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1135:(Directorate-General for Cultural Heritage - DGPC), and the Direção dos Serviços de Engenharia (Directorate of Military Engineering) signed a protocol to protect, restore and sustain the Lines. However, initial work was limited due to lack of resources. With the bicentennial of the Lines fast approaching the six municipalities set up an inter-municipal platform to move things forward and decided to apply for funding through the
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1110:, on the site of the Boavista redoubt (originally numbered as work Number 3). It is close to work Number 114, the Fort of Subserra (also known as the Fort of Alhandra), which can be visited. In 1911, two plaques were added to acknowledge the contributions of Richard Fletcher and of José Maria das Neves Costa, on whose original
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Substantial portions of the Lines survive today, albeit in most cases in a heavily decayed condition due to past removal of stones. Apart from some limited restoration of Fort St. Vincent in the 1960s the Lines had effectively lain abandoned from the end of the
Peninsular War to the beginning of this
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in August 1810 led to the public conscription of
Portuguese labourers. The works were sufficiently complete to halt the advance of the French troops, who arrived in October of the same year. Even after the French had retreated from Portugal, construction of the lines continued in expectation of their
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The last and most westerly section of the first line ran from the gorge of the
Sizandro to the sea, a distance of nearly 12 miles (19 km), more than half of which, however, on the western side had been rendered impassable by the damming of the Sizandro and by the conversion of its lower reaches
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Labour for construction of the forts was supplied by
Portuguese regiments from Lisbon, by hired Portuguese and, ultimately, through conscription of the whole district. The 152 works were supervised by just 18 engineers. The Lines were not continuous, as in the case of a defensive wall, but consisted
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on top of Monte Agraço. The entire construction was carried out in great secrecy and the French never became aware of it. Only one report appeared in the London newspapers, a major source of information for
Napoleon. It is said that the British government did not know about the forts and was stunned
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EEA grants met the costs of 110 projects, while the municipalities funded the work at another 140 sites. Work involved included removal of excess vegetation, creation or restoration of access, archaeological studies, setting up of information boards, establishment of walking routes, and a
Visitors'
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The redoubts of the First Line did not require more than 20,000 men to defend them, which left the whole of the true field-army free not only to reinforce any threatened point but also to make counter-attacks. To facilitate such movements a chain of five signal stations was established from one end
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they were repelled in an attempt to assault a strong
British outpost. After attempting to wait out the enemy, the lack of food and fodder in the area north of the lines meant that Masséna was forced to order a French retreat northwards, starting on the night of 14/15 November 1810, to find an area
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policy to their north in which the inhabitants were told to leave their farms, destroying all food they could not take and anything else that may be useful to the French. Although ultimately contributing to the success of the defence, this policy led to high rates of mortality among the
Portuguese
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When the Allies renewed their offensive in 1811, they were reinforced with fresh
British troops. The advance started from the Lines of Torres Vedras shortly after the French retreat. Although work continued on certain sections of the lines, they saw no further action during rest of the Peninsular
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Originally the Second Line was intended to be the main line of defence, 30 km (19 mi) north of Lisbon. The First Line, or Outer Line, was approximately 10 km (6.2 mi) to north of the Second Line. The original purpose of the First Line was to only delay the French. In fact, the
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In the event of failure even in the face of all these precautions, a very powerful line, 2 miles (3.2 km) long, was thrown up around the Fort of São Julião da Barra on the Tagus estuary to cover a retreat and any embarkation if it became necessary. This was considered to be the third line.
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British ships dominated the
Portuguese coast and the Tagus estuary, so a waterborne invasion by the French was unlikely. However, to guard against the possibility that the French would try to bypass the lines to the north of Lisbon by heading south along the left bank of the Tagus and then
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approaching Lisbon by boat, a fourth line was built south of the Tagus in the Almada area. The line was 7.3 kilometres (4.5 mi) long. It had 17 redoubts and covered trenches, 86 pieces of artillery, and was defended by marines and orderlies from Lisbon, with a total of 7,500 men.
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First Line was not the original plan, the work was only carried out because the defenders were given extra time due to the slow advance of the French Army. In the end, the First Line succeeded in holding the French and the Second Line was never required. A Third Line, surrounding the
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of a series of mutually supporting forts and other defences that both guarded roads that the French could take and also covered each other’s flanks. The majority of the defences were redoubts holding 200 to 300 troops and three to six cannon, normally 12-pounders, which could fire
917:. When he eventually returned to Spain in April 1811, he had lost a further 21,000 men, mostly from starvation, severe illness and disease. Casualties had not been helped by the fact that the Iberian peninsula had suffered one of the coldest winters it had ever known.
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were completed, it was possible, in February 1810, to begin work on 150 smaller interlinking defensive positions, using, wherever possible, the natural features of the landscape. The work received a boost after the loss to the French of the fortress at the
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The second section extended from Arruda to the west of Monte Agraço, which was crowned by the very large fort now known as the Fort of Alqueidão, mounting twenty-five guns, with three smaller forts to support it. Monte Agraço itself was held by
521:, Wellington realised that he was seriously outnumbered by the French army, giving rise to the possibility that he could be forced to retreat to Portugal and possibly evacuate. He decided to strengthen the proposed evacuation area around the
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The third section stretched from the west of Monte Agraço for nearly 8 miles (13 km) to the gorge of the river Sizandro, a little to south of Torres Vedras. This was strengthened by two redoubts which commanded the road from
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have been well conserved, with the former having a visitors' centre open Tue-Sun 10-1pm and 2-6pm. The visitors' centre has well-produced historic wall displays and a 20 min video. Other information centres along the lines are:
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contributed 8,000 Spanish troops to the lines around Mafra. Altogether, therefore, Wellington had some 60,000 regular frontline troops whom he could depend upon, and 20,000 more who could be trusted to man the lines.
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near Lisbon, was built to protect Wellington’s evacuation by sea from the fort. A fourth line, of which little remains, was built south of the Tagus opposite Lisbon to prevent a French invasion of the city by boat.
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In October 1809, Wellington, drawing on topographical maps prepared by José Maria das Neves Costa, and making use of a report that was prepared for General Junot in 1807, surveyed the area north of Lisbon with
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A monument commemorating the victory of the Anglo-Portuguese troops over the French armies and the construction of the Torres Vedras Lines was approved in 1874 and finished in 1883. Somewhat reminiscent of
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millennium. In 2001 the six municipalities covered by the Lines (Torres Vedras, Mafra, Sobral de Monte Agraço, Arruda dos Vinhos, Loures and Villa Franca de Xira), together with agencies of what is now the
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when Wellington first said in dispatches that he had retreated to them. Even the British Ambassador in Lisbon appears to have been unaware of what was happening. These defences were accompanied by a
550:. Eventually they chose the terrain from Torres Vedras to Lisbon because of its mountainous characteristics. From north to south, great undulations created peaks that straddled deep valleys, great
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into one huge inundation. The chief defence consisted of the entrenched camp of the Fort of São Vicente, a little to the north of Torres Vedras, which dominated the paved road leading from
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of the First Line to the other, which allowed a message to be sent along the lines in 7 minutes, or from the HQ to any point in 4 minutes. The signal stations on the First Line were:
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573:, dams that flooded large areas, and other defences. Roads were also built to enable troops to move rapidly between forts. The work was supervised by Fletcher, assisted by Major
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before being repulsed by Portuguese-British troops and forced to withdraw. After this retreat, Wellesley's forces advanced into Spain to join 33,000 Spanish troops under General
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in the centre of the town has a room dedicated to "The Lines" with a display of information boards and artefacts. A short distance from the museum just outside of the town,
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The total number of troops available to Wellington amounted, exclusive of two battalions of marines around the Fort of São Julião, to 42,000 British, of whom 35,000 were
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was about 5 miles (8.0 km) long, of which 1 mile (1.6 km) towards the Tagus had been inundated; another 1 mile (1.6 km) or more had been scarped into a
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in October 1807. This provided for the invasion and subsequent division of Portuguese territory into three kingdoms. Subsequently, French troops under the command of
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The lines were divided up into districts by Wellington in a letter dated 6 October 1810. Each district was allocated one Captain and one Lieutenant of Engineers:
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officers. The cost was less than £200,000 according to the Royal Engineers, one of the least expensive but most productive military investments in history.
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that served to support the Fort of Casa in its defence of the River Tagus as well as covering the Bucelas Gorge. They also exchanged crossfire with the
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to their north, which was a link between the first and second lines as it was close to three other forts designed to protect the road from Bucelas to
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The work began on the main defensive works on 3 November 1809, initially at the Fort of São Julião da Barra and almost immediately afterwards at the
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Following the decision on the location, Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Fletcher ordered the work to begin on a network of interlocking fortifications,
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policy) and an enemy behind an almost impenetrable defensive position. Masséna's forces arrived at the lines on 11 October and took
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return, and in 1812 34,000 men were still working on them. On completion there were 152 fortifications with a total of 648 cannon.
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together with over 27,000 Portuguese regulars, of whom 24,000 were combat ready; about 12,000 Portuguese militia; and 20–30,000
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The second line of defence was still more formidable. It can broadly be divided into three sections, from the
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The lines of Torres Vedras : the cornerstone of Wellington's strategy in the Peninsular War, 1809-1812
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on the banks of the Tagus to Rio São Lourenço on the Atlantic coast, with advanced works at Torres Vedras,
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1810 offensive. The Lines were declared a National Heritage by the Portuguese Government in March 2019.
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The Lines of Torres Vedras: The Cornerstone of Wellington's Strategy in the Peninsular War 1809–1812
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1874:"Press release – Winners of 2014 EU Prize for Cultural Heritage / Europa Nostra Awards announced"
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entered Portugal, which requested support from the British. In July 1808 troops commanded by Sir
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on 27 September 1810. The French army under Marshal Masséna discovered a barren land (under the
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https://www.cm-mafra.pt/sites/default/files/guide_-_lines_of_torres_vedras_historial_trail.pdf
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From the Pass of Freixal, near Bucelas to the right of the Pass of Mafra. HQ at Montachique.
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1415:. Torres Vedras: PILT – Plataforma Intermunicipal para as Linhas de Torres. pp. 6–15.
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The Fort of Subserra. No 114 of the forts in the Lines. Also known as the Fort of Alhandra
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Gilbert, Clive (2012). "The Lines of Torres Vedras: A Remarkable Restoration Project".
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and his Portuguese workers between November 1809 and September 1810, and used to stop
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divisions, under the eye of Wellington himself, who established his headquarters at
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The monument was constructed near the village of Alhandra in the municipality of
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The Story of the Lines, in Lines of Torres Vedras Historical Trail : Guide
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A 1ª E A 2ª LINHAS DE TORRES: A VALORIZAÇÃO DO PATRIMÓNIO E O TURISMO CULTURAL
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to Lisbon. The force assigned to this part of the Line was Picton's division.
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with his 65,000 strong army (l'Armée de Portugal). After losing 4,000 at the
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At the beginning of the Peninsular War (1807–14) France and Spain signed the
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to guard the right flank on the Tagus. This area was under the command of
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05 de Dezembro – Caminhada de Sobral de Monte Agraço – Forte do Alqueidão
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Rota Historica das Linhas de Torres brochure. Retrieved 18 October 2018
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and others. Closer to Mafra, overlooking the town of Malveira, was the
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The Pictorial History of England During the Reign of George the Third
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who had retreated south of the lines. By some estimates 40,000 died.
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1328:"Governo classifica Linhas de Torres Vedras como monumento nacional"
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Centre in each municipality. This conservation work was awarded the
1087:, the column is topped by a statue of the Classical Greek figure of
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Wellington at War in the Peninsula 1808–1814: An overview and guide
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Monument to the Defenders of the Lines of Torres Vedras at Alhandra
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Wellington's first idea had been to construct the first line from
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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European Union Prize for Cultural Heritage / Europa Nostra Awards
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while on the Second Line, five stations have been identified at:
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Monte do Socorro close to Pêro Negro, Wellington's headquarters.
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led a new French expedition that advanced south to the city of
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In December 1810, fearing a French attempt on the left of the
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Complete list of the different military works (In Portuguese)
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Lines of Torres Interpretation Centre at Bucelas Wine museum.
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Monte Socorro Historical Reconstruction of semaphore tower.
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1916:. Vol. I. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers.
1633:. Lisbon: British Historical Society, Portugal. p. 50.
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that had not been subjected to the scorched earth policy.
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was forced to retreat to the first line after winning the
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and other military defences built in secrecy to defend
1722:"The Lines of Torres Vedras – An Impregnable Citadel?"
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Noivo, Marco António do Carmo Gomes (February 2010).
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Centro de Interpretação das Linhas de Torres de Mafra
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in Lisbon. The column used marble from the parish of
717:. Defences still visible in this section include the
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1809–1811 military defences during the Peninsular War
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British Historical Society of Portugal Annual Report
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1970:. Vol. 1 (reprint ed.). Harper & Row.
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Remains of a redoubt at the lines of Torres Vedras.
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1854:"Historical route of the Lines of Torres Vedras"
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4345:England expects that every man will do his duty
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1388:. Lisbon: British Historical Society, Portugal.
1190:Interpretation Centre at Sobral de Monte Agraço
1164:Leonel Trindade Municipal Museum, Torres Vedras
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984:From the Pass of Mafra to the sea. HQ at Mafra.
886:Duke of Wellington's Headquarters at Pero Negro
2121:Lines of Torres Vedras Historical Trail: Guide
1923:The Spanish Ulcer: A History of Peninsular War
1023:Redoubt n.30 close to the ocean (Ponte do Rol)
894:, a chain of 17 redoubts was constructed from
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1753:"Monumento comemorativo das Linhas de Torres"
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2105:More details on the military fortifications
2020:. Vol. 7. London: Macmillan. pp.
1406:Da Silva, Carlos Guardado (November 2011).
974:, to the Pass of Bucelas, inclusive. HQ at
608:List of forts of the Lines of Torres Vedras
4407:Military installations established in 1810
2168:
2154:
2050:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1974:
1114:Wellington based his plans for the Lines.
43:
29:
4437:Buildings and structures in Torres Vedras
2035:
2010:
1895:Wellington and the Lines of Torres Vedras
1707:
1695:
1616:
1597:
1483:
1453:
1139:programme. Funding was granted in 2007.
836:
761:. Here, therefore, were concentrated the
4452:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
1975:Pivka, Otto Von; Roffe, Michael (2013).
1962:
1912:Porter, Major General Whitworth (1889).
1892:
1828:Municipal Museum visited 18 October 2018
1747:
1745:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1149:
1121:
1069:
1009:
881:
723:
669:
611:
536:
1914:History of the Corps of Royal Engineers
1784:
1780:
1778:
1622:
588:When the results of the surveys by the
562:fight from forts on many of the peaks.
4389:
2491:Planned invasion of the United Kingdom
2089:British Historical Society of Portugal
1943:
1911:
1757:Museu Municipal de Vila Franca de Xira
1713:
1683:
1671:
1629:Norris, A. H.; Bremner, R. W. (1986).
1528:
1477:
1465:
1384:Norris, A. H.; Bremner, R. W. (1986).
698:. The additional defences included 23
627:(St. Vincent) overlooking the town of
577:, and 11 other British Officers, four
381:
4447:National monuments in Lisbon District
4173:Spanish American wars of independence
2149:
2095:Photographs and map of fort locations
2079:Friends of the Lines of Torres Vedras
1920:
1742:
1729:Friends of the Lines of Torres Vedras
1513:
1392:
1360:
1351:
870:the following day. On 14 October the
497:. This forced Junot to negotiate the
459:Arthur Wellesley, Viscount Wellington
56:Invasion of Portugal, 1810–1811
24:
2059:Craik, G.L.; MacFarlane, C. (1844).
1851:
1803:
1775:
1566:
1345:
1133:Direção-Geral do Património Cultural
1126:Visitors' Centre at Fort St. Vincent
1026:Fort of São Vicente at Torres Vedras
1014:A model of the communications system
849:
333:
4158:Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)
2175:
1578:Rota Histórica das Linhas de Torres
959:to the valley of Calhandriz. HQ at
948:to the valley of Calhandriz. HQ at
548:Lieutenant-Colonel Richard Fletcher
13:
2029:
1968:Wellington: The years of the sword
1719:
14:
4463:
2072:
874:tried to push forward but at the
541:Map of the Lines of Torres Vedras
453:. Named after the nearby town of
4033:Frederick William III of Prussia
4013:Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly
2133:
2000:
1944:Grehan, John (20 January 2016).
1232:
1218:
1154:View of gun emplacements at the
427:
421:
415:
409:
403:
380:
364:
348:
332:
316:
300:
284:
268:
252:
236:
220:
204:
188:
181:
4402:1810 establishments in Portugal
4153:Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)
4083:Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
2110:The construction of São Vicente
1832:
1821:
1637:
1547:
1356:. Lisbon: University of Lisbon.
1295:How the Brigadier Saved An Army
1035:Sobralinho, by the River Tagus.
601:
365:
349:
317:
301:
221:
4068:Prince Regent John of Portugal
3978:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
3923:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
3918:Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria
1320:
1061:Fort of São Julião at Ericeira
905:Marshal Masséna had begun his
788:
472:
237:
205:
189:
1:
4093:Prince Charles John of Sweden
2017:A history of the British army
1979:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
1313:
1246:
739:Anglo-Portuguese 5th Division
665:
285:
269:
253:
4427:Semipermanent fortifications
2040:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire.
1118:Preservation and restoration
924:
702:mounting 96 guns, besides a
525:on the estuary of the River
7:
4412:19th-century fortifications
2012:Fortescue, Sir John William
1276:, novel by Bernard Cornwell
1065:
659:Fort of São Julião da Barra
532:
523:Fort of São Julião da Barra
10:
4468:
4422:Military history of Lisbon
3928:Frederick I of Württemberg
2298:Confederation of the Rhine
2036:Robertson, Ian C. (2000).
1925:. Da Capo Press. pp.
1893:Thompson, Mark S. (2021).
1845:
1631:The Lines of Torres Vedras
1386:The Lines of Torres Vedras
1257:, novel by C. S. Forester,
1195:Centro Cultural do Morgado
1044:Forts of Serra da Aguieira
605:
4307:
4191:
4106:
4088:Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden
4078:William, Prince of Orange
3941:
3888:Pierre-Charles Villeneuve
3821:
3814:
3694:
3573:
3437:
3266:
3180:
3134:
2883:
2777:
2701:
2595:
2509:
2461:
2452:
2348:
2249:
2240:
2217:French Invasion of Russia
2183:
1852:Bvba, D'Artagnan (2014).
1496:"Linhas de Torres Vedras"
1093:Monument to the Restorers
401:Peninsular War: Portugal
62:
3998:Archduke John of Austria
3993:Prince von Schwarzenberg
3838:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
2063:. Vol. 4. pp.
1977:The King's German Legion
1816:European Commission 2014
1574:"First fort at Subserra"
463:Colonel Richard Fletcher
3933:Frederick VI of Denmark
3883:Jean-Baptiste Bessières
2673:Greater Poland uprising
2496:Duc d'Enghien Execution
2126:9 February 2019 at the
1559:9 February 2019 at the
479:Treaty of Fontainebleau
457:, they were ordered by
4397:Lines of Torres Vedras
4053:Ferdinand VII of Spain
2501:Coronation of Napoleon
2140:Lines of Torres Vedras
1159:
1127:
1075:
1051:Montachique mountain (
1015:
966:From the banks of the
950:Sobral de Monte Agraço
946:Sobral de Monte Agraço
887:
868:Sobral de Monte Agraço
837:Third and fourth lines
747:British Light Division
729:
684:Sobral de Monte Agraço
675:
620:
542:
439:Lines of Torres Vedras
4340:Conference of Dresden
4249:Paris (February 1812)
4178:Swedish–Norwegian War
4003:Alexander I of Russia
1921:Gates, David (2009).
1529:Grehan, John (2015).
1153:
1137:EEA and Norway Grants
1125:
1073:
1053:Cabeço de Montachique
1013:
885:
856:Anglo-Portuguese Army
727:
673:
615:
540:
4294:Fontainebleau (1814)
3848:Louis-Nicolas Davout
2769:Invasion of Portugal
2142:at Wikimedia Commons
1004:Marquis of la Romana
499:Convention of Cintra
398:class=notpageimage|
4432:Fortification lines
4320:Bourbon Restoration
4063:Maria I of Portugal
4048:Prince of Hohenlohe
4038:Gebhard von Blücher
2981:Neumarkt-Sankt Veit
2288:Swiss Confederation
1964:Longford, Elizabeth
1878:European Commission
1698:, pp. 542–543.
1645:"Forte da Malveira"
1600:, pp. 541–542.
1533:. Frontline Books.
1304:Beyond the Sunrise,
1281:Lines of Wellington
1254:Death to the French
1168:Fort of São Vicente
1108:Vila Franca de Xira
815:Alverca do Ribatejo
625:Fort of São Vicente
581:Engineers, and two
4335:Continental System
4330:Congress of Erfurt
4254:Paris (March 1812)
4028:Peter Wittgenstein
3953:Duke of Wellington
3908:Prince Poniatowski
3873:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
3858:Auguste de Marmont
3253:Arroyo dos Molinos
3101:Walcheren Campaign
3091:Armistice of Znaim
2986:Dalmatian Campaign
2911:Tyrolean Rebellion
1432:on 9 February 2019
1299:Arthur Conan Doyle
1209:3 May 2018 at the
1160:
1128:
1076:
1016:
937:to the sea. HQ at
888:
801:, from Bucelas to
730:
676:
621:
543:
519:Battle of Talavera
73:1st Ciudad Rodrigo
4442:National redoubts
4384:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4372:Types of military
4168:Russo-Turkish War
4163:Russo-Persian War
4131:Anglo-Turkish War
4126:Anglo-Swedish War
4121:Anglo-Spanish War
4116:Anglo-Russian War
4043:Duke of Brunswick
3946:political leaders
3826:political leaders
3810:
3809:
2815:Medina de Rioseco
2537:Haslach-Jungingen
2471:French Revolution
2448:
2447:
2231:Seventh Coalition
2138:Media related to
1904:978-1-914059-85-8
1422:978-989-8398-16-1
1297:, short story by
1290:Valeria Sarmiento
1199:Arruda dos Vinhos
1000:guerrilla warfare
915:attrition warfare
850:Holding the Lines
819:Fort of Mosqueiro
807:Serra da Aguieira
633:Fort of Alqueidão
575:John Thomas Jones
467:Marshal Masséna's
461:, constructed by
176:
175:
4459:
4148:Dano-Swedish War
4136:Anglo-Danish War
3988:Archduke Charles
3903:Jérôme Bonaparte
3819:
3818:
3752:Castel di Sangro
3661:Fère-Champenoise
3314:García Hernández
3228:Fuentes de Oñoro
2744:Guttstadt-Deppen
2481:Second Coalition
2459:
2458:
2440:French Royalists
2247:
2246:
2196:Fourth Coalition
2170:
2163:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2137:
2068:
2055:
2049:
2041:
2025:
2004:
2003:
1990:
1971:
1959:
1940:
1917:
1908:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1763:on 14 April 2019
1759:. Archived from
1749:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1570:
1564:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1526:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1492:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1425:. Archived from
1414:
1403:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1358:
1357:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1324:
1267:Bernard Cornwell
1242:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1172:Fort of Olheiros
1156:Fort of Olheiros
1112:topographic maps
911:Battle of Buçaco
876:Battle of Sobral
860:Battle of Buçaco
797:on the Tagus to
719:Fort of Subserra
618:Fort of Zambujal
616:Dry moat at the
595:Siege of Almeida
487:Arthur Wellesley
431:
430:
425:
424:
419:
418:
413:
412:
407:
406:
384:
383:
368:
367:
352:
351:
336:
335:
320:
319:
304:
303:
288:
287:
272:
271:
256:
255:
240:
239:
224:
223:
208:
207:
192:
191:
185:
152:Fuentes de Oñoro
57:
45:
38:
31:
22:
21:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4376:
4303:
4187:
4108:
4102:
4058:Miguel de Álava
4023:Pyotr Bagration
4018:Count Bennigsen
4008:Mikhail Kutuzov
3973:Thomas Cochrane
3945:
3943:
3937:
3898:Louis Bonaparte
3825:
3823:
3822:French and ally
3806:
3690:
3606:Château-Thierry
3569:
3433:
3404:Maloyaroslavets
3262:
3176:
3130:
2921:Yevenes/Yébenes
2879:
2795:Rosily Squadron
2773:
2697:
2663:Waren-Nossentin
2591:
2522:Cape Finisterre
2505:
2476:First Coalition
2454:
2444:
2351:
2344:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2236:
2224:Sixth Coalition
2210:Fifth Coalition
2189:Third Coalition
2179:
2177:Napoleonic Wars
2174:
2128:Wayback Machine
2115:Semaphore Tower
2075:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2030:Further reading
2001:
1987:
1956:
1937:
1905:
1883:
1881:
1880:. 20 March 2014
1863:
1861:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1783:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1751:
1750:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1724:
1720:Napier, G.W.A.
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1561:Wayback Machine
1552:
1548:
1541:
1527:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1412:
1404:
1393:
1382:
1361:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1273:Sharpe's Escape
1249:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1226:Portugal portal
1224:
1219:
1217:
1211:Wayback Machine
1158:, Torres Vedras
1120:
1081:Nelson’s Column
1068:
1048:Fort of Sunivel
927:
852:
839:
833:or royal park.
791:
668:
610:
604:
590:Royal Engineers
579:Portuguese Army
535:
529:, near Lisbon.
475:
435:
434:
433:
428:
422:
416:
410:
404:
402:
400:
394:
393:
392:
391:
385:
377:
376:
375:
369:
361:
360:
359:
353:
345:
344:
343:
337:
329:
328:
327:
321:
313:
312:
311:
305:
297:
296:
295:
289:
281:
280:
279:
273:
265:
264:
263:
257:
249:
248:
247:
241:
233:
232:
231:
225:
217:
216:
215:
209:
201:
200:
199:
193:
177:
172:
168:Aldeia da Ponte
58:
55:
51:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4465:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4417:Peninsular War
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4367:Longwood House
4364:
4363:
4362:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4073:Count of Feira
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3968:Horatio Nelson
3965:
3960:
3955:
3949:
3947:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3878:Marshal Victor
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3827:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3656:Arcis-sur-Aube
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3399:Venta del Pozo
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3274:Ciudad Rodrigo
3270:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3152:Ciudad Rodrigo
3149:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3126:Alba de Tormes
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3026:Aspern-Essling
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2628:Jena–Auerstedt
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2400:Ottoman Empire
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2360:United Kingdom
2356:
2354:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2330:Ottoman Empire
2327:
2325:Denmark–Norway
2322:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2268:Polish Legions
2265:
2259:
2257:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2203:Peninsular War
2199:
2192:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2131:
2118:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
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2074:
2073:External links
2071:
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2069:
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2026:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1972:
1960:
1954:
1948:. Spellmount.
1941:
1935:
1918:
1909:
1903:
1890:
1870:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1831:
1820:
1808:
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1712:
1710:, p. 543.
1708:Fortescue 1899
1700:
1696:Fortescue 1899
1688:
1686:, p. 265.
1676:
1674:, p. 266.
1661:
1649:Fortalezas.org
1636:
1621:
1619:, p. 542.
1617:Fortescue 1899
1602:
1598:Fortescue 1899
1590:
1565:
1546:
1539:
1512:
1500:Fortalezas.org
1482:
1470:
1468:, p. 267.
1458:
1456:, p. 541.
1454:Fortescue 1899
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1391:
1359:
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1318:
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1187:
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1119:
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1103:municipality.
1067:
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1058:Fort of Chipre
1056:
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1002:. Lastly, the
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942:
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864:scorched earth
851:
848:
838:
835:
790:
787:
667:
664:
638:scorched earth
603:
600:
534:
531:
474:
471:
451:Peninsular War
441:were lines of
396:
395:
389:FuentesDeOñoro
387:
386:
379:
378:
371:
370:
363:
362:
355:
354:
347:
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339:
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331:
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323:
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315:
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59:
53:Peninsular War
48:
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40:
33:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4464:
4453:
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4308:Miscellaneous
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3983:Manuel Lapeña
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3913:Prince Eugène
3911:
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3863:André Masséna
3861:
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3843:Joachim Murat
3841:
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3800:
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3036:Sankt Michael
3034:
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2253:client states
2248:
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2190:
2186:
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2136:
2132:
2129:
2125:
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2119:
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2103:
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2098:
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2090:
2087:
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2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2007:public domain
1999:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1986:9781472801692
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1955:9781473852747
1951:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1936:9780786747320
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1859:
1858:Europa Nostra
1855:
1850:
1849:
1835:
1829:
1824:
1817:
1812:
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1542:
1540:9781473852747
1536:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1480:, Chapter XI.
1479:
1474:
1467:
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1264:
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1262:Sharpe's Gold
1259:
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1251:
1250:
1241:
1240:France portal
1230:
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1208:
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1097:Pêro Pinheiro
1094:
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939:Torres Vedras
936:
935:Torres Vedras
932:
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922:
918:
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912:
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903:
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893:
884:
880:
877:
873:
869:
865:
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857:
847:
843:
834:
832:
828:
827:Fort of Feira
824:
823:Fort of Ribas
820:
816:
812:
811:Fort of Arpim
808:
804:
800:
796:
786:
784:
778:
776:
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764:
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737:brigade with
736:
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709:
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689:
685:
681:
672:
663:
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647:canister shot
642:
639:
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630:
629:Torres Vedras
626:
619:
614:
609:
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586:
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580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
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516:
515:Claude Victor
512:
508:
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503:Marshal Soult
500:
496:
492:
488:
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483:General Junot
480:
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460:
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455:Torres Vedras
452:
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141:Foz de Arouce
139:
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111:Torres Vedras
109:
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65:
64:
61:
54:
46:
41:
39:
34:
32:
27:
26:
23:
19:
4355:Grande Armée
4315:Bibliography
4299:Paris (1815)
4259:Paris (1814)
4244:Paris (1810)
4224:Finckenstein
4199:Campo Formio
3958:Rowland Hill
3944:military and
3824:military and
3797:Rocquencourt
3666:Saint-Dizier
3636:Bar-sur-Aube
3591:Mincio River
3086:Schöngrabern
2865:2nd Zaragoza
2805:1st Zaragoza
2759:Stralsund II
2608:Campo Tenese
2582:Schöngrabern
2567:Cape Ortegal
2517:Diamond Rock
2395:Papal States
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2060:
2037:
2016:
1995:Attribution:
1994:
1993:
1976:
1967:
1945:
1922:
1913:
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1877:
1862:. Retrieved
1857:
1834:
1823:
1811:
1799:
1790:
1786:
1765:. Retrieved
1761:the original
1756:
1732:. Retrieved
1728:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1652:. Retrieved
1648:
1639:
1630:
1624:
1593:
1581:. Retrieved
1577:
1568:
1549:
1530:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:
1473:
1461:
1434:. Retrieved
1427:the original
1408:
1385:
1353:
1347:
1335:. Retrieved
1331:
1322:
1303:
1294:
1279:
1271:
1260:
1252:
1185:Fort of Casa
1161:
1141:
1129:
1105:
1077:
1052:
1038:
1032:Monte Agraço
1017:
993:
990:combat ready
987:
928:
919:
904:
889:
853:
844:
840:
795:Fort of Casa
792:
779:
751:
731:
677:
655:
643:
622:
602:Construction
587:
564:
544:
517:. After the
476:
438:
436:
341:TorresVedras
340:
151:
110:
99:
94:Trant's raid
72:
18:
4183:War of 1812
4141:Gunboat War
4098:Louis XVIII
3853:Jean Lannes
3767:Quatre Bras
3757:San Germano
3707:Occhiobello
3596:Champaubert
3586:La Rothière
3510:San Marcial
3394:2nd Polotsk
3359:1st Polotsk
3344:Majadahonda
3284:Villagarcia
3213:Campo Maior
3001:Piave River
2926:Ciudad Real
2916:Villafranca
2785:Dos de Mayo
2734:Stralsund I
2486:18 Brumaire
2420:Netherlands
2318:Württemberg
1684:Porter 1889
1672:Porter 1889
1478:Porter 1889
1466:Porter 1889
1308:Mary Balogh
1265:, novel by
789:Second line
759:Montachique
651:cannonballs
631:and at the
571:escarpments
473:Development
449:during the
158:2nd Almeida
89:1st Almeida
4391:Categories
4325:Casualties
4239:Schönbrunn
4214:Artlenburg
3963:John Moore
3868:Michel Ney
3737:Scapezzano
3727:Cesenatico
3671:Montmartre
3601:Montmirail
3535:Wartenburg
3490:Großbeeren
3349:Gorodechno
3339:Klyastitsy
3319:Saltanovka
3208:Casal Novo
3081:Hollabrunn
3066:Korneuburg
2860:Somosierra
2764:Copenhagen
2587:Austerlitz
2577:Dürenstein
2313:Westphalia
2256:and allies
1897:. Helion.
1654:9 February
1332:Observador
1314:References
1284:, film by
1247:In fiction
995:ordenanças
872:VIII Corps
775:Pero Negro
666:First line
606:See also:
136:Casal Novo
4289:Casalanza
4264:Tauroggen
4219:Pressburg
4204:Lunéville
4109:conflicts
3942:Coalition
3792:La Suffel
3742:Tolentino
3626:Montereau
3611:Vauchamps
3560:Bornhöved
3515:Dennewitz
3460:Tarragona
3409:Chashniki
3309:Salamanca
3233:Tarragona
3157:Barquilla
3111:Almonacid
3071:Stockerau
3041:Stralsund
3011:2nd Porto
2991:Ebelsberg
2961:Abensberg
2931:1st Porto
2891:Castellón
2875:Benavente
2840:Valmaseda
2754:Friedland
2749:Heilsberg
2719:Ostrołęka
2709:Mohrungen
2643:Magdeburg
2572:Amstetten
2557:Trafalgar
2542:Elchingen
2527:Wertingen
2425:Brunswick
2350:Coalition
2046:cite book
1804:Bvba 2014
1505:8 October
1306:novel by
1286:Raúl Ruiz
1147:in 2014.
925:Garrisons
692:precipice
560:rearguard
554:and wide
84:Côa River
79:Barquilla
4360:Uniforms
4274:Chaumont
4192:Treaties
3893:Joseph I
3833:Napoleon
3777:Waterloo
3717:Casaglia
3681:Toulouse
3565:Sehested
3540:Bidassoa
3520:2nd Kulm
3505:1st Kulm
3495:Katzbach
3485:Sorauren
3480:Pyrenees
3445:Castalla
3429:Berezina
3419:Smoliani
3389:Tarutino
3374:Borodino
3364:Valutino
3354:Smolensk
3324:Ostrovno
3294:Maguilla
3258:Valencia
3248:Saguntum
3096:Talavera
2976:Ratisbon
2966:Landshut
2941:Bergisel
2936:Medellín
2850:Espinosa
2810:Valencia
2683:Czarnowo
2653:Pasewalk
2648:Prenzlau
2623:Saalfeld
2562:Caldiero
2532:Günzburg
2410:Sardinia
2385:Portugal
2124:Archived
2014:(1899).
1966:(1972).
1860:. Lisbon
1767:14 April
1734:25 April
1583:19 April
1557:Archived
1436:25 April
1337:30 March
1207:Archived
1170:and the
1089:Hercules
1066:Memorial
961:Alhandra
957:Alhandra
907:campaign
900:Trafaria
715:division
708:gunboats
704:flotilla
700:redoubts
680:Alhandra
567:redoubts
533:Planning
163:El Bodón
131:Condeixa
116:Olivença
4107:Related
3686:Bayonne
3651:Craonne
3621:Mormant
3581:Brienne
3555:Nivelle
3545:Leipzig
3500:Dresden
3470:Vitoria
3455:Bautzen
3424:Krasnoi
3369:Mesoten
3329:Vitebsk
3289:Almaraz
3279:Badajoz
3238:Albuera
3223:Almeida
3218:Sabugal
3203:Redinha
3193:Barrosa
3172:Bussaco
3167:Almeida
3147:Astorga
3116:Tamames
3076:Gefrees
3031:Alcañiz
2971:Eckmühl
2901:Corunna
2870:Sahagún
2835:Zornoza
2830:Vimeiro
2800:Cabezón
2724:Kolberg
2693:Pułtusk
2688:Golymin
2678:Hamelin
2658:Stettin
2618:Schleiz
2463:Prelude
2455:battles
2430:Hanover
2375:Prussia
2365:Austria
2303:Bavaria
2283:Etruria
2278:Holland
2250:France,
2243:gerents
1927:237–238
1846:Sources
1563:page 10
976:Bucelas
972:Alverca
970:, near
799:Bucelas
743:Leith's
556:ravines
552:gullies
495:Vimeiro
408:1807
373:Sabugal
357:Redinha
325:Bussaco
309:Almeida
229:Vimeiro
146:Sabugal
126:Redinha
100:Bussaco
67:Astorga
4284:Mantua
4234:Cintra
4229:Tilsit
4209:Amiens
3747:Ancona
3732:Pesaro
3702:Panaro
3631:Orthez
3616:Garris
3530:Roßlau
3525:Göhrde
3465:Luckau
3450:Lützen
3414:Vyazma
3384:Burgos
3379:Moscow
3334:Kobryn
3243:Usagre
3198:Pombal
3188:Gebora
3061:Wagram
3021:Tarvis
2996:Girona
2956:Raszyn
2946:Sacile
2855:Tudela
2845:Burgos
2825:Roliça
2820:Bailén
2739:Mileto
2729:Danzig
2668:Lübeck
2633:Erfurt
2552:Verona
2435:Nassau
2415:Sweden
2405:Persia
2390:Sicily
2370:Russia
2352:forces
2335:Persia
2308:Saxony
2293:Naples
2263:France
2241:Belli-
2009::
1983:
1952:
1933:
1901:
1884:1 June
1864:1 June
1537:
1419:
1101:Sintra
1085:London
896:Almada
831:Tapada
821:, the
783:Leiria
769:, and
755:Sobral
735:Pack's
712:Hill's
696:abatis
688:Arruda
511:Cuesta
491:Roliça
447:Lisbon
245:Chaves
213:Roliça
197:Lisbon
121:Pombal
106:Sobral
4350:Films
3782:Wavre
3772:Ligny
3762:Gaeta
3722:Ronco
3712:Carpi
3676:Paris
3646:Reims
3550:Hanau
3142:Cádiz
3121:Ocaña
3106:Ölper
3051:María
3016:Wörgl
3006:Grijó
2906:Valls
2896:Uclés
2790:Bruch
2714:Eylau
2638:Halle
2613:Maida
2603:Gaeta
2453:Major
2380:Spain
2340:Spain
2273:Italy
2067:–454.
2024:–544.
1793:: 78.
1725:(PDF)
1430:(PDF)
1413:(PDF)
968:Tagus
955:From
944:From
933:From
921:War.
892:Tagus
803:Mafra
527:Tagus
507:Porto
443:forts
426:1810
420:1809
414:1808
293:Porto
277:Grijó
261:Braga
4279:Kiel
4269:Ried
3815:Info
3802:Issy
3695:1815
3641:Laon
3574:1814
3438:1813
3304:Ekau
3267:1812
3181:1811
3135:1810
3056:Graz
3046:Raab
2884:1809
2778:1808
2702:1807
2596:1806
2510:1805
2052:link
1981:ISBN
1950:ISBN
1931:ISBN
1899:ISBN
1886:2016
1866:2016
1769:2019
1736:2019
1656:2019
1585:2019
1535:ISBN
1507:2019
1438:2019
1417:ISBN
1339:2019
1288:and
1162:The
854:The
493:and
437:The
432:1811
3299:Mir
3162:Côa
2547:Ulm
2065:448
2022:541
1099:in
1083:in
898:to
771:6th
767:4th
763:1st
757:to
706:of
649:or
583:KGL
4393::
2048:}}
2044:{{
1929:.
1876:.
1856:.
1791:39
1789:.
1777:^
1755:.
1744:^
1727:.
1664:^
1647:.
1605:^
1576:.
1515:^
1498:.
1485:^
1446:^
1394:^
1362:^
1330:.
1197:,
765:,
749:.
721:.
569:,
2169:e
2162:t
2155:v
2130:.
2054:)
1989:.
1958:.
1939:.
1907:.
1888:.
1868:.
1818:.
1806:.
1771:.
1738:.
1658:.
1587:.
1543:.
1509:.
1440:.
1341:.
1055:)
978:.
963:.
952:.
941:.
741:(
44:e
37:t
30:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
