201:
are joined for the second ligature. For stylistic and legibility reasons,
30:
7951:
7946:
7939:
7929:
7743:
7693:
7648:
7588:
7552:
7523:
7511:
7491:
7314:
7266:
7134:
6944:
5574:
5539:"Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS"
3729:
3467:
Similar to the ligatures were several "two-syllable Chinese characters" (
3413:), meaning "library". Although it does have an assigned pronunciation of
3156:
3140:
2758:
2757:, ligatures were common (in fact, the ligature of a short-legged capital
2750:
2576:
2470:
2428:
2343:
2166:
2107:
2098:
1993:
853:
434:
366:
361:
increased their writing speed by combining characters and by introducing
315:
311:
5537:; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02).
2087:
1575:
1508:
and his contemporaries imported from Belgium and the Netherlands, while
1170:
influence forced wynn out of use. By the 14th century, the "new" letter
561:
desirable for creating effects or to evoke an old-fashioned print look.
7924:
7738:
7628:
7481:
7474:
7451:
7406:
7370:
7324:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7256:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7045:
5873:
4240:
3351:
3121:
2884:
2696:
2635:
2568:
2372:
2368:
1665:
1127:
473:
337:). However, in Nordic texts a particular type of ligature appeared for
326:
154:
5429:
Nordisk familjebok / Uggleupplagan. 33. Väderlek – Äänekoski / 905–906
5428:
4885:
4873:
Four "ligature ornaments" are included from U+1F670 to U+1F673 in the
3194:
1541:-ligature. Before the replacement of the older "aa" with "å" became a
116:
This page uses notation for orthographic or other linguistic analysis.
7416:
7411:
7188:
7116:
6998:
6959:
6377:"Designs of Croatian national sides of euro and cent coins presented"
6079:"Unicode FAQ: Ligatures, Digraphs, Presentation Forms vs. Plain Text"
5019:
3758:
3222:
3182:
3164:
3160:
3148:
3144:
3135:. Of these, only two are widely available ones on computers: one for
2849:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2560:
2487:
2424:
2224:
2071:
2032:
1941:
1732:
1701:
1526:
1354:
1244:
1089:
868:. Instead, the "sz" ligature has merged into a single character, the
770:
706:
683:
533:
461:
334:
330:
303:
272:
238:
53:
6306:
6195:"L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic"
5865:
5533:
3657:
Roman typeface provided with TeX includes the five common ligatures
754:
481:
7889:
7748:
7567:
7440:
7426:
7251:
7203:
5887:
4956:
3733:
3609:
3585:
3478:
3420:
3253:
3152:
3136:
3106:
3070:
2700:
2396:
2240:
2091:
2063:
720:
582:
542:
517:
365:. Others conjoined letters for aesthetic purposes. For example, in
289:
245:, developed from a ligature in which the handwritten Latin letters
162:
7713:
7499:
7350:
7261:
7193:
7129:
6918:
6509:
6274:
5444:
4938:
4906:
4890:
4789:
4743:
4711:
4679:
4617:
4601:
4585:
4553:
4521:
4489:
4473:
3739:
3721:
3551:
3226:
2952:
2789:
2692:
2564:
2360:
2124:
2117:
2079:
1765:
1760:, a rarely used letter based on Q and G, was misconstrued by the
1493:
1469:
1167:
713:
296:
150:
6923:
5372:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 1993. p. 6.61.
5272:
4270:
1212:
7616:
7233:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6406:
3098:
3010:
3006:
2716:
2306:
1132:
804:"ß" in the form of a "ſʒ" ligature on a street sign in Berlin (
691:
603:
594:
with the following letter. A particularly prominent example is
214:
5573:, 'balance') represented a weight almost exactly equal to the
5518:"L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS"
3097:, requires a great number of ligatures in digital typography.
2836:(ћ, ђ, љ, њ), were developed as ligatures of Cyrillic used in
2434:
1214:
1088:
interchangeably). In the orthography in use since 2000 in the
797:, which would be rare anyway because of Turkish phonotactics.
490:
The trend against digraph use was further strengthened by the
333:. During the medieval era several conventions existed (mostly
7459:
7198:
7166:
7014:
6876:
5783:
Reverse of $ 1 United States Note (Greenback), series of 1869
5245:
5007:
5003:
4727:
4081:
3617:
3613:
3178:
3078:
3062:
3051:
3021:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2903:
2895:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2704:
2666:
2658:
2314:
2300:
2288:
2159:
2047:
1685:
1620:
1464:
written as a diacritic. During the latter Middle English and
1240:
729:
694:
are also used, as well as the equivalent set for the doubled
687:
546:
425:
358:
300:
260:
166:
6764:
5101:
Capelli – Dizionario di abbreviature latine ed italiane
5070:
Unicode calls this a digraph, but it is actually a ligature.
3600:
1033:(later used in the first Bible printed in the Americas, the
7815:
7661:
7606:
6275:
Freytag, Asmus; McGowan, Rick; Whistler, Ken (2006-05-08).
5906:(August 1934). "The origin of the symbols of the planets".
5515:
5277:
5241:
4894:
3685:
3090:
3005:, has three different scripts that all use ligatures. Like
2877:
2873:
2821:
2781:
2765:
2260:
1349:
ligatures (strictly, from these vowels with a small letter
1243:— and when collated, may be given a different place in the
1160:
321:
4965: – Abbreviations used by ancient and medieval scribes
4773:
4695:
4663:
4647:
4569:
4537:
4505:
4457:
4413:
4397:
4367:
4351:
4085:
4036:
3820:
2960:
2645:-ligature (द् + ध् + र् + य = द्ध्र्य) of JanaSanskritSans
2528:
2517:
The difference can be illustrated with the French digraph
2214:
2211:
1711:
formerly used to express the phoneme in question, e.g. by
1631:
1560:
1532:
1332:
1324:
1316:
1288:
1202:
1044:, published in 1663) was the use of the double-o ligature
927:
766:
180:
172:
6216:"L2/17-299 Proposal to add two Sinological Latin letters"
4951:
List of English words that may be spelled with a ligature
3715:
3650:
3159:, which is a vertical writing ligature of the characters
3143:, which is a vertical writing ligature of the characters
3040:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2609:
2310:
2292:
1754:
1266:" versus "encyclopaedia" or "encyclopedia". In this use,
748:
513:
429:
A widely used Th ligature in a handwriting-style typeface
3252:. However, a few of these combinations do not represent
3181:
texts ligatures are common. Such ligatures are known as
2104:
originated as a stylized abbreviation of the Roman term
2016:
6784:
6259:
L2/21-004: Unicode request for dezh with retroflex hook
4017:
3768:
disables ligature substitution by default, largely for
3612:
font format includes features for associating multiple
2456:
1496:
Curiositie Shoppe'. One major reason for this was that
5845:"The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology"
3732:
that can handle Unicode, and have the correct Unicode
3571:
3561:
2918:
texts, where that combination is very frequent, since
2591:-glyph without the dots in its lowercase form and the
6724:
6717:
6710:
6703:
6696:
6689:
6682:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6647:
6640:
6633:
6626:
6619:
6612:
6605:
6598:
6591:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6563:
6556:
6549:
5395:"Chapter 25: Typography and the printed English text"
5346:. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 149.
5026:), or where word-compounding results such ligatures (
4959: – Motif made by overlapping two or more letters
2861:
2792:
Cyrillic letters are ligatures of the early Cyrillic
1185:
1177:
1146:
485:
6326:"The art of typography in the digital age ligatures"
5402:
The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System
3757:
does not enable ligatures automatically. Here, with
2872:, a ligature of ya (Я) and e also exists: Ԙԙ, as do
2761:
was a key feature of the acrophonic numeral system).
1422:"... by the grace that god put in..." (Extract from
6986:
List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks
5052:. The same standard explicitly allows the spelling
3374:
ligature combining the three constituent characters
2011:
1012:
Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen (StAGN)
5807:. American Philosophical Society. pp. 62–63.
5754:
5554:
5365:
5292:
1783:
329:) during the Roman Republic era were written as a
193:are joined for the first ligature and the letters
6355:. Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Ga.
5982:online. 21 April 2006. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
1567:, but it merged in later Germanic languages with
1104:. For example, compare the colonial-era spelling
185:used in English and French, in which the letters
8023:
6350:
4929: – Neighbour-dependent grapheme positioning
2741:A number of ligatures have been employed in the
2486:were considered separate letters in Spanish for
2031:The most common ligature in modern usage is the
1235:is not a typographic ligature. It is a distinct
1123:Capilla de San José, Sevilla. Several ligatures.
610:in many typefaces collides with the hood of the
6005:
5752:
5209:
3120:is used to sign "I love you", from the English
2502:(law), and "French ll" or geminated l, written
1111:
1105:
1037:
747:("boat trip"). Some computer programs (such as
6135:"L2/20-116R: Expansion of the extIPA and VoQS"
6090:
6088:
5655:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 41–57.
5091:"What is the origin of the ampersand (&)?"
4947: – Physical spacing of characters in text
4675:
3588:" that can be ligated into 1 square character
3580:. There are other Latin abbreviations such as
3555:
3419:and appears in many dictionaries, it is not a
1369:). It is common practice to replace them with
7967:Intellectual property protection of typefaces
7030:
6422:
6256:Miller, Kirk; Everson, Michael (2021-01-03),
6255:
5838:
5836:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5646:
5562:
3688:provides control over these properties using
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3482:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3424:
3414:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3390:
3382:
3367:
3358:
3338:
3331:
3306:
3300:
3288:
3275:
3269:
3257:
3230:
3214:
3207:
3206:(expression) written as a ligature. It reads
3199:
2653:Hebrew text: the letter in the upper left is
2509:
2503:
2497:
2491:
1672:spelling stems from the ligature of a silent
1659:
1653:
1584:
784:
778:
472:machines in the 1970s (which did not require
7509:
6277:"Known Anomalies in Unicode Character Names"
5996:"Polysyllabic characters in Chinese writing"
5326:
5053:
5039:
5014:represents a vocalic or semi-vocalic sound (
4901:Typographic ligatures are used in a form of
4259:DŽ, LJ, and NJ. Although similar, these are
3566:) can be represented in 1 Unicode character
3299:is a combination of the four characters for
2990:
2984:
2974:
2964:
2940:) can be written with this ligature:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2367:, many of which were ligatures: 🜇 (AR, for
2180: ) to resemble the modern dollar sign.
1992:for characters used in German dialectology (
1831:
1593:
1468:periods, the thorn in its common script, or
1452:written as a diacritic. Similarly, the word
1009:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
947:
941:
863:
857:
843:
829:
811:
805:
742:
618:. Other ligatures with the letter f include
6193:Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (2020-11-08).
6192:
6085:
5568:
5301:"1952 – 'Eisenhower,' a True Campaign Logo"
5124:"Johannes Gutenberg and the Printing Press"
2973:, rendering as initial, medial and final):
2677:Ligatures are not limited to Latin script:
2603:
2597:
2419:glyph appearing as the distinctive "broken-
2386:
2376:
2339:, represents the center line of an object.
2105:
1956:), as well as in some orthographies of the
1716:
1603:
1542:
314:, and often for a practical reason: faster
254:
7037:
7023:
6429:
6415:
6302:
6300:
6251:
6249:
6230:
6228:
6209:
6207:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6132:
6128:
6126:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6114:
5833:
5787:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5493:
4905:, as can be illustrated by Chinese artist
1648:of a vowel, originated in ligatures where
1488:became ubiquitous, leading to the common "
7993:Punctuation and other typographic symbols
6133:Miller, Kirk; Ball, Martin (2020-07-11).
6073:
6071:
6069:
5618:Business Arithmetic for Secondary Schools
5582:
5183:
5010:", but is encountered in languages where
3074:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3013:
2090:, known in modern times as the italic of
602:, rendered with two normal letters). The
6165:
5678:"The Accidental History of the @ Symbol"
5614:
4884:
3749:
3599:
3193:
2648:
2629:
2579:, typically use a ligature resembling a
2433:
2410:
2335:In engineering diagrams, a CL ligature,
2203:
2015:
1417:
1126:
1118:
799:
789:), this contrast would be obscured. The
753:
701:These arose because with the usual type
581:
424:
320:
59:with ligatures of (from left to right)
48:
29:
6976:Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode
6297:
6246:
6225:
6213:
6204:
6177:
6144:
6111:
5902:
5588:
5559:. New York: Viking Press. p. 125.
5490:
5140:
4977: – Ligatures used in Greek writing
3595:
2247:may be a ligature of the Greek letters
2187:was sometimes symbolized by a ligature
1796:, of which six are encoded in Unicode:
1613:
1040:Mamusse Wunneetupanatamwe Up-Biblum God
165:or letters are joined to form a single
106:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
27:Glyph combining two or more letterforms
14:
8024:
6234:
6066:
5932:
5842:
5298:
5242:Helmut Kopka; Patrick W. Daly (1999).
5189:
5121:
4971: – Aspect of the Unicode Standard
4821:
4807:
4493:
4445:
4431:
3909:
3716:Ligatures in Unicode (Latin alphabets)
3604:Some example ligatures in Latin script
3001:, a semitic alphabet derived from the
2615:
1908:Rarer ligatures also exist, including
1808:is still represented with a ligature:
733:. An English example of this would be
575:
7018:
6410:
6056:"CSS font-variant-ligatures Property"
5988:
5800:
5066:
5064:
4849:
4835:
4793:
4747:
4731:
4715:
4683:
4635:
4621:
4605:
4589:
4311:
4297:
4283:
4187:
4131:
4117:
4103:
4055:
3979:
3965:
3951:
3937:
3923:
3895:
3881:
3867:
3853:
3839:
3808:
3794:
3542:
2287:, where it can be seen to be a Greek
2195:was often symbolized by the ligature
1792:formerly used ligatures to represent
6960:DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe
5804:Astronomical papyri from Oxyrhynchus
5621:. New York: Macmillan. p. 419.
5392:
5386:
5368:The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th Ed
5215:
5163:
4145:
3189:
3031: isolated and final: (Serto)
2525:, which is composed of the ligature
2365:a set of mostly standardized symbols
2353:) and the bang (printer's slang for
2283:) has been traced back to the Greek
2038:. This was originally a ligature of
1742:that, while originally based on the
758:Ligatures "Th" and "Wh" illustration
381:) and those with left-facing bowls (
6468:
5757:A History of Mathematical Notations
5404:. Taylor & Francis. p. 6.
5270:
5157:
4880:
4777:
4740:superscript ts with retroflex hook
4699:
4667:
4651:
4614:superscript lʒ with retroflex hook
4573:
4541:
4509:
4461:
4417:
4401:
4371:
4355:
4089:
4041:
3825:
2991:
2989:, and lām + ʼalif medial or final:
2985:
2975:
2965:
636:⟨ffl⟩
632:⟨ffi⟩
369:, letters with right-facing bowls (
24:
5821:from the original on 30 April 2021
5703:"The @ Symbol Meaning And History"
5675:
5591:"The Ancient Roots of Punctuation"
5190:Ulrich, Ferdinand (22 July 2012).
5061:
4659:
4111:
4077:
3395:; 1898–1967) created the ligature
2979:. Notable are the shapes taken by
2054:". It has exactly the same use in
1440:) was frequently abbreviated as a
816:) ends with a "tʒ" ligature ("ꜩ").
25:
8058:
6395:
6081:. Unicode Consortium. 2015-07-06.
5058:with dash to avoid the tripled f.
3473:) created in the 19th century as
3401:from two of the three characters
3109:fonts with over 20,000 ligatures.
2730:(uni), which is a combination of
2255:(kappa). The symbol for Jupiter (
1975:
1961:
1903:
1413:
1020:
564:
8006:
8005:
6436:
6166:Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07).
6013:"font-feature-settings property"
5111:Medieval Unicode Font Initiative
4953: – Spelling rule in English
3350:
3323:
3221:and means "to be as studious as
3039:. Another popular one is
2816:(sometimes also spelled ЮУ). In
2317:is symbolized by a PL ligature,
2012:Symbols originating as ligatures
42:combined to create the ligature
6505:International Phonetic Alphabet
6369:
6344:
6318:
6268:
6214:Everson, Michael (2017-08-17).
6048:
6030:
5959:
5941:
5937:(12th ed.). HarperCollins.
5926:
5896:
5843:Stearn, William T. (May 1962).
5776:
5746:
5721:
5695:
5669:
5640:
5608:
5548:
5527:
5478:
5458:
5433:
5422:
5358:
5349:
5336:
5320:
5264:
5235:
5048:only if the writer follows the
5033:
3345:, a popular New Year's greeting
3282:polysyllabic Chinese characters
3229:." All four characters contain
1790:International Phonetic Alphabet
1784:International Phonetic Alphabet
1700:ligature. It was introduced by
903:are used (e.g. in the typeface
586:Two common ligatures: fi and fl
7044:
5299:Dunlap, David (23 June 2016).
5250:. Addison-Wesley. p. 22.
5216:Shaw, Paul (31 October 2011).
5134:
5122:Bellis, Mary (17 April 2017).
5115:
5104:
5095:
5084:
4988:
3383:
3241:Polysyllabic Chinese character
2910:) can form a ligature,
1726:
1480:printing, the substitution of
1110:with the modern WLRP spelling
712:, the end of its hood is on a
482:various Latin accented letters
169:. Examples are the characters
13:
1:
7962:History of Western typography
5761:. New York: Dover (reprint).
5589:Houston, Keith (2013-09-06).
5487:. Collier's Cyclopedia, 1901.
5077:
4292:superscript small capital AA
3779:Name input box, for example:
3570:. Its romanized abbreviation
3287:One popular ligature used on
1080:(although Eliot himself used
869:
477:
7809:traditional point-size names
6955:Western Latin character sets
5615:Thurston, Ernest L. (1917).
5555:Keith Gordon Irwin (1967) .
5441:"Bureus, J., Runa ABC boken"
2734:(oni) and the former letter
1954:close-mid back rounded vowel
1940:, which is used in medieval
1432:In Middle English, the word
741:; a German example would be
571:List of Latin-script letters
441:ligature prints the letters
221:merges with the hood of the
83:≈ 90.2328 mm (typeface
7:
7062:Canons of page construction
6981:Letters used in mathematics
6235:Miller, Kirk (2020-07-11).
5393:Hill, Will (30 June 2020).
5145:. Hoefler & Frere-Jones
4920:
3572:
3562:
3511:
3488:
3460:
3432:In recent years, a Chinese
3425:
3415:
3409:
3359:
3332:
3301:
3289:
3270:
3258:
3208:
3200:
3084:Contextual forms of letters
2640:
2542:
2406:
1982:voiceless lateral fricative
1970:); ᵺ; ỻ, which was used in
1749:
1704:around 1900 to replace the
1476:shape. With the arrival of
1138:
1025:A prominent feature of the
921:
209:are often merged to create
10:
8063:
6537:
6281:Unicode Technical Note #27
5935:Collins English Dictionary
5635:(written before a figure.)
5164:Shaw, Paul (12 May 2011).
4233:ꟓ ꟓ
4219:ꟕ ꟕ
4205:ꟗ ꟗ
4191:Ꝡ ꝡ
4135:Ꜩ ꜩ
4059:Ꝏ ꝏ
3899:Ꜽ ꜽ
3885:Ꜻ ꜻ
3871:Ꜹ ꜹ
3857:Ꜷ ꜷ
3843:Ꜵ ꜵ
3812:Ꜳ ꜳ
3238:
2753:. Among the ancient Greek
2619:
2301:
1652:followed the base letter:
1537:likewise originated as an
1472:, form came to resemble a
1194:
925:
820:Remnants of the ligatures
810:). The sign on the right (
628:⟨ff⟩
624:⟨fl⟩
600:⟨fi⟩
568:
451:printing with movable type
281:The earliest known script
270:
266:
263:for 'and') were combined.
8001:
7985:
7917:
7870:
7824:
7764:
7647:
7587:
7545:
7522:
7490:
7450:
7439:
7384:
7338:
7290:
7242:
7219:Subscript and superscript
7174:
7165:
7115:
7052:
6994:
6968:
6937:
6887:
6869:
6851:
6828:
6745:
6736:
6525:
6477:
6444:
6402:Examples of CSS ligatures
6351:Erickson, Britta (2001).
6038:"CSS Font Module Level 4"
5801:Jones, Alexander (1999).
5567:(from the old Latin word
4280:
4011:℔ ℔
3556:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3483:
3468:
3454:
3448:
3442:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3368:
3339:
3307:
3276:
3263:
3231:
3215:
3131:has a number of obsolete
2941:
2937:
2911:
2907:
2899:
2818:Serbian Cyrillic alphabet
2711:, which is included with
2670:
2662:
2654:
2391:, a steam bath); and 🝛 (
2371:); 🜈 (S inside a V, for
2324:A different PL ligature,
2299:, as an abbreviation for
2271:, as an abbreviation for
1838:Initial Teaching Alphabet
1832:Initial Teaching Alphabet
1563:in particular saw use in
1500:existed in the printer's
1425:The Book of Margery Kempe
1300:
1211:; in ancient times named
875:Sometimes, ligatures for
345:, referred to as "broken
161:occurs where two or more
7977:Vox-ATypI classification
7107:Intentionally blank page
6541:ISO basic Latin alphabet
6497:ISO basic Latin alphabet
6492:Classical Latin alphabet
5933:Harper, Collins (2014).
5753:Cajori, Florian (1993).
5342:Trumbull, J. H. (1903).
4981:
4045:Œ œ
4028:Ỻ ỻ
3829:Æ æ
3576:can also be 1 character
3118:American manual alphabet
2259:) descends from a Greek
1968:close back rounded vowel
1679:
1598:"foot"). It survives in
1565:Early Modern High German
1337:historically arose from
553:, and applications like
363:notational abbreviations
118:For the meaning of how
5050:spelling reform of 1996
4802:tʃ with retroflex hook
4724:ts with retroflex hook
4598:lʒ with retroflex hook
4440:dʒ with retroflex hook
4271:Ligatures used only in
4257:Serbo-Croatian digraphs
3702:discretionary-ligatures
3330:A Chinese ligature for
3061:, resulting in (
2657:, a ligature of
2575:glyphs, popular in the
2533:and the simplex letter
2235:) may be a ligature of
1984:); ꜩ; ᴂ; ᴔ; and ꭣ have
1585:
1576:
1529:used in vowels such as
1515:
1213:
1112:
1106:
1038:
719:Ligatures crossing the
590:Many ligatures combine
225:); the same is true of
8032:Latin-script ligatures
7510:
5647:Keith Houston (2013).
5569:
5563:
5327:
5054:
5040:
4898:
4273:phonetic transcription
3997:Ƕ ƕ
3770:backward compatibility
3762:
3694:font-variant-ligatures
3680:
3644:
3605:
3297:Chinese Lunar New Year
3236:
3114:American Sign Language
2674:
2646:
2604:
2598:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2447:
2431:
2387:
2377:
2220:
2114:push-button telephones
2106:
2028:
1717:
1660:
1654:
1628:as part of the letter
1604:
1594:
1543:
1429:
1404:Scandinavian languages
1151:is an addition to the
1135:
1124:
1010:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
948:
942:
864:
858:
844:
830:
817:
812:
806:
785:
779:
759:
743:
587:
520:, Seria and others by
430:
354:
255:
94:This article contains
88:
46:
8042:Typographic ligatures
5485:Teach Yourself French
5141:Frere-Jones, Tobias.
4933:Digraph (orthography)
4888:
4816:tʃ with palatal hook
4426:dʒ with palatal hook
4263:, not ligatures. See
4177:W w
3753:
3690:font-feature-settings
3603:
3295:decorations used for
3197:
2652:
2633:
2437:
2414:
2207:
2036:⟨&⟩
2019:
1958:Massachusett language
1814:extensions to the IPA
1602:, where it is called
1421:
1382:name is spelled with
1130:
1122:
1035:Massachusett-language
852:, a family of German
803:
773:. In a ligature with
757:
585:
569:Further information:
501:hot metal typesetting
428:
324:
243:⟨&⟩
52:
33:
18:Ligature (typography)
7847:Typographic features
6332:on November 29, 2014
5682:Smithsonian Magazine
4963:Scribal abbreviation
3946:ffl
3932:ffi
3706:historical-ligatures
3596:Computer typesetting
3105:tool for Urdu, uses
3035:, (Madnhaya)
2764:Cyrillic ligatures:
2191:(from Pts), and the
2174:United States dollar
2050:word "et", meaning "
1860:, and ligatures for
1816:contain three more:
1794:affricate consonants
1614:Tilde and circumflex
1466:Early Modern English
1402:. The convention in
1174:, originated as two
1027:colonial orthography
327:Geminated consonants
277:scribal abbreviation
7972:Technical lettering
7871:Typography in other
7612:Hanging punctuation
6501:Phonetic alphabets
5920:1934Obs....57..238M
5676:Allman, William F.
5041:Schifffahrt
4969:Unicode equivalence
4927:Complex text layout
4875:Ornamental Dingbats
4265:Digraphs in Unicode
4239:There are separate
3675:⟨ffl⟩
3671:⟨ffi⟩
2796:and another vowel:
2755:acrophonic numerals
2622:Complex text layout
2616:Non-Latin alphabets
2277:astronomical symbol
1806:fricative consonant
1636:, representing the
1624:diacritic, used in
1456:was abbreviated to
1256:English orthography
1159:, the runic letter
1006:capital version (ẞ)
807:Petersburger Straße
744:Schifffahrt
727:as outlined in the
638:(ffl). Ligatures for
576:Stylistic ligatures
7935:Handwriting script
7862:Desktop publishing
7832:Character encoding
7825:Digital typography
7339:Horizontal aspects
7292:Visual distinction
7150:Widows and orphans
6888:Keyboard layouts (
6104:Unicode Consortium
6096:"Latin Extended-E"
5972:2011-10-03 at the
5949:"JanaSanskritSans"
5475:", Aula Hispanica.
5471:2018-08-14 at the
5306:The New York Times
5218:"The Kerning Game"
5166:"Flawed Typefaces"
5018:, occasionally in
4998:is represented in
4996:⟨fj⟩
4911:Glagolitic letters
4899:
3876:AV, av (with bar)
3776:LibreOffice Writer
3763:
3667:⟨fl⟩
3663:⟨fi⟩
3659:⟨ff⟩
3606:
3543:Japanese ligatures
3475:Chinese characters
3250:Chinese characters
3237:
3185:and were optional.
3116:a ligature of the
3103:desktop publishing
2957:Nabataean alphabet
2883:Some forms of the
2703:than when writing
2675:
2647:
2484:⟨ll⟩
2448:
2432:
2285:Oxyrhynchus Papyri
2221:
2170:⟨$ ⟩
2029:
1986:Unicode codepoints
1930:⟨av⟩
1890:⟨ng⟩
1886:⟨ʗh⟩
1882:⟨wh⟩
1878:⟨ʈh⟩
1874:⟨ʃh⟩
1870:⟨oi⟩
1866:⟨ou⟩
1862:⟨ee⟩
1709:⟨hv⟩
1698:⟨hw⟩
1688:(ƕ), used only in
1640:consonant, and in
1557:⟨uo⟩
1430:
1388:⟨ue⟩
1379:⟨ue⟩
1375:⟨oe⟩
1371:⟨ae⟩
1367:⟨uͤ⟩
1363:⟨oͤ⟩
1359:⟨aͤ⟩
1347:⟨ue⟩
1343:⟨oe⟩
1339:⟨ae⟩
1307:German orthography
1245:alphabetical order
1136:
1125:
1082:⟨oo⟩
1064:as opposed to the
946:, also called the
901:⟨Th⟩
897:⟨Qu⟩
893:⟨ct⟩
889:⟨ck⟩
885:⟨ch⟩
881:⟨ſt⟩
877:⟨st⟩
840:⟨tz⟩
836:⟨tʒ⟩
826:⟨ſz⟩
822:⟨ſʒ⟩
818:
795:⟨fl⟩
791:⟨fi⟩
777:(in words such as
760:
735:⟨ff⟩
725:German orthography
696:⟨ff⟩
676:⟨fy⟩
672:⟨fu⟩
668:⟨fh⟩
664:⟨fb⟩
660:⟨ft⟩
656:⟨fs⟩
652:⟨fr⟩
648:⟨fo⟩
644:⟨fe⟩
640:⟨fa⟩
620:⟨fj⟩
588:
492:desktop publishing
439:⟨fi⟩
431:
355:
283:Sumerian cuneiform
96:special characters
89:
73:⟨fi⟩
69:⟨ff⟩
65:⟨ft⟩
61:⟨fl⟩
47:
8019:
8018:
7766:Typographic units
7684:For position only
7583:
7582:
7435:
7434:
7012:
7011:
6883:
6882:
6731:
6730:
6517:Spelling alphabet
6379:. 4 February 2022
5967:'圕'字怎麼念?什麼意思?誰造的?
5904:Maunder, A. S. D.
5344:Natick Dictionary
5012:⟨j⟩
4871:
4870:
4237:
4236:
3590:⟨㎏⟩
3578:⟨㏍⟩
3568:⟨㍿⟩
3549:CJK Compatibility
3317:Chinese ligatures
3190:Chinese ligatures
3129:Japanese language
2955:derived from the
2951:, historically a
2876:(Ꚉꚉ ← Д + З) and
2713:Microsoft Windows
2683:Armenian alphabet
2593:⟨IJ⟩
2589:⟨ij⟩
2585:⟨y⟩
2581:⟨U⟩
2573:⟨IJ⟩
2347:⟨‽⟩
2328:, represents the
2297:horizontal stroke
2269:⟨Ƶ⟩
2265:horizontal stroke
2253:⟨κ⟩
2249:⟨ϕ⟩
2198:⟨₣⟩
2189:⟨₧⟩
2156:⟨a⟩
2152:⟨e⟩
2144:⟨d⟩
2128:⟨@⟩
2102:⟨#⟩
2044:⟨t⟩
2040:⟨E⟩
1938:⟨ꝏ⟩
1934:⟨ꜽ⟩
1926:⟨ꜻ⟩
1922:⟨ꜹ⟩
1918:⟨ꜷ⟩
1914:⟨ꜵ⟩
1910:⟨ꜳ⟩
1898:⟨h⟩
1894:⟨t⟩
1858:⟨ꭡ⟩
1854:⟨ᵫ⟩
1850:⟨œ⟩
1846:⟨æ⟩
1842:⟨ꜷ⟩
1758:⟨ƣ⟩
1740:⟨Ȣ⟩
1719:Patrologia Latina
1674:⟨s⟩
1664:. Similarly, the
1650:⟨n⟩
1569:⟨u⟩
1539:⟨o⟩
1510:⟨Þ⟩
1498:⟨y⟩
1486:⟨Þ⟩
1482:⟨y⟩
1474:⟨y⟩
1462:⟨t⟩
1458:⟨þ⟩
1450:⟨e⟩
1442:⟨þ⟩
1400:⟨u⟩
1396:⟨o⟩
1392:⟨a⟩
1384:⟨ü⟩
1351:⟨e⟩
1295:⟨œ⟩
1280:⟨E⟩
1276:⟨A⟩
1268:⟨Æ⟩
1260:⟨Æ⟩
1209:⟨æ⟩
1172:⟨W⟩
1164:⟨Ƿ⟩
1131:The ligatures of
1098:⟨Ȣ⟩
1094:⟨8⟩
1086:⟨ꝏ⟩
1048:to represent the
1046:⟨ꝏ⟩
980:, different from
938:⟨ß⟩
710:⟨f⟩
680:⟨f⟩
616:⟨f⟩
612:⟨f⟩
608:⟨i⟩
596:⟨fi⟩
592:⟨f⟩
447:⟨i⟩
443:⟨f⟩
419:⟨n⟩
415:⟨m⟩
411:⟨h⟩
407:⟨q⟩
395:⟨d⟩
391:⟨o⟩
387:⟨e⟩
383:⟨c⟩
379:⟨p⟩
375:⟨o⟩
371:⟨b⟩
251:⟨t⟩
247:⟨e⟩
235:⟨st⟩
231:⟨t⟩
227:⟨s⟩
223:⟨f⟩
219:⟨i⟩
211:⟨fi⟩
207:⟨i⟩
203:⟨f⟩
199:⟨e⟩
195:⟨o⟩
191:⟨e⟩
187:⟨a⟩
102:rendering support
44:⟨st⟩
40:⟨t⟩
36:⟨s⟩
16:(Redirected from
8054:
8009:
8008:
7986:Related template
7918:Related articles
7719:Phototypesetting
7573:reverse-contrast
7558:Display typeface
7515:
7492:Blackletter type
7448:
7447:
7385:Vertical aspects
7366:Sentence spacing
7176:Typeface anatomy
7172:
7171:
7039:
7032:
7025:
7016:
7015:
6743:
6742:
6727:
6720:
6713:
6706:
6699:
6692:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6657:
6650:
6643:
6636:
6629:
6622:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6594:
6587:
6580:
6573:
6566:
6559:
6552:
6535:
6534:
6431:
6424:
6417:
6408:
6407:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6373:
6367:
6366:
6348:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6328:. Archived from
6322:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6304:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6272:
6266:
6265:
6264:
6253:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6232:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6211:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6190:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6163:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6130:
6109:
6108:
6100:
6092:
6083:
6082:
6075:
6064:
6063:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6009:
6003:
5992:
5986:
5985:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5951:. Archived from
5945:
5939:
5938:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5900:
5894:
5893:
5849:
5840:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5798:
5785:
5780:
5774:
5772:
5760:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5725:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5699:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5649:"The Octothorpe"
5644:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5612:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5586:
5580:
5579:
5572:
5566:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5535:Everson, Michael
5531:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5513:
5488:
5482:
5476:
5466:Origen de la 'Ñ'
5462:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5443:. Archived from
5437:
5431:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5399:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5371:
5362:
5356:
5353:
5347:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5324:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5296:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5161:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5119:
5113:
5108:
5102:
5099:
5093:
5088:
5071:
5068:
5059:
5057:
5044:is written with
5043:
5037:
5031:
5013:
4997:
4994:The combination
4992:
4903:contemporary art
4881:Contemporary art
4660:tɕ (or tc curl)
4394:dʑ (or dz curl)
4278:
4277:
4243:for the digraph
3786:
3785:
3781:Noto Sans:liga=0
3726:operating system
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3698:common-ligatures
3695:
3691:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3640:
3636:
3633:, discretionary
3632:
3628:
3624:
3591:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3565:
3563:kabushiki gaisha
3559:
3558:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3472:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3444:
3428:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3371:
3370:
3364:
3354:
3342:
3341:
3335:
3327:
3310:
3309:
3304:
3294:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3234:
3233:
3218:
3217:
3211:
3209:Kǒng Mèng hàoxué
3205:
3101:, a widely used
3095:Nastaʿlīq script
3076:
3068:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3015:
3003:Aramaic alphabet
2994:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2943:
2939:
2913:
2909:
2901:
2848:(л, н) with the
2838:Serbian Language
2672:
2664:
2656:
2643:
2607:
2601:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2558:
2538:
2532:
2524:
2513:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2485:
2481:
2460:
2446:in various forms
2390:
2380:
2355:exclamation mark
2348:
2338:
2327:
2320:
2304:
2303:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2234:
2229:planetary symbol
2218:
2200:
2199:
2190:
2179:
2171:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2129:
2111:
2103:
2069:
2045:
2041:
2037:
1990:Latin Extended-E
1979:
1965:
1951:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1759:
1741:
1722:
1710:
1699:
1675:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1635:
1609:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1443:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1296:
1292:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1250:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1166:) was used, but
1165:
1150:
1133:Adobe Caslon Pro
1115:
1109:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1071:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1015:
1003:
997:
992:) and later SS (
991:
985:
979:
973:
967:
961:
951:
945:
939:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
867:
861:
847:
841:
837:
833:
827:
823:
815:
809:
796:
792:
788:
782:
746:
739:shelfful
736:
711:
697:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
601:
597:
593:
555:Microsoft Office
530:Jonathan Hoefler
470:phototypesetting
448:
444:
440:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
402:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
258:
252:
248:
244:
236:
232:
228:
224:
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212:
208:
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200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
176:
139:
136:
135:
132:
128:
126:
122:
74:
70:
66:
62:
45:
41:
37:
21:
8062:
8061:
8057:
8056:
8055:
8053:
8052:
8051:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8015:
7997:
7981:
7913:
7873:writing systems
7872:
7866:
7820:
7760:
7704:Microtypography
7643:
7579:
7541:
7518:
7486:
7443:classifications
7442:
7431:
7380:
7334:
7300:Blackboard bold
7286:
7238:
7161:
7111:
7102:Recto and verso
7048:
7043:
7013:
7008:
6990:
6964:
6933:
6879:
6865:
6847:
6824:
6732:
6723:
6716:
6709:
6702:
6695:
6688:
6681:
6674:
6667:
6660:
6653:
6646:
6639:
6632:
6625:
6618:
6611:
6604:
6597:
6590:
6583:
6576:
6569:
6562:
6555:
6548:
6543:
6539:Letters of the
6521:
6473:
6440:
6435:
6398:
6393:
6392:
6382:
6380:
6375:
6374:
6370:
6363:
6349:
6345:
6335:
6333:
6324:
6323:
6319:
6311:
6305:
6298:
6289:
6287:
6273:
6269:
6262:
6254:
6247:
6239:
6233:
6226:
6218:
6212:
6205:
6197:
6191:
6178:
6170:
6164:
6145:
6137:
6131:
6112:
6098:
6094:
6093:
6086:
6077:
6076:
6067:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6021:
6019:
6011:
6010:
6006:
6002:, 2011 August 2
5993:
5989:
5983:
5974:Wayback Machine
5964:
5960:
5947:
5946:
5942:
5931:
5927:
5908:The Observatory
5901:
5897:
5866:10.2307/1217734
5847:
5841:
5834:
5824:
5822:
5815:
5799:
5788:
5781:
5777:
5769:
5751:
5747:
5737:
5735:
5727:
5726:
5722:
5712:
5710:
5701:
5700:
5696:
5686:
5684:
5674:
5670:
5663:
5645:
5641:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5613:
5609:
5599:
5597:
5587:
5583:
5553:
5549:
5541:
5532:
5528:
5520:
5514:
5491:
5483:
5479:
5473:Wayback Machine
5463:
5459:
5450:
5448:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5427:
5423:
5412:
5397:
5391:
5387:
5380:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5354:
5350:
5341:
5337:
5325:
5321:
5311:
5309:
5297:
5293:
5283:
5281:
5271:Loretan, Mico.
5269:
5265:
5258:
5240:
5236:
5226:
5224:
5214:
5210:
5200:
5198:
5188:
5184:
5174:
5172:
5162:
5158:
5148:
5146:
5139:
5135:
5120:
5116:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5062:
5038:
5034:
5022:) or an affix (
5011:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4975:Greek ligatures
4923:
4883:
4786:superscript tʃ
4708:superscript ts
4676:superscript tɕ
4582:superscript lʒ
4550:superscript lz
4518:superscript ls
4470:Superscript fŋ
4306:superscript ae
4276:
4202:U+A7D6, U+A7D7
4188:U+A760, U+A761
4174:U+0057, U+0077
4132:U+A728, U+A729
4090:U+1E9E, U+00DF
4056:U+A74E, U+A74F
4042:U+0152, U+0153
4025:U+1EFA, U+1EFB
3994:U+01F6, U+0195
3896:U+A73C, U+A73D
3882:U+A73A, U+A73B
3868:U+A738, U+A739
3854:U+A736, U+A737
3840:U+A734, U+A735
3826:U+00C6, U+00E6
3809:U+A732, U+A733
3718:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3683:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3655:Computer Modern
3647:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3598:
3589:
3577:
3567:
3545:
3438:Grass Mud Horse
3379:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3355:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3328:
3319:
3318:
3246:Written Chinese
3243:
3220:
3192:
2949:Arabic alphabet
2892:Hebrew alphabet
2747:Cyrillic script
2724:Georgian script
2628:
2626:Greek ligatures
2618:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2572:
2552:
2545:
2483:
2475:
2454:
2409:
2388:balneum vaporis
2385:); 🝬 (VB, for
2375:); 🝫 (MB, for
2346:
2336:
2332:in surveying.
2325:
2318:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2232:
2209:
2197:
2196:
2188:
2177:
2169:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2127:
2101:
2097:Similarly, the
2067:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2026:humanist script
2014:
1988:(in code block
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1897:
1893:
1892:and a reversed
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1786:
1757:
1752:
1739:
1729:
1708:
1697:
1694:Gothic language
1690:transliteration
1682:
1673:
1649:
1629:
1616:
1568:
1556:
1553:Runa: ABC-Boken
1549:Johannes Bureus
1538:
1530:
1518:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1481:
1473:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1448:) with a small
1441:
1416:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1322:
1314:
1303:
1294:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1259:
1248:
1219:) when used in
1208:
1200:
1197:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1144:
1141:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1045:
1023:
937:
930:
924:
905:Linux Libertine
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
839:
835:
825:
821:
794:
790:
734:
709:
695:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
599:
595:
591:
578:
573:
567:
446:
442:
438:
418:
414:
410:
406:
400:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
335:diacritic marks
279:
269:
250:
246:
242:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
178:
170:
147:
146:
145:
137:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
111:
110:
109:
100:Without proper
87:bold condensed)
72:
68:
64:
60:
43:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8060:
8050:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8017:
8016:
8014:
8013:
8002:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7995:
7989:
7987:
7983:
7982:
7980:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7943:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7921:
7919:
7915:
7914:
7912:
7911:
7910:
7909:
7907:National Fonts
7899:
7894:
7893:
7892:
7882:
7876:
7874:
7868:
7867:
7865:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7852:Web typography
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7828:
7826:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7818:
7813:
7812:
7811:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7770:
7768:
7762:
7761:
7759:
7758:
7757:
7756:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7729:Reversing type
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7675:
7674:
7669:
7659:
7653:
7651:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7625:
7624:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7598:
7596:
7585:
7584:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7577:
7576:
7575:
7570:
7565:
7555:
7549:
7547:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7534:
7528:
7526:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7516:
7507:
7502:
7496:
7494:
7488:
7487:
7485:
7484:
7479:
7478:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7456:
7454:
7445:
7437:
7436:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7388:
7386:
7382:
7381:
7379:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7356:Letter-spacing
7353:
7348:
7342:
7340:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7310:Color printing
7307:
7302:
7296:
7294:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7248:
7246:
7244:Capitalization
7240:
7239:
7237:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7180:
7178:
7169:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7121:
7119:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7082:Page numbering
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7058:
7056:
7050:
7049:
7042:
7041:
7034:
7027:
7019:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7006:
7001:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6972:
6970:
6966:
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6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6941:
6939:
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6932:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6895:
6893:
6885:
6884:
6881:
6880:
6875:
6873:
6867:
6866:
6864:
6863:
6857:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6845:
6840:
6834:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6751:
6749:
6740:
6734:
6733:
6729:
6728:
6721:
6714:
6707:
6700:
6693:
6686:
6679:
6672:
6665:
6658:
6651:
6644:
6637:
6630:
6623:
6616:
6609:
6602:
6595:
6588:
6581:
6574:
6567:
6560:
6553:
6545:
6544:
6538:
6533:
6531:
6523:
6522:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6507:
6499:
6494:
6488:
6486:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6471:
6466:
6464:Roman numerals
6461:
6456:
6451:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6434:
6433:
6426:
6419:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6397:
6396:External links
6394:
6391:
6390:
6368:
6361:
6343:
6317:
6296:
6267:
6245:
6224:
6203:
6176:
6143:
6110:
6084:
6065:
6047:
6029:
6004:
5987:
5979:Sing Tao Daily
5958:
5955:on 2011-07-16.
5940:
5925:
5895:
5860:(4): 109–113.
5832:
5813:
5786:
5775:
5767:
5745:
5733:dictionary.com
5720:
5709:. 24 June 2010
5694:
5668:
5661:
5639:
5607:
5595:The New Yorker
5581:
5547:
5526:
5489:
5477:
5457:
5432:
5421:
5410:
5385:
5378:
5357:
5348:
5335:
5319:
5291:
5263:
5256:
5234:
5208:
5182:
5170:Print magazine
5156:
5143:"Hoefler Text"
5133:
5114:
5103:
5094:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5060:
5032:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4960:
4954:
4948:
4945:Letter spacing
4942:
4936:
4930:
4922:
4919:
4889:An example of
4882:
4879:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4825:𝼗
4823:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4811:𝼜
4809:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4797:𐞮
4795:
4792:
4787:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4751:𐞭
4749:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4719:𐞬
4717:
4714:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4687:𐞫
4685:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4661:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4625:𐞟
4623:
4620:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4609:𝼅
4607:
4604:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4593:𐞞
4591:
4588:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4567:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4497:𝼀
4495:
4492:
4487:
4486:fŋ with trill
4483:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4449:𝼙
4447:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4435:𝼒
4433:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4315:𐞃
4313:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4301:𐞀
4299:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4275:
4269:
4255:, and for the
4235:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4137:
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4133:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4006:
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3999:
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3989:
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3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3913:🙰
3911:
3908:
3905:
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3897:
3894:
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3877:
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3827:
3824:
3818:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3766:Microsoft Word
3755:Microsoft Word
3717:
3714:
3682:
3679:
3646:
3643:
3597:
3594:
3544:
3541:
3492:"centimeter" (
3365:
3356:
3349:
3348:
3336:
3333:zhāocái jìnbǎo
3329:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3302:zhāocái jìnbǎo
3212:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3175:
3168:
3151:; and one for
3133:kana ligatures
3125:
3110:
3088:
2996:
2945:
2894:, the letters
2888:
2881:
2820:, the letters
2762:
2743:Greek alphabet
2739:
2720:
2686:
2617:
2614:
2544:
2541:
2438:Comparison of
2423:" ligature in
2408:
2405:
2378:balneum Mariae
2185:Spanish peseta
2070:, pronounced "
2046:, forming the
2024:ligature in a
2013:
2010:
1972:Medieval Welsh
1944:languages for
1905:
1904:Rare ligatures
1902:
1833:
1830:
1785:
1782:
1751:
1748:
1744:Greek alphabet
1728:
1725:
1715:in the 1860s (
1696:, resembles a
1681:
1678:
1615:
1612:
1517:
1514:
1506:William Caxton
1415:
1414:Middle English
1412:
1357:, for example
1302:
1299:
1272:Medieval Latin
1199:The character
1196:
1193:
1153:Latin alphabet
1143:As the letter
1140:
1137:
1022:
1021:Massachusett ꝏ
1019:
926:Main article:
923:
920:
765:distinguishes
682:followed by a
577:
574:
566:
565:Latin alphabet
563:
468:. Inexpensive
349:" and "broken
268:
265:
138:are used here,
114:
113:
112:
104:, you may see
92:
91:
90:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8059:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8029:
8027:
8012:
8004:
8003:
8000:
7994:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7984:
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7908:
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7900:
7898:
7895:
7891:
7888:
7887:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7877:
7875:
7869:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7857:Bézier curves
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7842:Rasterization
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7823:
7817:
7814:
7810:
7807:
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7725:
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7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7699:Microprinting
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7664:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7657:Etaoin shrdlu
7655:
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7640:
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7623:
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6427:
6425:
6420:
6418:
6413:
6412:
6409:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6378:
6372:
6364:
6362:9780295981437
6358:
6354:
6347:
6331:
6327:
6321:
6310:
6303:
6301:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6271:
6261:
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6252:
6250:
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6196:
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6183:
6181:
6169:
6162:
6160:
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6152:
6150:
6148:
6136:
6129:
6127:
6125:
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6119:
6117:
6115:
6106:
6105:
6097:
6091:
6089:
6080:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6061:
6057:
6051:
6043:
6039:
6033:
6018:
6014:
6008:
6001:
5997:
5994:Victor Mair,
5991:
5981:
5980:
5975:
5971:
5968:
5962:
5954:
5950:
5944:
5936:
5929:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5899:
5892:
5889:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5854:
5846:
5839:
5837:
5820:
5816:
5814:9780871692337
5810:
5806:
5805:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5784:
5779:
5770:
5768:0-486-67766-4
5764:
5759:
5758:
5749:
5734:
5730:
5724:
5708:
5704:
5698:
5683:
5679:
5672:
5664:
5662:9780393064421
5658:
5654:
5650:
5643:
5636:
5620:
5619:
5611:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5578:
5576:
5571:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5540:
5536:
5530:
5519:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5486:
5481:
5474:
5470:
5467:
5461:
5447:on 2010-01-24
5446:
5442:
5436:
5430:
5425:
5418:
5413:
5411:9780367581565
5407:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5381:
5379:9780226103891
5375:
5370:
5369:
5361:
5352:
5345:
5339:
5332:
5331:
5323:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5295:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5267:
5259:
5257:0-201-39825-7
5253:
5249:
5247:
5238:
5223:
5219:
5212:
5197:
5193:
5186:
5171:
5167:
5160:
5144:
5137:
5129:
5125:
5118:
5112:
5107:
5098:
5092:
5087:
5083:
5067:
5065:
5056:
5051:
5047:
5042:
5036:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4991:
4987:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4896:
4892:
4887:
4878:
4876:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4853:ꭑ
4852:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4839:ꭐ
4838:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4772:
4770:tʃ (or tesh)
4769:
4768:
4765:ꭧ
4764:
4761:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4735:ꭧ
4734:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4697:
4694:
4692:ts (or tess)
4691:
4690:
4686:
4681:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4639:ꭀ
4638:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4624:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4568:
4566:lʒ (or lezh)
4565:
4564:
4561:𐞚
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4529:𐞙
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4507:
4504:
4502:ls (or less)
4501:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4481:𐞐
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4456:
4454:fŋ (or feng)
4453:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4415:
4412:
4410:dʒ (or dezh)
4409:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4389:ꭦ
4388:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4343:ꭁ
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4329:ꬱ
4328:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4279:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4258:
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4250:
4246:
4242:
4232:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4163:ꭣ
4162:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4149:ᵫ
4148:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4121:ſt
4120:
4114:
4110:
4107:st
4106:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:ꭢ
4072:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3983:fl
3982:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3969:fi
3968:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3955:ffl
3954:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3941:ffi
3940:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3927:ff
3926:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3789:Non-ligature
3788:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3713:
3687:
3678:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3637:and required
3629:, contextual
3625:, historical
3619:
3615:
3611:
3602:
3593:
3587:
3583:
3574:
3564:
3553:
3550:
3540:
3513:
3490:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3439:
3435:
3434:internet meme
3430:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3386:
3363:
3362:
3353:
3334:
3326:
3312:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3283:
3272:
3266:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3228:
3224:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3072:
3064:
3053:
3042:
3023:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2982:
2972:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2905:
2902:) and
2897:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2880:(Ꚅꚅ ← З + Ж).
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2699:when writing
2698:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2668:
2665:) and
2660:
2651:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2578:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2540:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2522:
2515:
2514:(colleague).
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2489:
2479:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2383:double boiler
2379:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:question mark
2345:
2340:
2333:
2331:
2330:property line
2322:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2242:
2238:
2231:for Mercury (
2230:
2226:
2216:
2213:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2154:encasing the
2149:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2100:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2034:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:to represent
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:to represent
1959:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1901:
1839:
1829:
1815:
1807:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1778:central Asian
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1747:
1745:
1738:
1735:had a unique
1734:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:palatal nasal
1633:
1627:
1623:
1622:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1591:Modern German
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1460:with a small
1455:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1356:
1353:written as a
1334:
1326:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1290:
1283:
1282:separately.
1273:
1265:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1187:
1179:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1134:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1053:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1002:
1001:MASSE
996:
990:
989:MASSE
984:
983:Masse
978:
977:MASZE
972:
966:
960:
955:
950:
944:
935:
929:
919:
917:
913:
908:
906:
873:
872:– see below.
871:
866:
860:
855:
851:
846:
832:
814:
813:Bersarinplatz
808:
802:
798:
787:
781:
776:
772:
768:
764:
756:
752:
750:
745:
740:
732:
731:
726:
722:
717:
715:
708:
704:
699:
693:
689:
685:
605:
584:
580:
572:
562:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:Martin Majoor
519:
515:
511:
505:
502:
498:
493:
488:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
436:
427:
423:
368:
364:
360:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
302:
298:
295:
291:
288:
284:
278:
274:
264:
262:
257:
240:
237:. The common
216:
182:
174:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
143:
117:
107:
103:
99:
97:
86:
82:
78:
75:; in 20
58:
55:
51:
32:
19:
8037:Palaeography
7957:Type foundry
7794:Metric units
7724:Punchcutting
7709:Movable type
7679:Font catalog
7639:Vertical bar
7376:Word spacing
7346:Figure space
7229:Text figures
7208:
7072:Even working
7004:Palaeography
6459:Romanization
6438:Latin script
6381:. Retrieved
6371:
6352:
6346:
6336:November 14,
6334:. Retrieved
6330:the original
6320:
6288:. Retrieved
6280:
6270:
6258:
6102:
6059:
6050:
6041:
6032:
6020:. Retrieved
6016:
6007:
6000:Language Log
5999:
5990:
5984:(in Chinese)
5977:
5961:
5953:the original
5943:
5934:
5928:
5911:
5907:
5898:
5885:
5857:
5851:
5825:28 September
5823:. Retrieved
5803:
5778:
5756:
5748:
5736:. Retrieved
5732:
5723:
5711:. Retrieved
5706:
5697:
5685:. Retrieved
5681:
5671:
5652:
5642:
5622:
5617:
5610:
5598:. Retrieved
5594:
5584:
5561:The Italian
5560:
5556:
5550:
5529:
5484:
5480:
5460:
5449:. Retrieved
5445:the original
5435:
5424:
5415:
5401:
5388:
5367:
5360:
5351:
5343:
5338:
5322:
5310:. Retrieved
5304:
5294:
5282:. Retrieved
5276:
5266:
5243:
5237:
5227:21 September
5225:. Retrieved
5221:
5211:
5201:21 September
5199:. Retrieved
5196:Typographica
5195:
5192:"Hunt Roman"
5185:
5173:. Retrieved
5169:
5159:
5147:. Retrieved
5136:
5127:
5117:
5106:
5097:
5086:
5055:Schiff-Fahrt
5045:
5035:
4990:
4900:
4872:
4781:ʧ
4703:ʦ
4671:ʨ
4655:ȹ
4577:ɮ
4545:ʫ
4513:ʪ
4465:ʩ
4421:ʤ
4405:ʥ
4375:ʣ
4359:ȸ
4238:
4093:ß
3780:
3774:
3764:
3738:
3719:
3684:
3648:
3607:
3581:
3546:
3466:
3431:
3380:
3286:
3244:
3082:
2970:
2931:
2919:
2916:Judeo-Arabic
2676:
2638:
2546:
2516:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2427:rendered by
2420:
2392:
2359:
2341:
2334:
2323:
2272:
2222:
2219:(kappa-rho).
2193:French franc
2182:
2164:
2147:
2142:", with the
2139:
2135:
2131:
2122:
2096:
2084:Trebuchet MS
2051:
2030:
2021:
1907:
1835:
1787:
1776:) and other
1753:
1737:o-u ligature
1730:
1702:philologists
1683:
1646:nasalization
1619:
1617:
1555:(1611). The
1552:
1521:
1519:
1489:
1478:movable type
1453:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1423:
1304:
1284:
1264:encyclopædia
1253:
1207:(lower case
1198:
1142:
1075:
1073:
1059:
1057:
1024:
974:"measure" →
953:
931:
909:
874:
842:("sharp t",
828:("sharp s",
819:
774:
761:
738:
728:
718:
700:
589:
579:
559:
538:Zuzana Licko
526:Hoefler Text
510:Donald Knuth
506:
489:
486:& et al.
459:
432:
356:
350:
346:
342:
338:
280:
158:
148:
115:
93:
81:Didot points
34:The letters
7952:Type design
7947:Style guide
7940:Calligraphy
7930:Handwriting
7744:Type design
7694:Lorem ipsum
7689:Letterpress
7649:Typesetting
7589:Punctuation
7553:Record type
7524:Gaelic type
7512:Schwabacher
7402:Body height
7267:Letter case
7135:Line length
6945:ISO/IEC 646
6871:Pentagraphs
6853:Tetragraphs
6738:Multigraphs
6285:Unicode Inc
6022:24 November
5914:: 238–247.
5575:avoirdupois
5284:17 November
5244:A Guide to
5149:29 November
5046:fff
4867:ɯ
4241:code points
3974:fl
3960:fi
3918:ff
3641:ligatures.
2981:lām + ʼalif
2969:, tripled (
2963:, isolated
2751:Ou (letter)
2577:Netherlands
2344:interrobang
2275:. Saturn's
2201:(from Fr).
2167:dollar sign
2150:, with the
2120:indicator.
2116:and as the
2108:libra pondo
2099:number sign
2006:Americanist
1994:Teuthonista
1780:languages.
1774:Azerbaijani
1727:Byzantine Ȣ
1684:The letter
1285:Similarly,
1270:comes from
1233:Old English
1157:Old English
1029:created by
916:Chamberlain
862:or ends in
854:blackletter
771:dotless "I"
497:compositors
435:handwriting
367:blackletter
316:handwriting
213:(where the
8047:Typography
8026:Categories
7925:Penmanship
7897:East Asian
7739:Type color
7672:monospaced
7629:Interpunct
7622:minus sign
7546:Specialist
7482:Sans-serif
7475:slab serif
7452:Roman type
7407:Cap height
7371:Thin space
7330:Whitespace
7282:Title case
7277:Snake case
7272:Small caps
7257:Camel case
7189:Diacritics
7097:Pull quote
7092:Pagination
7087:Paper size
7046:Typography
6999:Diacritics
6383:10 October
6290:2009-05-29
6060:CSS Portal
5600:16 October
5451:2010-02-05
5273:"Selnolig"
5078:References
4915:euro coins
4844:turned ui
3710:contextual
3504:meter) or
3385:Du Dingyou
3284:for more.
3239:See also:
3198:A Chinese
3183:bind-runes
3122:initialism
3069:, (
3050: +
3020: +
2983:isolated:
2885:Glagolitic
2697:Devanagari
2636:Devanagari
2620:See also:
2571:uppercase
2569:Sans serif
2453:, such as
2415:Uppercase
2373:aqua vitae
2369:aqua regia
2251:(phi) and
2000:alphabet,
1812:, and the
1733:Byzantines
1723:vol. 18).
1666:circumflex
1642:Portuguese
1492:", as in '
1254:In modern
1182:glyphs or
1031:John Eliot
952:, meaning
949:scharfes S
912:Eisenhower
678:, and for
474:journeyman
271:See also:
253:(spelling
233:to create
155:typography
7422:Overshoot
7417:Mean line
7412:Descender
7325:Underline
7167:Character
7145:Runaround
7125:Alignment
7117:Paragraph
6938:Standards
6830:Trigraphs
6526:Letters (
6479:Alphabets
6469:Ligatures
5729:"at sign"
5707:Webopedia
5312:20 August
5128:ThoughtCo
5028:Hungarian
5024:Hungarian
5020:Esperanto
5016:Norwegian
5002:only in "
4281:Ligature
3792:Ligature
3759:Gill Sans
3426:túshūguǎn
3410:túshūguǎn
3381:In 1924,
3254:morphemes
3223:Confucius
3071:Madhnhaya
2922:(written
2850:soft sign
2794:decimal I
2726:includes
2673:).
2561:lowercase
2488:collation
2429:Omega TeX
2425:Helvetica
2225:astronomy
2134:(meaning
2072:et cetera
2033:ampersand
1998:Anthropos
1798:ʣ,ʤ,ʥ,ʦ,ʧ
1559:ligature
1527:diacritic
1512:did not.
1436:(written
1355:diacritic
1229:Icelandic
1225:Norwegian
1090:Wampanoag
986:"mass" →
707:lowercase
684:full stop
634:(ffi), and
534:Mrs Eaves
462:Gill Sans
331:sicilicus
325:Doubles (
304:bind rune
273:Bind rune
239:ampersand
163:graphemes
142:this page
54:Wood type
8011:Category
7890:PT Fonts
7885:Cyrillic
7749:Typeface
7667:computer
7568:fat face
7441:Typeface
7427:x-height
7397:Baseline
7392:Ascender
7252:All caps
7214:Rotation
7209:Ligature
7204:Ink trap
6747:Digraphs
5970:Archived
5888:Scaliger
5882:87030547
5819:Archived
5469:Archived
5248:, 3rd Ed
4957:Monogram
4921:See also
4822:U+1DF17
4808:U+1DF1C
4794:U+107AE
4748:U+107AD
4716:U+107AC
4684:U+107AB
4622:U+1079F
4606:U+1DF05
4590:U+1079E
4558:U+1079A
4526:U+10799
4494:U+1DF00
4478:U+10790
4446:U+1DF19
4432:U+1DF12
4312:U+10783
4298:U+10780
4284:Unicode
4261:digraphs
4251:digraph
3910:U+1F670
3795:Unicode
3610:OpenType
3586:kilogram
3498:centi-,
3479:SI units
3421:morpheme
3177:In many
3153:katakana
3137:hiragana
3107:Nastaliq
3057:/
3046:/
3027:/
3016:/
2944:.
2938:אַללַּהּ
2840:, being
2701:Sanskrit
2693:abugidas
2557:⟩
2553:⟨
2543:Dutch IJ
2511:col·lega
2480:⟩
2476:⟨
2459:⟩
2455:⟨
2451:Digraphs
2407:Digraphs
2397:overline
2241:caduceus
2217:⟩
2210:⟨
2178: US
2092:Garamond
2088:Civilité
2064:logogram
2008:usage).
1966:(a long
1952:(a long
1928:(barred
1750:Gha (OI)
1634:⟩
1630:⟨
1544:de facto
1535:⟩
1531:⟨
1386:or with
1335:⟩
1331:⟨
1327:⟩
1323:⟨
1319:⟩
1315:⟨
1311:umlauted
1291:⟩
1287:⟨
1205:⟩
1201:⟨
1188:⟩
1184:⟨
1180:⟩
1176:⟨
1149:⟩
1145:⟨
1139:Letter W
1113:seep8ash
1107:seepꝏash
1100:used in
922:German ß
870:German ß
721:morpheme
543:OpenType
518:FF Scala
478:German ß
403:⟩
399:⟨
301:Germanic
299:and the
297:abugidas
290:hieratic
287:Egyptian
183:⟩
179:⟨
175:⟩
171:⟨
159:ligature
131:/ /
125:| |
121:⟨ ⟩
7837:Hinting
7714:Pangram
7532:Insular
7505:Rotunda
7500:Fraktur
7465:Antiqua
7351:Kerning
7320:Oblique
7315:Italics
7262:Initial
7194:Dingbat
7184:Counter
7130:Leading
6950:Unicode
6919:Colemak
6510:X-SAMPA
6449:History
5916:Bibcode
5874:1217734
5330:Ausgabe
5175:30 June
5006:" and "
5000:English
4939:Kerning
4913:ⰘⰓ for
4907:Xu Bing
4891:Xu Bing
4864:U+026F
4850:U+AB51
4836:U+AB50
4778:U+02A7
4762:U+AB67
4732:U+AB67
4700:U+02A6
4668:U+02A8
4652:U+0239
4636:U+AB40
4574:U+026E
4542:U+02AB
4510:U+02AA
4462:U+02A9
4418:U+02A4
4402:U+02A5
4386:U+AB66
4372:U+02A3
4356:U+0238
4340:U+AB41
4326:U+AB31
4230:U+A7D3
4216:U+A7D5
4182:VY, vy
4168:VV, vv
4160:U+AB63
4146:U+1D6B
4126:TZ, tz
4118:U+FB05
4104:U+FB06
4078:ſs, ſz
4070:U+AB62
4050:OO, oo
4033:OE, oe
4008:U+2114
3988:Hv, hv
3980:U+FB02
3966:U+FB01
3952:U+FB04
3938:U+FB03
3924:U+FB00
3890:AY, ay
3862:AV, av
3848:AU, au
3834:AO, ao
3817:AE, ae
3803:AA, aa
3745:symbols
3740:Unicode
3730:browser
3722:Unicode
3552:Unicode
3461:Cǎonímǎ
3361:Cǎonímǎ
3291:chūntiē
3280:); see
3227:Mencius
3202:chéngyǔ
2953:cursive
2947:In the
2890:In the
2790:Iotated
2690:Brahmic
2565:Zapfino
2463:Spanish
2401:amalgam
2361:Alchemy
2295:with a
2263:with a
2237:Mercury
2148:each at
2125:at sign
2118:hashtag
2080:Univers
2060:English
2058:and in
1996:), the
1772:(e.g.,
1766:Unicode
1706:digraph
1692:of the
1655:Espanna
1626:Spanish
1606:kroužek
1494:Ye Olde
1470:cursive
1408:Finnish
1313:vowels
1195:Æ and Œ
1102:Abenaki
959:Es-zett
954:sharp s
936:letter
850:Fraktur
848:) from
763:Turkish
606:of the
551:Windows
294:Brahmic
267:History
217:on the
151:writing
7880:Arabic
7779:Cicero
7617:Hyphen
7602:Bullet
7563:script
7537:Uncial
7470:Didone
7234:Tittle
7077:Margin
7067:Column
6914:Dvorak
6909:AZERTY
6904:QWERTZ
6899:QWERTY
6454:Spread
6359:
5880:
5872:
5811:
5765:
5738:9 June
5713:9 June
5687:9 June
5659:
5633:
5631:number
5629:
5625:
5564:libbra
5408:
5376:
5254:
4247:, the
3708:, and
3673:, and
3614:glyphs
3512:qiānwǎ
3452:, and
3436:, the
3099:InPage
3011:Lamadh
3007:Arabic
2999:Syriac
2868:. The
2856:, and
2738:(vie).
2717:virama
2709:Mangal
2641:ddhrya
2508:as in
2496:as in
2471:italic
2399:, for
2307:Cronus
2302:Κρονος
2227:, the
2086:, and
2076:Futura
2068:&c
2056:French
1942:Nordic
1804:. One
1770:Turkic
1670:French
1661:España
1571:(e.g.
1329:, and
1309:, the
1301:Umlaut
1237:letter
1221:Danish
1168:Norman
965:Eszett
943:Eszett
934:German
865:-platz
845:tezett
834:) and
831:eszett
767:dotted
692:hyphen
604:tittle
466:Futura
417:, and
377:, and
215:tittle
133:, and
85:Futura
79:= 240
77:Cicero
7804:Point
7774:Agate
7634:Space
7460:Serif
7361:Pitch
7224:Swash
7199:Glyph
7140:River
6969:Lists
6877:tzsch
6312:(PDF)
6263:(PDF)
6240:(PDF)
6219:(PDF)
6198:(PDF)
6171:(PDF)
6138:(PDF)
6099:(PDF)
6042:CSSWG
5878:S2CID
5870:JSTOR
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