253:'s light field sensor uses an array of micro-lenses placed in front of an otherwise conventional image sensor; to sense intensity, color, and directional information. Software then uses this data to create displayable 2D or 3D images. Lytro trades maximum 2D resolution, at a given distance, for enhanced resolution at other distances. Users can convert the Lytro camera's proprietary image into a regular 2D image file, at any desired focal distance. The maximum Illum 2D resolution is 2450 Ă— 1634 (4.0 megapixels), The 3D light field resolution is 40 "megarays". It has a maximum 2D resolution of 1080 Ă— 1080 pixels (roughly 1.2
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In some cases this may be the entire 2D image field. Users also are able to "refocus" 2D images at particular distances for artistic effects. The Illum allows the "refocus-able" and "Focus
Spreadable" range to be selected using the optical focus and zoom rings on the lens. The Illum also features "focus bracketing" to extend the refocusable range by capturing 3 or 5 consecutive images at different depths.
195:: Because there is less need to focus the lens before taking a picture, a light field camera can capture images more quickly than conventional point-and-shoot digital cameras. This is an advantage in sports photography, for example, where many pictures are lost because the camera’s auto-focus system cannot precisely track a fast moving subject.
365:
and uses a printed film (mask) placed close to the sensor. Any hand-held camera can be converted into a light field camera using this technology by simply inserting a low-cost film on top of the sensor. A mask-based design avoids the problem of loss of resolution, since a high-resolution photo can be
305:
A later prototype added a light field illumination system consisting of a video projector (allowing computational control of illumination) and a second microlens array in the illumination light path of the microscope. The addition of a light field illumination system both allowed for additional types
188:
and "refocusing": Lytro's "Focus Spread" feature allows the depth of field (depth of focus) of a 2 dimensional representation of a Lytro image to be adjusted after a picture has been taken. Instead of setting the focus at a particular distance, "Focus Spread" allows more of a 2D image to be in focus.
133:
Computer
Graphics Laboratory used a 16-megapixel camera to demonstrate that pictures can be refocused after they are taken. The system used a 90,000-microlens array, yielding a resolution of 90 kilopixels. Research has shown that its maximum baseline is confined to the main lens entrance pupil size
423:
Lytro
Desktop is a cross-platform application to render light field photographs taken by Lytro cameras. It remains closed source and is not maintained since Google’s acquisition of Lytro. Several open-source tools have been released meanwhile. A Matlab tool for Lytro-type camera processing can be
228:
to create a different focal length. Each metalens was rectangular in shape. The light is routed separately through the shorter and longer sides of the rectangle, producing two focal points in the image. Differences among the metalenses were corrected algorithmically.
134:
which is small relative to stereoscopic setups. This implies that the "standard plenoptic camera" may be intended for close-range applications as it exhibits increased depth resolution at distances that can be metrically predicted based on the camera's parameters.
393:
The modification of standard digital cameras requires little more than suitable sheets of micro-lens material, hence a number of hobbyists have produced cameras whose images can be processed to give either selective depth of field or direction information.
86:". Lippmann's experimental results included crude integral photographs made by using a plastic sheet embossed with a regular array of microlenses, or by partially embedding small glass beads, closely packed in a random pattern, into the surface of the
402:
In a 2017 study, researchers observed that incorporation of light field photographed images into an online anatomy module did not result in better learning outcomes compared to an identical module with traditional photographs of dissected cadavers.
57:
emanating from a scene; that is, the intensity of light in a scene, and also the precise direction that the light rays are traveling in space. This contrasts with conventional cameras, which record only light intensity at various wavelengths.
208:: Since a plenoptic camera records depth information, 3D views can be constructed in software from a single plenoptic image capture. 3D views are different from solely stereo images in this case. Stereo images may also be constructed.
406:
Plenoptic cameras are good for imaging fast-moving objects that outstrip autofocus capabilities, and for imaging objects where autofocus is not practical such as with security cameras. A recording from a
171:
and loss of boundary pixels seen in microlens arrays, and allows greater spatial resolution. However, the mask-based design reduces the amount of light that reaches the image sensor, reducing brightness.
142:
Lumsdaine and
Georgiev described a design in which the microlens array can be positioned before or behind the focal plane of the main lens. This modification samples the light field in a way that trades
1397:
Pascoe, Michael A.; Lee, Lisa M.J. (September 2017). "Incorporation of Light Field
Photography into an Online Anatomy Resource Does Not Influence Student Quiz Performance or Perceptions of Usability".
61:
One type uses an array of micro-lenses placed in front of an otherwise conventional image sensor to sense intensity, color, and directional information. Multi-camera arrays are another type. A
383:
A collaboration between
University of Bedfordshire and ARRI resulted in a custom-made plenoptic camera with a ray model for the validation of light-field geometries and real object distances.
702:
Ashok
Veeraraghavan, Ramesh Raskar, Amit Agrawal, Ankit Mohan and Jack Tumblin. Dappled Photography: Mask Enhanced Cameras for Heterodyned Light Fields and Coded Aperture Refocusing.
151:. With this design, images can be refocused with a much higher spatial resolution than images from a standard plenoptic camera. However, the lower angular resolution can introduce
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has thin multi-camera array systems intended for consumer electronics. Pelican's systems use from 4 to 16 closely spaced micro-cameras instead of a micro-lens array image sensor.
105:
is positioned slightly behind the microlenses. Using such images, the displacement of image parts that are not in focus can be analyzed and depth information can be extracted.
347:
estimation. From a single shot it can produce images focused at different distances, depth maps, all-in-focus images and stereo pairs. A similar optical design can be used in
839:
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is a GUI-based application considering Lytro's and custom-built plenoptic cameras with cross-platform compatibility and the source code being made available online.
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in 2014. Pelican moved to designing supplementary cameras that add depth-sensing capabilities to a device's main camera, rather than stand-alone array cameras.
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of the scene in focus using 19 uniquely configured lenses. Each lens takes a 5.2-megapixel photo of the scene. Each image can be focused later in any way.
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used by researchers to compare designs. By definition it has microlenses placed one focal length away from the image plane of a sensor. In 2004, a team at
1344:
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892:
Fan, Qingbin; Xu, Weizhu; Hu, Xuemei; Zhu, Wenqi; Yue, Tao; Zhang, Cheng; Yan, Feng; Chen, Lu; Lezec, Henri J.; Lu, Yanqing; Agrawal, Amit (2022-04-19).
263:
has offered several models of plenoptic cameras for industrial and scientific applications since 2010, with field of view starting from 1 megapixel.
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In 2022, NIST announced a device with a focal range of 3 cm (1.2 in) to 1.7 km (1.1 mi). The device employed a 39x39-element
121:
after a photo is taken - Near focus (top), Far focus (middle), Full depth of field (bottom) - using the Lytro Illum light field camera software
630:
Hahne, C.; Aggoun, A.; Velisavljevic, V.; Fiebig, S.; Pesch, M. (2017). "Baseline and
Triangulation Geometry in a Standard Plenoptic Camera".
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294:. Light field capture is obtained by a module containing a microlens array and other optical components placed in the light path between the
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205:
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invested in
Pelican Imaging to produce a plenoptic camera system with 16-lens array that was expected to be implemented in Nokia
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In
November 2021 the German-based company K|Lens announced the first light field lens available for any standard lens mount on
574:
Hahne, C.; Aggoun, A.; Velisavljevic, V.; Fiebig, S.; Pesch, M. (2016). "Refocusing distance of a standard plenoptic camera".
1849:
1601:
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d'Optron and Rebellion Photonics offer plenoptic cameras, specializing in microscopy and gas leak detection, respectively.
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343:(Spain). CAFADIS stands (in Spanish) for phase-distance camera, since it can be used for distance and optical
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using a microlens array similar to the one used in their light field camera. The prototype is built around a
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than are feasible on conventional cameras, thus enabling photography in low-light environments.
198:
Low-light sensitivity: The ability to adjust focus in post-processing allows the use of larger
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Lars Rehm, DP Review. "CES 2012: Lytro Photowalk." Jan 13, 2012. Retrieved Apr 20, 2012
926:
894:"Trilobite-inspired neural nanophotonic light-field camera with extreme depth-of-field"
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Adelson, E. H.; Wang, J. Y. A. (1992). "Single Lens Stereo with Plenoptic Camera".
457:
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164:
79:
35:, the first consumer light field camera, showing the front lens and LCD touchscreen
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773:"Meet the Stealthy Start-Up That Aims to Sharpen Focus of Entire Camera Industry"
408:
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842:. TVB Europe. 23 September 2011. Archived from the original on 18 December 2012.
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1967:
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1471:"Computer scientists create a 'light field camera' that banishes fuzzy photos"
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in stereo matching. To achieve this, an array of microlenses is placed at the
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1992:
1937:
1441:"Polydioptric Camera Design - VideoGeometry :: Home Page of Jan Neumann"
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to commercialize the light field camera he developed as a graduate student.
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2009:
2004:
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instead of a microlens array was proposed in 2007. This design reduces the
102:
869:"Record-breaking camera keeps everything between 3 cm and 1.7 km in focus"
16:
Type of camera that can also capture the direction of travel of light rays
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53:
1322:"Pelican Imaging's 16-lens array camera coming to smartphones next year"
604:
245:
was founded by Stanford University Computer Graphics Laboratory alumnus
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2019:
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Stanford University Computer Graphics Laboratory developed a prototype
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1765:
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1569:, with sample images and diagrams of operation, retrieved 2012 May 11
344:
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19:
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This demonstrates the capability of changing the focal distance and
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1148:"Recording and controlling the 4D light field in a microscope"
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573:
502:
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
2915:
2335:
1795:
822:"3D imaging and wavefront sensing with a plenoptic objective"
821:
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and camera, with the final multifocused image rendered using
279:
250:
242:
93:
In 1992, Adelson and Wang proposed a design that reduced the
32:
1573:
1255:
558:
1095:"The First Plenoptic Camera on the Market | PetaPixel"
1081:"One Camera With 40,000 Lenses Helps Prevent Blurry Images"
825:
819:
541:"Light Field Photography with a Hand-Held Plenoptic Camera"
1220:
1112:
Levoy, M; Ng, R; Adams, A; Footer, M; Horowitz, M (2006).
698:
696:
361:'s (MERL) light field camera is based on the principle of
1365:
1576:
Website explaining the plenoptic camera with animations.
796:"Shoot First, Focus Later With Lytro's New Camera Tech"
717:"Lytro software update introduces Focus Spread feature"
693:
224:
array. Each metalens is either right- or left-circle
1145:
1111:
1493:
411:based upon plenoptic technology could be used to
65:image is a type of film-based light field image.
3216:
852:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1034:"Lytro camera: 5 things to know before you buy"
813:
766:
764:
390:. The project was canceled in January of 2022.
1223:"PopSci's How It Works – 100 Megapixel Camera"
1221:Keats, Jonathon; Holland, Kris; McLeod, Gary.
366:generated for the focused parts of the scene.
1595:
1567:Lightfield photography revolutionizes imaging
1057:
1055:
1001:
78:The first light field camera was proposed by
23:Lytro Illum 2nd generation light field camera
1433:
1272:
1141:
1139:
820:JosĂ© Manuel RodrĂguez-Ramos (1 April 2011).
761:
709:
625:
623:
569:
567:
108:
3147:Conservation and restoration of photographs
1507:
1372:
1009:"Lytro Illum 40 Megaray Light Field Camera"
976:"Doubts About Lytro's "Focus Later" Camera"
499:
339:CAFADIS is a plenoptic camera developed by
163:A design that used a low-cost printed film
137:
2874:Comparison of digital and film photography
1602:
1588:
1196:
1105:
1052:
891:
257:), Lytro ceased operations in March 2018.
3099:Photographs considered the most important
1557:by Stanford Computer Graphics Laboratory.
1396:
1204:"Stanford Light Field Microscope Project"
1163:
1136:
1087:
925:
643:
620:
603:
564:
513:
359:Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories
1468:
1462:
1314:
1275:"Lytro vs Mask Based Light Field Camera"
1146:Levoy, M; Zhang, Z; McDowall, I (2009).
1063:"Google is buying Lytro for about $ 40M"
1025:
973:
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551:
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158:
112:
26:
18:
1334:
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1285:
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1262:from the original on 26 November 2019.
1073:
840:"Plenoptic lens arrays signal future?"
787:
325:light field camera is a prototype 100-
1583:
1358:
1347:from the original on 26 November 2019
1214:
942:
866:
793:
530:
125:The "standard plenoptic camera" is a
990:
731:
495:
493:
51:that captures information about the
3094:Museums devoted to one photographer
1469:Strehlow, Anne (November 3, 2005).
1256:"CAFADIS - University of la Laguna"
1032:Goldman, Joshua (26 October 2011).
832:
13:
2636:Timeline of photography technology
14:
3246:
1531:
1229:. Popular Science. Archived from
770:
490:
212:
73:
3197:
3187:
3186:
1335:Koifman, Vladimir (2015-07-25).
1174:10.1111/j.1365-2818.2009.03195.x
974:Coldewey, Devin (23 July 2011).
676:"Light field geometry estimator"
232:
82:in 1908. He called his concept "
3198:
1609:
885:
860:
397:
706:, Vol. 26, Issue 3, July 2007.
1:
2686:Painted photography backdrops
2618:Golden triangle (composition)
1898:35 mm equivalent focal length
1538:Article by Ren Ng of Stanford
794:Geron, Tomio (21 June 2011).
557:Lumsdaine, A., Georgiev, T.,
483:
269:
101:of the camera main lens. The
1555:Light Field Microscopy video
1118:ACM Transactions on Graphics
739:"Depth Composition Features"
704:ACM Transactions on Graphics
559:The Focused Plenoptic Camera
413:produce an accurate 3D model
284:transmitted light microscope
7:
2396:Intentional camera movement
1544:Say Sayonara to Blurry Pics
1273:Amit Agrawal (2013-12-31).
431:
418:
237:
175:
10:
3251:
3089:Most expensive photographs
2441:Multi-exposure HDR capture
1337:"Pelican Imaging Layoffs?"
1013:Digital Photography Review
910:10.1038/s41467-022-29568-y
68:
3182:
3139:
3081:
2981:
2924:
2830:
2714:
2626:
2578:
2323:
2090:
1890:
1617:
1550:Fourier slice photography
1411:10.1007/s40670-017-0410-8
1208:www.graphics.stanford.edu
867:Blain, Loz (2022-04-29).
654:10.1007/s11263-017-1036-4
306:of illumination (such as
109:Standard plenoptic camera
3023:Digital image processing
1399:Medical Science Educator
1297:www77.pelicanimaging.com
1114:"Light Field Microscopy"
138:Focused plenoptic camera
3131:Photography periodicals
2691:Photography and the law
1130:10.1145/1141911.1141976
745:. Lytro. Archived from
463:Light-in-flight imaging
341:University of La Laguna
288:fluorescence microscope
3043:Gelatin silver process
2067:Science of photography
2052:Photographic processes
2030:Perspective distortion
1515:"PlenoptiCam Software"
276:light field microscope
122:
95:correspondence problem
36:
24:
2496:Schlieren photography
2040:Photographic printing
1963:Exposure compensation
1152:Journal of Microscopy
898:Nature Communications
749:on September 28, 2014
545:graphics.stanford.edu
438:Angle-sensitive pixel
314:) and correction for
169:chromatic aberrations
159:Coded aperture camera
116:
88:photographic emulsion
30:
22:
2285:Straight photography
1923:Chromatic aberration
1293:"Pelicanimaging.com"
1101:. 23 September 2010.
775:. All Things Digital
596:10.1364/oe.24.021521
363:optical heterodyning
329:camera that takes a
308:oblique illumination
84:integral photography
31:Front and back of a
3157:photographic plates
2832:Digital photography
2015:Hyperfocal distance
1928:Circle of confusion
1501:"LightFieldToolbox"
1475:Stanford University
1380:"Lightfield Camera"
1341:Image Sensors World
632:Int. J. Comput. Vis
588:2016OExpr..2421521H
582:(19): 21521–21540.
561:, ICCP, April 2009.
316:optical aberrations
131:Stanford University
2651:Autochrome Lumière
2646:Analog photography
2471:Pigeon photography
2265:Social documentary
1744:discontinued films
1574:www.plenoptic.info
743:Lytro Illum manual
180:Features include:
149:spatial resolution
145:angular resolution
127:mathematical model
123:
43:, also known as a
41:light field camera
37:
25:
3212:
3211:
3003:Collodion process
2939:Chromogenic print
2926:Color photography
2436:Multiple exposure
2411:Lo-fi photography
1943:Color temperature
1565:article May 2012
1083:. March 18, 2019.
524:10.1109/34.121783
478:Strip photography
453:Femto-photography
331:three-dimensional
3242:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3189:
3063:Print permanence
3008:Cross processing
2966:CMYK color model
2951:Color management
2904:Foveon X3 sensor
2899:Three-CCD camera
2543:Miniature faking
2501:Sabattier effect
2118:Astrophotography
1973:Zebra patterning
1604:
1597:
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1581:
1580:
1525:
1524:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1481:on July 23, 2010
1477:. Archived from
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1447:. Archived from
1445:sites.google.com
1437:
1431:
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1326:
1325:
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1311:
1309:
1308:
1299:. Archived from
1289:
1283:
1282:
1277:. Archived from
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1241:
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1211:
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1069:. 21 March 2018.
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1005:
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952:. Archived from
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785:
784:
782:
780:
768:
759:
758:
756:
754:
735:
729:
728:
726:
724:
713:
707:
700:
691:
690:
688:
687:
678:. Archived from
672:
666:
665:
647:
627:
618:
617:
607:
571:
562:
555:
549:
548:
537:
528:
527:
517:
497:
458:Integral imaging
219:titanium dioxide
80:Gabriel Lippmann
45:plenoptic camera
3250:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3235:Optical devices
3225:Cameras by type
3215:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3178:
3135:
3077:
3068:Push processing
2984:
2977:
2971:RGB color model
2920:
2826:
2710:
2622:
2588:Diagonal method
2574:
2319:
2223:Photojournalism
2086:
1918:Black-and-white
1886:
1865:Slide projector
1860:Movie projector
1739:available films
1613:
1608:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1467:
1463:
1454:
1452:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1395:
1391:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1366:"KLens company"
1364:
1363:
1359:
1350:
1348:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1304:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1271:
1267:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1219:
1215:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1144:
1137:
1110:
1106:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1030:
1026:
1017:
1015:
1007:
1006:
1002:
995:
991:
981:
979:
972:
968:
959:
957:
950:"Lytro website"
948:
947:
943:
890:
886:
877:
875:
865:
861:
845:
844:
838:
837:
833:
818:
814:
804:
802:
792:
788:
778:
776:
769:
762:
752:
750:
737:
736:
732:
722:
720:
715:
714:
710:
701:
694:
685:
683:
674:
673:
669:
628:
621:
572:
565:
556:
552:
539:
538:
531:
498:
491:
486:
434:
421:
409:security camera
400:
370:Pelican Imaging
349:adaptive optics
272:
240:
235:
215:
178:
161:
140:
111:
76:
71:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3248:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3195:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2930:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2840:Digital camera
2836:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2666:Camera obscura
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2608:Rule of thirds
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2376:Harris shutter
2373:
2371:Hand-colouring
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2062:Red-eye effect
2059:
2054:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1968:Exposure value
1965:
1960:
1955:
1953:Depth of focus
1950:
1948:Depth of field
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1558:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1540:(now at Lytro)
1533:
1532:External links
1530:
1527:
1526:
1506:
1492:
1461:
1432:
1405:(3): 465–474.
1389:
1384:cameramaker.se
1371:
1357:
1327:
1324:. May 2, 2013.
1313:
1284:
1281:on 2013-12-31.
1265:
1247:
1213:
1195:
1165:10.1.1.163.269
1158:(2): 144–162.
1135:
1104:
1086:
1072:
1067:techcrunch.com
1051:
1024:
1000:
989:
966:
941:
884:
859:
831:
812:
786:
760:
730:
708:
692:
667:
619:
576:Optics Express
563:
550:
529:
515:10.1.1.53.7845
488:
487:
485:
482:
481:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
433:
430:
420:
417:
415:of a subject.
399:
396:
296:objective lens
271:
268:
239:
236:
234:
231:
214:
213:Metalens array
211:
210:
209:
203:
196:
190:
186:depth of field
177:
174:
160:
157:
139:
136:
119:depth of field
110:
107:
75:
74:Early research
72:
70:
67:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3247:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3205:
3196:
3194:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3104:Photographers
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:Bleach bypass
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2961:primary color
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2946:Reversal film
2944:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2911:Image sharing
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2812:United States
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2671:Daguerreotype
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:Stopping down
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2481:Rephotography
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:Long-exposure
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:Architectural
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:Shutter speed
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:Metering mode
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:Color balance
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1903:Angle of view
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1850:Manufacturers
1848:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1502:
1496:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1451:on 2022-10-09
1450:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1367:
1361:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1323:
1317:
1303:on 2020-10-20
1302:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1236:on 2008-01-17
1234:(Adobe Flash)
1232:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1131:
1127:
1124:(3): 924–93.
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1100:
1099:petapixel.com
1096:
1090:
1082:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1014:
1010:
1004:
998:
993:
977:
970:
956:on 2011-11-04
955:
951:
945:
937:
933:
928:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
888:
874:
870:
863:
855:
849:
841:
835:
827:
823:
816:
801:
797:
790:
774:
767:
765:
748:
744:
740:
734:
718:
712:
705:
699:
697:
682:on 2019-09-11
681:
677:
671:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
641:
637:
633:
626:
624:
615:
611:
606:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
570:
568:
560:
554:
546:
542:
536:
534:
525:
521:
516:
511:
508:(2): 99–106.
507:
503:
496:
494:
489:
479:
476:
474:
473:Streak camera
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
429:
427:
416:
414:
410:
404:
395:
391:
389:
384:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
364:
360:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
303:
301:
300:deconvolution
297:
293:
290:and standard
289:
285:
281:
277:
267:
264:
262:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
233:Manufacturers
230:
227:
223:
220:
207:
204:
201:
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3169:Polaroid art
3058:K-14 process
3053:Instant film
3048:Gum printing
2998:C-41 process
2983:Photographic
2884:Image sensor
2879:Film scanner
2533:Sun printing
2466:Print toning
2258:space selfie
2228:Pictorialism
2158:Ethnographic
2138:Conservation
2010:Guide number
2005:Focal length
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771:Fried, Ina.
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680:the original
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605:10547/622011
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468:Photo finish
448:Compound eye
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353:astrophysics
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286:/wide-field
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103:image sensor
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3230:Microscopes
3174:Stereoscopy
3033:E-6 process
3028:Dye coupler
2956:color space
2869:Digiscoping
2862:camera back
2777:Philippines
2706:Visual arts
2696:Glass plate
2681:Heliography
2580:Composition
2555:Ultraviolet
2511:Stereoscopy
2506:Slow motion
2491:Scanography
2406:Kite aerial
2351:Contre-jour
2243:Post-mortem
2233:Pornography
2213:Neues Sehen
2148:Documentary
2082:Zone System
2057:Reciprocity
1983:Film format
1913:Backscatter
1891:Terminology
1761:beauty dish
1665:rangefinder
1630:light-field
1611:Photography
1044:21 November
1038:CNET Editor
904:(1): 2130.
753:October 19,
426:PlenoptiCam
388:Kickstarter
378:smartphones
292:CCD cameras
155:artifacts.
147:for higher
99:focal plane
63:holographic
54:light field
3219:Categories
3164:Lomography
2985:processing
2934:Print film
2850:comparison
2817:Uzbekistan
2767:Luxembourg
2727:Bangladesh
2676:Dufaycolor
2656:Box camera
2613:Simplicity
2570:Zoom burst
2565:Xerography
2560:Vignetting
2550:Time-lapse
2538:Tilt–shift
2431:Mordançage
2421:Luminogram
2386:Holography
2381:High-speed
2361:Fill flash
2346:Burst mode
2324:Techniques
2305:Vernacular
2300:Underwater
2295:Toy camera
2275:Still life
2203:Monochrome
2193:High-speed
2143:Cloudscape
2133:Conceptual
2035:Photograph
2020:Lens flare
2000:Film speed
1882:Zone plate
1828:wide-angle
1813:long-focus
1455:2021-07-12
1351:2015-11-17
1307:2021-08-24
1227:PopSci.com
1018:2014-10-19
960:2011-10-30
878:2022-04-30
719:. DPREVIEW
686:2018-03-27
645:2010.04638
484:References
312:dark-field
310:and quasi-
270:Prototypes
255:megapixels
3109:Norwegian
3073:Stop bath
3018:Developer
3013:Cyanotype
2641:Ambrotype
2603:Lead room
2526:Slit-scan
2461:Photogram
2456:Panoramic
2366:Fireworks
2198:Landscape
1843:telephoto
1791:reflector
1786:monolight
1781:lens hood
1766:cucoloris
1707:safelight
1618:Equipment
1485:April 14,
1427:148803076
1419:2156-8650
1160:CiteSeerX
982:19 August
918:2041-1723
873:New Atlas
805:19 August
662:255109335
638:: 21–35.
510:CiteSeerX
345:wavefront
327:megapixel
226:polarized
200:apertures
184:Variable
3193:Category
2889:CMOS APS
2787:Slovenia
2715:Regional
2661:Calotype
2598:Headroom
2476:Redscale
2391:Infrared
2341:Brenizer
2315:Wildlife
2238:Portrait
2183:Forensic
2173:Fine-art
2108:Aircraft
2098:Abstract
1978:F-number
1958:Exposure
1933:Clipping
1908:Aperture
1776:hot shoe
1702:enlarger
1697:Darkroom
1563:Spectrum
1546:. Wired.
1345:Archived
1260:Archived
1190:13194109
1182:19659909
936:35440101
848:cite web
723:25 March
614:27661891
432:See also
419:Software
282:Eclipse
238:Products
222:metalens
206:3D views
176:Features
153:aliasing
3204:Outline
3140:Related
2822:Vietnam
2807:Ukraine
2742:Denmark
2722:Albania
2701:Tintype
2628:History
2593:Framing
2486:Rollout
2451:Panning
2401:Kirlian
2310:Wedding
2188:Glamour
2168:Fashion
2153:Eclipse
2123:Banquet
2045:Albumen
1855:Monopod
1833:fisheye
1801:softbox
1655:pinhole
1645:instant
1635:digital
1240:26 July
927:9019092
779:24 June
584:Bibcode
424:found.
261:Raytrix
69:History
47:, is a
3202:
3191:
3119:street
3114:Polish
2802:Turkey
2797:Taiwan
2782:Serbia
2772:Norway
2747:Greece
2732:Canada
2331:Afocal
2290:Street
2270:Sports
2253:Selfie
2208:Nature
2163:Erotic
2128:Candid
2103:Aerial
2091:Genres
1993:medium
1870:Tripod
1838:swivel
1751:Filter
1729:holder
1724:format
1625:Camera
1520:GitHub
1425:
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1188:
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1040:. CNET
934:
924:
916:
800:Forbes
660:
612:
512:
247:Ren Ng
49:camera
3124:women
3082:Lists
3038:Fixer
2916:Pixel
2845:D-SLR
2792:Sudan
2762:Korea
2757:Japan
2752:India
2737:China
2521:Strip
2446:Night
2426:Macro
2336:Bokeh
2280:Stock
2248:Ruins
1988:large
1818:prime
1796:snoot
1756:Flash
1734:stock
1675:still
1660:press
1650:phone
1640:field
1561:IEEE
1423:S2CID
1186:S2CID
658:S2CID
640:arXiv
443:Bokeh
374:Nokia
334:photo
323:Adobe
280:Nikon
251:Lytro
243:Lytro
193:Speed
33:Lytro
3152:film
2857:MILC
2356:ETTR
2218:Nude
2178:Fire
2077:Sync
1875:head
1823:zoom
1808:Lens
1771:gobo
1719:base
1714:Film
1690:view
1487:2008
1415:ISSN
1242:2009
1178:PMID
1046:2018
984:2011
932:PMID
914:ISSN
854:link
826:SPIE
807:2011
781:2011
755:2014
725:2015
610:PMID
321:The
165:mask
2894:CCD
1685:toy
1680:TLR
1670:SLR
1407:doi
1170:doi
1156:235
1126:doi
922:PMC
906:doi
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600:hdl
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