68:. Any biomass rich in cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin are commonly referred to as lignocellulosic biomass. Each component has a distinct chemical behavior. Being a composite of three very different components makes the processing of lignocellulose challenging. The evolved resistance to degradation or even separation is referred to as recalcitrance. Overcoming this recalcitrance to produce useful, high value products requires a combination of heat, chemicals, enzymes, and microorganisms. These carbohydrate-containing polymers contain different sugar monomers (six and five carbon sugars) and they are covalently bound to lignin.
31:
219:. In this process lignin and hemicellulose are typically separated from the plant material leaving the fibrous cellulose component to be processed for paper production, or 'chemical cellulose'. Through the pulp process most of the lignin is removed and discharged as waste material in the form of effluent/wastewater before then being used as low-value fuel to generate electricity and heat. In principle, the world’s current sugar demand could be fulfilled by repurposing pulp and paper mills for lignocellulosic sugar production, making it a promising
341:
in countries where wood resources are already being overused, it is possible to utilize alternative sources of biomass such as invasive plants, agricultural and sawmills residues for the creation of new "green" composites. Biocomposites produced with lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative to conventional materials, are attracting attention because they are renewable and cheaper but also because they fit perfectly into the policy of the "cascade utilization" of the resources.
1567:
170:
122:
329:. Strain improvement methods have led to strains capable of producing significantly more cellulases than the original QM6a isolate; certain industrial strains are known to produce up to 100g of cellulase per litre of fungus, thus allowing for maximal extraction of sugars from lignocellulosic biomass. These sugars can then be fermented, leading to bio-ethanol.
143:. It is derived from 3-4 monomers, the ratio of which varies from species to species. The crosslinking is extensive. Being rich in aromatics, lignin is hydrophobic and relatively rigid. Lignin confers structural integrity to plants. Lignin is so heterogeneous and so recalcitrant that its value is almost exclusively measured as a fuel.
999:
159:
is a homopolymer of glucose. It is very poorly soluble in most solvents, so glucose is extracted through chemical and biological breakdown achieved by cellulolytic enzymes. This extraction is made easier by the fact that the strands of cellulose are integrated into, but not covalently attached to the
340:
Lignocellulosic biomasses has been considered in the production of biocomposites materials such as particle panels, wood-plastic composites, and cement/geopolymer wood composites. Even though the production of biocomposite materials rely mostly on wood resources, in less forest-covered countries or
255:
source of energy in the long run. However depending on the source of biomass, it will not be carbon neutral in the short term. For instance if the biomass is derived from trees, the time period to regrow the tree (on the order of decades) will see a net increase in carbon dioxide in the
1007:
260:
upon the combustion of lignocellulosic ethanol. However, if woody material from annual crop residue is used, the fuel could be considered carbon-neutral. Aside from ethanol, many other lignocellulose-derived fuels are of potential interest, including
281:
stability and structural robustness to the cell walls of the plants. This robustness or "recalcitrance" is attributable to the crosslinking between the polysaccharides (cellulose and hemicellulose) and the lignin via
294:, and the phenols and phenylpropanols functionalities of the lignin. To extract the fermentable sugars, one must first disconnect the celluloses from the lignin, and then use acid or enzymatic methods to
153:
component of the lignin. This makes it difficult to extract the sugars necessary for conversion to biofuels. Next to cellulose hemicellulose is the second most abundant source of carbohydrates in a plant.
578:
Güleç, Fatih; Parthiban, Anburajan; Umenweke, Great C.; Musa, Umaru; Williams, Orla; Mortezaei, Yasna; Suk-Oh, Hyun; Lester, Edward; Ogbaga, Chukwuma C.; Gunes, Burcu; Okolie, Jude A. (12 October 2023).
612:
Saladini, Fabrizio; Patrizi, Nicoletta; Pulselli, Federico M.; Marchettini, Nadia; Bastianoni, Simone (December 2016). "Guidelines for emergy evaluation of first, second and third generation biofuels".
276:
One barrier to the production of ethanol from biomass is that the sugars necessary for fermentation are trapped inside the lignocellulose. Lignocellulose has evolved to resist degradation and to confer
660:
Christopher M. Fellows, Trevor C. Brown, William O.S. Doherty (2011). "Lignocellulosics as a
Renewable Feedstock for Chemical Industry: Chemicals from Lignin". In Rashmi Sanghi, Vandana Singh (ed.).
37:, the lignin-rich component of sugarcane, is a form of lignocellulosic biomass. Its combustion helps to power the sugar mill. In this photograph, the bagasse is under the blue plastic. Location:
306:, or wood sugar. Unlike hexoses such as glucose, pentoses are difficult to ferment. The problems presented by the lignin and hemicellulose fractions are the foci of much contemporary research.
516:
P. Alvira; E. Tomas-Pejo; M. Ballesteros; M. J. Negro (2010). "Pretreatment
Technologies for an Efficient Bioethanol Production Process Based on Enzymatic Hydrolysis: A Review".
319:, as well as genetic-engineering-based strain improvement to allow the fungus to simply be placed in the presence of lignocellulosic biomass and break down the matter into
315:, known for its cellulolytic abilities. Multiple avenues are being explored including the design of an optimised cocktail of cellulases and hemicellulases isolated from
581:"Progress in lignocellulosic biomass valorization for biofuels and value-added chemical production in the EU : A focus on thermochemical conversion processes"
103:
are crops with a high yield of lignocellulosic biomass produced as a raw material for the production of second-generation biofuel; examples include switchgrass (
337:
Some chemicals could be obtained from lignocellulosic biomass. Almost all are derived from the sugars obtained by hydrolysis of the cellulose component.
967:
693:
220:
1444:
309:
A large sector of research into the exploitation of lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock for bio-ethanol focuses particularly on the fungus
180:
Many crops are of interest for their ability to provide high yields of biomass. Some can be harvested multiple times each year. These include
870:"Rapid repurposing of pulp and paper mills, biorefineries, and breweries for lignocellulosic sugar production in global food catastrophes"
1000:"Biofuels turn to fungus - Interview with Frédéric Monot and Antoine Margeot, Applied Chemistry and Physical Chemistry Division at IFPEN"
1449:
149:
is composed of branched polysaccharides. A particular problem is that hemicellulose is covalently linked to lignin, usually through
489:
E. Palmqvist; B. Hahn-Hagerdal (2000). "Fermentation of
Lignocellulosic Hydrolysates. II: inhibitors and Mechanisms of Inhibition".
1030:"Top Value Added Chemicals from Biomass Volume I—Results of Screening for Potential Candidates from Sugars and Synthesis Gas"
868:
Throup, James; GarcĂa MartĂnez, Juan B.; Bals, Bryan; Cates, Jacob; Pearce, Joshua M.; Denkenberger, David C. (2022-01-01).
235:, has a long history as a source of energy. Since the middle of the 20th century, the interest of biomass as a precursor to
1517:
75:. Virgin biomass includes plants. Waste biomass is produced as a low value byproduct of various industrial sectors such as
52:), so called lignocellulosic biomass. It is the most abundantly available raw material on the Earth for the production of
1104:
968:"Breaking the Biological Barriers to Cellulosic Ethanol: A Joint Research Agenda. Report from the December 2005 Workshop"
360:
Wyman, Charles E.; Dale, Bruce E.; Elander, Richard T.; Holtzapple, Mark; Ladisch, Michael R.; Lee, Y. Y. (2005-12-01).
677:
132:
Lignocellulose consists of three components, each with properties that pose challenges to commercial applications.
949:
Barbara A. Tokay "Biomass
Chemicals" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
815:"Recent advances in removal of lignin from paper industry wastewater and its industrial applications – A review"
17:
1201:
1547:
1537:
1464:
974:
176:
is a so-called energy crop, being highly efficient (fast-growing) at turning solar radiation into biomass
1256:
1591:
869:
814:
361:
1522:
1230:
454:
Y. Sun, J. Cheng (2002). "Hydrolysis of
Lignocellulosic Materials for Ethanol Production: a Review".
140:
1400:
408:
110:
1496:
1469:
1097:
216:
298:
the newly freed celluloses to break them down into simple monosaccharides. Another challenge to
1454:
551:
D. M. Alonso; J. Q. Bond; J. A. Dumesic (2010). "Catalytic
Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels".
38:
1048:"Sustainable Green Composites: Value Addition to Agricultural Residues and Perennial Grasses"
659:
407:
Zhou, Chun-Hui; Xia, Xi; Lin, Chun-Xiang; Tong, Dong-Shen; Beltramini, Jorge (2011-10-17).
299:
240:
186:
928:
8:
1552:
270:
257:
30:
71:
Lignocellulosic biomass can be broadly classified as virgin biomass, waste biomass, and
1596:
1570:
1371:
1196:
1184:
1090:
897:
850:
787:
752:
687:
311:
1418:
502:
467:
113:. The biofuels generated from these energy crops are sources of sustainable energy.
1491:
1383:
1069:
932:
901:
889:
854:
842:
834:
792:
774:
730:
709:"Extraction and modification of hemicellulose from lignocellulosic biomass: A review"
673:
533:
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105:
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707:
Lu, Yuchan; He, Qiao; Fan, Guozhi; Cheng, Qunpeng; Song, Guangsen (2021-01-01).
1029:
669:
639:
Horst H. Nimz, Uwe
Schmitt, Eckart Schwab, Otto Wittmann, Franz Wolf "Wood" in
626:
515:
885:
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1542:
1208:
1073:
954:
893:
838:
778:
734:
648:
432:
409:"Catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fine chemicals and fuels"
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61:
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80:
76:
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915:
Carroll, Andrew; Somerville, Chris (June 2009). "Cellulosic
Biofuels".
424:
278:
173:
96:
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1047:
362:"Coordinated development of leading biomass pretreatment technologies"
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597:
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232:
191:
169:
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57:
1412:
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1302:
1292:
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1046:
Nagarajan, Vidhya; Mohanty, Amar K.; Misra, Manjusri (2013-03-04).
550:
92:
88:
611:
1319:
1313:
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1144:
1121:
326:
320:
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is the high percentage of pentoses in the hemicellulose, such as
262:
244:
199:
195:
181:
121:
84:
53:
49:
34:
813:
Haq, Izharul; Mazumder, Payal; Kalamdhad, Ajay S. (2020-09-01).
1365:
1297:
1213:
1159:
303:
136:
65:
867:
751:
Zeng, Yining; Himmel, Michael E.; Ding, Shi-You (2017-11-30).
1339:
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1272:
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287:
283:
125:
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488:
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linkages. Ester linkages arise between oxidized sugars, the
1307:
1277:
577:
359:
1287:
966:
U.S. Department of Energy Office of
Science (June 2006).
753:"Visualizing chemical functionality in plant cell walls"
56:. It is composed of two kinds of carbohydrate polymers,
139:
is a heterogeneous, highly crosslinked polymer akin to
1045:
247:
is an attractive route to fuels that supplements the
812:
914:
215:Lignocellulosic biomass is the feedstock for the
1583:
453:
1445:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels
194:, which is a source of the readily fermentable
128:is one form of hemicellulose found in hardwood.
750:
641:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
406:
1098:
662:Green Chemistry for Environmental Remediation
706:
692:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1052:ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
1105:
1091:
210:
1450:Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
1063:
786:
768:
724:
596:
239:fuels has increased. To be specific, the
164:
997:
615:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
231:Lignocellulosic biomass, in the form of
168:
120:
29:
116:
14:
1584:
633:
64:, and an aromatic-rich polymer called
1086:
929:10.1146/annurev.arplant.043008.092125
808:
806:
746:
744:
585:Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining
1518:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization
355:
353:
998:Monot, Frederic; Margeot, Antoine.
198:and the lignocellulosic by-product
24:
803:
741:
25:
1613:
350:
1566:
1565:
1039:
1022:
991:
959:
943:
908:
874:Food and Bioproducts Processing
861:
700:
653:
160:lignin-hemicellulose component.
917:Annual Review of Plant Biology
831:10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123636
713:Green Processing and Synthesis
605:
571:
544:
530:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.093
509:
482:
447:
400:
378:10.1016/j.biortech.2005.01.010
243:of lignocellulosic biomass to
205:
13:
1:
1112:
503:10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00161-3
468:10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00212-7
344:
190:. The premier energy crop is
48:refers to plant dry matter (
7:
1548:Issues relating to biofuels
1538:Energy return on investment
643:2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
332:
226:
10:
1618:
757:Biotechnology for Biofuels
670:10.1002/9781118287705.ch18
627:10.1016/j.rser.2016.07.073
141:phenol-formaldehyde resins
1561:
1523:Energy content of biofuel
1505:
1437:
1353:
1244:
1120:
886:10.1016/j.fbp.2021.10.012
770:10.1186/s13068-017-0953-3
1497:Thermal depolymerization
1470:Industrial biotechnology
955:10.1002/14356007.a04_099
649:10.1002/14356007.a28_305
413:Chemical Society Reviews
1465:Fischer–Tropsch process
1455:Biomass heating systems
217:pulp and paper industry
211:Pulp and paper industry
1004:IFP Energies nouvelles
819:Bioresource Technology
366:Bioresource Technology
177:
165:Dedicated energy crops
129:
42:
39:Proserpine, Queensland
726:10.1515/gps-2021-0065
172:
124:
33:
664:. pp. 561–610.
300:biomass fermentation
187:Miscanthus giganteus
117:Chemical composition
1553:Sustainable biofuel
1010:on January 27, 2018
271:gamma-valerolactone
251:. Biomass can be a
518:Bioresour. Technol
491:Bioresour. Technol
456:Bioresour. Technol
425:10.1039/C1CS15124J
312:Trichoderma reesei
258:Earth's atmosphere
178:
130:
87:, straw etc.) and
43:
1592:Biological matter
1579:
1578:
1492:Sabatier reaction
1065:10.1021/sc300084z
524:(13): 4851–4861.
419:(11): 5588–5617.
372:(18): 1959–1966.
323:
16:(Redirected from
1609:
1569:
1568:
1413:Pongamia pinnata
1107:
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1015:
1006:. Archived from
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989:
988:
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979:
973:. Archived from
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559:(9): 1493-1513.
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106:Panicum virgatum
27:Plant dry matter
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1533:Energy forestry
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1257:Camelina sativa
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46:Lignocellulose
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1384:Chinese tallow
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1231:Water hyacinth
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1058:(3): 325–333.
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570:
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508:
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348:
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253:carbon neutral
228:
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221:resilient food
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111:elephant grass
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18:Lignocellulose
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1543:Food vs. fuel
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1185:vegetable oil
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980:on 2017-02-07
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101:Energy crops
83:, sugarcane
73:energy crops
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1528:Energy crop
1475:Pellet fuel
1460:Biorefinery
1424:Switchgrass
1268:Coconut oil
1246:Energy from
1180:Cooking oil
1165:Biogasoline
1140:Babassu oil
621:: 221–227.
462:(1): 1–11.
206:Application
99:discards).
81:corn stover
77:agriculture
1586:Categories
1438:Technology
1419:Salicornia
1402:Miscanthus
1325:Sugar beet
1197:cellulosic
1170:Bioliquids
1150:Biobutanol
984:2008-01-19
825:: 123636.
763:(1): 263.
553:Green Chem
345:References
279:hydrolytic
184:trees and
174:Miscanthus
97:paper mill
1597:Cellulose
1513:Agflation
1406:giganteus
1335:Sunflower
1330:Sugarcane
1248:foodstock
1155:Biodiesel
1114:Bioenergy
1074:2168-0485
902:243485968
894:0960-3085
880:: 22–39.
855:219607347
839:0960-8524
779:1754-6834
735:2191-9550
688:cite book
497:: 25-33.
433:1460-4744
386:0960-8524
317:T. reesei
296:hydrolyze
233:wood fuel
192:sugarcane
157:cellulose
58:cellulose
1571:Category
1506:Concepts
1389:Duckweed
1378:Camelina
1355:Non-food
1303:Rapeseed
1293:Palm oil
1236:Wood gas
1209:Methanol
1202:mixtures
1122:Biofuels
1014:July 17,
937:19014348
847:32527619
797:29213316
538:20042329
476:12058826
441:21863197
394:16112483
333:Research
327:monomers
324:-glucose
227:Biofuels
93:saw mill
89:forestry
54:biofuels
1602:Biomass
1320:Soybean
1314:Sorghum
1263:Cassava
1192:Ethanol
1175:Biomass
1145:Bagasse
1130:Alcohol
788:5708085
263:butanol
245:ethanol
200:bagasse
196:sucrose
85:bagasse
50:biomass
35:Bagasse
1366:Arundo
1298:Potato
1214:Stover
1160:Biogas
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269:, and
237:liquid
182:poplar
137:lignin
109:) and
66:lignin
1485:stove
1340:Wheat
1283:Maize
1273:Grape
1226:Straw
1135:Algae
1033:(PDF)
978:(PDF)
971:(PDF)
898:S2CID
851:S2CID
288:ether
284:ester
126:Xylan
1480:mill
1429:Wood
1308:Rice
1278:Hemp
1219:corn
1070:ISSN
1016:2015
933:PMID
890:ISSN
843:PMID
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793:PMID
775:ISSN
731:ISSN
694:link
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286:and
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