27:
39:
295:
377:
368:
1497:
1266:; Wenwen Li; Dean Rehberger; Mark Schildhauer; Rui Zhu; Cogan Shimizu; Colby K. Fisher; Ling Cai; Gengchen Mai; Joseph Zalewski; Lu Zhou; Shirly Stephen; Seila Gonzalez Estrecha; Bryce D. Mecum; Anna Lopez-Carr; Andrew Schroeder; Dave Smith; Dawn J. Wright; Sizhe Wang; Yuanyuan Tian; Zilong Liu; Meilin Shi; Anthony D'Onofrio; Zhining G; Kitty Currier (2022).
415:
projects involving linked data. These include the linked open data around the clock (LATC) project, the AKN4EU project for machine-readable legislative data, the PlanetData project, the DaPaaS (Data-and-Platform-as-a-Service) project, and the Linked Open Data 2 (LOD2) project. Data linking is one of
494:) – an international database of 89,506 institutions engaged in academic research, with 14,401 relationships. GRID models two types of relationships: a parent-child relationship that defines a subordinate association, and a related relationship that describes other associations
371:
The above diagram shows which
Linking Open Data datasets are connected, as of August 2014. This was produced by the Linked Open Data Cloud project, which was started in 2007. Some sets may include copyrighted data which is freely
760:
403:, which were interlinked by over two million RDF links. By September 2011 this had grown to 31 billion RDF triples, interlinked by around 504 million RDF links. A detailed statistical breakdown was published in 2014.
78:, but rather than using them to serve web pages only for human readers, it extends them to share information in a way that can be read automatically by computers. Part of the vision of linked data is for the
1974:
30:
Wikidata in the Linked Open Data Cloud. Databases indicated as circles (with wikidata indicated as ‘WD’), with grey lines linking databases in the network if their data is aligned. Generated from
764:
351:
The term "linked open data" has been in use since at least
February 2007, when the "Linking Open Data" mailing list was created. The mailing list was initially hosted by the
1268:"Know, Know Where, Knowwheregraph: A Densely Connected, Cross-Domain Knowledge Graph and Geo-Enrichment Service Stack for Applications in Environmental Intelligence"
543:
Clickable diagrams that show the individual datasets and their relationships within the DBpedia-spawned LOD cloud (as by the figures to the right) are available.
1436:, Kunal Verma, Peter Z. Yeh, Amit Sheth. In: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Hypertext and Social Media conference (HT 2012), Milwaukee, WI, USA, June 25–28, 2012.
1468:
1465:- J Cheminform. 2011; 3: 19. Samwald, Jentzsch, Bouton, Kallesøe, Willighagen, Hajagos, Marshall, Prud'hommeaux, Hassenzadeh, Pichler, and Stephens (May 2011)
1159:
785:
1415:
177:
Thus, we can identify the following components as essential to a global Linked Data system as envisioned, and to any actual Linked Data subset within it:
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1309:
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42:
DBpedia as the most interlinked LOD dataset and crystallization point of the Linked Open Data Cloud since 2008, image from 2021, generated from
606:
504:
272:
710:
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1339:
1480:
2144:
1459:, Amit Sheth, Kunal Verma, Peter Z. Yeh. In proceedings of the 9th International Semantic Web Conference, ISWC 2010, Shanghai, China
384:
The goal of the W3C Semantic Web
Education and Outreach group's Linking Open Data community project is to extend the Web with a
1767:
1701:
1561:
306:
suggested a 5-star scheme for grading the quality of open data on the web, for which the highest ranking is Linked Open Data:
1840:
1429:
1387:(2011) by Tom Heath and Christian Bizer, Synthesis Lectures on the Semantic Web: Theory and Technology, Morgan & Claypool
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356:
168:
Anything else that that same thing has a relationship with through its data should also be given a name beginning with HTTP.
2066:
1711:
1422:, Peter Z. Yeh, Kunal Verma, and Amit P. Sheth. In: Dan Brickley, Vinay K. Chaudhri, Harry Halpin, and Deborah McGuinness:
501:
of 30 data layers at the intersection between humans and their environment using
Semantic Web and Linked Data technologies.
1534:
1400:, by Chris Bizer, Richard Cyganiak and Tom Heath, Linked Data Tutorial at Freie Universität Berlin, Germany, 27 July 2007.
487:
1145:
249:
Linked Open Data (LOD) is Linked Data which is released under an open license, which does not impede its reuse for free.
960:
886:
464:– a dataset containing extracted data from Knowledge; it contains about 3.4 million concepts described by 1 billion
686:
448:, which can act as binding classes to external data; also has links to 1.5 million named entities from DBpedia and
913:
Linking open data cloud diagram 2014, by Max
Schmachtenberg, Christian Bizer, Anja Jentzsch and Richard Cyganiak.
399:
links between data items from different data sources. In
October 2007, datasets consisted of over two billion RDF
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332:
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1449:– Chris Bizer, Tom Heath, Danny Ayers, Yves Raimond. In Proceedings Poster Track, ESWC2007, Innsbruck, Austria
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555:- consortium of US art museums committed to establishing a critical mass of linked open data on American art
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444:– a lightweight reference structure of 20,000 subject concept classes and their relationships derived from
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67:
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245:. Tim Berners-Lee gives the clearest definition of linked open data as differentiated from linked data.
132:
URIs should be used to allow these things to be looked up, interpreted, and subsequently "dereferenced".
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480:– a collaboratively-created linked dataset that acts as central storage for the structured data of its
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When publishing data on the Web, other things should be referred to using their HTTP URI-based names.
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26:
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Looking up an HTTP name should return useful data about the thing in question in a standard format.
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Useful information about what a name identifies should be provided through open standards such as
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The same diagram as above, but for
February 2017, showing the growth in just two and a half years
714:
321:
1343:
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1954:
1547:
1441:"Querying Heterogeneous Datasets on the Linked Data Web: Challenges, Approaches, and Trends."
1133:
601:
195:
20:
1440:
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1762:
1757:
736:"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) - Linked Data - Connect Distributed Data across the Web"
481:
227:
1469:
Interview with Sören Auer, head of the LOD2 project about the continuation of LOD2 in 2011
58:
is structured data which is interlinked with other data so it becomes more useful through
8:
2324:
2221:
2196:
1686:
1408:
1370:"Ubiquitous Web Navigation through Harvesting Embedded Semantic Data: A Mobile Scenario."
417:
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1502:
1462:
1033:
2334:
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1426:. Technical Report SS-10-07, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, California, 2010, pp. 82–86.
38:
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are formal descriptions of data structures. Some of the better known ontologies are:
385:
2005:
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1041:
1034:"Model-Driven Development of AKN Application Profiles: Background and Requirements"
151:
872:
474:– provides RDF descriptions of more than 7,500,000 geographical features worldwide
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outlined four principles of linked data, paraphrased along the following lines:
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Freitas, André, Edward Curry, João
Gabriel Oliveira, and Sean O’Riain. 2012.
579:
202:
951:
Fensel, Dieter; Facca, Federico
Michele; Simperl, Elena; Ioan, Toma (2011).
420:, which makes available thousands of datasets for anyone to reuse and link.
2280:
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1995:
1949:
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519:
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3 stars: data is available in a non-proprietary structured format, such as
97:
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2010:
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5 stars: all of the others, plus links to other Linked Open Data sources.
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Moving beyond sameAs with PLATO: Partonomy detection for Linked Data
438:– an ontology describing persons, their properties and relationships
367:
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477:
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83:
79:
1368:
Ahmet Soylu, Felix Mödritscher, and
Patrick De Causmaecker. 2012.
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1802:
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Linked open drug data for pharmaceutical research and development
1383:
1238:
1214:
887:"SweoIG/TaskForces/CommunityProjects/LinkingOpenData/NewsArchive"
849:"What is 5 Star Linked Data? | Webize Everything Community Group"
461:
445:
392:
260:
222:
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31:
927:"SweoIG/TaskForces/CommunityProjects/LinkingOpenData - W3C Wiki"
2020:
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2000:
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126:(URIs) should be used to name and identify individual things.
107:, in which case it is usually described as Linked Open Data.
2122:
1112:
1038:
Model-Driven Development of Akoma Ntoso Application Profiles
824:
739:
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2041:
2015:
1835:
810:
595:
538:
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2 stars: data is available in a structured format, such as
206:
186:
159:
1040:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 5–12,
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150:
Tim Berners-Lee later restated these principles at a 2009
1928:
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KnowWhereGraph – an integrated 12 billion triples strong
43:
1190:
914:
761:"COAR » 7 things you should know about…Linked Data"
158:
All conceptual things should have a name starting with
96:(W3C), coined the term in a 2006 design note about the
1384:
Linked Data: Evolving the Web into a Global Data Space
950:
362:
1379:
Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering 19 (1): 93–109.
1477:- Florian Bauer and Martin Kaltenböck (January 2012)
625:
1032:Flatt, Amelie; Langner, Arne; Leps, Olof (2022),
2296:
1483:- semanticweb.com Richard Wallis (February 2012)
1404:The Web Turns 20: Linked Data Gives People Power
1031:
982:linkeddatacatalog.dws.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
310:1 star: data is openly available in some format.
653:
468:, including abstracts in 11 different languages
154:, again paraphrased along the following lines:
649:
647:
645:
607:List of datasets for machine-learning research
16:Structured data and method for its publication
2138:
1555:
582:– an older type of database management system
687:"What are Linked Data and Linked Open Data?"
1160:"LOD2 Project Fact Sheet – Project Summary"
642:
198:terms and dataset definitions expressed in
2145:
2131:
1562:
1548:
1003:"Linked open data around the clock (LATC)"
571:– for citations between scholarly articles
406:
289:
1424:Linked Data Meets Artificial Intelligence
1310:"Instance relationships amongst datasets"
1295:1983/be176aba-9dec-456c-9615-01a0e8556b7b
1293:
1283:
1183:
1255:
539:Dataset instance and class relationships
375:
366:
293:
37:
25:
1453:Ontology Alignment for Linked Open Data
1207:
2305:Computer-related introductions in 2007
2297:
1768:Knowledge representation and reasoning
1702:Semantic service-oriented architecture
1443:IEEE Internet Computing 16 (1): 24–33.
1340:"Class relationships amongst datasets"
298:Deployment scheme for Linked Open Data
2126:
1543:
1391:How to Publish Linked Data on the Web
1075:"Welcome to PlanetData! - PlanetData"
357:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
598:– Vocabulary of Interlinked Datasets
259:Large linked open data sets include
1231:
488:Global Research Identifier Database
363:Linking Open Data community project
233:
13:
2320:Distributed computing architecture
1829:Syntax and supporting technologies
1406:, part 1 of 4, by Mark Fischetti,
1361:
1148:. European Commission. 2010-04-20.
522:open catalogue containing product
14:
2351:
1488:
1447:Interlinking Open Data on the Web
873:"public-lod@w3.org Mail Archives"
711:"Tim Berners-Lee on the next Web"
395:as RDF on the Web and by setting
1569:
1495:
1475:Linked Open Data: The Essentials
1146:"CORDIS FP7 ICT Projects – LOD2"
901:"SIMILE Project - Mailing Lists"
786:"Linked Data Basics for Techies"
115:In his 2006 "Linked Data" note,
1416:Linked Data Is Merely More Data
1332:
1302:
1152:
1138:
1127:
1097:
1067:
1025:
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969:
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919:
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865:
841:
1535:OpenLink Software white papers
817:
803:
778:
753:
728:
703:
679:
618:
200:Resource Description Framework
32:https://lod-cloud.net/datasets
1:
2152:
1943:Schemas, ontologies and rules
612:
423:
172:
110:
2245:Open energy system databases
1481:The Flap of a Butterfly Wing
1165:. 2010-09-01. Archived from
254:Tim Berners-Lee, Linked Data
124:Uniform Resource Identifiers
7:
1046:10.1007/978-3-031-14132-4_2
546:
455:
315:Microsoft Excel file format
10:
2356:
1970:Semantic Web Rule Language
1134:Linking Open Data 2 (LOD2)
553:American Art Collaborative
346:
62:. It builds upon standard
18:
2253:
2237:
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1988:
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1654:
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1577:
1285:10.1609/aimag.v43i1.19120
241:are linked data that are
94:World Wide Web Consortium
2076:Microformat vocabularies
1748:Information architecture
978:"State of the LOD Cloud"
955:. Springer. p. 99.
103:Linked data may also be
19:Not to be confused with
1965:Rule Interchange Format
1728:Collective intelligence
407:European Union projects
290:5-star linked open data
416:the main goals of the
411:There are a number of
388:by publishing various
381:
373:
331:standards, like using
327:4 stars: data follows
322:Comma-separated values
299:
257:
47:
35:
2178:Open-notebook science
953:Semantic Web Services
915:http://lod-cloud.net/
626:"Linked Data as JSON"
602:Web Ontology Language
379:
370:
297:
247:
196:controlled vocabulary
66:technologies such as
44:https://lod-cloud.net
41:
29:
21:Linked data structure
2330:Internet terminology
1763:Knowledge management
1758:Knowledge extraction
1262:Krzysztof Janowicz;
1013:on 19 September 2018
482:Wikimedia Foundation
228:Linked Data Platform
2035:Common vocabularies
1989:Semantic annotation
1687:Semantic publishing
1409:Scientific American
1115:on 18 December 2020
630:Linked Data as JSON
565:in library catalogs
563:controlled headings
418:EU Open Data Portal
82:to become a global
2238:Open data projects
1783:Digital humanities
1672:Semantic computing
1662:Semantic analytics
1646:Rule-based systems
1396:2021-04-19 at the
1375:2018-09-19 at the
1243:knowwheregraph.org
825:"5-star Open Data"
811:"5 Star Open Data"
382:
374:
300:
92:, director of the
48:
36:
2292:
2291:
2173:Open science data
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2026:Facebook Platform
1913:
1912:(no W3C standard)
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1849:
1813:Web Science Trust
1733:Description logic
1692:Semantic reasoner
1682:Semantic matching
1610:Semantic networks
1346:on 28 August 2011
1191:"GRID Statistics"
1109:project.dapaas.eu
1055:978-3-031-14131-7
569:Citation analysis
559:Authority control
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1540:
1499:
1498:
1455:– Prateek Jain,
1432:– Prateek Jain,
1418:– Prateek Jain,
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1342:. Archived from
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1316:. Archived from
1306:
1300:
1299:
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1259:
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1250:
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1239:"KnowWhereGraph"
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1111:. Archived from
1101:
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1085:on 21 April 2021
1081:. Archived from
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1009:. Archived from
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788:. Archived from
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763:. Archived from
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738:. Archived from
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713:. Archived from
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484:sibling projects
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239:Linked open data
234:Linked open data
205:formats such as
60:semantic queries
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2315:Data management
2310:Cloud standards
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2269:Open government
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1984:
1938:
1817:
1808:Web engineering
1778:Digital library
1716:
1697:Semantic search
1677:Semantic mapper
1667:Semantic broker
1650:
1619:
1573:
1568:
1526:at the W3C Wiki
1520:
1519:
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1500:
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1486:
1412:2010 October 23
1398:Wayback Machine
1377:Wayback Machine
1364:
1362:Further reading
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499:knowledge graph
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355:project at the
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304:Tim Berners-Lee
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192:Structured data
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2277:Open knowledge
2265:Open education
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1471:, June 2011
1272:AI Magazine
508: [
505:Open ICEcat
276: [
273:Open ICEcat
56:linked data
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2057:Schema.org
1793:References
1743:Geotagging
1738:Folksonomy
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1624:Sub-topics
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1578:Background
1524:LinkedData
1248:2022-05-16
1224:2018-10-26
1200:2018-10-26
1176:2010-12-18
1061:2023-01-07
931:esw.w3.org
858:2021-03-07
853:www.w3.org
834:2021-03-07
796:2015-12-29
771:2015-12-29
746:2014-12-29
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696:2019-05-08
672:2010-12-18
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613:References
591:Schema.org
532:statistics
530:and usage
526:, related
524:datasheets
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317:(.xls).
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