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1305:, the ethical issues raised by this experiment went largely unaddressed for some time. As newspaper clippings from 1957 show, the press was initially focused on reporting the political perspective, while Laika's health and retrieval – or lack thereof – only became an issue later.
1262:, when the batteries failed, or that she had been euthanised. Many rumours circulated about the exact manner of her death. In 1999, several Russian sources reported that Laika had died when the cabin overheated on the fourth day. In October 2002, Dimitri Malashenkov, one of the scientists behind the Sputnik
51:
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in Moscow, constructed in 1964, also includes Laika. On 11 April 2008 at the military research facility where staff had been responsible for readying Laika for the flight, officials unveiled a monument of her poised on top of a space rocket. Stamps and envelopes picturing Laika were produced, as well
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document, Laika was placed in the capsule of the satellite on 31 October 1957 – three days before the start of the mission. At that time of year, the temperatures at the launch site were extremely low, and a hose connected to a heater was used to keep her container warm. Two assistants
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1, stunning the world with Soviet prowess. Planners settled on an orbital flight with a dog. Soviet rocket engineers had long intended a canine orbit before attempting human spaceflight; since 1951, they had lofted 12 dogs into sub-orbital space on ballistic flights, working gradually toward an
1230:
At peak acceleration, Laika's respiration increased to between three and four times the pre-launch rate. The sensors showed her heart rate was 103 beats/min before launch and increased to 240 beats/min during the early acceleration. After reaching orbit,
1001:. A fan, designed to activate whenever the cabin temperature exceeded 15 °C (59 °F), was added to keep the dog cool. Enough food (in a gelatinous form) was provided for a seven-day flight, and the dog was fitted with a bag to collect waste. A
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One of the technicians preparing the capsule before final lift-off stated: "After placing Laika in the container and before closing the hatch, we kissed her nose and wished her bon voyage, knowing that she would not survive the flight."
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to separate from the payload. The true cause and time of her death were not made public until 2002; instead, it was widely reported that she died when her oxygen ran out on day six or, as the Soviet government initially claimed, she was
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Yazdovsky made the final selection of dogs and their designated roles. Laika was to be the "flight dog" – a sacrifice to science on a one-way mission to space. Albina, who had already flown twice on a high-altitude test
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2, they were kept in progressively smaller cages for periods of up to twenty days. The extensive close confinement caused them to stop urinating or defecating, made them restless, and caused their general condition to deteriorate.
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In the Soviet Union, there was less controversy. Neither the media, books in the following years, nor the public openly questioned the decision to send a dog into space. In 1998, after the collapse of the Soviet regime,
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wandering the streets of Moscow. Soviet scientists chose to use Moscow strays since they assumed that such animals had already learned to endure conditions of extreme cold and hunger. She was a 5 kg (11 lb)
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countries, open criticism of the Soviet space program was difficult because of political censorship, but there were notable cases of criticism in Polish scientific circles. A Polish scientific periodical,
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Before the launch, one of the mission scientists took Laika home to play with his children. In a book chronicling the story of Soviet space medicine, Vladimir
Yazdovsky wrote, "Laika was quiet and charming
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2, therefore, was something of a rushed job, with most elements of the spacecraft being constructed from rough sketches. Aside from the primary mission of sending a living passenger into space, Sputnik
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Meeting the
November deadline meant building a new craft. Khrushchev specifically wanted his engineers to deliver a "space spectacular", a mission that would repeat the triumph of Sputnik
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919:. In 2008, a small monument to Laika depicting her standing atop a rocket was unveiled near the military research facility in Moscow that prepared her flight. She also appears on the
895:. The experiment, which monitored Laika's vital signs, aimed to prove that a living organism could survive being launched into orbit and continue to function under conditions of
1348:
Work with animals is a source of suffering to all of us. We treat them like babies who cannot speak. The more time passes, the more I'm sorry about it. We shouldn't have done it
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female, approximately three years old. Another account reported that she weighed about 6 kg (13 lb). Soviet personnel gave her several names and nicknames, among them
2502:
1247:, Laika's pulse rate had settled back to 102 beats/min, three times longer than it had taken during earlier ground tests, an indication of the stress she was under. The early
1332:
groups at the time called on members of the public to protest at Soviet embassies. Others demonstrated outside the United
Nations in New York. Laboratory researchers in the
1005:
was designed to be fitted to the dog, and there were chains to restrict her movements to standing, sitting, or lying down; there was no room to turn around in the cabin. An
1251:
indicated that Laika was agitated but eating her food. After approximately five to seven hours into the flight, no further signs of life were received from the spacecraft.
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that simulated the acceleration of a rocket launch and were placed in machines that simulated the noises of the spacecraft. This caused their pulses to double and their
1180:, Yazdovsky and Gazenko conducted surgery on the dogs, routing the cables from the transmitters to the sensors that would measure breathing, pulse, and blood pressure.
1062:), "to bark". According to some accounts, the technicians actually renamed her from Kudryavka to Laika due to her loud barking. The American press dubbed her Muttnik (
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were assigned to keep a constant watch on Laika before launch. Just prior to liftoff on 3 November 1957, from
Baikonur Cosmodrome, Laika's fur was sponged in a weak
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was jettisoned successfully; however, the "Block A" core did not separate as planned, preventing the thermal control system from operating correctly. Some of the
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plane took them to
Turatam. Training of dogs continued upon arrival; one after another they were placed in the capsules to get familiar with the feeding system.
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Sputnik 2 was not designed to be retrievable, and it had always been accepted that Laika would die. The mission sparked a debate across the globe on the
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951:. Construction had already started on a more sophisticated satellite, but it would not be ready until December; this satellite would later become
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orbital mission set for some time in 1958. To satisfy
Khrushchev's demands, they expedited the orbital canine flight for the November launch.
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did not improve their condition, and the researchers found that only long periods of training proved effective. The dogs were placed in
1274:, "It turned out that it was practically impossible to create a reliable temperature control system in such limited time constraints."
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1417:, alongside dozens of other organisms, safely returned to Earth. Nonetheless, four other dogs later died in Soviet space missions:
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2 mission, revealed that Laika had died by the fourth circuit of flight from overheating. According to a paper he presented to the
1082:. Her true pedigree is unknown, although it is generally accepted that she was part husky or other Nordic breed, and possibly part
413:
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1401:, the Russian Cosmonaut training facility. Created in 1997, Laika is positioned behind the cosmonauts with her ears erect. The
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monitored heart rate and further instrumentation tracked respiration rate, maximum arterial pressure, and the dog's movements.
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Recently, several
Russian sources revealed that Laika survived in orbit for four days and then died when the cabin overheated.
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759:
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Future space missions carrying dogs would be designed to be recovered; the first successful recovery followed the flight of
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2 mission as "regrettable" and criticised not bringing Laika back to Earth alive as "undoubtedly a great loss for science".
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on living creatures at the time of Laika's mission, and animal flights were viewed by engineers as a necessary precursor to
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terrier". A Russian magazine described her temperament as phlegmatic, saying that she did not quarrel with other dogs.
1058:, was the name popularised around the world. Its literal translation would be "Barker", from the Russian verb "layat" (
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Accounts of the time of launch vary from source to source, given as 05:30:42 Moscow Time or 07:22 Moscow Time.
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1344:, one of the scientists responsible for sending Laika into space, expressed regret for allowing her to die:
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The Soviet scientists had planned to euthanise Laika with a serving of poisoned food. For many years, the
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Malashenkov, D. C. (2002), "Abstract:Some
Unknown Pages of the Living Organisms' First Orbital Flight",
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2 was made on 10 or 12 October, leaving less than four weeks to design and build the spacecraft. Sputnik
2008:
West, John B. (1 October 2001), "Historical aspects of the early Soviet/Russian manned space program",
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called on all dog owners to observe a minute's silence on each day Laika remained in space, while the
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947:, the Soviet leader, wanted a spacecraft launched on 7 November 1957, the 40th anniversary of the
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1145:). The dogs were trained to eat a special high-nutrition gel that would be their food in space.
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were killed when their R‑7 rocket exploded shortly after launch on 28 July 1960, while
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tore loose, raising the cabin temperature to 40 °C (104 °F). After three hours of
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was painted onto the areas where sensors would be placed to monitor her bodily functions.
8:
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2052:"Animals and man in space. A chronology and annotated bibliography through the year 1960"
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1169:" – she was to stay on the ground and be used to test instrumentation and
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1714:""Epoch of the Dog: Names and Stories of the Soviet Space Exploration" (in Russian)"
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2017:
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1336:. offered some support for the Soviets, at least before the news of Laika's death.
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1152:... I wanted to do something nice for her: She had so little time left to live."
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and increased radiation, providing scientists with some of the first data on the
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near the cosmodrome was small, the dogs and crew had to be first flown aboard a
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2 (including Laika's remains) disintegrated during re-entry on 14 April 1958.
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had not yet been developed, Laika's survival was never expected. She died of
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was created from a revision of this article dated 19 November 2011
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We did not learn enough from this mission to justify the death of the dog.
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2058:, ONR TR ACR-64 (AD0272581), archived from the original on 11 August 2015
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30:
This article is about the Soviet dog. For the Greek genre of music, see
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3175:
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2647:
1365:("Who, When, Why"), published in 1958, discussed the mission of Sputnik
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The Soviet Union and United States had previously sent animals only on
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According to
Russian sources, the official decision to launch Sputnik
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2330:"Laika the dog: These are all the animals that have been into space"
1884:"Animals as Cold Warriors: Missiles, Medicine and Man's Best Friend"
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3228:
3123:
3079:
3030:
2425:
Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945–1974
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1713:
1647:"Recalling top dog Laika, 65 years after pathbreaking space flight"
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The craft was equipped with a life-support system consisting of an
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2122:"Message from the First Dog in Space Received 45 Years Too Late"
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1165:, was to act as Laika's backup. The third dog, Mushka, was a "
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To adapt the dogs to the confines of the tiny cabin of
Sputnik
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Laika's death was possibly caused by a failure of the central
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Animals In Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle
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Laika is memorialised in the form of a statue and plaque at
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NASA named this soil target on Mars after Laika during the
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2. In the periodical's section dedicated to astronautics,
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in general to advance science. In the United Kingdom, the
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gave conflicting statements that she had died either from
2831:
2774:
299:
282:
2176:, National Society for Medical Research, November 1957,
2464:
Science in the Dock: The man who trained the space dogs
2364:
2352:
1964:
1322:
Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
2247:"A New Monument for Laika, Russia's Heroic Space Dog"
1443:
1441:
816:
804:
2610:
2386:
The satellite's orbit had a period of 103.7 minutes.
884:
hours into the flight, on the craft's fourth orbit.
798:
2124:, Dogs in the News, 3 November 2002, archived from
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1277:
Over five months later, after 2,570 orbits, Sputnik
795:
2198:Boruń, Krzysztof (December 1958), "Astronautyka",
1680:
1438:
1301:Due to the overshadowing issue of the Soviet–U.S.
3315:Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps
3379:
1931:
1389:"Laika, first traveller into cosmos", issued by
1097:flights. Three dogs were trained for the Sputnik
868:from the streets of Moscow, she flew aboard the
1429:suffered an emergency and had to be detonated.
978:2 also contained instrumentation for measuring
2049:
1886:, National Library of Medicine, 19 June 2006,
27:Soviet dog, first animal to orbit Earth (1957)
2596:
2116:
2114:
1485:"Korolev's Triple Play: Sputniks 1, 2, and 3"
767:
129:
68:
2222:"First in Orbit, Laika the Dog Made History"
2043:
2215:
2213:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1621:"Sputnik-2, more news from distant history"
1585:
1284:
2603:
2589:
2111:
1907:
1847:
1450:"Russia opens monument to space dog Laika"
1447:
1109:, and Laika. Soviet space-life scientists
774:
760:
3281:Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation
1155:
876:on 3 November 1957. As the technology to
2530:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
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2210:
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2370:
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1970:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1050:). Laika, the Russian name for several
414:Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories
14:
3380:
2228:from the original on 24 September 2015
2219:
2139:
1953:from the original on 24 September 2015
1908:Isachenkov, Vladimir (11 April 2008),
1901:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1818:
1816:
1798:, National Space Science Data Center,
1657:from the original on 24 September 2015
1644:
1627:from the original on 24 September 2015
1524:from the original on 24 September 2015
1518:"Sputnik 2: The First Animal in Orbit"
1515:
1462:from the original on 26 September 2015
1448:Isachenkov, Vladimir (11 April 2008),
1324:(RSPCA) received protests even before
1211:solution and carefully groomed, while
887:Little was known about the effects of
2584:
2328:Georgiou, Aristos (3 November 2019).
2197:
2088:
2086:
1858:from the original on 5 September 2015
1848:Whitehouse, David (28 October 2002),
1768:, The British Library, archived from
1741:"A Brief History of Animals in Space"
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
837:
746:List of Soviet and Russian cosmonauts
2340:from the original on 3 November 2023
2275:from the original on 3 December 2022
2253:from the original on 16 October 2015
2166:
2056:US Naval School of Aviation Medicine
2007:
1920:from the original on 29 October 2013
1910:"Space dog monument opens in Russia"
1851:First dog in space died within hours
1830:from the original on 17 October 2015
1747:from the original on 11 October 2004
1738:
1732:
1695:from the original on 3 November 2019
1669:
1601:
1581:
1579:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1491:from the original on 16 January 2001
1473:
1328:had finished announcing the launch.
1195:. From there, a smaller and lighter
3325:Monument to the Conquerors of Space
2191:
2155:from the original on 8 October 2015
2096:, moscowanimals.org, archived from
2001:
1890:from the original on 6 October 2015
1869:
1841:
1813:
1682:"Muscovites Told Space Dog Is Dead"
1546:
1406:as branded cigarettes and matches.
1403:Monument to the Conquerors of Space
922:Monument to the Conquerors of Space
24:
3438:Animal testing in the Soviet Union
2758:(incorporated into Salyut program)
2500:
2462:Angliss, Sarah and Uttley, Colin.
2456:
2083:
1976:
1758:
1645:Sriram, Varsha (3 November 2022).
1502:
1086:. NASA refers to Laika as a "part-
25:
3459:
2481:
2403:Sputnik: The Shock of the Century
2309:from the original on 26 July 2018
2174:"Human Guinea Pigs and Sputnik 2"
2050:Beischer, DE; Fregly, AR (1962),
1720:from the original on 23 July 2020
1679:Frankel, Max (13 November 1957),
1618:
1576:
1549:"The True Story of Laika the Dog"
1535:
1183:Because the existing airstrip at
901:biological effects of spaceflight
3367:Russian Aerospace Defence Forces
2686:
2558:
2546:
2512:
2295:"The dog that orbited the Earth"
2220:Savage, Sam (31 December 2004),
2180:from the original on 20 May 2015
1986:, novareinna.com, archived from
1802:from the original on 29 May 2019
1547:Zak, Anatoly (3 November 1999),
791:
49:
3330:Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics
2380:
2321:
2287:
2257:
1944:
186:First animal to orbit the Earth
1706:
1638:
1318:National Canine Defence League
13:
1:
3276:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
2406:, Bloomsbury Publishing USA,
2010:Journal of Applied Physiology
1432:
843:
137:
2816:Soviet crewed lunar programs
2466:. Retrieved 28 January 2005.
2022:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.4.1501
1826:, Space Today Online, 2004,
928:
232:Soviet crewed lunar programs
7:
2876:International Space Station
2571:History of Sputnik Missions
2305:Magazine. 8 November 2017.
1012:
10:
3464:
2392:
1516:LePage, Andrew J. (1997),
1483:Harford, James J. (1997),
932:
872:spacecraft, launched into
442:Expendable launch vehicles
248:Human spaceflight programs
29:
3433:Dog training and behavior
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2622:
2436:16 September 2008 at the
2075:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
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853:who was one of the first
849:– 3 November 1957) was a
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91:
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55:Laika in a flight harness
48:
3448:Dogs in the Soviet Union
3428:Deaths from hyperthermia
3423:1957 in the Soviet Union
3362:Space industry of Russia
2576:Sputnik 2 at Astronautix
2151:, BBC, 3 November 1957,
1285:Ethics of animal testing
1078:, or referred to her as
2884:Russian Orbital Segment
1949:, Russianspaceweb.com,
1310:mistreatment of animals
1176:Before leaving for the
2563:Quotations related to
2508:
2488:Listen to this article
2442:Part 2 (page 501-1011)
2400:Dickson, Paul (2009),
1394:
1354:
1298:
1295:Mars Exploration Rover
1156:Preflight preparations
646:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
36:Laika (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
3443:Dogs in human culture
2616:Russian space program
2507:
1427:Korabl-Sputnik 3
1411:Korabl-Sputnik 2
1388:
1373:described the Sputnik
1346:
1292:
1137:to increase by 30–65
1017:Laika was found as a
993:and devices to avoid
939:After the success of
691:Konstantin Feoktistov
676:Alexander Kemurdzhian
2678:Vostochny Cosmodrome
2555:at Wikimedia Commons
2539:More spoken articles
2447:14 July 2019 at the
2200:Kto, Kiedy, Dlaczego
2094:"The Story of Laika"
1772:on 23 September 2015
1363:Kto, Kiedy, Dlaczego
1268:World Space Congress
908:R‑7 sustainer
681:Valentina Tereshkova
223:Soviet space program
195:Soviet space program
3398:1957 in spaceflight
3303:Veterok and Ugolyok
2670:Svobodny Cosmodrome
2665:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
2643:Baikonur Cosmodrome
2431:Part 1 (page 1-500)
1984:"Memorial to Laika"
1739:Gray, Tara (1998),
1716:. 27 January 2018.
1596:2002iaf..confE.288M
1561:on 20 February 2006
1423:Pchyolka and Mushka
1413:, wherein the dogs
1178:Baikonur Cosmodrome
696:Mikhail Tikhonravov
409:Astron (spacecraft)
290:(lunar Soyuz 7K-L1)
173:Cause of death
148:, Soviet Union
45:
3393:1957 animal deaths
3388:1954 animal births
3349:(1997 documentary)
3341:(1995 documentary)
3338:Out of the Present
3271:List of cosmonauts
3248:Images and artwork
3188:Deep Space Network
2835:(Mars/Venus flyby)
2509:
1688:The New York Times
1395:
1299:
1241:thermal insulation
1117:trained the dogs.
1111:Vladimir Yazdovsky
949:October Revolution
217:of articles on the
43:
3375:
3374:
3298:Belka and Strelka
3288:Soviet space dogs
3150:Sputnik programme
3138:
3137:
3071:
3026:
3005:
2984:
2915:
2914:
2880:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2784:
2771:
2759:
2723:Human spaceflight
2674:
2651:
2551:Media related to
2505:
2469:Dubbs, Chris and
2421:Siddiqi, Asif. A.
2413:978-0-8027-1804-4
2249:, 11 April 2008,
2128:on 8 January 2006
2100:on 16 August 2006
1766:"Space Dog Lives"
1419:Bars and Lisichka
1415:Belka and Strelka
1007:electrocardiogram
945:Nikita Khrushchev
943:in October 1957,
857:and the first to
784:
783:
711:Vladimir Chelomey
279:
208:
207:
204:5 kg (11 lb)
16:(Redirected from
3455:
3408:Animals in space
3320:Cosmonauts Alley
3183:Luch (satellite)
3069:
3041:
3024:
3003:
2982:
2928:
2927:
2878:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2782:
2769:
2757:
2730:
2729:
2690:
2672:
2645:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2562:
2550:
2529:
2527:
2516:
2515:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2428:
2416:
2387:
2384:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2265:"Laika Monument"
2261:
2255:
2254:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2195:
2189:
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2164:
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2162:
2160:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2016:(4): 1501–1511,
2005:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1942:
1929:
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1636:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1616:
1599:
1598:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1557:, archived from
1544:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1513:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1480:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1455:Associated Press
1445:
1376:
1368:
1351:
1280:
1265:
1234:
1151:
1123:
1100:
995:oxygen poisoning
991:oxygen generator
980:solar irradiance
977:
973:
969:
961:
917:oxygen depletion
897:weakened gravity
855:animals in space
851:Soviet space dog
848:
845:
841:
839:[ˈlajkə]
836:
832:
828:
819:
814:
813:
810:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
776:
769:
762:
706:Valentin Glushko
656:Mstislav Keldysh
651:Friedrich Zander
389:Lunokhod program
277:
210:
209:
159:
142:
139:
135:
133:
132:
100:, possibly part-
85:Canis familiaris
72:
71:
64:
53:
46:
42:
21:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3418:Deaths in space
3413:Individual dogs
3378:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3352:
3259:
3255:Mission patches
3243:
3192:
3134:
3089:
3045:
3039:
2923:
2911:
2895:
2864:
2796:
2725:
2717:
2696:Launch vehicles
2691:
2682:
2631:
2618:
2609:
2543:
2542:
2531:
2525:
2523:
2520:This audio file
2517:
2510:
2501:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2459:
2457:Further reading
2454:
2449:Wayback Machine
2438:Wayback Machine
2414:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2229:
2218:
2211:
2196:
2192:
2183:
2181:
2172:
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2167:
2158:
2156:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2048:
2044:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1991:
1990:on 22 June 2015
1982:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1956:
1954:
1943:
1932:
1923:
1921:
1906:
1902:
1893:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1846:
1842:
1833:
1831:
1824:"Dogs in space"
1822:
1821:
1814:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1784:
1775:
1773:
1764:
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1602:
1584:
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1545:
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1527:
1525:
1514:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1481:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1446:
1439:
1435:
1383:
1374:
1371:Krzysztof Boruń
1366:
1349:
1287:
1278:
1263:
1232:
1225:
1202:According to a
1158:
1149:
1121:
1098:
1054:similar to the
1015:
975:
971:
967:
959:
937:
931:
846:
834:
824:
817:
794:
790:
780:
751:
750:
741:
731:
730:
641:
640:Notable figures
633:
632:
444:
434:
433:
404:Marsnik program
344:Sputnik program
339:
329:
328:
250:
167:low Earth orbit
161:
160:(aged 2–3)
157:
156:3 November 1957
143:
140:
136:
127:
62:
56:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3461:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3346:Mission to Mir
3342:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3310:Ivan Ivanovich
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3146:
3144:
3143:Communications
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3097:
3095:
3094:In development
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3064:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3034:
3028:
3019:
3013:
3010:Resurs-DK No.1
3007:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2980:Phobos program
2977:
2971:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2950:Luna programme
2947:
2941:
2934:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2900:In development
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2819:(Moon landing)
2813:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2785:
2777:
2772:
2764:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2727:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2608:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2556:
2532:
2518:
2511:
2499:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:External links
2480:
2479:
2478:
2471:Burgess, Colin
2467:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2429:SP-2000-4408.
2417:
2412:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2371:Siddiqi (2000)
2363:
2359:Siddiqi (2000)
2351:
2320:
2286:
2256:
2238:
2209:
2190:
2165:
2138:
2110:
2082:
2042:
2000:
1975:
1971:Siddiqi (2000)
1963:
1945:Zak, Anatoly,
1930:
1900:
1868:
1840:
1812:
1782:
1757:
1731:
1705:
1668:
1651:Indian Express
1637:
1600:
1575:
1534:
1501:
1472:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1382:
1379:
1314:animal testing
1286:
1283:
1272:Houston, Texas
1245:weightlessness
1224:
1221:
1157:
1154:
1141:(4.0–8.7
1135:blood pressure
1074:) as a pun on
1052:breeds of dogs
1014:
1011:
999:carbon dioxide
997:and to absorb
953:Sputnik 3
933:Main article:
930:
927:
893:human missions
782:
781:
779:
778:
771:
764:
756:
753:
752:
749:
748:
742:
737:
736:
733:
732:
729:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
701:Mikhail Yangel
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
661:Sergei Korolev
658:
653:
648:
642:
639:
638:
635:
634:
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456:
451:
445:
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426:
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406:
401:
399:Phobos program
396:
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371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
340:
335:
334:
331:
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327:
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317:
308:
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297:
296:(Moon landing)
291:
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272:
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257:
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239:
234:
226:
225:
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218:
206:
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202:
198:
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188:
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184:
183:Known for
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169:
154:
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149:
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120:
117:
113:
112:
95:
89:
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75:
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58:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3404:
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3347:
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3340:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
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3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:Baikal-Angara
3202:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:(begun 1957)
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3016:Koronas-Foton
3014:
3011:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2679:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2521:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2383:
2379:
2373:, p. 259
2372:
2367:
2361:, p. 252
2360:
2355:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2274:
2270:
2269:Atlas Obscura
2266:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2214:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2087:
2078:
2072:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1973:, p. 173
1972:
1967:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1844:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1694:
1691:, p. 3,
1690:
1689:
1683:
1675:
1673:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1626:
1622:
1619:Grahn, Sven,
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:IAF Abstracts
1582:
1580:
1572:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1477:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1387:
1378:
1372:
1364:
1359:
1353:
1345:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1330:Animal rights
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1296:
1291:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:Tu‑104
1186:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
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1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1030:(Russian for
1029:
1025:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
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981:
964:
956:
954:
950:
946:
942:
936:
926:
924:
923:
918:
914:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
864:
861:the Earth. A
860:
856:
852:
840:
827:
822:
821:
812:
788:
777:
772:
770:
765:
763:
758:
757:
755:
754:
747:
744:
743:
740:
735:
734:
727:
726:Boris Chertok
724:
722:
721:Vasily Mishin
719:
717:
716:Kerim Kerimov
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
686:Alexei Leonov
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
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622:
619:
618:
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614:
610:
607:
605:
602:
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591:
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587:
585:
582:
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577:
575:
572:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
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554:
553:
550:
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545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
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521:
518:
516:
513:
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502:
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342:
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333:
332:
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318:
316:
312:
309:
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298:
295:
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286:
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281:
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271:
268:
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261:
258:
256:
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244:
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230:
229:
228:
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224:
221:
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216:
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203:
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185:
181:
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175:
171:
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164:
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147:
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122:
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111:
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99:
96:
94:
90:
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76:
66:
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52:
47:
41:
37:
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3344:
3336:
3292:
3122:
2974:Vega program
2962:Zond program
2811:(Moon flyby)
2808:Zond (7K-L1)
2767:Soyuz-Apollo
2660:Kapustin Yar
2636:Launch sites
2567:at Wikiquote
2474:
2424:
2402:
2382:
2366:
2354:
2342:. Retrieved
2333:
2323:
2311:. Retrieved
2298:
2289:
2277:. Retrieved
2268:
2259:
2241:
2230:, retrieved
2224:, redOrbit,
2206:(1): 330–331
2203:
2199:
2193:
2184:28 September
2182:, retrieved
2168:
2159:26 September
2157:, retrieved
2147:
2141:
2130:, retrieved
2126:the original
2104:26 September
2102:, retrieved
2098:the original
2060:, retrieved
2055:
2045:
2013:
2009:
2003:
1994:26 September
1992:, retrieved
1988:the original
1978:
1966:
1955:, retrieved
1922:, retrieved
1913:
1903:
1894:28 September
1892:, retrieved
1862:26 September
1860:, retrieved
1850:
1843:
1834:28 September
1832:, retrieved
1804:, retrieved
1776:26 September
1774:, retrieved
1770:the original
1760:
1751:26 September
1749:, retrieved
1734:
1722:. Retrieved
1708:
1697:, retrieved
1686:
1661:26 September
1659:. Retrieved
1650:
1640:
1629:, retrieved
1587:
1570:
1563:, retrieved
1559:the original
1552:
1528:26 September
1526:, retrieved
1495:26 September
1493:, retrieved
1464:, retrieved
1453:
1408:
1396:
1391:Poșta Română
1362:
1355:
1347:
1342:Oleg Gazenko
1338:
1326:Radio Moscow
1307:
1300:
1276:
1256:Soviet Union
1253:
1229:
1226:
1217:
1201:
1197:Il‑14
1182:
1175:
1171:life support
1159:
1147:
1119:
1115:Oleg Gazenko
1092:
1079:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1048:Little Lemon
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:Little Curly
1031:
1027:
1016:
988:
965:
957:
938:
920:
905:
886:
786:
785:
671:Yuri Gagarin
665:
574:Soyuz/Vostok
429:Vega program
394:Mars program
384:Zond program
379:Luna program
337:Space probes
302:(Mars flyby)
275:Apollo–Soyuz
237:Luna program
158:(1957-11-03)
146:Russian SFSR
83:
40:
3033:(2011–2019)
3022:Fobos-Grunt
3012:(2006-2016)
2997:(1990-1992)
2991:(1989-1998)
2985:(1988-1989)
2976:(1984-1987)
2970:(1983-1991)
2964:(1964–1970)
2958:(1961–1985)
2952:(1958–1976)
2946:(1972–1996)
2940:(1961–1982)
2780:Shuttle–Mir
2655:Dombarovsky
2148:On this day
1947:"Sputnik-2"
1796:"Sputnik 2"
1358:Warsaw Pact
1167:control dog
1131:centrifuges
1095:sub-orbital
984:cosmic rays
925:in Moscow.
889:spaceflight
882:overheating
847: 1954
177:Overheating
141: 1954
108:) and part-
67:Kudryavka (
3382:Categories
3360:See also:
3214:Mars-Grunt
3176:Sputnik 99
3171:Sputnik 41
2827:(moonbase)
2648:Kazakhstan
2535:Audio help
2526:2011-11-19
2344:4 November
2279:3 November
1806:3 November
1699:3 November
1631:2 February
1433:References
1425:died when
1303:Space Race
1101:2 flight:
1040:Little Bug
913:euthanised
739:Cosmonauts
73:, "Curly")
3219:Mercury-P
3209:Laplace-P
3166:Sputnik 3
3161:Sputnik 2
3156:Sputnik 1
3130:Spektr-UV
3101:Luna-Glob
3085:Spektr-RG
3062:Elektro–L
2801:Cancelled
2673:(defunct)
2627:Roscosmos
2132:4 October
1554:Space.com
1399:Star City
1356:In other
1249:telemetry
1237:nose cone
1191:plane to
1127:Laxatives
1068:+ suffix
1044:Limonchik
1028:Kudryavka
941:Sputnik 1
935:Sputnik 2
929:Sputnik 2
915:prior to
874:low orbit
870:Sputnik 2
829:Russian:
826:‹See Tfd›
454:Molniya-M
449:Kosmos-3M
163:Sputnik 2
104:(or part-
18:Limonchik
3234:Venera-D
3229:Spektr-M
3197:Concepts
3124:Kazachok
3080:Resurs-P
3075:Meteor-M
3040:(failed)
3031:Spektr-R
3025:(failed)
3004:(failed)
2983:(failed)
2924:programs
2726:programs
2537: ·
2445:Archived
2434:Archived
2423:(2000),
2338:Archived
2334:Newsweek
2307:Archived
2303:BBC News
2273:Archived
2251:archived
2226:archived
2178:archived
2153:archived
2071:citation
2038:24284107
2030:11568130
1951:archived
1924:15 April
1918:archived
1914:NBC News
1888:archived
1856:archived
1828:archived
1800:archived
1745:archived
1743:, NASA,
1718:Archived
1693:archived
1655:Archived
1625:archived
1522:archived
1489:archived
1487:, NASA,
1466:4 August
1460:archived
1297:mission.
1260:asphyxia
1193:Tashkent
1013:Training
878:de-orbit
419:RELIKT-1
215:a series
213:Part of
144:Moscow,
70:Кудрявка
3403:Sputnik
3264:Related
3116:Luna 28
3111:Luna 27
3106:Luna 26
3070:(joint)
3067:ExoMars
3037:Luna 25
3001:Mars 96
2944:Prognoz
2921:Robotic
2879:(joint)
2788:Energia
2783:(joint)
2770:(joint)
2745:Voskhod
2524: (
2495:minutes
2477:, 2007.
2393:Sources
2313:21 July
2299:Witness
2232:27 July
2062:14 June
1854:, BBC,
1724:23 July
1592:Bibcode
1590:: 288,
1393:in 1957
1231:Sputnik
1209:ethanol
1185:Turatam
1088:Samoyed
1084:terrier
1076:Sputnik
1042:), and
1036:Zhuchka
1024:mongrel
1003:harness
866:mongrel
616:Tsyklon
584:Voskhod
579:Sputnik
542:Molniya
495:Energia
364:Molniya
359:GLONASS
320:Energia
278:(joint)
260:Voskhod
128:Laika (
110:terrier
106:Samoyed
98:Mongrel
79:Species
63:name(s)
3057:Bion-M
3050:Active
3042:(2023)
3027:(2011)
3018:(2009)
3006:(1996)
2989:Granat
2968:Astron
2956:Venera
2869:Active
2860:Kliper
2845:Zvezda
2840:Spiral
2824:Zvezda
2750:Salyut
2740:Vostok
2708:Proton
2703:Angara
2612:Soviet
2427:, NASA
2410:
2036:
2028:
1957:23 May
1565:14 May
1381:Legacy
1375:
1367:
1350:
1279:
1264:
1233:
1223:Voyage
1213:iodine
1163:rocket
1150:
1122:
1107:Mushka
1103:Albina
1099:
976:
972:
968:
960:
589:Vostok
547:Polyot
500:Kosmos
459:Proton
424:Venera
369:Meteor
349:Kosmos
306:Spiral
270:Salyut
255:Vostok
201:Weight
119:Female
61:Other
3293:Laika
3239:Sfera
3224:OPSEK
2995:Gamma
2891:Soyuz
2850:Zarya
2792:Buran
2755:Almaz
2713:Soyuz
2565:Laika
2553:Laika
2034:S2CID
1139:torrs
1080:Curly
1060:лаять
1056:husky
1019:stray
863:stray
859:orbit
831:Лайка
787:Laika
666:Laika
552:Soyuz
483:Zenit
471:Soyuz
374:Zenit
324:Buran
311:Almaz
294:N1-L3
265:Soyuz
191:Owner
165:, in
131:Лайка
102:husky
93:Breed
44:Laika
32:Laïko
2931:Past
2907:Orel
2855:MAKS
2733:Past
2646:(in
2614:and
2408:ISBN
2346:2022
2315:2018
2281:2022
2234:2009
2186:2006
2161:2006
2134:2006
2106:2006
2077:link
2064:2011
2026:PMID
1996:2006
1959:2013
1926:2008
1896:2006
1864:2006
1836:2006
1808:2014
1778:2006
1753:2006
1726:2020
1701:2019
1663:2006
1633:2004
1567:2023
1530:2006
1497:2006
1468:2014
1312:and
1235:2's
1204:NASA
1113:and
1071:-nik
1065:mutt
982:and
835:IPA:
537:Luna
354:Bion
288:Zond
153:Died
124:Born
2832:TMK
2775:Mir
2762:TKS
2018:doi
1334:U.S
1270:in
1143:kPa
1034:),
820:-kə
532:R-7
315:TKS
300:TMK
283:Mir
116:Sex
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2938:DS
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2297:.
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