50:
10935:
10336:
2926:
10963:
1868:
2397:
2408:
1016:
1759:
3777:
1283:
1049:
983:
10949:
9478:
9384:
9839:
2434:, yet due to various reasons these regimes are considered to be separate dynasties and given distinct retroactive names for historiographical purpose. Such conditions as differences in their official dynastic title and fundamental changes having occurred to their rule would necessitate nomenclatural distinction in academia, despite these ruling clans having shared common ancestral origins.
2992:) refer to dynasties of China, regardless of their ethnic origin, that achieved the unification of China proper. "China proper" is a region generally regarded as the traditional heartland of the Han people, and is not equivalent to the term "China". Imperial dynasties that had attained the unification of China proper may be known as the "Chinese Empire" or the "Empire of China" (
1402:
21831:
17274:
14064:
Modern
Chinese historiography considers all regimes, regardless of the ethnicity of the ruling class, that were established within or overlapped with the above geographical boundaries to be part of Chinese history. Similarly, all ethnic groups that were active within the above geographical boundaries
2300:
Traditionally, periods of disunity often resulted in heated debates among officials and historians over which prior dynasties could and should be considered orthodox, given that it was politically imperative for a dynasty to present itself as being linked in an unbroken lineage of moral and political
2305:
propounded that such orthodoxy existed in a state of limbo during fragmented periods and was restored after political unification was achieved. From this perspective, the Song dynasty possessed legitimacy by virtue of its ability to end the Five
Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period despite not having
1417:
The rise and fall of dynasties is a prominent feature of
Chinese history. Some scholars have attempted to explain this phenomenon by attributing the success and failure of dynasties to the morality of the rulers, while others have focused on the tangible aspects of monarchical rule. This method of
10506:
This list includes only the major dynasties of China that are typically found in simplified forms of
Chinese historical timelines. Many other dynastic regimes existed within or overlapped with the geographical boundaries specified in the definition of "China" in the study of Chinese historical
3760:) is usually omitted when referencing dynasties that have prefixes in their historiographical names. Such a practice is sometimes adopted in English usage, even though the inclusion of the word "dynasty" is also widely seen in English scholarly writings. For example, the
22247:
Specifically
Section A.2 "Dynasties", in this and earlier editions, which includes subsections on "Naming the Dynasties", "Sets of Dynasties", "The Dynastic Cycle", "Legitimate Succession", "Grade School History" (the effect on common understanding of China's
17705:
3725:. In such cases, the regime had collapsed, only to be re-established; a nomenclatural distinction between the original regime and the new regime is thus necessary for historiographical purpose. Major exceptions to this historiographical practice include the
2313:
Traditionally, as most
Chinese historiographical sources uphold the idea of unilineal dynastic succession, only one dynasty could be considered orthodox at any given time. Most historical sources consider the legitimate line of succession to be as follows:
2215:
Northern Yuan rulers maintained the dynastic name "Great Yuan" and claimed traditional Han-style titles continuously until AD 1388 or AD 1402; Han-style titles were restored on several occasions thereafter for brief periods, notably during the reigns of
3767:
Often, scholars would refer to a specific
Chinese dynasty by attaching the word "China" after the dynastic name. For instance, "Tang China" refers to the Chinese state under the rule of the Tang dynasty and the corresponding historical era.
3882:, depending on the historical source. This discrepancy can be mainly attributed to the ambiguous northern border of the Yuan realm: whereas some sources describe the Yuan border as located to the immediate north of the northern shore of
1127:. Accordingly, a dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which a family reigned, as well as to describe events, trends, personalities, artistic compositions, and artifacts of that period. For example, porcelain made during the
1480:
that transitions between dynasties occurred abruptly and roughly. Rather, new dynasties were often established before the complete overthrow of an existing regime. For example, AD 1644 is frequently cited as the year in which the
3487:
In
Chinese historiography, historians generally do not refer to dynasties directly by their official name. Instead, historiographical names, which were most commonly derived from their official name, are used. For instance, the
10881:
10878:
1774:
following the success of the Xinhai
Revolution. While there were attempts after the Xinhai Revolution to reinstate dynastic rule in China, they were unsuccessful at consolidating their rule and gaining political legitimacy.
11393:
was promulgated and served as a preliminary version of a full constitution originally intended to take effect 10 years later. On 3 November 1911, as a response to the ongoing Xinhai
Revolution, the Qing dynasty issued the
3503:
as their formal name, as was common in Chinese history, prefixes are retroactively applied to dynastic names by historians in order to distinguish between these similarly-named regimes. Frequently used prefixes include:
14065:
are considered ethnicities of China. Regions outside of the above geographical boundaries but were under Chinese rule during various historical periods are included in the histories of the respective Chinese dynasties.
10821:
3928:
This list includes only the major dynasties of China that are typically found in simplified forms of Chinese historical timelines. This list is neither comprehensive nor representative of Chinese history as a whole.
1364:
There may also be a predynastic period before a regime managed to overthrow the existing dynasty which led to the official establishment of the new dynasty. For example, the state of Zhou that existed during the
16332:
2212:
The Ming dynasty recognized the preceding Yuan dynasty as a legitimate Chinese dynasty, but asserted that it had succeeded the Mandate of Heaven from the Yuan, thus considering the Northern Yuan as illegitimate.
13951:
13920:. Accordingly, the Southern Ming lasted 20 years and its last ruler was the Dingwu Emperor. However, the existence and identity of the Dingwu Emperor, supposedly reigned from AD 1646 to AD 1664, are disputed.
3118:, dynasties of China founded by non-Han peoples that ruled parts or all of China proper could be classified into two types, depending on the means by which the ruling ethnic groups had entered China proper.
16053:
10829:
1219:) originally meant "morning" or "today". Subsequently, its scope was extended to refer to the regime of the incumbent ruler. Terms commonly used when discussing historical Chinese dynasties include:
16511:
10833:
14331:
2246:
The Qing dynasty recognized the preceding Ming dynasty as legitimate, but asserted that it had succeeded the Mandate of Heaven from the Ming, thus refuting the claimed legitimacy of the Southern Ming.
1895:
China was politically divided during multiple periods in its history, with different regions ruled by different dynasties. These dynasties effectively functioned as separate states with their own
13876:
to have ended in either AD 1388 or AD 1402 when the dynastic name "Great Yuan" was abolished. Accordingly, the Northern Yuan lasted either 20 years or 34 years, and its last ruler was either the
7289:
2437:
Additionally, numerous other dynasties claimed descent from earlier dynasties as a calculated political move to obtain or enhance their legitimacy, even if such claims were unfounded.
3920:
The modern territorial claims of both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China are inherited from the lands once held by the Qing dynasty at the time of its collapse.
15460:
10893:
10822:
12044:
The terms "Chinese Empire" and "Empire of China" usually refer to the Chinese state under the rule of various imperial dynasties, particularly those that had unified China proper.
10868:
21494:
3166:) refer to dynasties of China established by non-Han peoples that tended towards resisting Han culture and preserving the identities of the ruling ethnicities. For example, the
10865:
22108:
1533:
respectively. This change of ruling houses was a convoluted and prolonged affair, and the Qing took almost two decades to extend their rule over the entirety of China proper.
3185:
These terms remain sources of controversy among scholars who believe that Chinese history should be analyzed and understood from a multiethnic and multicultural perspective.
21698:
17301:
1473:
would seek to portray their predecessors as having relinquished the throne willingly—akin to the abdication system of throne succession—as a means to legitimize their rule.
2310:. Similarly, Ouyang considered the concept of orthodoxy to be in oblivion during the Three Kingdoms, the Sixteen Kingdoms, and the Northern and Southern dynasties periods.
10870:
8441:
7952:
7057:
6974:
6896:
21602:
11668:
romanization currently in adoption. Some scholarly works utilize the Wade–Giles system, which may differ drastically in the spelling of certain words. For instance, the
11398:
which limited the power of the Qing emperor, marking the official transition to a constitutional monarchy. The Qing dynasty, however, was overthrown on 12 February 1912.
3135:) refer to Chinese dynasties founded by non-Han ethnicities that tended towards accepting Han culture and assimilating into the Han-dominant society. For instance, the
1930:. On the other hand, many dynasties of non-Han origin saw themselves as the legitimate dynasty of China and often sought to portray themselves as the true inheritor of
3381:" (or an equivalent term in other languages) when referring to this dynasty as a form of respect, even if the official dynastic name did not include it. For instance,
22135:
18568:
18541:
18514:
10849:
4694:
4611:
4533:
18750:
9782:
16057:
7544:
7295:
6801:
16278:
11062:
10226:
16816:
13070:
between AD 690 and AD 705. Chinese historiography does not make a distinction between the realm that existed up to AD 690 and the realm restored in AD 705. The
12696:
between AD 404 and AD 408. Chinese historiography does not make a distinction between the realm that existed up to AD 404 and the realm restored in AD 408. The
12610:
between AD 400 and AD 409. Chinese historiography does not make a distinction between the realm that existed up to AD 400 and the realm restored in AD 409. The
10895:
10838:
10836:
4766:
17355:
10831:
18364:
15822:
10232:
10147:
10062:
9973:
9327:
8286:
7880:
7802:
22303:
15571:
11717:
While Chinese historiography tends to treat dynasties as being of specific ethnic stocks, there were some monarchs who had mixed heritage. For instance, the
20187:
3690:
A dynasty could be referred to by more than one retroactive name in Chinese historiography, albeit some are more widely used than others. For instance, the
11012:
10851:
10825:
3902:. In contrast, the borders of the Qing dynasty were demarcated and reinforced through a series of international treaties, and thus were more well-defined.
1101:
16852:
15849:
10424:
10323:
10141:
9244:
8623:
6729:
6474:
5928:
5748:
3905:
Apart from exerting direct control over the Chinese realm, various dynasties of China also maintained hegemony over other states and tribes through the
11407:
A powerful consort kin, usually a male, could force the reigning monarch to abdicate in his favor, thereby prompting a change in dynasty. For example,
10887:
10885:
1926:. Dynasties ruled by ethnic Han would proclaim rival dynasties founded by other ethnicities as illegitimate, usually justified based on the concept of
1171:; "Celestial Dynasty" or "Heavenly Dynasty") was frequently employed as a self-reference by Chinese dynasties. As a form of respect and subordination,
15876:
6795:
5191:
5108:
2490:
The Western Han, the Eastern Han, the Shu Han, and the Liu Song were ruled by the House of Liu; the first two of which are collectively known as the
17382:
17328:
9687:
20655:
11767:, four earlier members of the ruling house were posthumously accorded imperial titles, the most senior of which was Shi Jing who was conferred the
9602:
8896:
5358:
4182:
10864:
5263:
4348:
4265:
1310:
is conventionally regarded as the inaugurator of dynastic rule in China. In the Chinese dynastic system, sovereign rulers theoretically possessed
17657:
7223:
4092:
20214:
11288:
All attempts at restoring monarchical and dynastic rule in China following the Xinhai Revolution ended in failure. Hence, the abdication of the
9693:
9608:
9523:
9421:
8985:
7627:
6381:
6288:
2424:(bottom) were descended from a common paternal ancestor but are typically considered by historians to be the founders of two separate dynasties.
19793:
The Sinitic Civilization Book II: A Factual History Through the Lens of Archaeology, Bronzeware, Astronomy, Divination, Calendar and the Annals
16000:
11619:. Accordingly, the terms "Chinese Empire" and "Empire of China" need not necessarily refer to imperial dynasties that had unified China proper.
9875:
8035:
7717:
7461:
7140:
6559:
21771:
15625:
8524:
8369:
8120:
7891:
5653:
2138:
22714:
22575:
22482:
22054:
16362:
14588:
12646:) of the Zhu clan are rendered similarly using the Hanyu Pinyin system, even though they do not share the same Chinese character for "Liang".
10982:
9151:
8203:
6205:
6106:
6100:
4448:
22081:
19101:
14615:
11738:
The status of a dynasty was dependent upon the supreme title bore by its monarch at any given time. For instance, since all monarchs of the
10418:
10317:
9967:
8380:
7796:
7378:
5831:
5554:
2142:
22814:
22809:
22804:
22739:
15487:
14016:, the geographical extent of "China" as defined in Chinese historical geography largely corresponds with the territories once ruled by the
9068:
6023:
5453:
22610:
19199:
18328:
16419:
15709:
9415:
3456:", which has become nearly synonymous with "China" in modern times, is a concept with geographical, political, and cultural connotations.
3318:
There were instances whereby the official name was changed during the reign of a dynasty. For example, the dynasty known retroactively as
3268:
The name of a previous dynasty from which the new dynasty claimed descent or succession from, even if such familial link was questionable
1708:
According to Chinese historiographical tradition, each new dynasty would compose the history of the preceding dynasty, culminating in the
18301:
16449:
16251:
16137:
15903:
8809:
2367:
These historical legitimacy disputes are similar to the modern competing claims of legitimacy by the People's Republic of China based in
22223:(trans., Dun J. Li), Beijing, 1982, pp. 188–189; and Shao Chang Lee, "China Cultural Development" (wall chart), East Lansing, 1984.
16224:
14873:
14856:
14785:
10844:
1685:" system. The latter served as a means for the reigning dynasty to claim legitimate succession from earlier dynasties. For example, the
17143:
16479:
15517:
13958:
to retain his imperial title and enjoy other privileges following his abdication, resulting in the existence of a titular court in the
8902:
8716:
5257:
966:
906:
22027:
22734:
22688:
22296:
21662:
21548:
14304:
11909:
11356:) is translated as "king", this term is often more broadly applied to all dynasties, including those whose rulers held non-royal
11211:
11042:
6642:
4176:
1855:
with limited diplomatic recognition, is not regarded as a legitimate regime. Ergo, historians usually consider the abdication of the
17:
16027:
15762:
15735:
15379:
14812:
14274:
9517:
7946:
7234:
6740:
6375:
6282:
4760:
2082:
2066:
1513:
based in Taiwan continued to oppose the Qing until AD 1683. Meanwhile, other factions also fought for control over China during the
1314:
and private ownership of the realm, even though in practice their actual power was dependent on numerous factors. By tradition, the
22000:
19615:
18804:
15544:
14839:
14561:
14502:
14422:
11118:
11057:
9869:
9776:
9238:
7538:
7217:
6553:
4342:
4259:
4086:
14194:
9321:
8979:
8435:
7621:
6890:
6723:
6468:
5647:
4688:
4527:
21741:
21575:
20455:
17117:
17069:
14534:
14452:
14392:
11047:
8029:
7711:
7455:
7134:
7051:
6968:
6199:
5185:
5102:
4442:
21629:
19561:
18487:
18152:
16925:
15190:
15112:
13884:. However, some historians regard the Mongol-ruled regime that existed from AD 1388 or AD 1402 up to AD 1635—referred to in the
10861:
8518:
8363:
8114:
5825:
5742:
5548:
5019:
19971:
19883:
16089:
13965:
11108:
11052:
10485:
9145:
8280:
8197:
6017:
5922:
5447:
1912:
596:
19845:
18681:
17970:
15598:
14728:
13213:
clan are rendered similarly using the Hanyu Pinyin system, even though they do not share the same Chinese character for "Jin".
12287:
clan are rendered similarly using the Hanyu Pinyin system, even though they do not share the same Chinese character for "Jin".
7372:
5352:
4605:
21973:
18831:
18723:
18418:
18391:
15352:
15325:
14167:
11390:
9062:
8617:
7874:
4926:
4843:
896:
22189:
21946:
21194:
18595:
18274:
17870:
16207:
15682:
8710:
6636:
2116:
regarded itself as the restorer of the earlier Tang dynasty and rejected the legitimacy of its predecessor, the Later Liang.
22638:
22623:
22373:
22289:
21356:
20988:
20907:
20216:
A Good Son is Sad if He Hears the Name of His Father: The Tabooing of Names in China as a Way of Implementing Social Values
17932:
17555:
16305:
12214:
12204:
11520:
11516:
10823:
8803:
5119:
5036:
3568:
3053:
2539:
2535:
2036:
2013:
469:
459:
21464:
21096:
21042:
20934:
20844:
20709:
18777:
18627:
17840:
17220:
16624:
16389:
14645:
14140:
11436:
The term "kingdom" is potentially misleading as not all rulers held the title of king. For example, all sovereigns of the
10867:
10827:
21631:
Relationship Between the Chinese Central Authorities and Regional Governments of Hong Kong and Macao: A Legal Perspective
21123:
21069:
20482:
20258:
20106:
20079:
19818:
19563:
Good Son is Sad If He Hears the Name of His Father: The Tabooing of Names in China as a Way of Implementing Social Values
19334:
18939:
18122:
18092:
18062:
18002:
17753:
17609:
17582:
15655:
15217:
11330:. In spite of this, "Yuan dynasty" is rarely used in the broad sense of the definition by modern-day scholars due to the
10837:
1437:) in the history of China occurred primarily through two ways: military conquest and usurpation. The supersession of the
1066:
1033:
1000:
938:
100:
21521:
21437:
21410:
21015:
20817:
20285:
20160:
20052:
19944:
19910:
18209:
10859:
10855:
10826:
10824:
22643:
21801:
21383:
21079:
20396:
20133:
19764:
19421:
19074:
17900:
17528:
17501:
17430:
16826:
15335:
15308:
15058:
11175:
10056:
3780:
Approximate territories controlled by the various dynasties and states throughout Chinese history, juxtaposed with the
1747:
1342:
90:
22162:
21275:
20880:
19364:
19307:
18912:
18654:
17810:
16898:
14482:
11275:) to distinguish it from other dynasties named "Tang". Should the historicity of these earlier dynasties be attested,
10850:
10843:
10842:
10834:
10828:
2235:, which later defeated and annexed the Northern Yuan, inherited this legitimacy, thus rendering the Ming illegitimate.
22532:
22240:
22199:
22172:
22145:
22118:
22091:
22064:
22037:
22010:
21983:
21956:
21929:
21902:
21841:
21811:
21781:
21751:
21708:
21672:
21639:
21612:
21585:
21558:
21531:
21504:
21474:
21447:
21420:
21393:
21366:
21339:
21312:
21285:
21258:
21231:
21204:
21160:
21133:
21106:
21052:
21025:
20998:
20971:
20944:
20936:
Qazaqlïq, or Ambitious Brigandage, and the Formation of the Qazaqs: State and Identity in Post-Mongol Central Eurasia
20917:
20890:
20854:
20827:
20800:
20773:
20746:
20719:
20692:
20665:
20638:
20611:
20573:
20546:
20519:
20492:
20465:
20438:
20428:
20406:
20379:
20352:
20325:
20295:
20268:
20224:
20197:
20170:
20143:
20116:
20089:
20062:
20035:
20008:
19981:
19954:
19920:
19893:
19855:
19828:
19801:
19774:
19723:
19696:
19669:
19625:
19598:
19571:
19544:
19517:
19490:
19458:
19431:
19404:
19374:
19344:
19317:
19290:
19280:
19263:
19236:
19226:
19209:
19165:
19138:
19111:
19084:
19057:
19030:
19003:
18976:
18949:
18922:
18895:
18868:
18841:
18814:
18787:
18760:
18733:
18691:
18664:
18637:
18605:
18578:
18551:
18524:
18497:
18428:
18401:
18374:
18338:
18311:
18284:
18219:
18162:
18132:
18102:
18072:
18042:
18012:
17980:
17942:
17910:
17880:
17850:
17820:
17790:
17763:
17715:
17667:
17619:
17592:
17565:
17538:
17511:
17484:
17457:
17392:
17365:
17338:
17311:
17284:
17257:
17180:
17127:
16971:
16935:
16754:
16710:
16683:
16656:
16581:
16571:
16551:
16521:
16489:
16459:
16429:
16399:
16372:
16342:
16315:
16288:
16261:
16234:
16147:
16099:
16037:
15978:
15940:
15913:
15886:
15859:
15832:
15772:
15719:
15692:
15665:
15635:
15608:
15581:
15554:
15527:
15497:
15470:
15443:
15416:
15389:
15362:
15281:
15254:
15227:
15200:
15170:
15122:
15095:
15068:
15038:
15013:
14988:
14960:
14935:
14910:
14883:
14822:
14795:
14768:
14738:
14682:
14655:
14625:
14598:
14571:
14544:
14512:
14462:
14432:
14402:
14370:
14341:
14314:
14284:
14204:
14177:
14150:
12689:
12656:
11123:
10891:
10869:
10854:
10852:
6216:
3730:
2649:
2601:
1719:
1172:
767:
20025:
18993:
18885:
15930:
10876:
10866:
10863:
2274:
of Japan did not accept the legitimacy of the Qing dynasty and instead saw itself as the rightful representative of
1859:
on 12 February 1912 as the end of the Chinese dynastic system. Dynastic rule in China lasted almost four millennia.
1682:
22633:
21919:
20563:
20536:
19791:
17474:
14358:
11170:
10832:
10830:
7206:
6485:
3982:
3590:
2731:
20342:
15085:
10890:
10889:
10858:
10857:
10856:
10853:
3701:
Scholars usually make a historiographical distinction for dynasties whose rule were interrupted. For example, the
1112:
came to organize itself around the succession of monarchical dynasties. Besides those established by the dominant
19507:
15298:
15271:
14758:
13648:
12946:
12907:
12868:
11357:
10886:
10871:
10862:
10860:
10469:
9765:
6962:
2693:
2689:
1908:
1828:
1686:
521:
21892:
16673:
15244:
13877:
11646:
The English and Chinese names stated are historiographical denominations. These should not be confused with the
10888:
10848:
10841:
10835:
3375:". It was also common for officials, subjects, or tributary states of a particular dynasty to include the term "
2937:. The Qing dynasty is considered to be a "Central Plain dynasty", a "unified dynasty", and a "conquest dynasty".
2231:
The historian Rashipunsug argued that the Northern Yuan had succeeded the legitimacy from the Yuan dynasty; the
22850:
22819:
22781:
22764:
22515:
22232:
21329:
21302:
20790:
20509:
19998:
19713:
19686:
19659:
19642:
19253:
19128:
19047:
18966:
16908:
16700:
16010:
14024:. At its height, the Qing dynasty exercised jurisdiction over an area larger than 13 million km, encompassing:
12627:
11685:
10892:
7123:
6884:
6117:
2380:
2130:
was, for a period of time, considered the legitimate dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
1690:
1029:
959:
911:
20961:
20601:
20241:
19588:
19534:
19020:
17780:
10882:
10877:
10875:
10874:
2972:
situated within the Central Plain. This term could refer to dynasties of both Han and non-Han ethnic origins.
1357:; "All under Heaven belongs to the public") whereby leadership succession was non-hereditary and based on the
22799:
22729:
22673:
22385:
14394:
Studies in Ethnopragmatics, Cultural Semantics, and Intercultural Communication: Minimal English (and Beyond)
11689:
11378:
11334:
10879:
10839:
7211:
6879:
2670:
933:
859:
794:
20315:
17447:
3244:
adopted the dynastic name "Chen" from his pre-imperial title "Prince of Chen" upon the establishment of the
1544:
weakened. Autonomous regimes that existed during this period of upheaval included, but not limited to, Wei (
1146:
in Chinese historiography. The largest orthodox Chinese dynasty in terms of territorial size was either the
1062:
996:
22719:
22477:
21248:
19480:
17170:
16961:
16744:
16727:
12637:
11566:
11128:
11086:
11032:
10873:
10872:
10478: Dynasties counted among the "Southern dynasties" within the broader "Northern and Southern dynasties"
7963:
3470:
2969:
2440:
The agnatic relations of the following groups of Chinese dynasties are typically recognized by historians:
2106:
2016:
accepted the Cao Wei as the legitimate dynasty of the Three Kingdoms period and claimed succession from it.
1843:(AD 1917) was an unsuccessful attempt at reviving the Qing dynasty, lasting merely 11 days. Similarly, the
1514:
1386:
869:
21150:
20628:
19394:
10880:
1540:, numerous regimes established by rebel forces vied for control and legitimacy as the power of the ruling
22845:
22840:
21221:
21177:
20682:
14221:
14003:
to the Chinese throne. Due to the abortive nature of the event, it is usually excluded from Qing history.
12960:
12274:
11604:
11187:
10719:
9793:
7045:
3493:
3418:; "Central State"; usually translated as "Middle Kingdom" or "China" in English texts) and various other
3366:
3349:, it was claimed that the first dynasty to do so was the Yuan dynasty. However, several sources like the
2267:
of Vietnam had at various times considered the Southern Ming, instead of the Qing dynasty, as legitimate.
2154:
1537:
1477:
1442:
921:
678:
59:
19448:
17247:
16164:
15968:
15932:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China, Volume 1
15627:
The Body and Military Masculinity in Late Qing and Early Republican China: The Art of Governing Soldiers
4356:
2544:
The Western Jin and the Eastern Jin were ruled by the House of Sima; they are collectively known as the
2455:
The Western Zhou and the Eastern Zhou were ruled by the House of Ji; they are collectively known as the
22558:
22366:
14900:
13893:
13745:
13190:
13067:
12412:
11760:
11578:
11574:
10847:
10840:
9883:
8214:
8131:
7813:
7444:
7040:
3844:
3742:
3654:
3643:
3466:
3346:
3065:
2758:
2724:
2699:
2361:
2120:
926:
18914:
The Collapse of China's Later Han Dynasty, 25-220 AD: The Northwest Borderlands and the Edge of Empire
11652:
officially proclaimed by each dynasty. A dynasty may be known by more than one historiographical name.
10635:
Regional dynastic regimes that ruled an area historically or currently associated with "China": e.g.,
7635:
1972:; usually translated as either "state" or "kingdom"), even if these regimes were dynastic in nature.
22776:
22472:
13200:
13075:
12264:
12224:
11192:
10884:
10883:
10494: Dynasties counted among the "Ten Kingdoms" within the broader "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms"
10243:
9770:
7449:
5982:
3906:
3358:
2895:
2545:
1821:
1498:
952:
889:
854:
427:
123:
33:
20711:
Spreading Buddha's Word in East Asia: The Formation and Transformation of the Chinese Buddhist Canon
17276:
The Cultural Dimensions of Sino-Japanese Relations: Essays on the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
16115:
13561:
11590:
10846:
9619:
3710:
2813:
2024:
1291:
633:
22510:
22401:
22356:
16994:
13551:
11586:
11103:
10737:
9534:
8973:
4002:
3706:
3069:
2809:
2163:
2159:
Following the conquest of the Later Jin, the Liao dynasty claimed legitimacy and succession from it
623:
272:
22263:
18779:
Unearthing the Changes: Recently Discovered Manuscripts of the Yi Jing (I Ching) and Related Texts
13053:
was subsequently restored as the surname in AD 580 prior to the establishment of the Tang dynasty.
1778:
During the Xinhai Revolution, there were numerous proposals advocating for the replacement of the
1445:
was achieved following a series of successful military campaigns, as was the later unification of
22599:
17476:
The Rise of the Chinese Empire: Frontier, immigration, and empire in Han China, 130 B.C.–A.D. 157
15406:
15246:
The Diary of a Manchu Soldier in Seventeenth-Century China: "My Service in the Army", by Dzengseo
14641:
14046:
13071:
12480:. Accordingly, the Former Qin was founded by the Emperor Huiwu of Former Qin and lasted 44 years.
11756:
11386:
11245:
is typically considered to be the first orthodox Chinese dynasty, numerous sources including the
11133:
10845:
10681:
10567:
9676:
9409:
5025:
4100:
3722:
3124:
2957:
2833:
2829:
2723:, was a son of the Emperor Wen of Liang who was a distant cousin of the Southern Qi founder, the
1836:
1698:
1318:
was inherited exclusively by members of the male line, but there were numerous cases whereby the
849:
19182:
19155:
18032:
17119:
From the Mongols to the Ming Dynasty: How a Begging Monk Became Emperor of China, Zhu Yuan Zhang
16541:
14672:
14020:
during its territorial peak between the AD 1750s and the AD 1840s, prior to the outbreak of the
13881:
17024:
14251:
14039:
12743:
10997:
10987:
8507:
6570:
6547:
4677:
3677:
3252:
The name of a historical state that occupied the same geographical location as the new dynasty
3212:; "name of the state"), upon the establishment of a dynasty. During the rule of a dynasty, its
2571:
2497:
2417:
2188:
2065:
All dynasties during this period saw themselves as the legitimate representative of China; the
1927:
1919:
1406:
1109:
901:
879:
864:
350:
69:
20763:
20736:
20369:
18858:
18597:
Never Forget National Humiliation: Historical Memory in Chinese Politics and Foreign Relations
16646:
15433:
12421:. Accordingly, the Cheng-Han was founded by the Emperor Jing of Cheng-Han and lasted 44 years.
3788:
While the earliest orthodox Chinese dynasties were established along the Yellow River and the
1994:
considered themselves legitimate while simultaneously denounced the rivaling claims of others.
22618:
22520:
22442:
22406:
16853:"Characteristics of the Yuan dynasty: Reflections on several issues from Mongol Yuan history"
15160:
11205:
11113:
10744:
9591:
9232:
7785:
7532:
5814:
3718:
3115:
2747:
2662:
The Northern Wei, the Southern Liang, the Eastern Wei, and the Western Wei were ruled by the
1723:
1710:
874:
291:
17147:
14101:
3799:
At various points in time, Chinese dynasties exercised control over China proper (including
3221:
The formal name of Chinese dynasties was usually derived from one of the following sources:
3198:
It was customary for Chinese monarchs to adopt an official name for the realm, known as the
14841:
China's Quest for a Modern Constitutional Polity: from dynastic empires to modern republics
13268:. Accordingly, the Yang Wu was founded by the Emperor Taizu of Yang Wu and lasted 35 years.
12148:
11382:
11081:
10992:
10590:
10586:
10376:
10277:
9858:
7366:
5412:
4932:
4849:
4516:
3793:
3100:; the Northern Song, in this sense, did not truly achieve the unification of China proper.
3084:. The status of the Northern Song as a unified dynasty is disputed among historians as the
2905:
2501:
916:
129:
14424:
The Crisis of the 14th Century: Teleconnections between Environmental and Societal Change?
11725:
was of mixed Manchu and Han descent, having derived his Han ancestry from his mother, the
11664:
The English names shown are based on the Hanyu Pinyin renditions, the most common form of
10674:
1674:
that superseded the Sui launched a decade-long military campaign to reunify China proper.
8:
22683:
22668:
22462:
22259:
22191:
Vietnamese-Chinese Relationships at the Borderlands: Trade, Tourism and Cultural Politics
15739:
14976:
12700:
was both the last ruler before the interregnum and the first ruler after the interregnum.
12614:
was both the last ruler before the interregnum and the first ruler after the interregnum.
12188:
11424:
10648:
10612:
10594:
7527:
5341:
5179:
5174:
4682:
3447:
3422:, none of these regimes officially used such names as their dynastic title. Although the
3218:
functioned as the formal name of the state, both internally and for diplomatic purposes.
3085:
2720:
2584:
2551:
2505:
2364:→ Later Zhou → Northern Song → Southern Song → Yuan dynasty → Ming dynasty → Qing dynasty
2253:
1998:
1677:
Frequently, remnants and descendants of previous dynasties were either purged or granted
1551:
1510:
1123:
Dividing Chinese history into dynastic epochs is a convenient and conventional method of
1120:
predecessors, dynasties throughout Chinese history were also founded by non-Han peoples.
1087:
81:
21773:
Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400–1750: Cavalry, Guns, Government and Ships
21017:
Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues
10659:
3036:
Historians typically consider the following dynasties to have unified China proper: the
2042:
The Eastern Jin viewed itself as a continuation of the Western Jin, and thus legitimate.
16872:
16165:"Dayan Khan as a Yuan Emperor : The Political Legitimacy in 15th Century Mongolia"
15381:
Sui-Tang China and Its Turko-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800
14196:
Medicine and Society in Late Imperial China: A Study of Physicians in Suzhou, 1600–1850
13992:
13005:
12959:) as the surname in AD 493 prior to the establishment of the Western Wei, only for the
11726:
11254:
10689:
10582:
10559:
10551:
10543:
8820:
7790:
7700:
7610:
7361:
5096:
4170:
3500:
3241:
2524:
2271:
1840:
1785:
1693:
following the latter's deposition of the former. Similarly, Chai Yong, a nephew of the
884:
21098:
Civil Society in China: The Legal Framework from Ancient Times to the "New Reform Era"
17073:
16091:
The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World
15327:
The Everlasting Empire: The Political Culture of Ancient China and Its Imperial Legacy
11742:
held the title of emperor during their reign, the Chen dynasty was of imperial status.
2863:
was both the last emperor of the Yuan dynasty and the first ruler of the Northern Yuan
2249:
The Southern Ming continued to claim legitimacy until its eventual defeat by the Qing.
1770:
Dynastic rule in China collapsed in AD 1912 when the Republic of China superseded the
22693:
22678:
22628:
22437:
22346:
22329:
22236:
22195:
22168:
22141:
22114:
22087:
22060:
22033:
22006:
21979:
21952:
21925:
21898:
21837:
21807:
21777:
21747:
21704:
21668:
21635:
21608:
21581:
21554:
21527:
21500:
21470:
21443:
21416:
21389:
21362:
21335:
21308:
21281:
21254:
21227:
21200:
21156:
21129:
21102:
21075:
21048:
21021:
20994:
20967:
20940:
20913:
20886:
20850:
20823:
20796:
20769:
20742:
20715:
20688:
20661:
20634:
20607:
20569:
20542:
20515:
20488:
20461:
20434:
20402:
20375:
20348:
20321:
20291:
20264:
20220:
20193:
20166:
20139:
20112:
20085:
20058:
20031:
20004:
19977:
19950:
19916:
19889:
19851:
19824:
19797:
19770:
19719:
19692:
19665:
19621:
19594:
19567:
19540:
19513:
19486:
19454:
19427:
19400:
19370:
19340:
19313:
19286:
19259:
19232:
19205:
19161:
19134:
19107:
19080:
19053:
19026:
18999:
18972:
18945:
18918:
18891:
18864:
18837:
18810:
18783:
18756:
18729:
18687:
18660:
18633:
18601:
18574:
18547:
18520:
18493:
18424:
18397:
18370:
18334:
18307:
18280:
18215:
18158:
18128:
18098:
18068:
18038:
18008:
17976:
17938:
17906:
17902:
Taiwan and Chinese Nationalism: National Identity and Status in International Society
17876:
17846:
17816:
17786:
17759:
17711:
17663:
17615:
17588:
17561:
17534:
17530:
More Than the Great Wall: The Northern Frontier and Ming National Security, 1368–1644
17507:
17480:
17453:
17388:
17361:
17334:
17307:
17280:
17253:
17176:
17123:
16967:
16931:
16904:
16876:
16822:
16750:
16706:
16679:
16652:
16577:
16547:
16517:
16485:
16455:
16425:
16395:
16368:
16338:
16311:
16284:
16257:
16230:
16143:
16139:
Chinese Hegemony: Grand Strategy and International Institutions in East Asian History
16095:
16033:
16006:
15974:
15936:
15909:
15882:
15855:
15828:
15768:
15715:
15688:
15661:
15631:
15604:
15577:
15550:
15523:
15493:
15466:
15439:
15412:
15385:
15358:
15331:
15304:
15277:
15250:
15223:
15196:
15166:
15118:
15091:
15064:
15034:
15009:
14984:
14956:
14931:
14906:
14879:
14818:
14791:
14764:
14734:
14701:
14678:
14651:
14621:
14594:
14567:
14540:
14508:
14458:
14428:
14398:
14366:
14337:
14310:
14280:
14200:
14173:
14146:
14121:
13778:
13685:
12835:
12795:
12582:
12562:
12526:
12354:) was subsequently adopted as the surname prior to the establishment of the Han-Zhao.
12184:
12152:
12100:
12090:
12027:
11949:
11929:
11832:
11693:
11508:
11504:
11420:
11395:
11293:
11247:
11143:
11138:
11027:
11002:
10135:
9863:
8968:
6708:
5916:
5091:
4622:
4459:
4331:
3910:
3832:
3714:
3691:
3049:
3041:
2623:
The Former Yan, the Later Yan, and the Southern Yan were ruled by the House of Murong
2528:
2477:
2473:
2462:
2337:
2006:
1923:
1918:
Relations between Chinese dynasties during periods of division often revolved around
1727:
1715:
1490:
1454:
1358:
1311:
812:
380:
360:
135:
21859:"The Development of Chinese Historical Geography over the Last 50 Years (1950–2000)"
17635:
14787:
Politics of the 'Other' in India and China: Western Concepts in Non-Western Contexts
2925:
2801:, was an eighth-generation descendant of the first emperor of the Liao dynasty, the
2504:; he was also a seventh-generation descendant of the sixth Western Han monarch, the
22427:
22411:
22351:
22321:
18255:
18236:
16927:
Collaborative Nationalism: The Politics of Friendship on China's Mongolian Frontier
16864:
16600:
15801:
14113:
12406:
12300:
11948:
was traditionally dated 1766–1122 BC as per the calculations made by the historian
11928:
was traditionally dated 2205–1766 BC as per the calculations made by the historian
11665:
11524:
11493:, there were three major Chinese empires historically. The "First Chinese Empire" (
11461:
11361:
11037:
11007:
10663:
10636:
7306:
5441:
5202:
4336:
4253:
3781:
3279:
with the official title "Zhou" as he claimed ancestry from Guo Shu, a royal of the
3109:
2485:
2466:
2341:
1904:
1678:
1378:
1295:
1160:
1037:
1023:
491:
49:
41:
21858:
16868:
12842:
was established in either AD 407 or AD 409 and lasted either 29 years or 27 years.
12026:
was traditionally dated 1122–771 BC as per the calculations made by the historian
3237:
The noble title held by the dynastic founder prior to the founding of the dynasty
22698:
20081:
Demon Hordes and Burning Boats: The Cult of Marshal Wen in Late Imperial Chekiang
14052:
14027:
14021:
13886:
13832:
12316:
11778:
11718:
10977:
10968:
10654:
Dynasties that belonged to the following categories are excluded from this list:
9596:
4248:
3973:
3824:
3820:
3433:
2837:
2527:, was a male-line descendant of a younger brother of the Emperor Gao of Han, the
2182:
1931:
1848:
1766:, widely considered to be the last legitimate monarch of China, taken in AD 1922.
1530:
1070:
1056:
990:
18444:
17779:
Hammond, Kenneth; Beezley, William; DeBlasi, Anthony; MacLachlan, Colin (2002).
17683:
15489:
Rising China and Its Postmodern Fate: Memories of Empire in a New Global Context
11692:
that are currently used in mainland China. For instance, the characters for the
10670:
10045:
9961:
2860:
2430:
There were several groups of Chinese dynasties that were ruled by families with
22588:
22583:
22525:
22457:
22339:
22313:
22281:
17224:
15600:
The Search for a Vanishing Beijing: A Guide to China's Capital Through the Ages
14117:
14033:
13959:
13930:
11905:
11453:
11217:
11148:
11022:
10954:
10640:
10130:
9844:
6299:
4705:
3962:
3852:
3840:
3836:
3419:
3361:
revealed that the official dynastic name of some earlier dynasties such as the
3021:
2194:
1934:
and history. Traditionally, only regimes deemed as "legitimate" or "orthodox" (
1900:
1739:
1419:
1370:
393:
310:
17095:
15806:
15789:
14074:
The dynastic regimes included in this timeline are the same as the list above.
13952:
Articles of Favorable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor After His Abdication
11452:; "emperor") during their reign despite the realm being listed as one of the "
1138:, ruling for a total length of about 790 years, albeit it is divided into the
22834:
22663:
22361:
19228:
Women Shall Not Rule: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Han to Liao
15878:
The Way of the Barbarians: Redrawing Ethnic Boundaries in Tang and Song China
14125:
14058:
13934:
13917:
13873:
13764:
13739:
13476:
13352:
11945:
11897:
11554:
11532:
11416:
11327:
11165:
11017:
10622:
10393:
10158:
9984:
9751:
9653:
9568:
9390:
9162:
9134:
8890:
7472:
7151:
4436:
4431:
4165:
4110:
3761:
3550:
3528:
3446:)—in official capacity in numerous international treaties beginning with the
3406:
While all dynasties of China sought to associate their respective realm with
3207:
3175:
2930:
2888:
2872:
2848:
2819:
2711:
2349:
2321:
2241:
2207:
2166:
and Southern Song considered themselves to be the legitimate Chinese dynasty.
2127:
2023:
viewed the Cao Wei as the legitimate dynasty during this period, whereas the
1937:
1791:
1779:
1617:
1506:
1466:
1366:
1315:
1124:
1004:
183:
150:
22274:
21385:
The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China
14928:
Archaeology of East Asia: The Rise of Civilization in China, Korea and Japan
13527:
10704:
9506:
2954:
which formed the cradle of Chinese civilization. "Central Plain dynasties" (
2798:
2264:
22744:
22593:
18366:
Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World
14017:
13988:
13975:
13971:
13751:
13671:
13624:
13620:
13571:
13480:
13063:
13022:
12852:
12839:
12768:) was adopted as the surname prior to the establishment of the Hu Xia. The
12730:
12590:
12023:
11985:
11975:
11965:
11901:
11764:
11739:
11722:
11669:
11616:
11612:
11608:
11600:
11562:
11546:
11536:
11374:
11309:
11276:
10940:
10696:
10630:
10608:
10517:
10468: Dynasties counted among the "Northern dynasties" within the broader "
10342:
10192:
10107:
10073:
9893:
9338:
9255:
8913:
8885:
8512:
8274:
8191:
8186:
7728:
7555:
6812:
6653:
6392:
5731:
5641:
5565:
4276:
4193:
4075:
3914:
3891:
3887:
3879:
3875:
3856:
3734:
3702:
3681:
3546:
3423:
3388:
3362:
3342:
3319:
3291:
3280:
3245:
3171:
3167:
3140:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3061:
2951:
2934:
2899:
2878:
2868:
2844:
2823:
2782:
2762:
2735:
2678:
2645:
2631:
2618:
2519:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2353:
2329:
2325:
2232:
2203:
2173:
2150:
2134:
2020:
1872:
1852:
1811:
1799:
1771:
1671:
1518:
1502:
1486:
1482:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1410:
1409:, a decisive battle fought during the Ming–Qing transition. The victorious
1374:
1341:; "All under Heaven belongs to the ruling family"), was in contrast to the
1307:
1287:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1091:
758:
734:
721:
708:
652:
611:
549:
263:
253:
230:
18887:
Astronomy in the Ancient World: Early and Modern Views on Celestial Events
16307:
Imagining China in Tokugawa Japan: Legends, Classics, and Historical Terms
13661:) as the surname in AD 1032 prior to the establishment of the Western Xia.
11878:
descent. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
11849:
descent. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
10962:
10658:
Dynasties outside of "China" with full or partial Chinese ancestry: e.g.,
3151:
ethnicities respectively, are considered infiltration dynasties of China.
2914:
was both the last Later Jin khan and the first emperor of the Qing dynasty
22769:
22553:
22432:
22378:
22270:
21550:
The China Order: Centralia, World Empire, and the Nature of Chinese Power
20990:
Celestial Women: Imperial Wives and Concubines in China from Song to Qing
19739:
18465:
17872:
Hong Kong: The Pearl Made of British Mastery and Chinese Docile-diligence
17731:
17659:
The Psychology of Chinese Gambling: A Cultural and Historical Perspective
17357:
The China Order: Centralia, World Empire, and the Nature of Chinese Power
17199:
17045:
16794:
16773:
15138:
14013:
13827:
13782:
13735:
13689:
13606:
13535:
13459:) clan. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
13436:
13419:) clan. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
13396:
13261:
13246:) clan. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
13210:
13177:) clan. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
13154:
13138:) clan. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
13102:
13036:
12991:
12977:
12930:
12920:) as the surname in AD 493 prior to the establishment of the Eastern Wei.
12891:
12769:
12726:
12611:
12603:
12549:) clan. His enthronement was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
12110:
12064:
11925:
11893:
11807:
11768:
11558:
11550:
11528:
11500:
11486:
11457:
11412:
11323:
11242:
11098:
10536:
10525:
10521:
10220:
10215:
9956:
9704:
9432:
9056:
8357:
8269:
8023:
7762:
7645:
7615:
7389:
7068:
6985:
6907:
6630:
6625:
6519:
6462:
6369:
6089:
6034:
5907:
4544:
4502:
4366:
4018:
3883:
3864:
3726:
3672:(the prefix "Shu" is a reference to the realm's geographical location at
3594:
3572:
3524:
3489:
3383:
3322:
initially used the name "Yue", only to be renamed to "Han" subsequently.
3260:
3229:
3093:
3057:
3045:
3037:
2884:
2786:
2775:
2741:
2707:
2682:
2657:
2653:
2627:
2588:
2491:
2431:
2357:
2345:
2333:
2317:
2286:; "China"); this narrative served as the basis of Japanese texts such as
2221:
2217:
2177:
1960:; "dynasty"); "illegitimate" or "unorthodox" regimes are referred to as
1896:
1888:
1832:
1726:
by the Republicans to draft the history of the Qing was disrupted by the
1637:
1597:
1587:
1577:
1541:
1462:
1390:
1382:
1319:
1303:
1113:
665:
536:
370:
338:
325:
159:
17408:
13858:) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dynastic succession.
13514:) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dynastic succession.
13301:) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dynastic succession.
13115:) as the surname in AD 869 prior to the establishment of the Later Tang.
12569:
ended in either AD 407 or AD 409 and lasted either 23 years or 25 years.
12513:) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dynastic succession.
12458:) as the surname in AD 349 prior to the establishment of the Former Qin.
12387:) clan by birth, his enthronement was not a typical dynastic succession.
11637:"Latter" or "Posterior" is employed in some sources in place of "Later".
10669:
Dynasties that ruled Chinese tributary states outside of "China": e.g.,
6188:
2750:, was a seventh-generation descendant of the Western Liang founder, the
1839:, resulting in the premature collapse of the regime 101 days later. The
1493:. However, the Qing dynasty was officially proclaimed in AD 1636 by the
22724:
13938:
13432:
13325:
13278:
13088:
13012:
as the surname in AD 580 prior to the establishment of the Sui dynasty.
12881:) as the surname in AD 493 after the establishment of the Northern Wei.
12697:
12477:
12431:
12303:
are also referred to as the "Sixteen Kingdoms of the Five Barbarians" (
11582:
11570:
11326:
and the claim to Chinese political orthodoxy were meant for the entire
11160:
11154:
10484: Dynasties counted among the "Five Dynasties" within the broader "
10407:
10311:
9315:
9139:
9051:
8704:
8452:
8297:
8046:
6276:
5759:
5736:
5664:
5507:
5464:
4943:
4080:
3895:
3639:
3621:
3617:
3465:, as well as the importance assigned to it, had promulgated within the
3276:
3256:
3026:
2911:
2836:; he was also a younger brother of the last Northern Song emperor, the
2692:, was a great-grandson of the seventh emperor of the Northern Wei, the
2610:
2307:
2302:
2225:
2180:
as legitimate Chinese dynasties, culminating in the composition of the
2113:
2054:
2050:
1991:
1867:
1731:
1702:
1667:
1657:
1607:
1526:
1522:
1494:
417:
206:
20398:
The Birth of Chinese Feminism: Essential Texts in Transnational Theory
13807:) as the surname prior to the establishment of the Northern Yuan. The
12315:), although not all dynasties counted among the 16 were ruled by the "
11755:
founders of dynasties. However, it was common for Chinese monarchs to
6193:
2301:
authority back to ancient times. However, the Northern Song statesman
1209:
22467:
22452:
20538:
Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Tang Through Ming, 618-1644
20484:
Bomb, Book and Compass: Joseph Needham and the Great Secrets of China
14953:
The Lloyd Cotsen Study Collection of Chinese Bronze Mirrors: Volume 2
13996:
13913:
13912:
Some historians consider AD 1664, the year in which the reign of the
13714:) as the surname prior to the establishment of the Yuan dynasty. The
13223:
13150:
13125:
12693:
12607:
12586:
12566:
12418:
12180:
12164:
11490:
11408:
11313:
11260:
10050:
9681:
9310:
9079:
8108:
7868:
7705:
6717:
6457:
6271:
6094:
6006:
5939:
5912:
5842:
5636:
5369:
4599:
4521:
3816:
3808:
3738:
3294:
was officially the "Great Yuan", a name derived from a clause in the
2947:
2771:
2716:
The Southern Qi and the Liang dynasty were ruled by the House of Xiao
2674:
2637:
2614:
2580:(later renamed the House of Liu and the House of Helian respectively)
2559:
2376:
1844:
1798:, was identified as a potential candidate for Chinese emperorship by
1795:
1694:
1647:
21412:
A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology
21125:
The Orphan of Zhao and Other Yuan Plays: The Earliest Known Versions
20457:
The Reunification of China: Peace through War under the Song Dynasty
17446:
Deghati, Reza; Giès, Jacques; Feugère, Laure; Coutin, André (2002).
16029:
Mirroring the Past: The Writing And Use of History in Imperial China
13962:
known as the "Remnant Court of the Abdicated Qing Imperial Family" (
2666:(later renamed the House of Yuan and the House of Tufa respectively)
2500:, was a ninth-generation descendant of the Western Han founder, the
22563:
22548:
22164:
Are All Warriors Male?: Gender Roles on the Ancient Eurasian Steppe
15790:"Chinese Dynasties and Modern China: Unification and Fragmentation"
14614:
Brook, Timothy; Walt van Praag, Michael van; Boltjes, Miek (2018).
14169:
Musing with Confucius and Paul: Toward a Chinese Christian Theology
13848:
13787:
13694:
12364:
12329:
11861:
11759:
earlier members of the family as monarchs. For instance, while the
11092:
11075:
10626:
10618:
10512:
10018:
9927:
8797:
8792:
8103:
7128:
6011:
5819:
5436:
5274:
5008:
4920:
4837:
3966:
3874:
Territorially, the largest orthodox Chinese dynasty was either the
3828:
3136:
2854:
2567:
2046:
1393:
in 221 BC is also referred to as the Predynastic Qin or Proto-Qin.
19336:
Where Dragon Veins Meet: The Kangxi Emperor and His Estate at Rehe
19076:
Shaping the Lotus Sutra: Buddhist Visual Culture in Medieval China
14617:
Sacred Mandates: Asian International Relations since Chinggis Khan
13978:
revoked the privileges and abolished the titular court in AD 1924.
12679:) as the surname prior to the establishment of the Southern Liang.
3776:
3492:
is known as such because its formal name was "Sui". Likewise, the
3182:
peoples respectively, are considered conquest dynasties of China.
1899:
and political institutions. Political division existed during the
1782:-led Qing dynasty by a new dynasty of Han ethnicity. Kong Lingyi (
22056:
The 'Global' and the 'Local' in Early Modern and Modern East Asia
20846:
The Art of Buddhism: An Introduction to Its History & Meaning
17842:
Hong Kong, Macau and the Pearl River Delta: A Geographical Survey
13808:
13715:
13531:
13499:
13495:
13366:
13311:
13265:
12819:
12782:) as the surname in AD 413 after the establishment of the Hu Xia.
12712:
12490:
12473:
12445:
11512:
11437:
11181:
11068:
10604:
10306:
9942:
9511:
9227:
8996:
8611:
8606:
8535:
8352:
8018:
6712:
6364:
5707:
5542:
5346:
5317:
5013:
4915:
4860:
4777:
3886:, others posit that the Yuan dynasty reached as far north as the
3868:
3789:
3695:
3673:
3669:
3450:
dated AD 1689, its dynastic name had remained the "Great Qing". "
3296:
3272:
3232:
took its name from its ruling class, the Xia tribal confederation
3179:
3148:
3144:
3030:
3029:
scholar Gongyang Gao. Other prominent figures like Confucius and
2767:
The Later Han and the Northern Han were ruled by the House of Liu
2592:
2555:
2511:
2481:
2421:
2396:
2368:
1987:
1983:
1627:
1470:
1458:
1330:
1282:
1083:
560:
411:
405:
20135:
Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide
19282:
Chinese Steles: Pre-Buddhist and Buddhist Use of a Symbolic Form
17449:
Painted Buddhas of Xinjiang: Hidden Treasures from the Silk Road
14760:
Confucian Perfectionism: A Political Philosophy for Modern Times
14102:"The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project: Methodology and Results"
13504:
11269:) dynasties. The former is sometimes called the "Ancient Tang" (
9466:
9372:
3721:
was therefore differentiated from the "Song" restored under the
3103:
2792:
2123:
succeeded the Later Tang and accepted it as a legitimate regime.
22447:
22029:
Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia
17778:
17330:
Remaking the Chinese Empire: Manchu-Korean Relations, 1616–1911
15711:
Government Performance Management in China: Theory and Practice
14361:. In Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John; Mote, Frederick (eds.).
13843:
13815:
as the surname prior to the establishment of the Northern Yuan.
13472:
12748:
12334:
12284:
11875:
11846:
11251:
mention two other dynasties that preceded the Xia: the "Tang" (
10700:
10685:
10644:
10600:
9838:
9827:
9404:
8699:
8634:
8089:
6542:
5537:
4832:
4061:
3958:
3899:
3812:
3800:
3658:
3403:; "Great Tang") despite its dynastic name being simply "Tang".
2802:
2751:
2577:
2407:
2372:
2260:
2028:
2002:
1975:
Such legitimacy disputes existed during the following periods:
1743:
1561:
1117:
22083:
Korea-China Relations in History and Contemporary Implications
13722:
as the surname prior to the establishment of the Yuan dynasty.
12476:
was proclaimed "Prince of Three Qins", to be the start of the
10820:
3764:
is also sometimes referred to as the "Northern Zhou dynasty".
2887:, was a grandson of the 14th emperor of the Ming dynasty, the
1847:(AD 1932–1945; monarchy since AD 1934), a puppet state of the
1758:
1401:
22487:
21439:
China's Hegemony: Four Hundred Years of East Asian Domination
21196:
The History of Central Asia: The Age of Islam and the Mongols
15114:
Market in State: The Political Economy of Domination in China
12935:
12896:
12857:
12402:
9477:
9383:
8727:
6846:
3860:
3848:
3804:
3097:
2663:
2596:
1807:
1803:
1735:
1326:
power at the expense of the monarchs. This concept, known as
1079:
21975:
China on the Sea: How the Maritime World Shaped Modern China
21176:
Xing, Chunru; Li, Munan; Jie, Baofeng; Liu, Xinlian (2007).
11628:"Anterior" is employed in some sources in place of "Former".
11279:
would not have been the initiator of dynastic rule in China.
3325:
The official title of several dynasties bore the character "
1891:. Seals were a symbol of political authority and legitimacy.
22492:
20430:
The Age of Confucian Rule: The Song Transformation of China
20284:
Schaeffer, Kurtis; Kapstein, Matthew; Tuttle, Gray (2013).
20027:
Reading Medieval Chinese Poetry: Text, Context, and Culture
18621:
18619:
18617:
17812:
Hainan – State, Society, and Business in a Chinese Province
17611:
The Government of the Qin and Han Empires: 221 BCE – 220 CE
14000:
13955:
13908:
13906:
13904:
13868:
13866:
13864:
13128:, originally without surname, was an adopted member of the
11312:" in this article refers exclusively to the realm based in
11289:
11198:
10577:
10529:
10412:
3033:
also elaborated on this concept in their respective works.
1856:
1763:
1105:
17384:
Western-Centrism and Contemporary Korean Political Thought
14613:
14563:
In the Shadow of the Mongol Empire: Ming China and Eurasia
13522:
13520:
11292:
in AD 1912 is typically regarded as the formal end of the
2818:
The Northern Song and the Southern Song were ruled by the
2169:
The Jin dynasty challenged the Song's claim of legitimacy.
21825:
21823:
21795:
21793:
21765:
21763:
21267:
21240:
21213:
18941:
Gale Researcher Guide for: The Three Kingdoms and the Jin
18363:
Esherick, Joseph; Kayali, Hasan; Van Young, Eric (2006).
18276:
Asian Thought on China's Changing International Relations
16846:
16844:
16842:
16840:
16838:
12143:
12141:
11396:
Nineteen Major Articles of Good Faith on the Constitution
3717:
as the dividing line; the original "Song" founded by the
3287:
A term with auspicious or other significant connotations
3121:"Infiltration dynasties" or "dynasties of infiltration" (
2877:
The Ming dynasty and the Southern Ming were ruled by the
2853:
The Yuan dynasty and the Northern Yuan were ruled by the
2740:
The Western Liang and the Tang dynasty were ruled by the
1705:
ruling house came to inherit the noble title thereafter.
21948:
The Chinese Émigrés of Thailand in the Twentieth Century
21726:
21724:
21722:
21720:
21692:
21690:
21688:
21686:
21684:
21657:
21655:
21653:
21651:
21348:
18705:
18703:
18614:
17445:
16565:
16563:
15087:
Modern China: Continuity and Change, 1644 to the Present
15060:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
13901:
13861:
13734:
Some historians consider AD 1260, the year in which the
13526:
Some historians consider AD 1132, the year in which the
12468:
12466:
12464:
3909:. The Chinese tributary system first emerged during the
2791:
The Liao dynasty and the Western Liao were ruled by the
2360:→ Tang dynasty → Later Liang → Later Tang → Later Jin →
20926:
20283:
19847:
History and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine
19820:
Infamous Chinese Emperors: Tales of Tyranny and Misrule
18362:
16930:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 56–57.
15649:
15647:
15573:
Modernisation of Chinese Culture: Continuity and Change
15028:
14950:
13517:
13471:
Some historians consider AD 907, the year in which the
13383:
in AD 939 after the establishment of the Southern Tang.
13260:
Some historians consider AD 902, the year in which the
12472:
Some historians consider AD 350, the year in which the
12401:
Some historians consider AD 303, the year in which the
12397:
12395:
12393:
12147:
Some historians consider 206 BC, the year in which the
11063:
Family tree of Chinese monarchs (Warring States period)
10724:
3741:, while the continuity of the latter was broken by the
2702:, was a grandson of the Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei
1134:
The longest-reigning orthodox dynasty of China was the
1090:. Beginning with the establishment of dynastic rule by
21850:
21820:
21790:
21760:
21743:
The South China Sea Arbitration: A Chinese Perspective
21664:
China: Five Thousand Years of History and Civilization
21488:
21486:
18823:
17972:
Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History
17503:
The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618–44
16917:
16890:
16835:
15033:. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press. p. 235.
13264:
was proclaimed "Prince of Wu", to be the start of the
12167:
was not officially enthroned and maintained the title
12138:
11476:; usually translated as "prince" in English writings).
11391:
Outline of the Constitution Compiled by Imperial Order
3392:
2774:, was a younger brother of the Later Han founder, the
2340:→ Eastern Han → Cao Wei → Western Jin → Eastern Jin →
2137:, Chinese historiography has generally considered the
1302:
As the founder of China's first orthodox dynasty, the
21894:
Descending Dragon, Rising Tiger: A History of Vietnam
21733:
21717:
21681:
21648:
21621:
21594:
21567:
21540:
21513:
19413:
19366:
Man'yōshū and the Imperial Imagination in Early Japan
18700:
18124:
Xinjiang and China's Rise in Central Asia - A History
16768:
16766:
16560:
15905:
The Revival of Buddhist Monasticism in Medieval China
15031:
Chinese Society in the Age of Confucius (1000-250 BC)
14955:. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press. p. 44.
13581:
13256:
13254:
13252:
12967:
in AD 554 after the establishment of the Western Wei.
12461:
12310:
12234:
12168:
12151:
was proclaimed "King of Han", to be the start of the
12120:
11995:
11680:
11678:
11647:
11465:
11441:
11316:. However, the Han-style dynastic name "Great Yuan" (
10354:
10255:
10170:
10085:
9996:
9905:
9805:
9716:
9631:
9546:
9444:
9350:
9267:
9174:
9091:
9008:
8925:
8832:
8739:
8646:
8547:
8464:
8392:
8309:
8226:
8143:
8058:
7975:
7903:
7825:
7740:
7657:
7567:
7484:
7401:
7318:
7246:
7163:
7080:
6997:
6919:
6824:
6752:
6665:
6582:
6497:
6404:
6311:
6228:
6129:
6046:
5951:
5854:
5771:
5676:
5577:
5476:
5381:
5286:
5214:
5131:
5048:
4955:
4872:
4789:
4717:
4634:
4556:
4471:
4378:
4288:
4205:
4122:
4030:
3755:
3633:
3611:
3584:
3562:
3540:
3518:
3474:
3460:
3451:
3427:
3426:
explicitly identified their state with and employed "
3407:
3376:
3370:
3326:
3301:
3225:
The name of the ruling tribe or tribal confederation
3213:
3199:
3161:
3130:
3014:
3007:
The concept of "great unity" or "grand unification" (
2999:
2987:
2963:
2904:
The Later Jin and the Qing dynasty were ruled by the
2832:, was a son of the eighth Northern Song monarch, the
2640:, was also a son of the Emperor Wenming of Former Yan
2275:
2256:
in Taiwan denounced the Qing dynasty as illegitimate.
2086:
2070:
1961:
1949:
1943:
1876:
1432:
1346:
1327:
1188:
1176:
1158:
21697:
Zhang, Qizhi; Wang, Tianyou; Cheng, Chongde (2002).
19272:
16573:
Ethnic China: Identity, Assimilation, and Resistance
15674:
15644:
15617:
14391:
Sadow, Lauren; Peeters, Bert; Mullan, Kerry (2019).
14006:
12390:
11940:
11938:
11013:
Debate on the Chineseness of Yuan and Qing dynasties
10930:
10462: Dynasties counted among the "Sixteen Kingdoms"
1689:
was accorded the title "Prince of Zhongshan" by the
777:
699:
579:
512:
442:
316:
21483:
21358:
The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Political Theory
20260:
Unbounded Loyalty: Frontier Crossings in Liao China
19423:
Buddhism in China: Collected Papers of Erik Zürcher
16226:
Modern Notions of Civilization and Culture in China
15452:
14975:
14590:
Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols
13944:
13730:
13728:
13467:
13465:
12295:
12293:
12018:
12016:
3088:were partially administered by the contemporaneous
3022:
Gongyang Commentary on the Spring and Autumn Annals
2677:, were respectively descended from the sons of the
1697:, was conferred the title "Duke of Chongyi" by the
21355:Jenco, Leigh; Idris, Murad; Thomas, Megan (2019).
20555:
20054:The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions
19712:Zhang, Qizhi; Wang, Zijin; Fang, Guanghua (2002).
19509:Chinese Architecture in an Age of Turmoil, 200-600
17360:. State University of New York Press. p. 11.
17194:
17192:
16808:
16787:
16763:
16619:
16617:
16595:
16593:
16196:Brook, Walt van Praag & Boltjes (2018). p. 54.
16078:Brook, Walt van Praag & Boltjes (2018). p. 52.
14451:Ruan, Jiening; Zhang, Jie; Leung, Cynthia (2015).
14390:
14172:. James Clarke & Company Limited. p. 24.
14142:The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions
13981:
13249:
12040:
12038:
12036:
11952:. Accordingly, the Shang dynasty lasted 644 years.
11920:
11918:
11888:
11886:
11884:
11675:
10456: Dynasties counted among the "Three Kingdoms"
3923:
3792:in China proper, numerous Chinese dynasties later
1290:, the initiator of dynastic rule in China, by the
21577:Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800–1949)
19844:Wang, Zhen'guo; Chen, Ping; Xie, Peiping (1999).
19685:Wan, Guoding; Wan, Sinian; Chen, Mengjia (2018).
18833:China Economic Review's China Business Guide 2005
18625:
18410:
18383:
18356:
18347:
17064:
17062:
17019:
17017:
17015:
17013:
17011:
16989:
16987:
16985:
16983:
15794:China and the World: Ancient and Modern Silk Road
15684:The A to Z of World War II: The War Against Japan
15398:
15052:
15050:
14298:
14296:
13872:Traditional Chinese historiography considers the
13754:. Accordingly, the Yuan dynasty lasted 108 years.
13483:. Accordingly, the Liao dynasty lasted 218 years.
12030:. Accordingly, the Western Zhou lasted 351 years.
11935:
11308:As per contemporary historiographical norm, the "
3684:", refers to the dynasty's ethnic Xiongnu origin)
3154:"Conquest dynasties" or "dynasties of conquest" (
2514:, was also descended from the Emperor Jing of Han
22832:
22311:
21354:
21115:
20836:
19181:Xu, Junyuan; Zhang, Zhanjun; Shi, Yuxin (1986).
19093:
17656:Chan, Chi Chuen; Li, William; Chiu, Amy (2019).
16944:
16505:
16503:
16501:
15569:
15536:
15184:
15182:
15006:Age of Empires: Art of the Qin and Han Dynasties
14858:Area Handbook for the People's Republic of China
14365:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 394–395.
13898:)—as a direct continuation of the Northern Yuan.
13725:
13538:. Accordingly, the Western Liao lasted 86 years.
13462:
13391:
13389:
12822:was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
12733:was therefore not a typical dynastic succession.
12290:
12155:. Accordingly, the Western Han lasted 215 years.
12013:
11932:. Accordingly, the Xia dynasty lasted 439 years.
10444: Dynasties of relatively great significance
3259:was officially named "Yan" based on the ancient
2465:, was a son of the last Western Zhou ruler, the
2105:Having directly succeeded the Tang dynasty, the
1187:; "Celestial Dynasty of the Exalted State") or "
22160:
21040:
20815:
20395:Liu, Lydia; Karl, Rebecca; Ko, Dorothy (2013).
19908:
19305:
18646:
18330:China's 19th Party Congress: Start Of A New Era
18176:
18174:
18146:
18144:
18116:
18114:
18086:
18084:
18034:Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750
17772:
17745:
17724:
17697:
17676:
17649:
17628:
17601:
17401:
17239:
17213:
17189:
17162:
16614:
16590:
16356:
16354:
15994:
15992:
15990:
15962:
15960:
15958:
15956:
15954:
15952:
15546:The Global Manager's Guide to Cultural Literacy
15511:
15509:
14811:Gao, Quanxi; Zhang, Wei; Tian, Feilong (2015).
14783:
14454:Chinese Language Education in the United States
13074:was the last ruler before the interregnum; the
12830:
12828:
12033:
11915:
11881:
11479:
1887:; "Seal of the Great Qing Empire") rendered in
1714:. This tradition was maintained even after the
1413:extended its rule into China proper thereafter.
21696:
21466:Mapping Chengde: The Qing Landscape Enterprise
21071:Song Blue and White Porcelain on the Silk Road
20728:
20565:Evaluations of Sung Dynasty Painters of Renown
20131:
20108:How to Read Chinese Poetry: A Guided Anthology
18806:An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture
18056:
18054:
18026:
18024:
17996:
17994:
17992:
17964:
17962:
17960:
17958:
17956:
17954:
17926:
17924:
17922:
17894:
17892:
17864:
17862:
17834:
17832:
17804:
17802:
17136:
17109:
17088:
17059:
17038:
17008:
16980:
16953:
16364:An Historical Sketch of Chinese Historiography
16190:
16172:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient
15104:
15077:
15047:
14925:
14752:
14750:
14696:
14694:
14450:
14350:
14323:
14293:
13823:
13821:
13379:) as the surname, only to restore the surname
13338:) as the surname, only to restore the surname
12682:
12622:
12620:
12593:depending on the historian's characterization.
11672:is rendered as "Ch῾ing dynasty" in Wade–Giles.
3913:and lasted until the 19th century AD when the
3398:
2929:A German map of the Chinese Empire during the
2576:The Han-Zhao and the Hu Xia were ruled by the
22715:Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers
22297:
21496:China's Solution to Its Ethno-national Issues
19711:
19306:Swartz, Wendy; Yang, Lu; Jessy, Choo (2014).
18192:
18183:
18154:Foreigners in Japan: A Historical Perspective
17557:A Handbook for 1,000 Basic Chinese Characters
16498:
15788:Baaquie, Belal Ehsan; Wang, Qing-Hai (2018).
15657:China's Solution to Its Ethno-national Issues
15479:
15462:Fifty Key Works of History and Historiography
15425:
15273:A Cultural History of Modern Science in China
15179:
14854:
14831:
14804:
14777:
14484:The General Themes of the Ocean Culture World
13970:) between AD 1912 and AD 1924. Following the
13963:
13891:
13853:
13837:
13802:
13792:
13772:
13743:
13709:
13699:
13679:
13656:
13642:
13632:
13614:
13591:
13575:
13565:
13555:
13509:
13454:
13444:
13427:
13425:
13414:
13404:
13386:
13374:
13360:
13333:
13319:
13296:
13286:
13241:
13231:
13204:
13194:
13172:
13162:
13133:
13110:
13096:
13044:
13030:
12999:
12985:
12954:
12940:
12915:
12901:
12876:
12862:
12813:
12803:
12798:was of Gaogouli descent. Originally surnamed
12777:
12763:
12753:
12720:
12674:
12664:
12641:
12631:
12544:
12534:
12529:was of Gaogouli descent. Originally surnamed
12508:
12498:
12453:
12439:
12410:
12382:
12372:
12349:
12339:
12304:
12278:
12268:
12244:
12228:
12218:
12208:
12187:monarch who was officially enthroned was the
12174:
12130:
12114:
12104:
12094:
12072:
12058:
12005:
11989:
11979:
11969:
11869:
11840:
11815:
11801:
11782:
11772:
11703:
11697:
11594:
11540:
11494:
11471:
11447:
11317:
11270:
11264:
11252:
10983:Administration of territory in dynastic China
10565:
10557:
10549:
10541:
10380:
10368:
10347:
10281:
10269:
10248:
10196:
10184:
10163:
10111:
10099:
10078:
10022:
10010:
9989:
9931:
9919:
9898:
9831:
9819:
9798:
9740:
9730:
9709:
9657:
9645:
9624:
9572:
9560:
9539:
9470:
9458:
9437:
9376:
9364:
9343:
9291:
9281:
9260:
9198:
9188:
9167:
9115:
9105:
9084:
9032:
9022:
9001:
8949:
8939:
8918:
8856:
8846:
8825:
8763:
8753:
8732:
8670:
8660:
8639:
8571:
8561:
8540:
8488:
8478:
8457:
8406:
8385:
8333:
8323:
8302:
8250:
8240:
8219:
8167:
8157:
8136:
8082:
8072:
8051:
7999:
7989:
7968:
7917:
7896:
7849:
7839:
7818:
7766:
7754:
7733:
7681:
7671:
7650:
7591:
7581:
7560:
7508:
7498:
7477:
7425:
7415:
7394:
7342:
7332:
7311:
7260:
7239:
7187:
7177:
7156:
7104:
7094:
7073:
7021:
7011:
6990:
6943:
6933:
6912:
6850:
6838:
6817:
6766:
6745:
6689:
6679:
6658:
6606:
6596:
6575:
6523:
6511:
6490:
6428:
6418:
6397:
6335:
6325:
6304:
6252:
6242:
6221:
6153:
6143:
6122:
6070:
6060:
6039:
5975:
5965:
5944:
5878:
5868:
5847:
5795:
5785:
5764:
5700:
5690:
5669:
5601:
5591:
5570:
5500:
5490:
5469:
5405:
5395:
5374:
5310:
5300:
5279:
5228:
5207:
5155:
5145:
5124:
5072:
5062:
5041:
4979:
4969:
4948:
4896:
4886:
4865:
4813:
4803:
4782:
4731:
4710:
4658:
4648:
4627:
4580:
4570:
4549:
4495:
4485:
4464:
4402:
4392:
4371:
4312:
4302:
4281:
4229:
4219:
4198:
4146:
4136:
4115:
4054:
4044:
4023:
3749:
3627:
3605:
3578:
3556:
3534:
3512:
3413:
3332:
3307:
3205:
3155:
3122:
3104:Infiltration dynasties and conquest dynasties
3008:
2993:
2981:
2968:) refer to dynasties of China that had their
2955:
2281:
2109:considered itself to be a legitimate dynasty.
2092:
2076:
1967:
1955:
1935:
1922:, which was derived from the doctrine of the
1882:
1824:. Both suggestions were ultimately rejected.
1815:
1783:
1661:
1651:
1641:
1631:
1621:
1611:
1601:
1591:
1581:
1571:
1565:
1555:
1545:
1453:; on the other hand, the transition from the
1426:
1352:
1336:
1194:
1182:
1166:
960:
21277:The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia
21175:
21169:
21142:
18725:Descendants of the Bird Hunters of Old China
18679:
18171:
18141:
18111:
18081:
16736:
16719:
16692:
16665:
16638:
16381:
16351:
16324:
16297:
16270:
16243:
16216:
16199:
16156:
16129:
16108:
16081:
16072:
16046:
16019:
15987:
15949:
15519:Global Modernists on Modernism: An Anthology
15506:
15083:
14810:
14500:
13185:
13183:
13146:
13144:
12825:
12557:
12555:
11367:
11304:
11302:
10815:
2069:referred to their southern counterparts as "
2045:Several of the Sixteen Kingdoms such as the
2031:proposed treating the Shu Han as legitimate.
2005:; hence, the Cao Wei directly succeeded the
1385:that existed during the Zhou dynasty before
22161:Linduff, Katheryn; Rubinson, Karen (2008).
19973:The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C.–A.D. 907
19843:
19758:
19756:
18775:
18626:Ivanhoe, Philip; Van Norden, Bryan (2005).
18479:
18458:
18437:
18320:
18293:
18266:
18051:
18021:
17989:
17951:
17919:
17889:
17859:
17829:
17799:
17428:
16814:
15922:
15895:
15868:
15841:
15814:
15787:
15781:
15754:
15728:
15701:
15623:
15371:
15344:
15317:
15290:
15263:
15236:
15209:
15131:
14983:. Cambridge University Press. p. 314.
14892:
14848:
14814:The Road to the Rule of Law in Modern China
14747:
14691:
14528:
14526:
14524:
14496:
14494:
14476:
14474:
14446:
14444:
14420:
14416:
14414:
14359:"Ming China and the Emerging World Economy"
14266:
13818:
13491:
13489:
12790:
12788:
12617:
12596:
12577:
12575:
12521:
12519:
11857:
11855:
3694:is also known as the "Former Han", and the
3499:When more than one dynasty shared the same
3482:
2950:is a vast area on the lower reaches of the
2636:The first monarch of the Southern Yan, the
2630:, was a son of the Former Yan founder, the
2081:; "island dwelling barbarians"), while the
1718:overthrew the Qing dynasty in favor of the
1199:; "Celestial Dynasty of the Great State").
22304:
22290:
21998:
21965:
21938:
21890:
21866:Newsletter for Research in Chinese Studies
21830:Wu, Chuanjun; Yang, Qinye; Lu, Qi (2002).
21047:. Columbia University Press. p. 562.
20755:
20620:
20595:
20593:
20591:
20589:
20587:
20585:
20480:
20422:
20420:
20418:
19938:
19936:
19934:
19932:
19877:
19875:
19873:
19871:
19869:
19867:
19684:
19505:
19474:
19472:
19470:
19358:
19356:
19180:
18995:Introduction to the Urban History of China
17808:
17655:
17374:
17347:
17320:
17293:
17266:
17252:. Chinese University Press. pp. 4–5.
16896:
16280:The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Philosophy
15563:
15219:Encyclopedia of China: History and Culture
15152:
15117:. Cambridge University Press. p. 83.
15110:
15008:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 33.
15003:
14865:
14855:Whitaker, Donald; Shinn, Rinn-Sup (1972).
14730:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
14727:Ebrey, Patricia; Liu, Kwang-Ching (2010).
14607:
14580:
14553:
14386:
14384:
14382:
14042:and its adjacent islands in the southeast;
13995:between 1 July 1917 and 12 July 1917 when
13757:
13664:
13422:
13342:prior to the establishment of the Jingnan.
13271:
13078:was the first ruler after the interregnum.
12708:
12706:
11711:
11660:
11658:
11401:
3890:coast, with its western boundary with the
3114:According to the historian and sinologist
2941:
2828:The first ruler of the Southern Song, the
2523:states that the first Liu Song ruler, the
2496:The first emperor of the Eastern Han, the
1476:One might incorrectly infer from viewing
967:
953:
22689:Grand coordinator and provincial governor
22226:
22019:
21911:
21884:
21739:
21402:
21375:
21121:
20872:
20863:
20816:Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy (2003).
20447:
20394:
20367:
20361:
20334:
20309:
20307:
20132:Knechtges, David; Chang, Taiping (2014).
18717:
18715:
18247:
18228:
18201:
16002:Education in Traditional China: A History
15805:
15570:Rošker, Jana; Suhadolnik, Nataša (2014).
15515:
15188:
14784:Koenig, Lion; Chaudhuri, Bidisha (2017).
14664:
14634:
14068:
13742:" and declared the era name "Zhongtong" (
13216:
13180:
13141:
13118:
12552:
11299:
11237:
11235:
11043:Family tree of Chinese monarchs (ancient)
10575:Dynastic regimes that existed within the
10534:Dynastic regimes that existed within the
10510:Dynastic regimes that existed within the
2770:The first ruler of the Northern Han, the
2605:, Liu Qiangqu and Liu Qubei were brothers
1277:
22181:
22127:
22100:
22073:
22052:
22046:
22005:. Langenscheidt Publishing. p. 20.
21944:
21829:
21408:
21041:Tuttle, Gray; Schaeffer, Kurtis (2013).
21007:
20993:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 24.
20534:
19969:
19753:
19732:
19613:
19332:
19191:
19174:
19147:
18850:
18829:
18629:Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy
18560:
18272:
17574:
17547:
17520:
17493:
17466:
17439:
17422:
16644:
16249:
15847:
15590:
15276:. Harvard University Press. p. 46.
15242:
15195:. Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 14.
15090:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 19.
14726:
14586:
14559:
14521:
14501:Adler, Philip; Pouwels, Randall (2011).
14491:
14471:
14441:
14411:
14329:
13923:
13599:
13546:
13544:
13486:
12785:
12572:
12516:
12357:
12259:
12257:
12255:
12199:
12197:
12179:; "crown prince") during the regency of
12158:
11960:
11958:
11852:
11745:
11631:
11622:
11282:
11119:List of recipients of tribute from China
11058:Family tree of Chinese monarchs (middle)
10766:Five Dynasties–Liao–Song–W. Xia–Jin–Yuan
3796:to encompass other territorial domains.
3775:
3748:In Chinese sources, the term "dynasty" (
3737:; the first two were interrupted by the
3193:
2924:
2176:recognized all three in addition to the
1866:
1757:
1469:, were cases of usurpation. Oftentimes,
1418:explanation has come to be known as the
1400:
1281:
1131:may be referred to as "Ming porcelain".
22154:
22025:
21891:Vu, Hong Lien; Sharrock, Peter (2014).
21740:Talmon, Stefan; Jia, Bing Bing (2014).
21456:
21429:
21381:
21321:
21294:
21186:
21101:. Oxford University Press. p. 40.
21088:
21067:
21061:
21034:
20986:
20980:
20953:
20899:
20849:. Shambhala Publications. p. 189.
20809:
20782:
20701:
20582:
20528:
20501:
20474:
20415:
20388:
20277:
20256:
20250:
20233:
20206:
20152:
20098:
20071:
20044:
20017:
19990:
19963:
19929:
19909:Fairbank, John; Goldman, Merle (2006).
19902:
19885:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China
19864:
19837:
19810:
19783:
19705:
19678:
19657:
19651:
19634:
19607:
19580:
19553:
19526:
19499:
19467:
19440:
19353:
19326:
19299:
19245:
19224:
19218:
19120:
19066:
19039:
19012:
18985:
18566:
18150:
18060:
17968:
17526:
16535:
16533:
16413:
16411:
16116:"试论清人的辽金"正统观"——以辽宋金"三史分修""各与正统"问题讨论为中心"
15928:
15596:
15458:
15215:
15111:Zheng, Yongnian; Huang, Yanjie (2018).
15063:. Harvard University Press. p. 6.
14379:
14272:
13846:descent. As he was not a member of the
13502:descent. As he was not a member of the
12923:
12884:
12845:
12736:
12703:
12483:
12322:
12085:
12083:
11732:
11655:
11430:
11048:Family tree of Chinese monarchs (early)
2688:The only ruler of the Eastern Wei, the
1862:
1753:
1067:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1034:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1001:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
22833:
21917:
21192:
21013:
20912:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 130.
20905:
20707:
20680:
20304:
20212:
20050:
19942:
19559:
19388:
19386:
19362:
19251:
19099:
18964:
18958:
18931:
18904:
18883:
18877:
18796:
18769:
18712:
18673:
18587:
18120:
18030:
17898:
17782:The Human Tradition in Premodern China
17168:
16672:Jia, Bingqiang; Zhu, Xiaohong (2015).
16671:
16569:
16473:
16471:
16443:
16441:
16387:
16025:
15542:
15485:
15296:
15056:
14640:
14504:World Civilizations: Volume I: To 1700
14421:Bauch, Martin; Schenk, Gerrit (2019).
14356:
14276:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities
14244:
14213:
14186:
14159:
14138:
14132:
14099:
13081:
11828:
11826:
11232:
11109:List of Confucian states and dynasties
11053:Family tree of Chinese monarchs (late)
2719:The founder of the Liang dynasty, the
2673:, and the Southern Liang founder, the
2562:and a son of the Prince Gong of Langya
2375:. Both regimes formally adhere to the
1396:
1373:which led to the establishment of the
1154:, depending on the historical source.
22285:
21992:
21971:
21856:
21462:
21327:
21148:
21094:
20959:
20878:
20842:
20626:
20453:
20125:
20023:
19881:
19617:A Short History of the Chinese People
19197:
18991:
18802:
18742:
18656:Dynastic China: An Elementary History
18593:
18326:
18090:
17868:
17607:
17499:
17472:
17272:
16959:
16923:
16850:
16330:
16276:
16162:
16135:
16087:
15820:
15760:
15680:
15431:
15377:
15323:
15269:
15084:Elleman, Bruce; Paine, Sarah (2019).
14871:
14145:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 31.
13916:came to an end, to be the end of the
13541:
13498:, originally without surname, was of
13056:
12970:
12649:
12252:
12194:
12047:
11955:
11640:
3771:
3312:; "Great is the Heavenly and Primal")
2822:; they are collectively known as the
2746:The founder of the Tang dynasty, the
2461:The founder of the Eastern Zhou, the
22219:China Handbook Editorial Committee,
22187:
22079:
22053:Elman, Benjamin; Liu, Jenny (2017).
21627:
21600:
21546:
21519:
21300:
20788:
20761:
20647:
20599:
20426:
20340:
20077:
19816:
19789:
19586:
19532:
19419:
19392:
19278:
19153:
19126:
19072:
19018:
18856:
18567:Yao, Weijun; Song, Chuanyin (2017).
18389:
18299:
18207:
17838:
17755:This is China: The First 5,000 Years
17751:
17580:
17553:
17380:
17353:
17326:
17245:
17115:
16815:Graff, David; Higham, Robin (2012).
16725:
16698:
16570:Li, Xiaobing; Shan, Patrick (2015).
16539:
16530:
16509:
16408:
16222:
16205:
15901:
15874:
15404:
15350:
14756:
14670:
14532:
14330:Wang, Yeyang; Zhao, Qingyun (2016).
14302:
14219:
14192:
13647:) upon the family respectively. The
13304:
12080:
11684:The Chinese characters shown are in
10725:Timeline of major historical periods
10617:Short-lived dynastic regimes: e.g.,
3188:
3025:that was supposedly authored by the
2975:
1794:and a 76th-generation descendant of
22707:
22227:Wilkinson, Endymion Porter (2018).
22106:
21799:
21769:
21573:
21492:
21435:
21273:
21246:
21219:
21122:West, Stephen; Idema, Wilt (2014).
20932:
20885:. Vij Books India Private Limited.
20734:
20674:
20653:
20561:
20507:
20185:
20179:
20158:
20104:
19996:
19762:
19620:. Courier Corporation. p. 85.
19478:
19446:
19383:
19045:
18992:Fu, Chonglan; Cao, Wenming (2019).
18937:
18910:
18721:
18652:
18539:
18533:
18506:
18485:
18416:
18253:
18234:
18004:A Concise Reader of Chinese Culture
18000:
17930:
17333:. Lexington Books. pp. 52–53.
17299:
16742:
16477:
16468:
16438:
16417:
15998:
15966:
15653:
15516:Moody, Alys; Ross, Stephen (2020).
15158:
14536:China's Last Empire: The Great Qing
14480:
14165:
13449:), he was an adopted member of the
13409:), he was an adopted member of the
13345:
13167:), he was an adopted member of the
13015:
12808:), he was an adopted member of the
12539:), he was an adopted member of the
12424:
11823:
11790:
10756:Jin–Northern and Southern Dynasties
10680:Dynasties outside of "China" which
9746:
2386:
2371:and the Republic of China based in
24:
22133:
21857:Ge, Jianxiong; Hua, Linfu (2002).
20313:
20239:
19640:
19309:Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook
18748:
18512:
17703:
16447:
16360:
16303:
15764:Three Kingdoms and Chinese Culture
15707:
14898:
14837:
14720:
14252:"远古时期的"古唐朝"？比夏朝还早1600年，如被证实历史或将改写"
12669:). Tufa Pigu subsequently adopted
12053:In addition to the ancestral name
11796:In addition to the ancestral name
11763:was officially established by the
11419:who in turn was the spouse of the
11176:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
10599:Localized dynastic regimes: e.g.,
10540:system: e.g., Xuanque Prefecture (
3698:is also called the "Southern Wu".
3086:Sixteen Prefectures of Yan and Yun
2626:The founder of the Later Yan, the
1501:established in AD 1616, while the
25:
22862:
22253:
21951:. Cambria Press. pp. 46–47.
20708:Wu, Jiang; Chia, Lucille (2015).
19103:A History of Chinese Civilization
18064:Historical Dictionary of Mongolia
17169:Hu, Axiang; Song, Yanmei (2008).
16026:Ng, On Cho; Wang, Edward (2005).
15824:Confucianism and Tokugawa Culture
14106:Journal of East Asian Archaeology
12729:descent. The enthronement of the
11910:Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project
11212:Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project
11124:List of tributary states of China
10699:states outside of "China": e.g.,
2920:
2602:History of the Northern Dynasties
2306:succeeded the orthodoxy from the
2141:, as opposed to the contemporary
2085:called their northern neighbors "
1509:until AD 1662. The Ming loyalist
1268:; 'imperial dynasty')
20162:Ancient History of the Manchuria
18965:Dai, Meike; Wei, Weisen (2016).
18489:Rereading Modern Chinese History
17409:"为何中国古代的一些朝代前要加上"东西南北"，比如"西汉"呢？"
16960:Zhu, Fayuan; Wu, Qixing (2000).
16645:Feng, Tianyu; Yang, Hua (2000).
16209:East Asian History, Issues 19-20
15029:Lothar von Falkenhausen (2006).
14951:Lothar von Falkenhausen (2012).
14012:As proposed by scholars such as
13570:) are collectively known as the
13236:), was an adopted member of the
12820:Emperor Wencheng of Northern Yan
12818:) clan. The enthronement of the
12223:) are collectively known as the
12109:) are collectively known as the
11984:) are collectively known as the
11485:As proposed by scholars such as
11171:Succession to the Chinese throne
10961:
10947:
10933:
10780:
10682:identified themselves as "China"
10334:
9837:
9476:
9382:
3496:was officially the "Great Jin".
2683:Emperor Shenyuan of Northern Wei
2558:; he was also a grandson of the
2510:The founder of the Shu Han, the
2406:
2395:
2102:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
2062:Northern and Southern dynasties
1175:referred to these dynasties as "
1047:
1014:
981:
48:
22231:(5th ed.). Cambridge, MA:
19946:Great Walls and Linear Barriers
19658:Qin, Dashu; Yuan, Jian (2013).
18303:Military Thought in Early China
18211:History of the World Map by Map
17200:"明朝为何定国号为"大明"，绝大部分人只知道五个原因中的一个"
17096:"后周皇帝列表及简介 后周太祖世宗恭帝简介 后周是怎么灭亡的"
16795:"我国历史上这两大王朝均是大一统王朝，却教科书上却极少被提及"
15022:
14997:
14969:
14944:
14919:
13649:Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia
12947:Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei
12908:Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei
12869:Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei
12834:Depending on the status of the
12731:Prince Wuxuan of Northern Liang
12561:Depending on the status of the
11908:in 841 BC are derived from the
11539:. The "Second Chinese Empire" (
11340:
10486:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
10470:Northern and Southern dynasties
3924:List of major Chinese dynasties
3357:compiled by the Yuan historian
3096:exercised partial control over
2883:The Southern Ming founder, the
2694:Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei
2690:Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei
2679:Emperor Shengwu of Northern Wei
2599:respectively; according to the
1913:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
1909:Northern and Southern dynasties
1810:supported a restoration of the
1687:Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei
22516:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
22233:Harvard University Asia Center
22221:China Handbook Series: History
20909:A Companion to Chinese History
20535:Lee, Lily; Wiles, Sue (2014).
20368:Liang, De; Yang, Yang (1998).
19252:Fan, Ru; Pan, Xinghui (2010).
17732:"汉分东西汉因为中间有新莽为什么唐朝中间有武周却不分东西唐"
16625:"经常提到的波斯帝国，那你知道波斯第一、第二、第三帝国吗？"
15624:Schillinger, Nicholas (2016).
14981:The Archaeology of Early China
14363:The Cambridge History of China
14093:
14036:and Sakhalin in the northeast;
13964:
13892:
13854:
13838:
13803:
13793:
13773:
13744:
13738:was proclaimed "Khagan of the
13710:
13700:
13680:
13657:
13643:
13633:
13615:
13592:
13576:
13566:
13556:
13528:Emperor Dezong of Western Liao
13510:
13475:was proclaimed "Khagan of the
13455:
13445:
13433:Emperor Yingwu of Northern Han
13415:
13405:
13375:
13367:Emperor Liezu of Southern Tang
13361:
13334:
13320:
13297:
13287:
13242:
13232:
13205:
13195:
13173:
13163:
13134:
13126:Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang
13111:
13097:
13045:
13031:
13000:
12986:
12955:
12941:
12916:
12902:
12877:
12863:
12814:
12804:
12778:
12764:
12754:
12721:
12675:
12665:
12642:
12632:
12589:monarch or the founder of the
12545:
12535:
12509:
12499:
12454:
12440:
12411:
12383:
12373:
12350:
12340:
12305:
12279:
12269:
12245:
12229:
12219:
12209:
12175:
12131:
12115:
12105:
12095:
12073:
12059:
12006:
11990:
11980:
11970:
11870:
11841:
11816:
11802:
11783:
11773:
11704:
11702:" in Traditional Chinese and "
11698:
11595:
11593:. The "Third Chinese Empire" (
11541:
11495:
11472:
11456:". Similarly, monarchs of the
11448:
11352:
11318:
11271:
11265:
11253:
10566:
10558:
10550:
10542:
10381:
10369:
10348:
10282:
10270:
10249:
10197:
10185:
10164:
10112:
10100:
10079:
10023:
10011:
9990:
9932:
9920:
9899:
9832:
9820:
9799:
9741:
9731:
9710:
9658:
9646:
9625:
9573:
9561:
9540:
9471:
9459:
9438:
9377:
9365:
9344:
9292:
9282:
9261:
9199:
9189:
9168:
9116:
9106:
9085:
9033:
9023:
9002:
8950:
8940:
8919:
8857:
8847:
8826:
8764:
8754:
8733:
8671:
8661:
8640:
8572:
8562:
8541:
8489:
8479:
8458:
8407:
8386:
8334:
8324:
8303:
8251:
8241:
8220:
8168:
8158:
8137:
8083:
8073:
8052:
8000:
7990:
7969:
7918:
7897:
7850:
7840:
7819:
7767:
7755:
7734:
7682:
7672:
7651:
7592:
7582:
7561:
7509:
7499:
7478:
7426:
7416:
7395:
7343:
7333:
7312:
7261:
7240:
7188:
7178:
7157:
7105:
7095:
7074:
7022:
7012:
6991:
6944:
6934:
6913:
6851:
6839:
6818:
6767:
6746:
6690:
6680:
6659:
6607:
6597:
6576:
6524:
6512:
6491:
6429:
6419:
6398:
6336:
6326:
6305:
6253:
6243:
6222:
6154:
6144:
6123:
6071:
6061:
6040:
5976:
5966:
5945:
5879:
5869:
5848:
5796:
5786:
5765:
5701:
5691:
5670:
5602:
5592:
5571:
5501:
5491:
5470:
5406:
5396:
5375:
5311:
5301:
5280:
5229:
5208:
5156:
5146:
5125:
5073:
5063:
5042:
4980:
4970:
4949:
4897:
4887:
4866:
4814:
4804:
4783:
4732:
4711:
4659:
4649:
4628:
4581:
4571:
4550:
4496:
4486:
4465:
4403:
4393:
4372:
4313:
4303:
4282:
4230:
4220:
4199:
4147:
4137:
4116:
4055:
4045:
4024:
3750:
3628:
3606:
3579:
3557:
3535:
3513:
3414:
3369:also contained the character "
3333:
3308:
3206:
3156:
3123:
3009:
2994:
2982:
2956:
2799:Emperor Dezong of Western Liao
2797:The Western Liao founder, the
2752:Prince Wuzhao of Western Liang
2669:The Northern Wei founder, the
2638:Emperor Xianwu of Southern Yan
2587:, and the Hu Xia founder, the
2554:, was a great-grandson of the
2381:sole legitimate representative
2282:
2093:
2077:
1968:
1956:
1936:
1883:
1816:
1784:
1691:Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi
1662:
1652:
1642:
1632:
1622:
1612:
1602:
1592:
1582:
1572:
1566:
1556:
1546:
1536:Similarly, during the earlier
1427:
1425:Cases of dynastic transition (
1381:or Proto-Zhou. Similarly, the
1353:
1337:
1264:
1256:; 'royal dynasty')
1252:
1240:
1228:
1215:
1202:
1195:
1183:
1167:
1116:ethnic group or its spiritual
907:Science and technology history
13:
1:
22730:Nine Gates Infantry Commander
22276:The Historical Atlas of China
22229:Chinese History: A New Manual
20681:Tan, Zuowen; Wan, Xi (2006).
19718:. 五南圖書出版股份有限公司. p. 335.
18260:The Historical Atlas of China
18241:The Historical Atlas of China
17934:China: A New Cultural History
16869:10.1080/00094633.2018.1466564
16451:China at War: An Encyclopedia
14081:
13439:descent. Originally surnamed
13399:descent. Originally surnamed
13224:Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou
13157:descent. Originally surnamed
12698:Prince Jing of Southern Liang
11751:The monarchs listed were the
3650:Surname of the ruling family
3019:) was first mentioned in the
2772:Emperor Shizu of Northern Han
2698:The Western Wei founder, the
2671:Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei
2632:Emperor Wenming of Former Yan
2550:The Eastern Jin founder, the
1831:(AD 1915–1916) proclaimed by
1695:Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou
1683:two crownings, three respects
1389:and the establishment of the
1244:; 'dynastic era')
1094:
277:
236:
212:
189:
165:
106:
21924:. AuthorHouse. p. 134.
20287:Sources of Tibetan Tradition
18776:Shaughnessy, Edward (2014).
18680:Westmoreland, Perry (2019).
17899:Hughes, Christopher (2013).
16950:Wilkinson (2000). pp. 13–14.
16388:Hudson, Christopher (2014).
15189:Wilkinson, Endymion (2000).
14086:
13627:later bestowed the surnames
13103:Emperor Xianzu of Later Tang
12612:Prince Wuyuan of Western Qin
11129:List of Vietnamese dynasties
11087:Historical capitals of China
11033:Emperor at home, king abroad
10713:
3894:in Siberia delimited by the
3479:for their respective realm.
2628:Emperor Chengwu of Later Yan
2585:Emperor Guangwen of Han-Zhao
2097:; "barbarians with braids").
7:
22140:. 國立臺灣大學出版中心. p. 161.
21945:Chansiri, Disaphol (2008).
17429:Christopher, James (1970).
16818:A Military History of China
16334:從現代到後現代的自我追尋：夏目漱石與村上春樹的比較研究
16250:Baldanza, Kathlene (2016).
14930:. Oxbow Books. p. 45.
13767:initially bore the surname
13674:initially bore the surname
13609:initially bore the surname
13582:
13355:initially bore the surname
13314:initially bore the surname
13291:), was not a member of the
13091:initially bore the surname
13039:later bestowed the surname
13025:initially bore the surname
12994:later bestowed the surname
12980:initially bore the surname
12961:Emperor Gong of Western Wei
12933:initially bore the surname
12894:initially bore the surname
12855:initially bore the surname
12746:initially bore the surname
12659:initially bore the surname
12503:), was not a member of the
12474:Emperor Huiwu of Former Qin
12446:Emperor Huiwu of Former Qin
12434:initially bore the surname
12377:), was not a member of the
12332:initially bore the surname
12311:
12273:) of the Sima clan and the
12235:
12169:
12121:
12067:also bore the lineage name
12063:), the ruling house of the
11996:
11810:also bore the lineage name
11806:), the ruling house of the
11688:. Some characters may have
11648:
11466:
11442:
11188:Timeline of Chinese history
10926:
10720:Timeline of Chinese history
10355:
10256:
10171:
10086:
9997:
9906:
9806:
9717:
9632:
9547:
9445:
9351:
9268:
9175:
9092:
9009:
8926:
8833:
8740:
8647:
8548:
8465:
8393:
8310:
8227:
8144:
8059:
7976:
7904:
7826:
7741:
7658:
7568:
7485:
7402:
7319:
7247:
7164:
7081:
6998:
6920:
6825:
6753:
6666:
6583:
6498:
6405:
6312:
6229:
6130:
6047:
5952:
5855:
5772:
5677:
5578:
5477:
5382:
5287:
5215:
5132:
5049:
4956:
4873:
4790:
4718:
4635:
4557:
4472:
4379:
4289:
4206:
4123:
4031:
3756:
3680:(the prefix "Hu", meaning "
3634:
3612:
3585:
3563:
3541:
3519:
3475:
3461:
3452:
3428:
3408:
3393:
3377:
3371:
3327:
3302:
3273:Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou
3214:
3200:
3162:
3131:
3015:
3000:
2988:
2964:
2675:Prince Wu of Southern Liang
2276:
2087:
2071:
2009:in orthodox historiography.
1962:
1950:
1944:
1877:
1732:political division of China
1701:; other descendants of the
1433:
1347:
1328:
1189:
1177:
1159:
1082:was organized into various
10:
22867:
22559:Bureau of Military Affairs
22483:Territorial administration
22367:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
22212:
21999:Rutherford, Scott (2002).
21193:Baumer, Christoph (2016).
21044:The Tibetan History Reader
21020:. Routledge. p. 244.
20819:The Sino-Tibetan Languages
20481:Winchester, Simon (2008).
19970:Holcombe, Charles (2001).
19566:. Routledge. p. 344.
19506:Steinhardt, Nancy (2014).
19333:Whiteman, Stephen (2019).
18300:Rand, Christopher (2017).
18273:Kavalski, Emilian (2014).
18254:Tan, Qixiang, ed. (1982).
18235:Tan, Qixiang, ed. (1982).
17809:Brødsgaard, Kjeld (2008).
16900:Warfare in Chinese History
16857:Chinese Studies in History
15929:Wakeman, Frederic (1985).
15848:Holcombe, Charles (2017).
15543:Grosse, Christine (2019).
15139:"我国古代改朝换代的方式不外乎两种，哪种才是主流？"
14279:. Routledge. p. 287.
14199:. Peter Lang. p. 73.
14118:10.1163/156852302322454585
13933:ethnic group was renamed "
13750:), to be the start of the
13534:", to be the start of the
13479:", to be the start of the
13199:) of the Shi clan and the
12417:), to be the start of the
11904:prior to the start of the
11765:Emperor Gaozu of Later Jin
11381:under the auspices of the
10921: Non-dynastic regimes
10909: Protodynastic rulers
10717:
10386:
10287:
9882:
7634:
4355:
4099:
4009:
3794:expanded beyond the region
3441:
3275:officially proclaimed the
3263:located in the same region
3107:
2776:Emperor Gaozu of Later Han
2725:Emperor Gao of Southern Qi
2700:Emperor Wen of Western Wei
2583:The Han-Zhao founder, the
2512:Emperor Zhaolie of Shu Han
2422:Emperor Zhaolie of Shu Han
2001:abdicated in favor of the
1736:People's Republic of China
1272:
22790:
22777:Embroidered Uniform Guard
22757:
22656:
22609:
22574:
22541:
22503:
22420:
22394:
22320:
22113:. Lulu.com. p. 202.
22032:. Abc-Clio. p. 231.
21409:Crossley, Pamela (2002).
20882:Genghis Khan: A Biography
19614:Goodrich, Luther (2002).
19198:Zhang, Chengwang (2013).
18830:Earnshaw, Graham (2004).
17684:"先秦、秦国、秦朝、前秦、后秦、西秦是什么关系？"
17306:. Lulu.com. p. 379.
17279:. Routledge. p. 66.
16897:van de Ven, Hans (2000).
16774:"中国历史上十个大一统王朝，其中四个国祚不过百年"
15807:10.1142/S2591729318500037
15459:Stunkel, Kenneth (2012).
15243:Di Cosmo, Nicola (2007).
15216:Perkins, Dorothy (2013).
15192:Chinese History: A Manual
14100:Xueqin, Li (2002-01-01).
13076:Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
12636:) of the Lü clan and the
12585:could either be the last
12403:Emperor Jing of Cheng-Han
11389:. On 27 August 1908, the
11347:
11193:Tributary system of China
10816:Timeline of major regimes
7867:
6961:
6718:Zhaocheng of Northern Yan
4598:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3937:
3933:Major dynasties of China
3399:
1822:Marquis of Extended Grace
1371:its conquest of the Shang
1259:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1208:
1078:For most of its history,
781:
703:
583:
516:
446:
320:
18:List of Chinese dynasties
22740:Administrative divisions
22086:. Springer. p. 10.
21921:East Asia: A New History
21463:Forêt, Philippe (2000).
21328:Zhong, Guochang (2019).
20906:Szonyi, Michael (2017).
20627:Zhang, Huicheng (2018).
20051:Nadeau, Randall (2012).
19363:Duthie, Torquil (2014).
19100:Gernet, Jacques (1996).
18466:"中国历史上的十大混血皇帝，有人居然有黑人血统"
18121:Clarke, Michael (2011).
17839:Wong, Koon-kwai (2009).
17473:Chang, Chun-shu (2007).
17432:Conflict in the Far East
17327:Wang, Yuanchong (2018).
17175:. 山东画报出版社. p. 171.
17116:Hung, Hing Ming (2016).
16702:历史文化探研──兰州大学历史文化学院专门史论文集
16331:Zhang, Xiaoling (2014).
16206:Chan, Wing-ming (2000).
16163:Okada, Hidehiro (2002).
15761:Besio, Kimberly (2012).
15486:Horner, Charles (2010).
15378:Skaff, Jonathan (2012).
15351:Mote, Frederick (2003).
15303:. Hackett. p. 335.
15270:Elman, Benjamin (2006).
15249:. Routledge. p. 1.
15222:. Routledge. p. 1.
14902:中國現當代人學史：思想演變的時代特徵及其歷史軌跡
14671:Wang, Hongsheng (2007).
14587:Robinson, David (2009).
14560:Robinson, David (2019).
14357:Atwell, William (1978).
14193:Chao, Yuan-ling (2009).
14166:Yeo, Khiok-Khng (2008).
14139:Nadeau, Randall (2012).
13763:The ruling house of the
13670:The ruling house of the
13605:The ruling house of the
13351:The ruling house of the
13310:The ruling house of the
13262:Emperor Taizu of Yang Wu
13087:The ruling house of the
13021:The ruling house of the
12976:The ruling house of the
12929:The ruling house of the
12890:The ruling house of the
12851:The ruling house of the
12742:The ruling house of the
12655:The ruling house of the
12430:The ruling house of the
12328:The ruling house of the
11892:The dates given for the
11708:" in Simplified Chinese.
11225:
11104:List of Chinese monarchs
10564:), Jianzhou Left Guard (
10450: Major time periods
8869:(AD 909–933, AD 944–945)
8776:(AD 907–932, AD 937–978)
8104:Zhuangzong of Later Tang
7207:Xiaomin of Northern Zhou
6713:Wencheng of Northern Yan
6354:(AD 399–401, AD 412–439)
6348:(AD 397–399, AD 401–412)
5614:(AD 320–354, AD 355–363)
3907:Chinese tributary system
3665:Other types of prefixes
3483:Retroactive nomenclature
3473:and Korea also declared
2057:also claimed legitimacy.
1730:, which resulted in the
1681:in accordance with the "
1570:; by Gao Tancheng), Xu (
1525:dynasties proclaimed by
1377:, is referred to as the
1232:; 'dynasty')
1173:Chinese tributary states
1036: instead of text in
22600:Secretariat-Chancellery
22026:Minahan, James (2014).
21972:Zheng, Yangwen (2011).
21547:Wang, Fei-ling (2017).
21523:中国式民主的类型学意义——一种宪法学视角的阐释
21520:Wang, Hongying (2016).
21014:Danver, Steven (2015).
20987:McMahon, Keith (2016).
20600:Gong, Xianzong (2014).
20257:Standen, Naomi (2007).
19664:. Global. p. 153.
19587:Zhao, Yonghong (2010).
19420:Silk, Jonathan (2013).
19225:McMahon, Keith (2013).
19127:Shen, Songying (2016).
18884:McLeod, Alexus (2016).
18722:Loh, Shen Yeow (2019).
18189:Lockard (2020). p. 262.
18151:Kshetry, Gopal (2008).
18091:Paige, Jeffrey (1978).
17969:Lockard, Craig (2020).
17869:Zhang, Wei Bin (2006).
17608:Loewe, Michael (2006).
17500:Swope, Kenneth (2014).
17354:Wang, Fei-Ling (2017).
17025:"名不正则言不顺：中国各朝代名称、国号的由来"
15875:Yang, Shao-yun (2019).
15597:Aldrich, M. A. (2008).
15354:Imperial China 900-1800
15297:Tanner, Harold (2009).
15165:. 复旦大学出版社. p. 99.
14926:Gina L. Barnes (2015).
14875:Social History Of China
14674:历史的瀑布与峡谷：中华文明的文化结构和现代转型
14481:Wei, Chao-hsin (1988).
14047:South China Sea Islands
13939:Emperor Taizong of Qing
13072:Emperor Ruizong of Tang
13066:was interrupted by the
13004:) upon the family. The
12963:to restore the surname
12770:Emperor Wulie of Hu Xia
12692:was interrupted by the
12606:was interrupted by the
11387:constitutional monarchy
11322:) as proclaimed by the
11134:Little China (ideology)
10548:), Zhulong Prefecture (
10507:geography. These were:
10051:Borjigin Erke Khongghor
9766:Jingzong of Western Xia
7779:AD 618–690, AD 705–907
6963:Xiaojing of Eastern Wei
6543:Wuzhao of Western Liang
6265:AD 397–404, AD 408–414
6083:AD 385–400, AD 409–431
3723:Emperor Gaozong of Song
3384:The Chronicles of Japan
2942:Central Plain dynasties
2912:Emperor Taizong of Qing
2861:Emperor Huizong of Yuan
2838:Emperor Qinzong of Song
2834:Emperor Huizong of Song
2830:Emperor Gaozong of Song
2589:Emperor Wulie of Hu Xia
2383:of the whole of China.
1915:periods, among others.
1837:National Protection War
1802:. Meanwhile, gentry in
1699:Emperor Renzong of Song
1495:Emperor Taizong of Qing
1405:An illustration of the
1387:its wars of unification
22188:Chan, Yuk Wah (2013).
22137:東亞易學史論：《周易》在日韓越琉的傳播與影響
22059:. BRILL. p. 175.
21978:. BRILL. p. 112.
21628:Wang, Zhenmin (2018).
21436:Lee, Ji-young (2016).
21382:Elliott, Mark (2001).
21068:Kessler, Adam (2012).
20960:Huang, Chunyi (2016).
20843:Leidy, Denise (2008).
20789:Feng, Xianzhi (2006).
20213:Adamek, Piotr (2017).
20186:Luo, Xianglin (1996).
19997:Tan, Zhongchi (2013).
19943:Spring, Peter (2015).
19882:Xiong, Victor (2017).
19763:Kim, Hyun Jin (2015).
19560:Adamek, Piotr (2017).
19393:Chen, Zaiming (2004).
19279:Wong, Dorothy (2004).
19154:Zhou, Weizhou (2006).
19046:Mai, Jinsheng (2017).
19019:Zhou, Jiarong (2017).
18653:Tan, Koon San (2014).
18486:Zhu, Weizheng (2015).
18390:Zhai, Zhiyong (2017).
18353:Tanner (2009). p. 419.
18180:Tanner (2009). p. 167.
18061:Sanders, Alan (2003).
18001:Gan, Chunsong (2019).
17752:Yuan, Haiwang (2010).
17636:"五代十国时期的十国政权之一：南吴的发展史"
17581:Zhao, Ziqiang (2001).
17527:Dardess, John (2019).
17381:Kang, Jung In (2015).
17273:Fogel, Joshua (2015).
17246:Chan, Hok-lam (2003).
17122:. Algora. p. 13.
17070:"先秦时期的诸侯国名，哪些最受后世的青睐？"
17046:"唐朝的皇帝姓李，为什么不叫李朝而叫唐朝？"
16924:Bulag, Uradyn (2010).
16253:Ming China and Vietnam
16088:Biran, Michal (2005).
15851:A History of East Asia
15057:Perdue, Peter (2009).
14872:Xiong, Deshan (2015).
14702:"陆大鹏谈翻译：历史上的"王朝"与"皇朝""
14533:Rowe, William (2010).
14273:Skutsch, Carl (2013).
14226:Hebei Academic Journal
13811:subsequently restored
13718:subsequently restored
13226:, originally surnamed
13008:subsequently restored
10998:Chinese historiography
10988:Ancient Chinese states
10915: Dynastic regimes
10799:
10797:
10795:
10793:
10791:
10789:
10787:
10785:
10783:
10502:Criteria for inclusion
9507:Dezong of Western Liao
9316:Yingwu of Northern Han
9228:Liezu of Southern Tang
7124:Wenxuan of Northern Qi
6885:Xiaowu of Northern Wei
6458:Xianwu of Southern Yan
6277:Jing of Southern Liang
6090:Xuanlie of Western Qin
5815:Jingming of Former Qin
3855:, as well as parts of
3785:
3782:modern Chinese borders
2938:
2591:, were descended from
2525:Emperor Wu of Liu Song
2498:Emperor Guangwu of Han
2418:Emperor Guangwu of Han
2003:Emperor Wen of Cao Wei
1892:
1767:
1461:, as well as from the
1414:
1407:Battle of Shanhai Pass
1299:
1278:Start of dynastic rule
1207:The Chinese character
1110:Chinese historiography
1100:, and ending with the
1055:This article contains
1022:This article contains
989:This article contains
22851:Royalty-related lists
22674:Imperial Commissioner
22619:Ministry of Personnel
22521:Three Ducal Ministers
22443:Imperial examinations
22407:Mandarin (bureaucrat)
22107:Xie, Xuanjun (2016).
22080:Chan, Robert (2017).
21918:Walker, Hugh (2012).
21770:Roy, Kaushik (2014).
21667:. 2007. p. 107.
21493:Hao, Shiyuan (2019).
21301:Chen, Anfeng (2014).
21274:May, Timothy (2016).
21247:Xie, Xuanjun (2017).
21220:Liu, Xingchu (2009).
21095:Simon, Karla (2013).
21074:. BRILL. p. 77.
20939:. BRILL. p. 59.
20933:Lee, Joo-Yup (2015).
20879:Stone, Zofia (2017).
20762:Chen, Huaxin (1990).
20562:Liu, Daochun (1989).
20454:Lorge, Peter (2015).
20427:Kuhn, Dieter (2011).
20341:Zang, Fengyu (2012).
20314:Xu, Tiesheng (2017).
20105:Cai, Zong-qi (2007).
19817:Tian, Hengyu (2018).
19533:Xiao, Shiyou (2013).
19073:Wang, Eugene (2005).
18938:Pei, Kuangyi (2018).
18857:Wang, Jiafan (1999).
18803:Zhang, Qizhi (2015).
18749:Wu, Dongping (2013).
18327:Brown, Kerry (2018).
17931:Hsu, Cho-yun (2012).
17554:Wang, Guo'an (2007).
17300:Xie, Xuanjun (2016).
16903:. BRILL. p. 77.
16726:Yang, Faxing (2015).
16699:Wang, Xilong (2009).
16540:Wang, Shoufa (2002).
16478:Mao, Zengyin (2005).
16448:Li, Xiaobing (2012).
16304:Ng, Wai-ming (2019).
16223:Fang, Weigui (2019).
15967:Liu, Pujiang (2017).
15902:Chen, Huaiyu (2007).
15821:Nosco, Peter (1997).
15654:Hao, Shiyuan (2019).
15432:Zhang, Cheng (2007).
14899:Qi, Zhixiang (2016).
14757:Chan, Joseph (2013).
14647:China and the Chinese
14220:Wang, Shumin (2002).
13809:Emperor Liezu of Yuan
13785:respectively adopted
13783:Kiyad-Borjigin Khabul
13736:Emperor Shizu of Yuan
13716:Emperor Liezu of Yuan
13692:respectively adopted
13690:Kiyad-Borjigin Khabul
13651:subsequently adopted
13473:Emperor Taizu of Liao
13369:subsequently adopted
13328:subsequently adopted
13105:subsequently adopted
12949:subsequently adopted
12910:subsequently adopted
12871:subsequently adopted
12772:subsequently adopted
12448:subsequently adopted
11337:of the Mongol Empire.
11324:Emperor Shizu of Yuan
11206:Twenty-Four Histories
11114:List of Mongol states
10718:Further information:
10695:Dynasties that ruled
10677:of the Ryukyu Islands
9311:Shizu of Northern Han
8969:Gaozu of Southern Han
7636:Middle Imperial China
7212:Jing of Northern Zhou
6880:Daowu of Northern Wei
5732:Wenming of Former Yan
5637:Cheng of Former Liang
3957:(English / Chinese /
3779:
3719:Emperor Taizu of Song
3469:. Notably, rulers of
3194:Official nomenclature
3143:, established by the
3116:Karl August Wittfogel
2980:"Unified dynasties" (
2928:
2803:Emperor Taizu of Liao
2748:Emperor Gaozu of Tang
2432:patrilineal relations
2039:and Sixteen Kingdoms
1871:Imperial seal of the
1870:
1761:
1711:Twenty-Four Histories
1497:through renaming the
1404:
1285:
772:(mainland, 1912–1949)
22782:Qing Imperial Guards
22765:Tang Imperial Guards
22134:Wu, Weiming (2017).
21806:. pp. 142–143.
21149:Huang, Ruyi (2017).
20735:Che, Dun'an (1991).
20024:Kroll, Paul (2014).
19912:China: A New History
19479:Liu, Xueyao (2012).
19447:Liu, Xueyao (2005).
18594:Zheng, Wang (2012).
18417:Gao, Quanxi (2016).
18031:Westad, Odd (2012).
17845:. pp. 241–242.
17479:. pp. 179–180.
16418:Law, Eugene (2004).
16277:Davis, Bret (2019).
16136:Zhang, Feng (2015).
15999:Lee, Thomas (2000).
15681:Wells, Anne (2009).
15324:Pines, Yuri (2012).
15159:Fan, Shuzhi (2007).
14838:To, Michael (2017).
14309:. HarperCollins UK.
13937:" in AD 1635 by the
12836:Emperor Huiyi of Yan
12796:Emperor Huiyi of Yan
12583:Emperor Huiyi of Yan
12563:Emperor Huiyi of Yan
12527:Emperor Huiyi of Yan
11415:was a nephew of the
11346:While the character
11082:Golden ages of China
10993:Chinese expansionism
10591:Chiefdom of Yongning
10587:Chiefdom of Shuidong
8875:(AD 933–944, AD 945)
8019:Taizu of Later Liang
7869:Shengshen of Wu Zhou
6370:Ai of Northern Liang
6272:Wu of Southern Liang
5913:Zhaowen of Later Yan
5908:Chengwu of Later Yan
5342:Guangwen of Han-Zhao
4357:Early Imperial China
3705:is divided into the
3501:Chinese character(s)
2906:House of Aisin Gioro
2379:and claim to be the
2153:, Song dynasty, and
1920:political legitimacy
1878:Dà Qīng Dìguó zhī xǐ
1863:Political legitimacy
1762:A photograph of the
1754:End of dynastic rule
1515:Ming–Qing transition
1503:Ming imperial family
1478:historical timelines
22684:Imperial Clan Court
22669:Remonstrance Bureau
22639:Ministry of Justice
22624:Ministry of Revenue
22478:Historical capitals
22463:Academies (Shuyuan)
22260:Columbia University
21574:Gao, James (2009).
20869:Hsu (2012). p. 272.
20654:Gao, Lujia (2015).
20508:Bai, Zhide (2017).
20159:Lee, Mosol (2013).
20078:Katz, Paul (1995).
19790:Hong, Yuan (2018).
19691:. Beijing Book Co.
19593:. Beijing Book Co.
18911:Tse, Wicky (2018).
18540:Liu, Manli (2020).
18513:Li, Xueqin (2004).
18198:Hsu (2012). p. 268.
18094:Agrarian Revolution
17704:Lü, Simian (2020).
16966:. Beijing Book Co.
16851:Zhang, Fan (2018).
16510:Wang, Yong (2018).
16361:Wu, Huaiqi (2018).
15004:Zhixin Sun (2017).
14977:Gideon Shelach-Lavi
14303:Keay, John (2010).
13326:Prince Wuxin of Chu
13049:) upon the family.
12189:Emperor Ping of Han
11781:"Emperor Xiao'an" (
11690:simplified versions
11686:Traditional Chinese
11599:) consisted of the
11425:Emperor Yuan of Han
11385:to transition to a
11383:Empress Xiaoqinxian
11379:a series of reforms
10649:Kara-Khanid Khanate
10613:Kingdom of Tungning
10595:Chiefdom of Tsanlha
9884:Late Imperial China
8508:Gaozu of Former Shu
8353:Taizu of Later Zhou
7046:Gong of Western Wei
6189:Yiwu of Later Liang
6007:Wuzhao of Later Qin
5642:Dao of Former Liang
3978:(English / Chinese)
3934:
3508:Cardinal direction
3448:Treaty of Nerchinsk
3230:Western Xia dynasty
2721:Emperor Wu of Liang
2560:Prince Wu of Langya
2556:Emperor Xuan of Jin
2552:Emperor Yuan of Jin
2506:Emperor Jing of Han
2377:One-China principle
2254:Kingdom of Tungning
2145:, to be legitimate.
1999:Emperor Xian of Han
1538:Sui–Tang transition
1517:, most notably the
1511:Kingdom of Tungning
1397:Dynastic transition
1088:hereditary monarchs
22846:Lists of dynasties
22841:Dynasties of China
22265:The Dynasties Song
21897:. Reaktion Books.
21776:. pp. 86–87.
21730:Gan (2019). p. 26.
21280:. pp. 26–28.
20966:. 萬卷樓. p. 3.
18968:幻化之龍：兩千年中國歷史變遷中的孔子
18709:Tan (2014). p. 17.
18279:. pp. 56–57.
16821:. pp. 70–71.
16391:The China Handbook
15854:. pp. 62–63.
15742:on 15 January 2020
15714:. pp. 44–45.
15405:Gong, Yin (2006).
13740:Great Mongol State
13006:Emperor Wen of Sui
12149:Emperor Gao of Han
11757:posthumously honor
11727:Empress Xiaoyichun
11721:of the Manchu-led
11545:) encompassed the
11464:", bore the title
10583:Chiefdom of Bozhou
10556:), Maolian Guard (
9135:Gaozu of Later Shu
8358:Gong of Later Zhou
8270:Gaozu of Later Han
8187:Gaozu of Later Jin
7445:Gao of Southern Qi
7235:Southern dynasties
7041:Wen of Western Wei
6741:Northern dynasties
5538:Ming of Later Zhao
4916:Zhaolie of Shu Han
3932:
3917:order broke down.
3786:
3772:Territorial extent
3339:Yongzhuang Xiaopin
3297:Classic of Changes
3242:Emperor Wu of Chen
2965:Zhōngyuán wángcháo
2939:
2529:Prince Yuan of Chu
2502:Emperor Gao of Han
2272:Tokugawa shogunate
2252:The Ming loyalist
2083:Southern dynasties
2067:Northern dynasties
1928:Hua–Yi distinction
1893:
1841:Manchu Restoration
1768:
1489:in possessing the
1415:
1300:
1086:under the rule of
787:
597:Five Dynasties and
589:
524:Southern dynasties
452:
351:Chu–Han Contention
22828:
22827:
22753:
22752:
22694:Viceroys in China
22679:Grand Secretariat
22652:
22651:
22644:Ministry of Works
22629:Ministry of Rites
22576:Three Departments
22533:Translated titles
22438:Five Directorates
21601:Yang, Yi (2018).
21580:. p. xxxvi.
20240:Su, Muzi (2006).
15736:"历史上的国和代到底有什么区别？"
14254:. 9 November 2019
14061:in the northwest.
13395:Liu Ji'en was of
13189:The names of the
12626:The names of the
12263:The names of the
11248:Book of Documents
11144:Monarchy of China
11139:Mandate of Heaven
11028:Eighteen Kingdoms
11003:Chinese sovereign
10809:
10808:
10738:Spring and Autumn
10732:Xia–Shang–W. Zhou
10675:First Shō dynasty
10431:
10430:
7450:He of Southern Qi
5737:You of Former Yan
3715:Jingkang Incident
3189:Naming convention
2989:dàyītǒng wángcháo
2976:Unified dynasties
2885:Hongguang Emperor
2855:House of Borjigin
2463:King Ping of Zhou
2263:of Korea and the
2240:Qing dynasty and
1924:Mandate of Heaven
1814:under Zhu Yuxun (
1744:Republic of China
1728:Chinese Civil War
1720:Republic of China
1716:Xinhai Revolution
1491:Mandate of Heaven
1434:gǎi cháo huàn dài
1359:abdication system
1178:Tiāncháo Shàngguó
1063:rendering support
1030:rendering support
1005:Tangut characters
997:rendering support
977:
976:
934:Transport history
860:Education history
832:
831:
827:
826:
813:Republic of China
795:People's Republic
768:Republic of China
747:
746:
696:
695:
691:
690:
576:
575:
509:
508:
504:
503:
440:
439:
343:(206 BC – 220 AD)
273:Spring and Autumn
136:Liao civilization
16:(Redirected from
22858:
22705:
22704:
22572:
22571:
22473:Tributary system
22428:Nine-rank system
22412:Scholar-official
22402:Grand Chancellor
22306:
22299:
22292:
22283:
22282:
22246:
22206:
22205:
22185:
22179:
22178:
22158:
22152:
22151:
22131:
22125:
22124:
22104:
22098:
22097:
22077:
22071:
22070:
22050:
22044:
22043:
22023:
22017:
22016:
21996:
21990:
21989:
21969:
21963:
21962:
21942:
21936:
21935:
21915:
21909:
21908:
21888:
21882:
21881:
21879:
21877:
21863:
21854:
21848:
21847:
21827:
21818:
21817:
21800:Lin, Fu (2006).
21797:
21788:
21787:
21767:
21758:
21757:
21737:
21731:
21728:
21715:
21714:
21694:
21679:
21678:
21659:
21646:
21645:
21625:
21619:
21618:
21598:
21592:
21591:
21571:
21565:
21564:
21544:
21538:
21537:
21517:
21511:
21510:
21490:
21481:
21480:
21460:
21454:
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21433:
21427:
21426:
21406:
21400:
21399:
21379:
21373:
21372:
21352:
21346:
21345:
21325:
21319:
21318:
21298:
21292:
21291:
21271:
21265:
21264:
21244:
21238:
21237:
21217:
21211:
21210:
21190:
21184:
21183:
21173:
21167:
21166:
21146:
21140:
21139:
21119:
21113:
21112:
21092:
21086:
21085:
21065:
21059:
21058:
21038:
21032:
21031:
21011:
21005:
21004:
20984:
20978:
20977:
20957:
20951:
20950:
20930:
20924:
20923:
20903:
20897:
20896:
20876:
20870:
20867:
20861:
20860:
20840:
20834:
20833:
20813:
20807:
20806:
20792:中国历代重大战争详解：隋唐战争史
20786:
20780:
20779:
20759:
20753:
20752:
20732:
20726:
20725:
20705:
20699:
20698:
20678:
20672:
20671:
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20644:
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20597:
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20498:
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20471:
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20444:
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20413:
20412:
20392:
20386:
20385:
20365:
20359:
20358:
20338:
20332:
20331:
20311:
20302:
20301:
20281:
20275:
20274:
20254:
20248:
20247:
20237:
20231:
20230:
20210:
20204:
20203:
20183:
20177:
20176:
20156:
20150:
20149:
20138:. p. 1818.
20129:
20123:
20122:
20102:
20096:
20095:
20075:
20069:
20068:
20048:
20042:
20041:
20021:
20015:
20014:
19994:
19988:
19987:
19967:
19961:
19960:
19940:
19927:
19926:
19906:
19900:
19899:
19879:
19862:
19861:
19841:
19835:
19834:
19814:
19808:
19807:
19787:
19781:
19780:
19760:
19751:
19750:
19748:
19746:
19736:
19730:
19729:
19709:
19703:
19702:
19682:
19676:
19675:
19655:
19649:
19648:
19638:
19632:
19631:
19611:
19605:
19604:
19584:
19578:
19577:
19557:
19551:
19550:
19530:
19524:
19523:
19503:
19497:
19496:
19476:
19465:
19464:
19444:
19438:
19437:
19417:
19411:
19410:
19390:
19381:
19380:
19360:
19351:
19350:
19330:
19324:
19323:
19303:
19297:
19296:
19276:
19270:
19269:
19249:
19243:
19242:
19222:
19216:
19215:
19195:
19189:
19188:
19178:
19172:
19171:
19151:
19145:
19144:
19124:
19118:
19117:
19097:
19091:
19090:
19070:
19064:
19063:
19043:
19037:
19036:
19016:
19010:
19009:
18989:
18983:
18982:
18962:
18956:
18955:
18935:
18929:
18928:
18908:
18902:
18901:
18881:
18875:
18874:
18854:
18848:
18847:
18827:
18821:
18820:
18800:
18794:
18793:
18773:
18767:
18766:
18746:
18740:
18739:
18719:
18710:
18707:
18698:
18697:
18677:
18671:
18670:
18650:
18644:
18643:
18623:
18612:
18611:
18591:
18585:
18584:
18564:
18558:
18557:
18537:
18531:
18530:
18510:
18504:
18503:
18483:
18477:
18476:
18474:
18472:
18462:
18456:
18455:
18453:
18451:
18441:
18435:
18434:
18414:
18408:
18407:
18387:
18381:
18380:
18360:
18354:
18351:
18345:
18344:
18324:
18318:
18317:
18297:
18291:
18290:
18270:
18264:
18263:
18251:
18245:
18244:
18232:
18226:
18225:
18205:
18199:
18196:
18190:
18187:
18181:
18178:
18169:
18168:
18148:
18139:
18138:
18118:
18109:
18108:
18088:
18079:
18078:
18058:
18049:
18048:
18028:
18019:
18018:
17998:
17987:
17986:
17966:
17949:
17948:
17928:
17917:
17916:
17896:
17887:
17886:
17866:
17857:
17856:
17836:
17827:
17826:
17806:
17797:
17796:
17776:
17770:
17769:
17749:
17743:
17742:
17740:
17738:
17728:
17722:
17721:
17701:
17695:
17694:
17692:
17690:
17680:
17674:
17673:
17653:
17647:
17646:
17644:
17642:
17632:
17626:
17625:
17605:
17599:
17598:
17584:私家藏宝：粤桂港澳台私人藏品珍集
17578:
17572:
17571:
17551:
17545:
17544:
17524:
17518:
17517:
17497:
17491:
17490:
17470:
17464:
17463:
17443:
17437:
17436:
17426:
17420:
17419:
17417:
17415:
17405:
17399:
17398:
17378:
17372:
17371:
17351:
17345:
17344:
17324:
17318:
17317:
17303:士商工农──等级制度构建文明社会
17297:
17291:
17290:
17270:
17264:
17263:
17243:
17237:
17236:
17234:
17232:
17223:. Archived from
17217:
17211:
17210:
17208:
17206:
17196:
17187:
17186:
17166:
17160:
17159:
17157:
17155:
17146:. Archived from
17140:
17134:
17133:
17113:
17107:
17106:
17104:
17102:
17092:
17086:
17085:
17083:
17081:
17072:. Archived from
17066:
17057:
17056:
17054:
17052:
17042:
17036:
17035:
17033:
17031:
17021:
17006:
17005:
17003:
17001:
16991:
16978:
16977:
16957:
16951:
16948:
16942:
16941:
16921:
16915:
16914:
16894:
16888:
16887:
16885:
16883:
16848:
16833:
16832:
16812:
16806:
16805:
16803:
16801:
16791:
16785:
16784:
16782:
16780:
16770:
16761:
16760:
16743:Gao, Qi (2018).
16740:
16734:
16733:
16723:
16717:
16716:
16696:
16690:
16689:
16669:
16663:
16662:
16642:
16636:
16635:
16633:
16631:
16621:
16612:
16611:
16609:
16607:
16601:"Chinese Empire"
16597:
16588:
16587:
16567:
16558:
16557:
16537:
16528:
16527:
16507:
16496:
16495:
16475:
16466:
16465:
16445:
16436:
16435:
16415:
16406:
16405:
16385:
16379:
16378:
16358:
16349:
16348:
16328:
16322:
16321:
16310:. p. xvii.
16301:
16295:
16294:
16274:
16268:
16267:
16247:
16241:
16240:
16220:
16214:
16213:
16203:
16197:
16194:
16188:
16187:
16185:
16183:
16169:
16160:
16154:
16153:
16133:
16127:
16126:
16124:
16122:
16112:
16106:
16105:
16085:
16079:
16076:
16070:
16069:
16067:
16065:
16056:. Archived from
16054:"宋和辽究竟哪个才是正统王朝？"
16050:
16044:
16043:
16023:
16017:
16016:
15996:
15985:
15984:
15970:正统与华夷：中国传统政治文化研究
15964:
15947:
15946:
15926:
15920:
15919:
15899:
15893:
15892:
15872:
15866:
15865:
15845:
15839:
15838:
15818:
15812:
15811:
15809:
15785:
15779:
15778:
15758:
15752:
15751:
15749:
15747:
15738:. Archived from
15732:
15726:
15725:
15708:Wu, Bin (2019).
15705:
15699:
15698:
15678:
15672:
15671:
15651:
15642:
15641:
15621:
15615:
15614:
15594:
15588:
15587:
15567:
15561:
15560:
15540:
15534:
15533:
15513:
15504:
15503:
15483:
15477:
15476:
15456:
15450:
15449:
15429:
15423:
15422:
15402:
15396:
15395:
15375:
15369:
15368:
15348:
15342:
15341:
15321:
15315:
15314:
15300:China: A History
15294:
15288:
15287:
15267:
15261:
15260:
15240:
15234:
15233:
15213:
15207:
15206:
15186:
15177:
15176:
15156:
15150:
15149:
15147:
15145:
15135:
15129:
15128:
15108:
15102:
15101:
15081:
15075:
15074:
15054:
15045:
15044:
15026:
15020:
15019:
15001:
14995:
14994:
14973:
14967:
14966:
14948:
14942:
14941:
14923:
14917:
14916:
14896:
14890:
14889:
14869:
14863:
14862:
14852:
14846:
14845:
14835:
14829:
14828:
14808:
14802:
14801:
14781:
14775:
14774:
14754:
14745:
14744:
14724:
14718:
14717:
14715:
14713:
14698:
14689:
14688:
14668:
14662:
14661:
14638:
14632:
14631:
14611:
14605:
14604:
14584:
14578:
14577:
14557:
14551:
14550:
14530:
14519:
14518:
14498:
14489:
14488:
14478:
14469:
14468:
14448:
14439:
14438:
14418:
14409:
14408:
14388:
14377:
14376:
14354:
14348:
14347:
14327:
14321:
14320:
14306:China: A History
14300:
14291:
14290:
14270:
14264:
14263:
14261:
14259:
14248:
14242:
14241:
14239:
14237:
14217:
14211:
14210:
14190:
14184:
14183:
14163:
14157:
14156:
14136:
14130:
14129:
14097:
14075:
14072:
14066:
14010:
14004:
14001:Xuantong Emperor
13999:reinstalled the
13985:
13979:
13969:
13968:
13956:Xuantong Emperor
13948:
13942:
13927:
13921:
13910:
13899:
13897:
13896:
13878:Tianyuan Emperor
13870:
13859:
13857:
13856:
13841:
13840:
13825:
13816:
13806:
13805:
13796:
13795:
13779:Borjigin Munkhag
13776:
13775:
13761:
13755:
13749:
13748:
13732:
13723:
13713:
13712:
13703:
13702:
13686:Borjigin Munkhag
13683:
13682:
13668:
13662:
13660:
13659:
13646:
13645:
13636:
13635:
13618:
13617:
13603:
13597:
13595:
13594:
13585:
13579:
13578:
13569:
13568:
13559:
13558:
13548:
13539:
13530:was proclaimed "
13524:
13515:
13513:
13512:
13493:
13484:
13469:
13460:
13458:
13457:
13448:
13447:
13429:
13420:
13418:
13417:
13408:
13407:
13393:
13384:
13378:
13377:
13364:
13363:
13349:
13343:
13337:
13336:
13323:
13322:
13308:
13302:
13300:
13299:
13290:
13289:
13275:
13269:
13258:
13247:
13245:
13244:
13235:
13234:
13220:
13214:
13208:
13207:
13198:
13197:
13187:
13178:
13176:
13175:
13166:
13165:
13148:
13139:
13137:
13136:
13122:
13116:
13114:
13113:
13100:
13099:
13085:
13079:
13060:
13054:
13048:
13047:
13034:
13033:
13019:
13013:
13003:
13002:
12989:
12988:
12974:
12968:
12958:
12957:
12944:
12943:
12927:
12921:
12919:
12918:
12905:
12904:
12888:
12882:
12880:
12879:
12866:
12865:
12849:
12843:
12832:
12823:
12817:
12816:
12807:
12806:
12792:
12783:
12781:
12780:
12767:
12766:
12757:
12756:
12740:
12734:
12724:
12723:
12710:
12701:
12686:
12680:
12678:
12677:
12668:
12667:
12653:
12647:
12645:
12644:
12635:
12634:
12624:
12615:
12600:
12594:
12579:
12570:
12559:
12550:
12548:
12547:
12538:
12537:
12523:
12514:
12512:
12511:
12502:
12501:
12487:
12481:
12470:
12459:
12457:
12456:
12443:
12442:
12428:
12422:
12416:
12415:
12399:
12388:
12386:
12385:
12376:
12375:
12361:
12355:
12353:
12352:
12343:
12342:
12326:
12320:
12314:
12312:Wǔ Hú Shíliù Guó
12308:
12307:
12301:Sixteen Kingdoms
12297:
12288:
12282:
12281:
12272:
12271:
12261:
12250:
12248:
12247:
12238:
12232:
12231:
12222:
12221:
12212:
12211:
12201:
12192:
12178:
12177:
12172:
12162:
12156:
12145:
12136:
12134:
12133:
12124:
12118:
12117:
12108:
12107:
12098:
12097:
12087:
12078:
12076:
12075:
12062:
12061:
12051:
12045:
12042:
12031:
12022:The rule of the
12020:
12011:
12009:
12008:
11999:
11993:
11992:
11983:
11982:
11973:
11972:
11962:
11953:
11944:The rule of the
11942:
11933:
11924:The rule of the
11922:
11913:
11890:
11879:
11873:
11872:
11859:
11850:
11844:
11843:
11830:
11821:
11819:
11818:
11805:
11804:
11794:
11788:
11786:
11785:
11776:
11775:
11749:
11743:
11736:
11730:
11715:
11709:
11707:
11706:
11701:
11700:
11696:are written as "
11682:
11673:
11662:
11653:
11651:
11644:
11638:
11635:
11629:
11626:
11620:
11598:
11597:
11544:
11543:
11498:
11497:
11483:
11477:
11475:
11474:
11469:
11462:Sixteen Kingdoms
11451:
11450:
11445:
11434:
11428:
11417:Empress Xiaoyuan
11405:
11399:
11373:In AD 1906, the
11371:
11365:
11354:
11349:
11344:
11338:
11321:
11320:
11306:
11297:
11294:Chinese monarchy
11290:Xuantong Emperor
11286:
11280:
11274:
11273:
11268:
11267:
11258:
11257:
11239:
11038:Emperor of China
11008:Conquest dynasty
10971:
10966:
10965:
10957:
10952:
10951:
10950:
10943:
10938:
10937:
10936:
10920:
10914:
10908:
10781:
10777:
10772:
10767:
10762:
10757:
10752:
10747:
10740:
10733:
10705:Later Lê dynasty
10664:Thonburi dynasty
10660:Early Lý dynasty
10637:Rouran Khaganate
10571:
10570:
10563:
10562:
10555:
10554:
10547:
10546:
10493:
10483:
10477:
10467:
10461:
10455:
10449:
10443:
10390:
10384:
10383:
10373:
10372:
10371:
10364:
10359:
10358:
10351:
10350:
10345:
10339:
10338:
10337:
10291:
10285:
10284:
10274:
10273:
10272:
10265:
10260:
10259:
10252:
10251:
10246:
10200:
10199:
10189:
10188:
10187:
10180:
10175:
10174:
10167:
10166:
10161:
10115:
10114:
10104:
10103:
10102:
10095:
10090:
10089:
10082:
10081:
10076:
10030:
10026:
10025:
10015:
10014:
10013:
10006:
10001:
10000:
9993:
9992:
9987:
9939:
9935:
9934:
9924:
9923:
9922:
9915:
9910:
9909:
9902:
9901:
9896:
9841:
9835:
9834:
9824:
9823:
9822:
9815:
9810:
9809:
9802:
9801:
9796:
9748:
9744:
9743:
9735:
9734:
9733:
9726:
9721:
9720:
9713:
9712:
9707:
9661:
9660:
9650:
9649:
9648:
9641:
9636:
9635:
9628:
9627:
9622:
9576:
9575:
9565:
9564:
9563:
9556:
9551:
9550:
9543:
9542:
9537:
9497:
9491:
9480:
9474:
9473:
9463:
9462:
9461:
9454:
9449:
9448:
9441:
9440:
9435:
9386:
9380:
9379:
9369:
9368:
9367:
9360:
9355:
9354:
9347:
9346:
9341:
9295:
9294:
9286:
9285:
9284:
9277:
9272:
9271:
9264:
9263:
9258:
9218:
9212:
9202:
9201:
9193:
9192:
9191:
9184:
9179:
9178:
9171:
9170:
9165:
9119:
9118:
9110:
9109:
9108:
9101:
9096:
9095:
9088:
9087:
9082:
9036:
9035:
9027:
9026:
9025:
9018:
9013:
9012:
9005:
9004:
8999:
8953:
8952:
8944:
8943:
8942:
8935:
8930:
8929:
8922:
8921:
8916:
8876:
8870:
8860:
8859:
8851:
8850:
8849:
8842:
8837:
8836:
8829:
8828:
8823:
8783:
8777:
8767:
8766:
8758:
8757:
8756:
8749:
8744:
8743:
8736:
8735:
8730:
8690:
8684:
8674:
8673:
8665:
8664:
8663:
8656:
8651:
8650:
8643:
8642:
8637:
8607:Liezu of Yang Wu
8597:
8591:
8585:
8575:
8574:
8566:
8565:
8564:
8557:
8552:
8551:
8544:
8543:
8538:
8492:
8491:
8483:
8482:
8481:
8474:
8469:
8468:
8461:
8460:
8455:
8411:
8410:
8409:
8402:
8397:
8396:
8389:
8388:
8337:
8336:
8328:
8327:
8326:
8319:
8314:
8313:
8306:
8305:
8300:
8275:Yin of Later Han
8254:
8253:
8245:
8244:
8243:
8236:
8231:
8230:
8223:
8222:
8217:
8192:Chu of Later Jin
8171:
8170:
8162:
8161:
8160:
8153:
8148:
8147:
8140:
8139:
8134:
8086:
8085:
8077:
8076:
8075:
8068:
8063:
8062:
8055:
8054:
8049:
8003:
8002:
7994:
7993:
7992:
7985:
7980:
7979:
7972:
7971:
7966:
7922:
7921:
7920:
7913:
7908:
7907:
7900:
7899:
7853:
7852:
7844:
7843:
7842:
7835:
7830:
7829:
7822:
7821:
7816:
7770:
7769:
7759:
7758:
7757:
7750:
7745:
7744:
7737:
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5203:Sixteen Kingdoms
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3861:Korean Peninsula
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3478:
3464:
3459:The adoption of
3455:
3445:
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3417:
3416:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3387:referred to the
3380:
3374:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3303:dà zāi Qián Yuán
3217:
3211:
3210:
3203:
3165:
3163:zhēngfú wángcháo
3159:
3158:
3134:
3132:shèntòu wángcháo
3128:
3127:
3110:Conquest dynasty
3018:
3012:
3011:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2467:King You of Zhou
2410:
2399:
2387:Agnatic lineages
2285:
2284:
2279:
2265:Later Lê dynasty
2096:
2095:
2090:
2080:
2079:
2074:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1905:Sixteen Kingdoms
1886:
1885:
1880:
1857:Xuantong Emperor
1819:
1818:
1792:Duke of Yansheng
1789:
1788:
1764:Xuantong Emperor
1665:
1664:
1655:
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1436:
1430:
1429:
1379:Predynastic Zhou
1356:
1355:
1350:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1322:came to possess
1266:
1261:
1254:
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1242:
1237:
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1225:
1217:
1212:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1106:Xuantong Emperor
1099:
1096:
1069: instead of
1051:
1050:
1038:Mongolian script
1024:Mongolian script
1018:
1017:
1003: instead of
985:
984:
969:
962:
955:
897:Military history
855:Economic history
843:Related articles
820:
802:
784:
783:
779:
778:
773:
740:
727:
714:
701:
700:
684:
671:
658:
639:
629:
617:
604:
586:
585:
581:
580:
565:
555:
542:
529:
514:
513:
497:
492:Sixteen Kingdoms
475:
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448:
444:
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433:
399:
386:
376:
366:
356:
344:
331:
318:
317:
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288:
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214:
200:
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115:
111:
108:
52:
42:History of China
29:
28:
21:
22866:
22865:
22861:
22860:
22859:
22857:
22856:
22855:
22831:
22830:
22829:
22824:
22786:
22758:Imperial guards
22749:
22703:
22699:Mandarin square
22648:
22634:Ministry of War
22605:
22570:
22542:Middle Imperial
22537:
22499:
22416:
22390:
22316:
22310:
22256:
22251:
22243:
22215:
22210:
22209:
22202:
22186:
22182:
22175:
22167:. p. 126.
22159:
22155:
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22132:
22128:
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22105:
22101:
22094:
22078:
22074:
22067:
22051:
22047:
22040:
22024:
22020:
22013:
21997:
21993:
21986:
21970:
21966:
21959:
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21932:
21916:
21912:
21905:
21889:
21885:
21875:
21873:
21861:
21855:
21851:
21844:
21836:. p. 297.
21828:
21821:
21814:
21798:
21791:
21784:
21768:
21761:
21754:
21746:. p. 186.
21738:
21734:
21729:
21718:
21711:
21703:. p. 381.
21695:
21682:
21675:
21661:
21660:
21649:
21642:
21626:
21622:
21615:
21607:. p. 145.
21599:
21595:
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21572:
21568:
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21545:
21541:
21534:
21518:
21514:
21507:
21491:
21484:
21477:
21461:
21457:
21450:
21442:. p. 236.
21434:
21430:
21423:
21415:. p. 193.
21407:
21403:
21396:
21380:
21376:
21369:
21353:
21349:
21342:
21326:
21322:
21315:
21304:甲申詩史：吳梅村書寫的一六四四
21299:
21295:
21288:
21272:
21268:
21261:
21253:. p. 223.
21245:
21241:
21234:
21218:
21214:
21207:
21191:
21187:
21174:
21170:
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21147:
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20985:
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20893:
20877:
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20868:
20864:
20857:
20841:
20837:
20830:
20814:
20810:
20803:
20787:
20783:
20776:
20768:. p. 379.
20760:
20756:
20749:
20741:. p. 237.
20733:
20729:
20722:
20714:. p. 175.
20706:
20702:
20695:
20679:
20675:
20668:
20652:
20648:
20641:
20625:
20621:
20614:
20606:. p. 172.
20598:
20583:
20576:
20560:
20556:
20549:
20541:. p. xxi.
20533:
20529:
20522:
20511:大动乱：中古时代：五代辽宋夏金
20506:
20502:
20495:
20479:
20475:
20468:
20452:
20448:
20441:
20425:
20416:
20409:
20401:. p. 164.
20393:
20389:
20382:
20374:. p. 652.
20366:
20362:
20355:
20347:. p. 154.
20339:
20335:
20328:
20312:
20305:
20298:
20290:. p. 338.
20282:
20278:
20271:
20255:
20251:
20238:
20234:
20227:
20219:. p. 348.
20211:
20207:
20200:
20184:
20180:
20173:
20165:. p. 115.
20157:
20153:
20146:
20130:
20126:
20119:
20111:. p. 152.
20103:
20099:
20092:
20076:
20072:
20065:
20057:. p. 147.
20049:
20045:
20038:
20022:
20018:
20011:
19995:
19991:
19984:
19976:. p. 140.
19968:
19964:
19957:
19949:. p. 211.
19941:
19930:
19923:
19907:
19903:
19896:
19888:. p. 613.
19880:
19865:
19858:
19842:
19838:
19831:
19823:. p. 180.
19815:
19811:
19804:
19788:
19784:
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19761:
19754:
19744:
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19738:
19737:
19733:
19726:
19710:
19706:
19699:
19683:
19679:
19672:
19656:
19652:
19641:Lü, Fu (2017).
19639:
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19628:
19612:
19608:
19601:
19585:
19581:
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19554:
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19527:
19520:
19504:
19500:
19493:
19477:
19468:
19461:
19445:
19441:
19434:
19426:. p. 589.
19418:
19414:
19407:
19391:
19384:
19377:
19361:
19354:
19347:
19339:. p. 225.
19331:
19327:
19320:
19304:
19300:
19293:
19277:
19273:
19266:
19258:. p. 213.
19250:
19246:
19239:
19231:. p. 123.
19223:
19219:
19212:
19204:. p. 169.
19196:
19192:
19179:
19175:
19168:
19152:
19148:
19141:
19125:
19121:
19114:
19106:. p. 186.
19098:
19094:
19087:
19071:
19067:
19060:
19052:. p. 254.
19044:
19040:
19033:
19017:
19013:
19006:
18998:. p. 123.
18990:
18986:
18979:
18971:. p. 122.
18963:
18959:
18952:
18936:
18932:
18925:
18909:
18905:
18898:
18882:
18878:
18871:
18863:. p. 490.
18855:
18851:
18844:
18828:
18824:
18817:
18801:
18797:
18790:
18774:
18770:
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18720:
18713:
18708:
18701:
18694:
18678:
18674:
18667:
18651:
18647:
18640:
18632:. p. 385.
18624:
18615:
18608:
18592:
18588:
18581:
18565:
18561:
18554:
18538:
18534:
18527:
18519:. p. 358.
18511:
18507:
18500:
18492:. p. 301.
18484:
18480:
18470:
18468:
18464:
18463:
18459:
18449:
18447:
18443:
18442:
18438:
18431:
18423:. p. 273.
18415:
18411:
18404:
18396:. p. 190.
18388:
18384:
18377:
18369:. p. 245.
18361:
18357:
18352:
18348:
18341:
18333:. p. 197.
18325:
18321:
18314:
18306:. p. 142.
18298:
18294:
18287:
18271:
18267:
18252:
18248:
18233:
18229:
18222:
18214:. p. 133.
18206:
18202:
18197:
18193:
18188:
18184:
18179:
18172:
18165:
18149:
18142:
18135:
18119:
18112:
18105:
18097:. p. 278.
18089:
18082:
18075:
18059:
18052:
18045:
18029:
18022:
18015:
17999:
17990:
17983:
17975:. p. 260.
17967:
17952:
17945:
17937:. p. 421.
17929:
17920:
17913:
17897:
17890:
17883:
17867:
17860:
17853:
17837:
17830:
17823:
17807:
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17629:
17622:
17606:
17602:
17595:
17579:
17575:
17568:
17560:. p. 828.
17552:
17548:
17541:
17533:. p. 512.
17525:
17521:
17514:
17506:. p. 223.
17498:
17494:
17487:
17471:
17467:
17460:
17444:
17440:
17427:
17423:
17413:
17411:
17407:
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17379:
17375:
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17321:
17314:
17298:
17294:
17287:
17271:
17267:
17260:
17244:
17240:
17230:
17228:
17227:on 31 July 2020
17219:
17218:
17214:
17204:
17202:
17198:
17197:
17190:
17183:
17167:
17163:
17153:
17151:
17150:on 31 July 2020
17142:
17141:
17137:
17130:
17114:
17110:
17100:
17098:
17094:
17093:
17089:
17079:
17077:
17076:on 31 July 2020
17068:
17067:
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16757:
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16724:
16720:
16713:
16697:
16693:
16686:
16670:
16666:
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16651:. p. 111.
16643:
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16605:
16603:
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16524:
16508:
16499:
16492:
16476:
16469:
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16454:. p. 485.
16446:
16439:
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16416:
16409:
16402:
16386:
16382:
16375:
16367:. p. 322.
16359:
16352:
16345:
16337:. p. 224.
16329:
16325:
16318:
16302:
16298:
16291:
16283:. p. 294.
16275:
16271:
16264:
16256:. p. 206.
16248:
16244:
16237:
16221:
16217:
16204:
16200:
16195:
16191:
16181:
16179:
16167:
16161:
16157:
16150:
16142:. p. 126.
16134:
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16063:
16061:
16060:on 31 July 2020
16052:
16051:
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16032:. p. 177.
16024:
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16013:
16005:. p. 238.
15997:
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15935:. p. 446.
15927:
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15687:. p. 167.
15679:
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15630:. p. 176.
15622:
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15603:. p. 176.
15595:
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15557:
15541:
15537:
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15522:. p. 282.
15514:
15507:
15500:
15484:
15480:
15473:
15465:. p. 143.
15457:
15453:
15446:
15438:. p. 200.
15435:禅让：中国历史上的一种权力游戏
15430:
15426:
15419:
15411:. p. 253.
15403:
15399:
15392:
15376:
15372:
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15357:. p. 798.
15349:
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15330:. p. 157.
15322:
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14832:
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14817:. p. 135.
14809:
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14790:. p. 157.
14782:
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14763:. p. 213.
14755:
14748:
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14692:
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14677:. p. 139.
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14593:. p. 293.
14585:
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14507:. p. 373.
14499:
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14427:. p. 153.
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14053:Pamir Mountains
14045:Hainan and the
14028:Tannu Uriankhai
14022:First Opium War
14011:
14007:
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13882:Örüg Temür Khan
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11779:posthumous name
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10969:Monarchy portal
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9864:Wanyan Chenglin
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6626:Wulie of Hu Xia
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5437:Wu of Cheng-Han
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4978:
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4921:Huai of Shu Han
4895:
4885:
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4838:Yuan of Cao Wei
4812:
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4109:
4090:
4053:
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4022:
4017:
4010:Semi-legendary
3977:
3976:
3956:
3955:
3946:Period of rule
3926:
3825:Outer Manchuria
3821:Inner Manchuria
3774:
3485:
3443:
3351:History of Liao
3337:; "great"). In
3196:
3191:
3174:, ruled by the
3112:
3106:
2978:
2944:
2923:
2578:House of Luandi
2428:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2389:
2365:
2189:History of Song
2183:History of Liao
2172:The succeeding
1979:Three Kingdoms
1932:Chinese culture
1865:
1849:Empire of Japan
1829:Empire of China
1756:
1531:Zhang Xianzhong
1505:would rule the
1399:
1286:A depiction of
1280:
1275:
1205:
1097:
1084:dynastic states
1076:
1075:
1074:
1071:Manchu alphabet
1061:Without proper
1052:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1028:Without proper
1019:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1008:
995:Without proper
986:
982:
973:
944:
943:
939:Women's history
845:
844:
835:
834:
833:
828:
823:
818:
816:
805:
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776:
771:
762:
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730:
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563:
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527:
523:
511:
510:
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500:
495:
487:
484:
478:
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463:
441:
436:
431:
423:
397:
389:
384:
374:
365:(202 BC – 9 AD)
364:
354:
342:
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329:
314:
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302:
301:
294:
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23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
22864:
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22807:
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22611:Six Ministries
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22589:Zhongshu Sheng
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22584:Shangshu Sheng
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22314:Imperial China
22312:Government of
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22254:External links
22252:
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22194:. p. 28.
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21833:20世纪中国学术大典：地理学
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21634:. p. 35.
21620:
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21553:. p. 68.
21539:
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21499:. p. 51.
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21469:. p. 13.
21455:
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21388:. p. 71.
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21141:
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21128:. p. ix.
21114:
21107:
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21081:978-9004218598
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20568:. p. 34.
20554:
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20460:. p. 45.
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20205:
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20192:. p. 45.
20178:
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20084:. p. 79.
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20016:
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19955:
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19915:. p. 73.
19901:
19894:
19863:
19856:
19850:. p. 94.
19836:
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19809:
19802:
19782:
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19752:
19731:
19724:
19704:
19697:
19677:
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19647:. p. 154.
19633:
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19579:
19572:
19552:
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19539:. p. 69.
19525:
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19512:. p. 28.
19498:
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19453:. p. 41.
19439:
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19352:
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19079:. p. 13.
19065:
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19025:. p. 41.
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18903:
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18890:. p. 85.
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18836:. p. 30.
18822:
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18809:. p. 92.
18795:
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18782:. p. 19.
18768:
18761:
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18734:
18711:
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18692:
18683:Life's Wonders
18672:
18665:
18645:
18638:
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18600:. p. 44.
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18445:"Qing dynasty"
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18157:. p. 25.
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18037:. p. 11.
18020:
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18007:. p. 24.
17988:
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17905:. p. 21.
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17815:. p. 11.
17798:
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17785:. p. 77.
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17758:. p. 40.
17744:
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17662:. p. 21.
17648:
17627:
17620:
17614:. p. vi.
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17452:. p. 43.
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16546:. p. 80.
16529:
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16484:. p. 90.
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16430:
16424:. p. 11.
16407:
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16394:. p. 59.
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16229:. p. 30.
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16094:. p. 93.
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15979:
15948:
15941:
15921:
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15908:. p. 24.
15894:
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15881:. p. 63.
15867:
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15827:. p. 68.
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15767:. p. 64.
15753:
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15693:
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15660:. p. 51.
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15589:
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15549:. p. 71.
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15424:
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15384:. p. 80.
15370:
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15337:978-0691134956
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15310:978-0872209152
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14905:. p. 21.
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14733:. p. 10.
14719:
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14650:. p. 22.
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14620:. p. 45.
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14566:. p. 50.
14552:
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14222:"夏、商、周之前还有个虞朝"
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11454:Three Kingdoms
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11023:Dynastic cycle
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10955:History portal
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6292:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6260:
6257:
6248:
6217:Southern Liang
6213:
6210:
6209:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6183:
6180:
6161:
6158:
6149:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6066:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6014:
6009:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5985:
5980:
5971:
5936:
5933:
5932:
5919:
5910:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5886:
5883:
5874:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5791:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5726:
5723:
5710:
5705:
5696:
5661:
5658:
5657:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5631:
5628:
5609:
5606:
5597:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5532:
5529:
5510:
5505:
5496:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5431:
5428:
5415:
5410:
5401:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5320:
5315:
5306:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5151:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5068:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4987:
4984:
4975:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4892:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4840:
4835:
4833:Wen of Cao Wei
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4809:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4706:Three Kingdoms
4702:
4699:
4698:
4685:
4680:
4678:Guangwu of Han
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4654:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4602:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4585:
4576:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4500:
4491:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4410:
4407:
4398:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4308:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4225:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4142:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4064:
4059:
4050:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4005:/ Family tree
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3980:
3971:
3951:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3925:
3922:
3841:Outer Mongolia
3837:Inner Mongolia
3773:
3770:
3731:Southern Liang
3688:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3624:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3575:
3553:
3531:
3484:
3481:
3438:Dulimbai Gurun
3420:names of China
3355:History of Jin
3316:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3108:Main article:
3105:
3102:
3001:Zhōnghuá Dìguó
2977:
2974:
2970:capital cities
2943:
2940:
2922:
2921:Classification
2919:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2908:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2881:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2826:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2795:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2768:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2717:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2686:
2667:
2664:House of Tuoba
2650:Southern Liang
2643:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2624:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2581:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2548:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2515:
2508:
2494:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2453:
2420:(top) and the
2415:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2316:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2288:Chūchō Jijitsu
2268:
2261:Joseon dynasty
2257:
2250:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2213:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2195:History of Jin
2170:
2167:
2160:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2139:Five Dynasties
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2017:
2010:
1995:
1901:Three Kingdoms
1864:
1861:
1755:
1752:
1740:mainland China
1485:succeeded the
1420:dynastic cycle
1398:
1395:
1316:Chinese throne
1312:absolute power
1294:court painter
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1257:
1245:
1233:
1204:
1201:
1190:Tiāncháo Dàguó
1098: 2070 BC
1065:, you may see
1053:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1032:, you may see
1020:
1013:
1012:
1011:
999:, you may see
987:
980:
979:
978:
975:
974:
972:
971:
964:
957:
949:
946:
945:
942:
941:
936:
931:
930:
929:
924:
919:
914:
904:
899:
894:
893:
892:
882:
877:
872:
870:Jewish history
867:
862:
857:
852:
846:
842:
841:
840:
837:
836:
830:
829:
825:
824:
822:
821:
808:
806:
804:
803:
801:(1949–present)
790:
788:
782:
775:
774:
763:
757:
756:
755:
752:
751:
745:
744:
742:
741:
729:
728:
716:
715:
704:
694:
693:
689:
688:
686:
685:
675:
672:
662:
659:
649:
645:
643:
641:
640:
630:
619:
618:
606:
605:
592:
590:
584:
574:
573:
571:
570:
569:
568:
567:
566:
544:
543:
531:
530:
517:
507:
506:
502:
501:
499:
498:
488:
485:
481:
479:
477:
476:
466:
455:
453:
447:
438:
437:
435:
434:
422:
421:
401:
400:
394:Three Kingdoms
388:
387:
377:
367:
357:
346:
345:
333:
332:
321:
315:
309:
308:
307:
304:
303:
300:
299:
298:
297:
292:Warring States
289:
260:
249:
248:
225:
224:
202:
201:
197: 1046 BC
178:
177:
173: 1600 BC
155:
149:
148:
147:
144:
143:
140:
139:
119:
118:
114: 2000 BC
95:
94:
86:
80:
79:
78:
75:
74:
73:
72:
70:Historiography
67:
62:
54:
53:
45:
44:
38:
37:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
22863:
22852:
22849:
22847:
22844:
22842:
22839:
22838:
22836:
22821:
22818:
22816:
22813:
22811:
22808:
22806:
22803:
22801:
22798:
22797:
22795:
22793:
22789:
22783:
22780:
22778:
22775:
22771:
22768:
22767:
22766:
22763:
22762:
22760:
22756:
22746:
22743:
22741:
22738:
22736:
22733:
22731:
22728:
22726:
22723:
22721:
22720:Grand Council
22718:
22716:
22713:
22712:
22710:
22706:
22700:
22697:
22695:
22692:
22690:
22687:
22685:
22682:
22680:
22677:
22675:
22672:
22670:
22667:
22665:
22664:Three Bureaus
22662:
22661:
22659:
22657:Late Imperial
22655:
22645:
22642:
22640:
22637:
22635:
22632:
22630:
22627:
22625:
22622:
22620:
22617:
22616:
22614:
22612:
22608:
22601:
22597:
22595:
22592:
22590:
22587:
22585:
22582:
22581:
22579:
22577:
22573:
22565:
22562:
22561:
22560:
22557:
22555:
22552:
22550:
22547:
22546:
22544:
22540:
22534:
22531:
22527:
22524:
22522:
22519:
22518:
22517:
22514:
22512:
22509:
22508:
22506:
22502:
22494:
22491:
22489:
22486:
22485:
22484:
22481:
22479:
22476:
22474:
22471:
22469:
22466:
22464:
22461:
22459:
22456:
22454:
22451:
22449:
22446:
22444:
22441:
22439:
22436:
22434:
22431:
22429:
22426:
22425:
22423:
22419:
22413:
22410:
22408:
22405:
22403:
22400:
22399:
22397:
22393:
22387:
22384:
22380:
22377:
22376:
22375:
22372:
22368:
22365:
22363:
22362:Son of Heaven
22360:
22358:
22355:
22354:
22353:
22350:
22348:
22345:
22341:
22338:
22337:
22336:
22333:
22331:
22328:
22327:
22325:
22323:
22319:
22315:
22307:
22302:
22300:
22295:
22293:
22288:
22287:
22284:
22278:
22277:
22272:
22269:
22267:
22266:
22261:
22258:
22257:
22244:
22242:9780998888309
22238:
22234:
22230:
22225:
22222:
22218:
22217:
22203:
22201:9781134494576
22197:
22193:
22192:
22184:
22176:
22174:9781461647508
22170:
22166:
22165:
22157:
22149:
22147:9789863502500
22143:
22139:
22138:
22130:
22122:
22120:9781329800250
22116:
22112:
22111:
22103:
22095:
22093:9783319622651
22089:
22085:
22084:
22076:
22068:
22066:9789004338128
22062:
22058:
22057:
22049:
22041:
22039:9781610690188
22035:
22031:
22030:
22022:
22014:
22012:9789812349842
22008:
22004:
22003:
21995:
21987:
21985:9789004194786
21981:
21977:
21976:
21968:
21960:
21958:9781934043745
21954:
21950:
21949:
21941:
21933:
21931:9781477265178
21927:
21923:
21922:
21914:
21906:
21904:9781780233888
21900:
21896:
21895:
21887:
21871:
21867:
21860:
21853:
21845:
21843:9787533430221
21839:
21835:
21834:
21826:
21824:
21815:
21813:9787211050840
21809:
21805:
21804:
21796:
21794:
21785:
21783:9781780938004
21779:
21775:
21774:
21766:
21764:
21755:
21753:9781782253754
21749:
21745:
21744:
21736:
21727:
21725:
21723:
21721:
21712:
21710:9789571128696
21706:
21702:
21701:
21693:
21691:
21689:
21687:
21685:
21676:
21674:9789629371401
21670:
21666:
21665:
21658:
21656:
21654:
21652:
21643:
21641:9789811323225
21637:
21633:
21632:
21624:
21616:
21614:9789863921165
21610:
21606:
21605:
21597:
21589:
21587:9780810863088
21583:
21579:
21578:
21570:
21562:
21560:9781438467504
21556:
21552:
21551:
21543:
21535:
21533:9787516181829
21529:
21525:
21524:
21516:
21508:
21506:9789813295193
21502:
21498:
21497:
21489:
21487:
21478:
21476:9780824822934
21472:
21468:
21467:
21459:
21451:
21449:9780231542173
21445:
21441:
21440:
21432:
21424:
21422:9780520234246
21418:
21414:
21413:
21405:
21397:
21395:9780804746847
21391:
21387:
21386:
21378:
21370:
21368:9780190086244
21364:
21360:
21359:
21351:
21343:
21341:9789620773419
21337:
21334:. p. 3.
21333:
21332:
21324:
21316:
21314:9789888310111
21310:
21307:. p. 2.
21306:
21305:
21297:
21289:
21287:9781610693400
21283:
21279:
21278:
21270:
21262:
21260:9781387255351
21256:
21252:
21251:
21243:
21235:
21233:9787999033424
21229:
21225:
21224:
21216:
21208:
21206:9781838609399
21202:
21198:
21197:
21189:
21181:
21180:
21172:
21164:
21162:9787540780319
21158:
21154:
21153:
21145:
21137:
21135:9780231538107
21131:
21127:
21126:
21118:
21110:
21108:9780190297640
21104:
21100:
21099:
21091:
21083:
21077:
21073:
21072:
21064:
21056:
21054:9780231513548
21050:
21046:
21045:
21037:
21029:
21027:9781317464006
21023:
21019:
21018:
21010:
21002:
21000:9781442255029
20996:
20992:
20991:
20983:
20975:
20973:9789577399953
20969:
20965:
20964:
20956:
20948:
20946:9789004306493
20942:
20938:
20937:
20929:
20921:
20919:9781118624609
20915:
20911:
20910:
20902:
20894:
20892:9789386367112
20888:
20884:
20883:
20875:
20866:
20858:
20856:9781590306703
20852:
20848:
20847:
20839:
20831:
20829:9780700711291
20825:
20822:. p. 7.
20821:
20820:
20812:
20804:
20802:9787999031499
20798:
20794:
20793:
20785:
20777:
20775:9787218003474
20771:
20767:
20766:
20758:
20750:
20748:9787540202590
20744:
20740:
20739:
20731:
20723:
20721:9780231540193
20717:
20713:
20712:
20704:
20696:
20694:9787508510231
20690:
20687:. p. 7.
20686:
20685:
20677:
20669:
20667:9787210077862
20663:
20659:
20658:
20650:
20642:
20640:9787801757135
20636:
20632:
20631:
20630:天变：中国历代宫廷政变全景
20623:
20615:
20613:9789577398598
20609:
20605:
20604:
20596:
20594:
20592:
20590:
20588:
20586:
20577:
20575:9789004089662
20571:
20567:
20566:
20558:
20550:
20548:9780765643162
20544:
20540:
20539:
20531:
20523:
20521:9787505141254
20517:
20513:
20512:
20504:
20496:
20494:9780141889894
20490:
20486:
20485:
20477:
20469:
20467:9781107084759
20463:
20459:
20458:
20450:
20442:
20440:9780674244344
20436:
20432:
20431:
20423:
20421:
20419:
20410:
20408:9780231533263
20404:
20400:
20399:
20391:
20383:
20381:9787538334289
20377:
20373:
20372:
20364:
20356:
20354:9789868825895
20350:
20346:
20345:
20337:
20329:
20327:9787101125337
20323:
20319:
20318:
20310:
20308:
20299:
20297:9780231509787
20293:
20289:
20288:
20280:
20272:
20270:9780824829834
20266:
20263:. p. 1.
20262:
20261:
20253:
20245:
20244:
20236:
20228:
20226:9781351565219
20222:
20218:
20217:
20209:
20201:
20199:9789570512540
20195:
20191:
20190:
20182:
20174:
20172:9781483667676
20168:
20164:
20163:
20155:
20147:
20145:9789004271852
20141:
20137:
20136:
20128:
20120:
20118:9780231511889
20114:
20110:
20109:
20101:
20093:
20091:9781438408484
20087:
20083:
20082:
20074:
20066:
20064:9781444361971
20060:
20056:
20055:
20047:
20039:
20037:9789004282063
20033:
20029:
20028:
20020:
20012:
20010:9787999009009
20006:
20002:
20001:
19993:
19985:
19983:9780824824655
19979:
19975:
19974:
19966:
19958:
19956:9781473854048
19952:
19948:
19947:
19939:
19937:
19935:
19933:
19924:
19922:9780674018280
19918:
19914:
19913:
19905:
19897:
19895:9781442276161
19891:
19887:
19886:
19878:
19876:
19874:
19872:
19870:
19868:
19859:
19857:9787030065674
19853:
19849:
19848:
19840:
19832:
19830:9789812299314
19826:
19822:
19821:
19813:
19805:
19803:9781532058318
19799:
19795:
19794:
19786:
19778:
19776:9781317340911
19772:
19769:. Routledge.
19768:
19767:
19759:
19757:
19741:
19735:
19727:
19725:9789571128702
19721:
19717:
19716:
19708:
19700:
19698:9787101133172
19694:
19690:
19689:
19681:
19673:
19671:9789813206076
19667:
19663:
19662:
19654:
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19623:
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19211:9789865951610
19207:
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19194:
19187:. p. 65.
19186:
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19167:9787563359943
19163:
19160:. p. 2.
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18666:9789839541885
18662:
18659:. p. 8.
18658:
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18549:
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18522:
18518:
18517:
18516:中國古代文明與國家形成硏究
18509:
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18499:9789004293311
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18213:
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18208:D. K (2018).
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18074:9780810866010
18070:
18067:. p. v.
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17912:9781134727551
17908:
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17882:9781594546006
17878:
17875:. p. 3.
17874:
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17617:
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17590:
17587:. p. 7.
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16576:. p. 5.
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16457:
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16427:
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16421:Best of China
16414:
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16212:. p. 30.
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14908:
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14885:9781938368264
14881:
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14868:
14861:. p. 37.
14860:
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14844:. p. 54.
14843:
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14684:9787300081830
14680:
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14573:9781108482448
14569:
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14556:
14548:
14546:9780674054554
14542:
14539:. p. 1.
14538:
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14529:
14527:
14525:
14516:
14514:9781133171065
14510:
14506:
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14497:
14495:
14487:. p. 17.
14486:
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14464:9783319213088
14460:
14457:. p. 9.
14456:
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14400:
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14372:9780521243339
14368:
14364:
14360:
14353:
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14343:9787516188231
14339:
14336:. 中国社会科学出版社.
14335:
14334:
14326:
14318:
14316:9780007372089
14312:
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14299:
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14111:
14107:
14103:
14096:
14092:
14071:
14060:
14059:Lake Balkhash
14057:
14054:
14051:
14049:in the south;
14048:
14044:
14041:
14038:
14035:
14032:
14030:in the north;
14029:
14026:
14025:
14023:
14019:
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13998:
13994:
13990:
13984:
13977:
13973:
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13961:
13957:
13953:
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13926:
13919:
13918:Southern Ming
13915:
13909:
13907:
13905:
13895:
13889:
13888:
13883:
13879:
13875:
13874:Northern Yuan
13869:
13867:
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13829:
13824:
13822:
13814:
13810:
13800:
13790:
13789:
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13770:
13766:
13765:Northern Yuan
13760:
13753:
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13717:
13707:
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13562:Southern Song
13553:
13552:Northern Song
13547:
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13412:
13402:
13398:
13392:
13390:
13382:
13372:
13368:
13358:
13354:
13353:Southern Tang
13348:
13341:
13331:
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13313:
13307:
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13284:
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13267:
13263:
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12588:
12584:
12578:
12576:
12568:
12564:
12558:
12556:
12542:
12532:
12528:
12522:
12520:
12506:
12496:
12492:
12486:
12479:
12475:
12469:
12467:
12465:
12451:
12447:
12437:
12433:
12427:
12420:
12414:
12408:
12405:declared the
12404:
12398:
12396:
12394:
12380:
12370:
12366:
12360:
12347:
12337:
12336:
12331:
12325:
12318:
12313:
12302:
12296:
12294:
12286:
12276:
12266:
12260:
12258:
12256:
12242:
12237:
12226:
12216:
12206:
12200:
12198:
12190:
12186:
12182:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12154:
12150:
12144:
12142:
12128:
12123:
12112:
12102:
12092:
12086:
12084:
12070:
12066:
12056:
12050:
12041:
12039:
12037:
12029:
12025:
12019:
12017:
12003:
11998:
11987:
11977:
11967:
11961:
11959:
11951:
11947:
11946:Shang dynasty
11941:
11939:
11931:
11927:
11921:
11919:
11911:
11907:
11903:
11899:
11898:Shang dynasty
11895:
11889:
11887:
11885:
11877:
11867:
11863:
11858:
11856:
11848:
11838:
11834:
11829:
11827:
11813:
11809:
11799:
11793:
11780:
11770:
11766:
11762:
11758:
11754:
11748:
11741:
11735:
11728:
11724:
11720:
11714:
11695:
11691:
11687:
11681:
11679:
11671:
11667:
11661:
11659:
11650:
11643:
11634:
11625:
11618:
11614:
11610:
11606:
11602:
11592:
11591:Southern Song
11588:
11587:Northern Song
11584:
11580:
11576:
11572:
11568:
11564:
11560:
11556:
11555:Northern Zhou
11552:
11548:
11538:
11534:
11533:Liang dynasty
11530:
11526:
11522:
11518:
11514:
11510:
11506:
11502:
11492:
11488:
11482:
11468:
11463:
11459:
11455:
11444:
11439:
11433:
11426:
11422:
11418:
11414:
11410:
11404:
11397:
11392:
11388:
11384:
11380:
11376:
11370:
11363:
11359:
11355:
11343:
11336:
11333:
11329:
11328:Mongol Empire
11325:
11315:
11311:
11305:
11303:
11295:
11291:
11285:
11278:
11262:
11256:
11250:
11249:
11244:
11238:
11236:
11231:
11220:
11219:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11207:
11203:
11201:
11200:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11183:
11179:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11166:Six Dynasties
11164:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11156:
11152:
11150:
11147:
11145:
11142:
11140:
11137:
11135:
11132:
11130:
11127:
11125:
11122:
11120:
11117:
11115:
11112:
11110:
11107:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11094:
11090:
11088:
11085:
11083:
11080:
11078:
11077:
11073:
11071:
11070:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11029:
11026:
11024:
11021:
11019:
11018:Dragon Throne
11016:
11014:
11011:
11009:
11006:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10975:
10970:
10964:
10959:
10956:
10945:
10942:
10931:
10903:
10902:
10813:
10805:
10802:
10782:
10746:
10739:
10721:
10706:
10702:
10698:
10694:
10691:
10687:
10683:
10679:
10676:
10672:
10668:
10665:
10661:
10657:
10656:
10655:
10650:
10646:
10642:
10638:
10634:
10632:
10628:
10624:
10623:Northern Liao
10620:
10616:
10614:
10610:
10606:
10602:
10598:
10596:
10592:
10588:
10584:
10580:
10579:
10574:
10569:
10561:
10553:
10545:
10539:
10538:
10533:
10531:
10530:State of Yiqu
10527:
10523:
10519:
10518:State of Deng
10515:
10514:
10509:
10508:
10504:
10503:
10487:
10471:
10438:
10437:
10426:
10420:
10416:
10414:
10411:
10409:
10406:
10403:
10401:AD 1636–1912
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10378:
10375:
10365:
10357:
10344:
10332:
10330:
10329:
10325:
10319:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10302:
10300:AD 1616–1636
10299:
10296:
10293:
10279:
10276:
10266:
10258:
10245:
10241:
10239:
10238:
10234:
10228:
10224:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10214:
10211:
10209:AD 1644–1662
10208:
10205:
10202:
10194:
10191:
10181:
10173:
10160:
10159:Southern Ming
10156:
10154:
10153:
10149:
10143:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10126:
10124:AD 1368–1644
10123:
10120:
10117:
10109:
10106:
10096:
10088:
10075:
10071:
10069:
10068:
10064:
10058:
10054:
10052:
10049:
10047:
10044:
10041:
10039:AD 1368–1635
10038:
10035:
10032:
10020:
10017:
10007:
9999:
9986:
9985:Northern Yuan
9982:
9980:
9979:
9975:
9969:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9957:Shizu of Yuan
9955:
9952:
9950:AD 1271–1368
9949:
9946:
9944:
9941:
9929:
9926:
9916:
9908:
9895:
9891:
9889:
9888:
9885:
9881:
9877:
9871:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9854:
9852:AD 1115–1234
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9840:
9829:
9826:
9816:
9808:
9795:
9791:
9789:
9788:
9784:
9778:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9761:
9759:AD 1038–1227
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9737:
9727:
9719:
9706:
9702:
9700:
9699:
9695:
9689:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9672:
9670:AD 1127–1279
9669:
9666:
9663:
9655:
9652:
9642:
9634:
9621:
9620:Southern Song
9617:
9615:
9614:
9610:
9604:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9592:Taizu of Song
9590:
9587:
9584:
9581:
9578:
9570:
9567:
9557:
9549:
9536:
9535:Northern Song
9532:
9530:
9529:
9525:
9519:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9502:
9500:AD 1124–1218
9499:
9486:
9483:
9479:
9468:
9465:
9455:
9447:
9434:
9430:
9428:
9427:
9423:
9417:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9405:Taizu of Liao
9403:
9400:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9385:
9374:
9371:
9361:
9353:
9340:
9336:
9334:
9333:
9329:
9323:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9306:
9303:
9300:
9297:
9288:
9278:
9270:
9257:
9253:
9251:
9250:
9246:
9240:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9223:
9220:
9207:
9204:
9195:
9185:
9177:
9164:
9163:Southern Tang
9160:
9158:
9157:
9153:
9147:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9130:
9127:
9124:
9121:
9112:
9102:
9094:
9081:
9077:
9075:
9074:
9070:
9064:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9047:
9044:
9041:
9038:
9029:
9019:
9011:
8998:
8994:
8992:
8991:
8987:
8981:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8964:
8961:
8958:
8955:
8946:
8936:
8928:
8915:
8911:
8909:
8908:
8904:
8898:
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8881:
8878:
8865:
8862:
8853:
8843:
8835:
8822:
8818:
8816:
8815:
8811:
8805:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8788:
8785:
8772:
8769:
8760:
8750:
8742:
8729:
8725:
8723:
8722:
8718:
8712:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8695:
8692:
8679:
8676:
8667:
8657:
8649:
8636:
8632:
8630:
8629:
8625:
8619:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8602:
8599:
8580:
8577:
8568:
8558:
8550:
8537:
8533:
8531:
8530:
8526:
8520:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8503:
8500:
8497:
8494:
8485:
8475:
8467:
8454:
8450:
8448:
8447:
8443:
8437:
8433:
8431:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8415:
8413:
8403:
8395:
8383:
8382:
8378:
8376:
8375:
8371:
8365:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8348:
8345:
8342:
8339:
8330:
8320:
8312:
8299:
8295:
8293:
8292:
8288:
8282:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8265:
8262:
8259:
8256:
8247:
8237:
8229:
8216:
8212:
8210:
8209:
8205:
8199:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8182:
8179:
8176:
8173:
8164:
8154:
8146:
8133:
8129:
8127:
8126:
8122:
8116:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8099:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8079:
8069:
8061:
8048:
8044:
8042:
8041:
8037:
8031:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8014:
8011:
8008:
8005:
7996:
7986:
7978:
7965:
7961:
7959:
7958:
7954:
7948:
7944:
7942:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7926:
7924:
7914:
7906:
7894:
7893:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7882:
7876:
7872:
7870:
7864:
7861:
7858:
7855:
7846:
7836:
7828:
7815:
7811:
7809:
7808:
7804:
7798:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7786:Gaozu of Tang
7784:
7781:
7778:
7775:
7772:
7764:
7761:
7751:
7743:
7730:
7726:
7724:
7723:
7719:
7713:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7696:
7693:
7690:
7687:
7678:
7668:
7660:
7647:
7643:
7641:
7640:
7637:
7633:
7629:
7623:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7606:
7603:
7600:
7597:
7588:
7578:
7570:
7557:
7553:
7551:
7550:
7546:
7540:
7536:
7534:
7533:Jing of Liang
7531:
7529:
7526:
7523:
7520:
7517:
7514:
7505:
7495:
7487:
7474:
7473:Liang dynasty
7470:
7468:
7467:
7463:
7457:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7440:
7437:
7434:
7431:
7422:
7412:
7404:
7391:
7387:
7385:
7384:
7380:
7374:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7357:
7354:
7351:
7348:
7339:
7329:
7321:
7308:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7297:
7291:
7287:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7269:
7267:
7257:
7249:
7237:
7236:
7232:
7230:
7229:
7225:
7219:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7202:
7199:
7196:
7193:
7184:
7174:
7166:
7153:
7152:Northern Zhou
7149:
7147:
7146:
7142:
7136:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7110:
7101:
7091:
7083:
7070:
7066:
7064:
7063:
7059:
7053:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7036:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7018:
7008:
7000:
6987:
6983:
6981:
6980:
6976:
6970:
6966:
6964:
6958:
6955:
6952:
6949:
6940:
6930:
6922:
6909:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6898:
6892:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6875:
6872:
6859:
6856:
6848:
6845:
6835:
6827:
6814:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6803:
6797:
6793:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6775:
6773:
6763:
6755:
6743:
6742:
6738:
6736:
6735:
6731:
6725:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6707:
6704:
6701:
6698:
6695:
6686:
6676:
6668:
6655:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6644:
6638:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6621:
6618:
6615:
6612:
6603:
6593:
6585:
6572:
6568:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6555:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6538:
6535:
6532:
6529:
6521:
6518:
6508:
6500:
6487:
6486:Western Liang
6483:
6481:
6480:
6476:
6470:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6437:
6434:
6425:
6415:
6407:
6394:
6390:
6388:
6387:
6383:
6377:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6360:
6357:
6344:
6341:
6332:
6322:
6314:
6301:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6290:
6284:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6258:
6249:
6239:
6231:
6218:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6207:
6201:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6181:
6162:
6159:
6150:
6140:
6132:
6119:
6115:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6102:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6082:
6079:
6076:
6067:
6057:
6049:
6036:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6025:
6019:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5972:
5962:
5954:
5941:
5937:
5935:
5934:
5930:
5924:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5903:
5900:
5887:
5884:
5875:
5865:
5857:
5844:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5833:
5827:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5792:
5782:
5774:
5761:
5757:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5697:
5687:
5679:
5666:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5649:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5610:
5607:
5598:
5588:
5580:
5567:
5563:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5550:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5497:
5487:
5479:
5466:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5449:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5402:
5392:
5384:
5371:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5354:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5307:
5297:
5289:
5276:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5225:
5217:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5187:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5164:
5161:
5152:
5142:
5134:
5121:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5069:
5059:
5051:
5038:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4988:
4985:
4976:
4966:
4958:
4945:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4928:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4893:
4883:
4875:
4862:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4845:
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4831:
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4825:
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4810:
4800:
4792:
4779:
4775:
4773:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4728:
4720:
4708:
4707:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4655:
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4607:
4603:
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4474:
4461:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4444:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4432:Qin Shi Huang
4430:
4427:
4424:
4411:
4408:
4399:
4389:
4381:
4368:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4340:
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4330:
4327:
4324:
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4318:
4309:
4299:
4291:
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4267:
4261:
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4238:
4235:
4226:
4216:
4208:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4171:Zhou of Shang
4169:
4167:
4166:Tang of Shang
4164:
4161:
4159:1600–1046 BC
4158:
4155:
4152:
4143:
4133:
4125:
4112:
4111:Shang dynasty
4108:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4101:Ancient China
4098:
4094:
4088:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4069:2070–1600 BC
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4051:
4041:
4033:
4020:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3999:Last monarch
3998:
3995:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3952:
3943:Ruling house
3939:
3936:
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3921:
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3908:
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3897:
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3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3783:
3778:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3762:Northern Zhou
3758:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3711:Southern Song
3708:
3707:Northern Song
3704:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3656:
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3645:
3641:
3636:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3591:Western Liang
3587:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3554:
3552:
3551:Southern Tang
3548:
3543:
3532:
3530:
3529:Northern Yuan
3526:
3521:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
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3502:
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3119:
3117:
3111:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3070:Northern Song
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3017:
3005:
3002:
2990:
2973:
2971:
2966:
2959:
2953:
2949:
2948:Central Plain
2936:
2932:
2927:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2889:Wanli Emperor
2886:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2873:Southern Ming
2870:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2849:Northern Yuan
2846:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2820:House of Zhao
2817:
2816:
2815:
2814:Southern Song
2811:
2810:Northern Song
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2793:House of Yelü
2790:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2732:Western Liang
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2712:Liang dynasty
2709:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2685:and Tufa Pigu
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
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2419:
2409:
2398:
2384:
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2374:
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2363:
2359:
2355:
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2350:Liang dynasty
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:Shang dynasty
2319:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2293:
2289:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2242:Southern Ming
2239:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:Northern Yuan
2205:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2164:Northern Song
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:Southern Tang
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2089:
2084:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2025:Southern Song
2022:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1964:
1952:
1948:) are termed
1946:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1860:
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1850:
1846:
1842:
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1712:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1660:), and Song (
1659:
1649:
1639:
1629:
1619:
1618:Wang Shichong
1609:
1599:
1589:
1579:
1563:
1553:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:Southern Ming
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1467:Liang dynasty
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1423:
1421:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:Shang dynasty
1362:
1360:
1349:
1344:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1292:Southern Song
1289:
1284:
1267:
1258:
1255:
1246:
1243:
1234:
1231:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1211:
1200:
1191:
1179:
1174:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1125:periodization
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1025:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
992:
970:
965:
963:
958:
956:
951:
950:
948:
947:
940:
937:
935:
932:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
908:
905:
903:
902:Naval history
900:
898:
895:
891:
888:
887:
886:
885:Music history
883:
881:
880:Media history
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
865:Legal history
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
839:
838:
819:1949–present)
815:
814:
810:
809:
807:
799:
798:
792:
791:
789:
786:
785:
780:
770:
769:
765:
764:
760:
754:
753:
737:
736:
732:
731:
724:
723:
719:
718:
711:
710:
706:
705:
702:
681:
680:
676:
673:
668:
667:
663:
660:
655:
654:
650:
647:
646:
644:
636:
635:
634:Southern Song
631:
626:
625:
624:Northern Song
621:
620:
614:
613:
609:
608:
601:
600:
594:
593:
591:
588:
587:
582:
562:
559:
558:
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556:
552:
551:
547:
546:
539:
538:
534:
533:
526:
525:
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515:
494:
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489:
486:
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472:
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467:
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461:
457:
456:
454:
451:
450:
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402:
396:
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383:
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378:
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368:
363:
362:
358:
353:
352:
348:
347:
341:
340:
336:
335:
328:
327:
323:
322:
319:
312:
306:
305:
293:
290:
285: 476 BC
274:
271:
270:
266:
265:
261:
258:(1046–771 BC)
256:
255:
251:
250:
244: 256 BC
233:
232:
228:
227:
209:
208:
204:
203:
186:
185:
181:
180:
162:
161:
157:
156:
152:
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138:
137:
132:
131:
126:
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103:
102:
98:
97:
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92:
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68:
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58:
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56:
55:
51:
47:
46:
43:
40:
39:
35:
31:
30:
27:
19:
22791:
22745:Zongli Yamen
22594:Menxia Sheng
22421:Institutions
22334:
22275:
22264:
22228:
22220:
22190:
22183:
22163:
22156:
22136:
22129:
22109:
22102:
22082:
22075:
22055:
22048:
22028:
22021:
22001:
21994:
21974:
21967:
21947:
21940:
21920:
21913:
21893:
21886:
21874:. Retrieved
21869:
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21735:
21699:
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20188:
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20127:
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20100:
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19992:
19972:
19965:
19945:
19911:
19904:
19884:
19846:
19839:
19819:
19812:
19792:
19785:
19765:
19743:. Retrieved
19740:"匈奴嬌子的赫連大夏國"
19734:
19714:
19707:
19687:
19680:
19660:
19653:
19643:
19636:
19616:
19609:
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19582:
19562:
19555:
19535:
19528:
19508:
19501:
19481:
19449:
19442:
19422:
19415:
19396:人物評話：古今人物逍遙遊
19395:
19365:
19335:
19328:
19308:
19301:
19281:
19274:
19254:
19247:
19227:
19220:
19200:
19193:
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19176:
19156:
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19129:
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19048:
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18960:
18940:
18933:
18913:
18906:
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18832:
18825:
18805:
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18771:
18751:
18744:
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18648:
18628:
18596:
18589:
18569:
18562:
18542:
18535:
18515:
18508:
18488:
18481:
18469:. Retrieved
18460:
18448:. Retrieved
18439:
18419:
18412:
18392:
18385:
18365:
18358:
18349:
18329:
18322:
18302:
18295:
18275:
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18003:
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17871:
17841:
17811:
17781:
17774:
17754:
17747:
17735:. Retrieved
17726:
17706:
17699:
17687:. Retrieved
17678:
17658:
17651:
17639:. Retrieved
17630:
17610:
17603:
17583:
17576:
17556:
17549:
17529:
17522:
17502:
17495:
17475:
17468:
17448:
17441:
17435:. p. 5.
17431:
17424:
17412:. Retrieved
17403:
17383:
17376:
17356:
17349:
17329:
17322:
17302:
17295:
17275:
17268:
17248:
17241:
17229:. Retrieved
17225:the original
17215:
17203:. Retrieved
17171:
17164:
17152:. Retrieved
17148:the original
17138:
17118:
17111:
17099:. Retrieved
17090:
17078:. Retrieved
17074:the original
17049:. Retrieved
17040:
17028:. Retrieved
16998:. Retrieved
16962:
16955:
16946:
16926:
16919:
16899:
16892:
16880:. Retrieved
16860:
16856:
16817:
16810:
16798:. Retrieved
16789:
16777:. Retrieved
16745:
16738:
16728:
16721:
16701:
16694:
16674:
16667:
16647:
16640:
16628:. Retrieved
16604:. Retrieved
16572:
16542:
16512:
16480:
16450:
16420:
16390:
16383:
16363:
16333:
16326:
16306:
16299:
16279:
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16252:
16245:
16225:
16218:
16208:
16201:
16192:
16180:. Retrieved
16175:
16171:
16158:
16138:
16131:
16119:. Retrieved
16110:
16090:
16083:
16074:
16062:. Retrieved
16058:the original
16048:
16028:
16021:
16001:
15969:
15931:
15924:
15904:
15897:
15877:
15870:
15850:
15843:
15823:
15816:
15797:
15793:
15783:
15763:
15756:
15744:. Retrieved
15740:the original
15730:
15710:
15703:
15683:
15676:
15656:
15626:
15619:
15599:
15592:
15572:
15565:
15545:
15538:
15518:
15488:
15481:
15461:
15454:
15434:
15427:
15407:
15400:
15380:
15373:
15353:
15346:
15326:
15319:
15299:
15292:
15272:
15265:
15245:
15238:
15218:
15211:
15191:
15161:
15154:
15142:. Retrieved
15133:
15113:
15106:
15086:
15079:
15059:
15030:
15024:
15005:
14999:
14980:
14971:
14952:
14946:
14927:
14921:
14901:
14894:
14874:
14867:
14857:
14850:
14840:
14833:
14813:
14806:
14786:
14779:
14759:
14729:
14722:
14710:. Retrieved
14708:(in Chinese)
14705:
14673:
14666:
14646:
14642:Nevius, John
14636:
14616:
14609:
14589:
14582:
14562:
14555:
14535:
14503:
14483:
14453:
14423:
14393:
14362:
14352:
14332:
14325:
14305:
14275:
14268:
14256:. Retrieved
14246:
14234:. Retrieved
14232:(1): 146–147
14229:
14225:
14215:
14195:
14188:
14168:
14161:
14141:
14134:
14109:
14105:
14095:
14070:
14055:in the west;
14018:Qing dynasty
14008:
13991:was briefly
13989:Qing dynasty
13983:
13976:Feng Yuxiang
13972:Beijing Coup
13954:allowed the
13946:
13925:
13885:
13847:
13831:
13812:
13798:
13786:
13768:
13759:
13752:Yuan dynasty
13719:
13705:
13693:
13675:
13672:Yuan dynasty
13666:
13652:
13638:
13628:
13625:Song dynasty
13621:Tang dynasty
13610:
13601:
13587:
13572:Song dynasty
13536:Western Liao
13503:
13481:Liao dynasty
13450:
13440:
13410:
13400:
13380:
13370:
13356:
13347:
13339:
13329:
13315:
13306:
13292:
13282:
13273:
13237:
13227:
13218:
13168:
13158:
13129:
13120:
13106:
13092:
13083:
13064:Tang dynasty
13058:
13050:
13040:
13026:
13023:Tang dynasty
13017:
13009:
12995:
12981:
12972:
12964:
12950:
12934:
12925:
12911:
12895:
12886:
12872:
12856:
12853:Northern Wei
12847:
12840:Northern Yan
12809:
12799:
12773:
12759:
12747:
12738:
12716:
12684:
12670:
12660:
12651:
12598:
12591:Northern Yan
12540:
12530:
12504:
12494:
12485:
12449:
12435:
12426:
12378:
12368:
12359:
12345:
12333:
12324:
12240:
12160:
12126:
12068:
12054:
12049:
12024:Western Zhou
12001:
11986:Zhou dynasty
11976:Eastern Zhou
11966:Western Zhou
11902:Western Zhou
11865:
11836:
11811:
11797:
11792:
11752:
11747:
11740:Chen dynasty
11734:
11723:Qing dynasty
11713:
11670:Qing dynasty
11642:
11633:
11624:
11617:Qing dynasty
11613:Ming dynasty
11609:Yuan dynasty
11601:Liao dynasty
11563:Tang dynasty
11547:Northern Wei
11537:Chen dynasty
11481:
11432:
11403:
11375:Qing dynasty
11369:
11351:
11342:
11331:
11310:Yuan dynasty
11284:
11277:Yu the Great
11246:
11216:
11204:
11197:
11180:
11153:
11091:
11074:
11067:
10941:China portal
10900:
10899:
10811:
10803:
10800:
10673:of Vietnam,
10671:Đinh dynasty
10662:of Vietnam,
10653:
10631:Shun dynasty
10609:Dali Kingdom
10576:
10535:
10526:State of Chu
10522:State of Huo
10511:
10501:
10500:
10435:
10434:
10363:Ch῾ing Ch῾ao
10361:
10343:Qing dynasty
10262:
10177:
10092:
10074:Ming dynasty
10003:
9912:
9894:Yuan dynasty
9859:Taizu of Jin
9812:
9723:
9638:
9585:AD 960–1127
9553:
9451:
9433:Western Liao
9398:AD 916–1125
9357:
9339:Liao dynasty
9274:
9256:Northern Han
9217:(AD 958–976)
9211:(AD 937–958)
9181:
9098:
9052:Wuxin of Chu
9015:
8932:
8914:Southern Han
8886:Taizu of Min
8839:
8782:(AD 934–937)
8746:
8689:(AD 930–951)
8683:(AD 907–930)
8653:
8596:(AD 927–937)
8590:(AD 919–927)
8584:(AD 907–919)
8554:
8471:
8425:
8420:
8399:
8381:Ten Kingdoms
8379:
8316:
8233:
8150:
8065:
7982:
7936:
7931:
7910:
7890:
7832:
7747:
7729:Tang dynasty
7664:
7574:
7556:Chen dynasty
7491:
7408:
7325:
7279:
7274:
7253:
7233:
7170:
7087:
7004:
6926:
6869:(AD 399–535)
6863:(AD 386–399)
6831:
6813:Northern Wei
6785:
6780:
6759:
6739:
6709:Huiyi of Yan
6672:
6654:Northern Yan
6589:
6504:
6447:(AD 400–410)
6441:(AD 398–400)
6411:
6393:Southern Yan
6318:
6235:
6178:(AD 396–403)
6172:(AD 389–396)
6166:(AD 386–389)
6136:
6053:
5996:(AD 386–417)
5990:(AD 384–386)
5958:
5917:Huiyi of Yan
5897:(AD 386–409)
5891:(AD 384–386)
5861:
5780:Ch῾ien Ch῾in
5778:
5721:(AD 353–370)
5715:(AD 337–353)
5683:
5626:(AD 363–376)
5620:(AD 354–355)
5586:Ch῾ien Liang
5584:
5566:Former Liang
5521:(AD 330–351)
5515:(AD 319–330)
5483:
5426:(AD 306–347)
5420:(AD 304–306)
5388:
5331:(AD 308–329)
5325:(AD 304–308)
5293:
5247:
5242:
5230:ㄕˊ ㄌㄧㄡˋ ㄍㄨㄛˊ
5223:Shih-liu Kuo
5221:
5201:
5138:
5055:
4998:(AD 229–280)
4992:(AD 222–229)
4962:
4879:
4796:
4750:
4745:
4724:
4704:
4641:
4563:
4510:202 BC–AD 9
4478:
4415:(221–207 BC)
4385:
4332:Ping of Zhou
4295:
4277:Eastern Zhou
4242:1046–771 BC
4212:
4194:Western Zhou
4129:
4037:
3959:Hanyu Pinyin
3927:
3919:
3904:
3892:Golden Horde
3880:Qing dynasty
3876:Yuan dynasty
3873:
3857:Central Asia
3798:
3787:
3766:
3747:
3735:Tang dynasty
3703:Song dynasty
3700:
3689:
3595:Western Liao
3547:Southern Yan
3533:"Southern" (
3511:"Northern" (
3498:
3486:
3458:
3437:
3436:equivalent "
3424:Qing dynasty
3405:
3389:Tang dynasty
3382:
3354:
3350:
3338:
3324:
3320:Southern Han
3317:
3295:
3292:Yuan dynasty
3281:Zhou dynasty
3261:State of Yan
3246:Chen dynasty
3220:
3197:
3184:
3172:Yuan dynasty
3168:Liao dynasty
3153:
3141:Northern Wei
3120:
3113:
3090:Liao dynasty
3082:Qing dynasty
3078:Ming dynasty
3074:Yuan dynasty
3062:Tang dynasty
3035:
3020:
3006:
2979:
2952:Yellow River
2945:
2935:Qing dynasty
2900:Qing dynasty
2879:House of Zhu
2869:Ming dynasty
2845:Yuan dynasty
2824:Song dynasty
2787:Western Liao
2783:Liao dynasty
2763:Northern Han
2736:Tang dynasty
2646:Northern Wei
2619:Southern Yan
2600:
2520:Book of Song
2518:
2457:Zhou dynasty
2449:Eastern Zhou
2445:Western Zhou
2439:
2436:
2429:
2366:
2354:Chen dynasty
2330:Eastern Zhou
2326:Western Zhou
2312:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2233:Qing dynasty
2204:Ming dynasty
2193:
2187:
2181:
2178:Western Liao
2174:Yuan dynasty
2151:Liao dynasty
2143:Ten Kingdoms
2135:Song dynasty
2021:Tang dynasty
1974:
1917:
1894:
1873:Qing dynasty
1853:World War II
1835:sparked the
1826:
1812:Ming dynasty
1800:Liang Qichao
1777:
1772:Qing dynasty
1769:
1709:
1707:
1679:noble titles
1676:
1672:Tang dynasty
1535:
1487:Ming dynasty
1483:Qing dynasty
1475:
1451:Yuan dynasty
1447:China proper
1439:Liao dynasty
1424:
1416:
1411:Qing dynasty
1383:state of Qin
1375:Zhou dynasty
1363:
1348:gōng tiānxià
1323:
1320:consort kins
1308:Yu the Great
1301:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1214:
1206:
1156:
1152:Qing dynasty
1148:Yuan dynasty
1144:Eastern Zhou
1140:Western Zhou
1136:Zhou dynasty
1133:
1129:Ming dynasty
1122:
1108:in AD 1912,
1092:Yu the Great
1077:
1054:
1021:
988:
875:LGBT history
811:
793:
766:
733:
720:
707:
677:
664:
651:
632:
622:
610:
599:Ten Kingdoms
595:
548:
535:
522:Northern and
520:
490:
468:
458:
426:
416:
410:
404:
398:(220–280 AD)
392:
379:
369:
359:
355:(206–202 BC)
349:
337:
330:(221–207 BC)
324:
295:(475–221 BC)
268:(771–256 BC)
264:Eastern Zhou
262:
254:Western Zhou
252:
229:
205:
182:
158:
134:
128:
122:
99:
89:
64:
26:
22770:Shence Army
22554:Jimi system
22433:Nine Courts
22379:Consort kin
22271:Tan Qixiang
21876:24 November
21223:甘肃文史精萃2：学术卷
21152:帝国的慢性病：冰火大明
19745:6 September
19536:後秦政治外交史簡論五篇
19482:鮮卑列國：大興安嶺傳奇
19450:歷代胡族王朝之民族政策
18450:18 November
17707:两晋南北朝史（第一册）
17414:18 November
17154:18 November
17101:18 November
17080:18 November
17051:18 November
17030:18 November
17000:18 November
16995:"历代王朝国号的分类"
16779:18 November
16729:世界伟人传记丛书（上）
16121:18 November
16064:18 November
15746:18 November
15144:18 November
14333:当代中国近代史理论研究
14014:Tan Qixiang
13890:as "Dada" (
13830:, surnamed
13828:Choros Esen
13607:Western Xia
13281:, surnamed
13211:Aisin Gioro
13037:Western Wei
12992:Western Wei
12978:Sui dynasty
12931:Western Wei
12892:Eastern Wei
12715:, surnamed
12638:Later Liang
12628:Later Liang
12604:Western Qin
12493:, surnamed
12409:"Jianchu" (
12367:, surnamed
12275:Jin dynasty
12265:Jin dynasty
12225:Jin dynasty
12215:Eastern Jin
12205:Western Jin
12185:Western Han
12183:. The last
12170:huáng tàizǐ
12153:Western Han
12111:Han dynasty
12101:Eastern Han
12091:Western Han
12065:Qin dynasty
11926:Xia dynasty
11894:Xia dynasty
11864:, surnamed
11835:, surnamed
11833:Youqiong Yi
11808:Xia dynasty
11769:temple name
11694:Eastern Han
11605:Jin dynasty
11567:Later Liang
11559:Sui dynasty
11551:Western Wei
11529:Southern Qi
11521:Eastern Jin
11517:Western Jin
11509:Eastern Han
11505:Western Han
11501:Qin dynasty
11458:Western Qin
11423:ruler, the
11421:Western Han
11413:Xin dynasty
11360:, such as "
11259:) and the "
11243:Xia dynasty
11099:Jimi system
10377:Aisin Gioro
10278:Aisin Gioro
9794:Jin dynasty
9705:Western Xia
9481:(𘬜𘭪𘲚𘱪)
9387:(𘬜𘭪𘲚𘱪)
9304:AD 951–979
9221:AD 937–976
9128:AD 934–965
9057:Gao Jichong
9045:AD 924–963
8962:AD 917–971
8879:AD 909–945
8786:AD 907–978
8693:AD 907–951
8600:AD 907–937
8501:AD 907–925
8346:AD 951–960
8263:AD 947–951
8180:AD 936–947
8097:AD 923–937
8024:Zhu Youzhen
8012:AD 907–923
7964:Later Liang
7862:AD 690–705
7749:T῾ang Ch῾ao
7706:Gong of Sui
7694:AD 581–619
7646:Sui dynasty
7616:Chen Shubao
7604:AD 557–589
7576:Ch῾en Ch῾ao
7528:Wu of Liang
7521:AD 502–557
7493:Liang Ch῾ao
7438:AD 479–502
7390:Southern Qi
7355:AD 420–479
7200:AD 557–581
7117:AD 550–577
7069:Northern Qi
7034:AD 535–557
6986:Western Wei
6956:AD 534–550
6908:Eastern Wei
6873:AD 386–535
6702:AD 407–436
6631:Helian Ding
6619:AD 407–431
6536:AD 400–421
6463:Murong Chao
6451:AD 398–410
6358:AD 397–439
6182:AD 386–403
6118:Later Liang
6035:Western Qin
6000:AD 384–417
5901:AD 384–409
5808:AD 351–394
5725:AD 337–370
5630:AD 320–376
5531:AD 319–351
5430:AD 304–347
5335:AD 304–329
5180:Gong of Jin
5175:Yuan of Jin
5168:AD 317–420
5120:Eastern Jin
5085:AD 266–316
5037:Western Jin
5002:AD 222–280
4909:AD 221–263
4826:AD 220–266
4683:Xian of Han
4623:Eastern Han
4545:Xin dynasty
4460:Western Han
4437:Ying Ziying
4425:221–207 BC
4387:Ch῾in Ch῾ao
4367:Qin dynasty
4337:Nan of Zhou
4325:770–256 BC
4254:You of Zhou
4131:Shang Ch῾ao
4019:Xia dynasty
3915:Sinocentric
3911:Western Han
3884:Lake Baikal
3865:Afghanistan
3727:Western Qin
3713:, with the
3692:Western Han
3577:"Western" (
3573:Eastern Wei
3569:Eastern Jin
3555:"Eastern" (
3525:Northern Qi
3494:Jin dynasty
3490:Sui dynasty
3347:Zhu Guozhen
3094:Western Xia
3058:Sui dynasty
3054:Western Jin
3050:Eastern Han
3046:Xin dynasty
3042:Western Han
3038:Qin dynasty
2742:House of Li
2708:Southern Qi
2658:Western Wei
2654:Eastern Wei
2593:Liu Qiangqu
2546:Jin dynasty
2540:Eastern Jin
2536:Western Jin
2492:Han dynasty
2478:Eastern Han
2474:Western Han
2358:Sui dynasty
2346:Southern Qi
2338:Western Han
2334:Qin dynasty
2318:Xia dynasty
2222:Choros Esen
2218:Taisun Khan
2155:Jin dynasty
2107:Later Liang
2037:Eastern Jin
2014:Western Jin
2007:Eastern Han
1889:seal script
1833:Yuan Shikai
1724:the attempt
1722:. However,
1638:Lin Shihong
1598:Liang Shidu
1588:Shen Faxing
1578:Yuwen Huaji
1542:Sui dynasty
1463:Southern Qi
1455:Eastern Han
1443:Jin dynasty
1391:Qin dynasty
1304:Xia dynasty
1203:Terminology
922:Discoveries
917:Cartography
912:Archaeology
850:Art history
739:(1644–1912)
726:(1368–1644)
713:(1271–1368)
683:(1115–1234)
670:(1038–1227)
666:Western Xia
638:(1127–1279)
470:Eastern Jin
460:Western Jin
385:(25–220 AD)
381:Eastern Han
361:Western Han
240: 1046
220: 1046
216: 1250
193: 1600
169: 2070
110: 8500
91:Paleolithic
82:Prehistoric
22835:Categories
22725:Lifan Yuan
21331:天崩地裂時代下的皇族
21250:少数民族入主中国史略
20344:中國歷史人物的讀心術
19688:中国历史纪年表（精）
19661:2011：古丝绸之路
19201:一次讀完二十五史故事
19022:香港通史：遠古至清代
18256:"元时期全图（二）"
18237:"元时期全图（一）"
16910:9004117741
16800:24 January
16630:13 January
16012:9004103635
14112:(1): 332.
14082:References
13842:), was of
13588:Sung Ch῾ao
13560:) and the
13279:Zhu Wenjin
13089:Later Tang
12725:), was of
12478:Former Qin
12432:Former Qin
12241:Chin Ch῾ao
12213:) and the
12099:) and the
12002:Chou Ch῾ao
11974:) and the
11900:, and the
11874:), was of
11845:), was of
11777:) and the
11771:"Jingzu" (
11615:, and the
11589:, and the
11583:Later Zhou
11571:Later Tang
11535:, and the
11377:initiated
11241:While the
11161:Sinosphere
11155:Pax Sinica
10707:of Vietnam
10703:of Korea,
10692:of Vietnam
10688:of Korea,
10404:276 years
10127:276 years
10094:Ming Ch῾ao
10042:267 years
9914:Yüan Ch῾ao
9855:119 years
9814:Chin Ch῾ao
9762:189 years
9673:152 years
9588:167 years
9401:209 years
9359:Liao Ch῾ao
8705:Ma Xichong
8473:Ch῾ien Shu
8453:Former Shu
8421:AD 907–979
8298:Later Zhou
8047:Later Tang
7932:AD 907–960
7791:Ai of Tang
7782:274 years
7701:Wen of Sui
7611:Wu of Chen
7486:Liáng Cháo
7275:AD 420–589
6876:149 years
6781:AD 386–581
5760:Former Qin
5685:Ch῾ien Yen
5665:Former Yan
5579:Qián Liáng
5465:Later Zhao
5390:Ch῾eng Han
5243:AD 304–439
5216:Shíliù Guó
5171:103 years
5097:Min of Jin
4944:Eastern Wu
4746:AD 220–280
4674:195 years
4671:AD 25–220
4565:Hsin Ch῾ao
4517:Gao of Han
4513:211 years
4328:514 years
4249:Wu of Zhou
4245:275 years
4162:554 years
4124:Shāng Cháo
4081:Jie of Xia
4072:470 years
4039:Hsia Ch῾ao
3963:Wade–Giles
3733:, and the
3640:Later Zhao
3622:Former Shu
3618:Former Qin
3604:"Former" (
3467:Sinosphere
3432:"—and its
3345:historian
3290:e.g., the
3277:Later Zhou
3271:e.g., the
3257:Former Yan
3255:e.g., the
3240:e.g., the
3228:e.g., the
3092:while the
3080:, and the
2611:Former Yan
2308:Later Zhou
2303:Ouyang Xiu
2292:Kai Hentai
2226:Dayan Khan
2192:, and the
2133:Since the
2114:Later Tang
2055:Former Qin
2053:, and the
2051:Later Zhao
1992:Eastern Wu
1990:, and the
1911:, and the
1703:Later Zhou
1668:Fu Gongshi
1658:Gao Kaidao
1610:), Zheng (
1608:Dou Jiande
1590:), Liang (
1580:), Liang (
1527:Li Zicheng
1449:under the
1345:notion of
1157:The term "
1102:abdication
927:Inventions
657:(916–1125)
628:(960–1127)
616:(960–1279)
283: – c.
281: 770
242: – c.
218: – c.
207:Late Shang
195: – c.
171: – c.
112: – c.
22792:Dynasties
22468:Censorate
22453:Guozijian
22248:history).
21803:中国历史地理学研究
20603:臺灣文學與中國童謠
20243:那些顛覆時代的女人
20000:长沙通史（古代卷）
19590:河西走廊藏文化史要
19049:近代中國海防史新論
18543:一本書讀懂史記故事
18420:政治憲法與未來憲制
17231:6 January
17205:6 January
17144:"南越国与南汉国"
16882:2 January
16877:165215790
16863:(1): 52.
16746:传统文化与治国理政
16675:图说治水与中华文明
16606:9 January
16481:三字经与中国民俗画
14706:The Paper
14236:20 August
14126:1387-6813
14087:Citations
13997:Zhang Xun
13583:Sòng Cháo
13209:) of the
13201:Later Jin
13191:Later Jin
13151:Li Congke
12694:Later Qin
12608:Later Qin
12587:Later Yan
12567:Later Yan
12419:Cheng-Han
12283:) of the
12181:Wang Mang
12127:Han Ch῾ao
11997:Zhōu Cháo
11761:Later Jin
11579:Later Han
11575:Later Jin
11491:Ray Huang
11487:Fu Sinian
11409:Wang Mang
10771:Ming–Qing
10714:Timelines
10697:Sinicized
10398:Imperial
10356:Qīng Cháo
10303:20 years
10244:Later Jin
10216:Hongguang
10212:18 years
10206:Imperial
10136:Chongzhen
10121:Imperial
10087:Míng Cháo
10036:Imperial
9953:97 years
9947:Imperial
9907:Yuán Cháo
9849:Imperial
9756:Imperial
9682:Zhao Bing
9667:Imperial
9582:Imperial
9503:94 years
9395:Imperial
9352:Liáo Cháo
9307:28 years
9301:Imperial
9224:37 years
9183:Nan T῾ang
9131:31 years
9125:Imperial
9080:Later Shu
9048:39 years
9042:Princely
9017:Ching-nan
8974:Liu Chang
8965:54 years
8959:Imperial
8882:36 years
8789:71 years
8696:44 years
8603:30 years
8504:18 years
8498:Imperial
8343:Imperial
8260:Imperial
8215:Later Han
8183:11 years
8177:Imperial
8132:Later Jin
8109:Li Congke
8100:14 years
8094:Imperial
8067:Hou T῾ang
8015:16 years
8009:Imperial
7984:Hou Liang
7977:Hòu Liáng
7865:15 years
7859:Imperial
7776:Imperial
7742:Táng Cháo
7697:38 years
7691:Imperial
7666:Sui Ch῾ao
7607:32 years
7601:Imperial
7569:Chén Cháo
7524:55 years
7518:Imperial
7441:23 years
7435:Imperial
7358:59 years
7352:Imperial
7334:ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄙㄨㄥˋ
7280:169 years
7255:Nan Ch῾ao
7203:24 years
7197:Imperial
7120:27 years
7114:Imperial
7037:22 years
7031:Imperial
6959:16 years
6953:Imperial
6786:195 years
6761:Pei Ch῾ao
6705:29 years
6699:Imperial
6622:24 years
6616:Imperial
6598:ㄏㄨˊ ㄒㄧㄚˋ
6539:21 years
6506:Hsi Liang
6454:12 years
6361:42 years
6342:Lushuihu
6320:Pei Liang
6313:Běi Liáng
6268:13 years
6262:Princely
6237:Nan Liang
6230:Nán Liáng
6185:17 years
6138:Hou Liang
6131:Hòu Liáng
6095:Qifu Mumo
6086:37 years
6080:Princely
6055:Hsi Ch῾in
6003:33 years
5960:Hou Ch῾in
5940:Later Qin
5904:25 years
5843:Later Yan
5811:43 years
5805:Imperial
5787:ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄑㄧㄣˊ
5728:33 years
5633:56 years
5593:ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄌㄧㄤˊ
5534:32 years
5433:43 years
5383:Chéng Hàn
5370:Cheng-Han
5338:25 years
5248:135 years
5165:Imperial
5140:Tung Chin
5092:Wu of Jin
5088:50 years
5082:Imperial
5005:58 years
4912:42 years
4906:Imperial
4829:46 years
4823:Imperial
4798:Ts῾ao Wei
4668:Imperial
4600:Wang Mang
4596:14 years
4590:Imperial
4507:Imperial
4428:14 years
4297:Tung Chou
4290:Dōng Zhōu
4076:Yu of Xia
3983:Ethnicity
3817:Manchuria
3809:Hong Kong
3739:Later Qin
3682:barbarian
3644:Later Han
3638:): e.g.,
3626:"Later" (
3616:): e.g.,
3601:Sequence
3589:): e.g.,
3567:): e.g.,
3545:): e.g.,
3523:): e.g.,
2896:Later Jin
2759:Later Han
2615:Later Yan
2597:Liu Qubei
2362:Later Han
2162:Both the
2121:Later Jin
1945:zhèngtǒng
1845:Manchukuo
1796:Confucius
1734:into the
1648:Li Zitong
1499:Later Jin
1369:, before
1265:huángcháo
603:(907–979)
564:(690–705)
554:(618–907)
541:(581–618)
528:(420–589)
496:(304–439)
474:(317–420)
464:(266–316)
432:(266–420)
375:(9–23 AD)
101:Neolithic
65:Dynasties
22564:Shumishi
22549:Jiedushi
22330:Monarchy
22322:Nobility
21604:一本書讀懂亞洲史
21179:古代民族史（下）
20963:北宋的外戚與政治
20765:中國歷代帝王大觀
20738:中國歴代帝王辭典
19766:The Huns
19715:秦汉魏晋南北朝史
19255:中外歷史大事年表
18860:中华古文明史辞典
18570:中国亡国帝王全传
17737:4 August
17689:4 August
17641:8 August
17221:"辽朝国号考释"
16648:中国文化发展轨迹
16513:东亚文化环流十讲
15800:(1): 5.
14979:(2015).
14712:4 August
14644:(1869).
13993:restored
13849:Borjigin
13813:Borjigin
13788:Borjigin
13720:Borjigin
13695:Borjigin
13623:and the
13593:ㄙㄨㄥˋ ㄔㄠˊ
12407:era name
12365:Jin Zhun
12330:Han-Zhao
12246:ㄐㄧㄣˋ ㄔㄠˊ
12236:Jìn Cháo
12165:Liu Ying
12122:Hàn Cháo
11862:Yun Zhuo
11837:Youqiong
11753:de facto
11666:Mandarin
11525:Liu Song
11332:de facto
11093:Jiedushi
11076:Fengjian
10927:See also
10761:Sui–Tang
10684:: e.g.,
10627:Chen Han
10619:Zhai Wei
10513:fengjian
10413:Xuantong
10307:Tianming
10294:Jurchen
10264:Hou Chin
10186:ㄋㄢˊ ㄇㄧㄥˊ
10179:Nan Ming
10172:Nán Míng
10101:ㄇㄧㄥˊ ㄔㄠˊ
10029:ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ
10019:Borjigin
10005:Pei Yüan
9998:Běi Yuán
9938:ᠪᠣᠷᠵᠢᠭᠢᠨ
9928:Borjigin
9807:Jīn Cháo
9725:Hsi Hsia
9647:ㄋㄢˊ ㄙㄨㄥˋ
9640:Nan Sung
9633:Nán Sòng
9562:ㄅㄟˇ ㄙㄨㄥˋ
9555:Pei Sung
9548:Běi Sòng
9493:Imperial
9453:Hsi Liao
9366:ㄌㄧㄠˊ ㄔㄠˊ
9208:Imperial
9176:Nán Táng
8872:Imperial
8866:Princely
8779:Princely
8686:Princely
8593:Imperial
8581:Princely
8513:Wang Yan
8480:ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄕㄨˇ
8466:Qián Shǔ
8426:72 years
8401:Shih Kuo
8349:9 years
8318:Hou Chou
8311:Hòu Zhōu
8266:4 years
8159:ㄏㄡˋ ㄐㄧㄣˋ
8152:Hou Chin
8060:Hòu Táng
7991:ㄏㄡˋ ㄌㄧㄤˊ
7937:53 years
7673:ㄙㄨㄟˊ ㄔㄠˊ
7659:Suí Cháo
7500:ㄌㄧㄤˊ ㄔㄠˊ
7410:Nan Ch῾i
7327:Liu Sung
7320:Liú Sòng
7307:Liu Song
7248:Nán Cháo
7194:Xianbei
7172:Pei Chou
7165:Běi Zhōu
7129:Gao Heng
7089:Pei Ch῾i
7028:Xianbei
6950:Xianbei
6928:Tung Wei
6921:Dōng Wèi
6866:Imperial
6860:Princely
6857:Xianbei
6754:Běi Cháo
6613:Xiongnu
6499:Xī Liáng
6444:Imperial
6438:Princely
6435:Xianbei
6351:Princely
6327:ㄅㄟˇ ㄌㄧㄤˊ
6259:Xianbei
6244:ㄋㄢˊ ㄌㄧㄤˊ
6175:Imperial
6169:Princely
6145:ㄏㄡˋ ㄌㄧㄤˊ
6077:Xianbei
6012:Yao Hong
5993:Imperial
5967:ㄏㄡˋ ㄑㄧㄣˊ
5894:Imperial
5888:Princely
5885:Xianbei
5820:Fu Chong
5773:Qián Qín
5718:Imperial
5712:Princely
5678:Qián Yān
5617:Imperial
5611:Princely
5527:(AD 351)
5524:Princely
5518:Imperial
5485:Hou Chao
5478:Hòu Zhào
5423:Imperial
5417:Princely
5328:Imperial
5295:Han Chao
5288:Hàn Zhào
5275:Han-Zhao
5147:ㄉㄨㄥ ㄐㄧㄣˋ
5133:Dōng Jìn
5057:Hsi Chin
4995:Imperial
4751:60 years
4643:Tung Han
4636:Dōng Hàn
4593:AD 9–23
4558:Xīn Cháo
4522:Liu Ying
4421:(207 BC)
4412:Imperial
4394:ㄑㄧㄣˊ ㄔㄠˊ
4380:Qín Cháo
4214:Hsi Chou
4046:ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄔㄠˊ
4032:Xià Cháo
3996:Founder
3967:Bopomofo
3940:Dynasty
3898:and the
3853:Xinjiang
3833:Mongolia
3829:Sakhalin
3709:and the
3453:Zhōngguó
3442:ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ
3429:Zhōngguó
3409:Zhōngguó
3365:and the
3353:and the
3170:and the
3139:and the
3137:Han-Zhao
3016:dàyītǒng
2568:Han-Zhao
2486:Liu Song
2342:Liu Song
2047:Han-Zhao
2027:scholar
1742:and the
1650:), Yan (
1630:), Chu (
1620:), Chu (
1600:), Xia (
1554:), Qin (
1521:and the
1471:usurpers
1324:de facto
1253:wángcháo
1161:Tiāncháo
1142:and the
890:Timeline
817:(Taiwan,
797:of China
311:Imperial
60:Timeline
34:a series
32:Part of
22395:Offices
22374:Empress
22352:Emperor
22335:Dynasty
22213:Sources
22002:Vietnam
21872:(4): 20
20317:《百家姓》新解
20189:唐代文化史研究
18752:名人取名的故事
18471:5 March
17172:中国国号的故事
16963:中国文化ABC
16543:中国政治制度史
16182:7 March
15408:中国民族政策史
14258:21 June
13966:遜清皇室小朝廷
13931:Jurchen
13880:or the
13804:乞顏·孛兒只斤
13711:乞顏·孛兒只斤
13653:Weiming
13619:). The
13532:Gurkhan
13496:Kuchlug
13477:Khitans
13435:was of
13365:). The
13324:). The
13312:Jingnan
13266:Yang Wu
13153:was of
13101:). The
13068:Wu Zhou
13035:). The
12996:Puliuru
12990:). The
12945:). The
12906:). The
12867:). The
12713:Duan Ye
12491:Lan Han
12444:). The
12132:ㄏㄢˋ ㄔㄠˊ
12028:Liu Xin
11950:Liu Xin
11930:Liu Xin
11513:Cao Wei
11443:huángdì
11438:Cao Wei
11411:of the
11362:emperor
11182:Tianxia
11069:Fanzhen
10776:ROC–PRC
10751:Qin–Han
10666:of Siam
10605:Tuyuhun
10370:ㄑㄧㄥ ㄔㄠˊ
10271:ㄏㄡˋ ㄐㄧㄣ
10257:Hòu Jīn
10033:Mongol
10012:ㄅㄟˇ ㄩㄢˊ
9921:ㄩㄢˊ ㄔㄠˊ
9845:Jurchen
9821:ㄐㄧㄣ ㄔㄠˊ
9771:Li Xian
9738:Weiming
9732:ㄒㄧ ㄒㄧㄚˋ
9512:Kuchlug
9484:Khitan
9460:ㄒㄧ ㄌㄧㄠˊ
9446:Xī Liáo
9298:Shatuo
9283:ㄅㄟˇ ㄏㄢˋ
9276:Pei Han
9269:Běi Hàn
9190:ㄋㄢˊ ㄊㄤˊ
9107:ㄏㄡˋ ㄕㄨˇ
9100:Hou Shu
9093:Hòu Shǔ
9024:ㄐㄧㄥ ㄋㄢˊ
9010:Jīngnán
8997:Jingnan
8941:ㄋㄢˊ ㄏㄢˋ
8934:Nan Han
8927:Nán Hàn
8748:Wu-yüeh
8662:ㄇㄚˇ ㄔㄨˇ
8655:Ma Ch῾u
8556:Yang Wu
8549:Yáng Wú
8536:Yang Wu
8408:ㄕˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ
8394:Shí Guó
8257:Shatuo
8242:ㄏㄡˋ ㄏㄢˋ
8235:Hou Han
8228:Hòu Hàn
8174:Shatuo
8145:Hòu Jìn
8074:ㄏㄡˋ ㄊㄤˊ
7834:Wu Chou
7827:Wǔ Zhōu
7814:Wu Zhou
7756:ㄊㄤˊ ㄔㄠˊ
7583:ㄔㄣˊ ㄔㄠˊ
7417:ㄋㄢˊ ㄑㄧˊ
7262:ㄋㄢˊ ㄔㄠˊ
7096:ㄅㄟˇ ㄑㄧˊ
7006:Hsi Wei
6935:ㄉㄨㄥ ㄨㄟˋ
6840:ㄅㄟˇ ㄨㄟˋ
6833:Pei Wei
6826:Běi Wèi
6768:ㄅㄟˇ ㄔㄠˊ
6674:Pei Yen
6667:Běi Yān
6591:Hu Hsia
6513:ㄒㄧ ㄌㄧㄤˊ
6413:Nan Yen
6406:Nán Yān
6365:Duan Ye
6194:Lü Long
6062:ㄒㄧ ㄑㄧㄣˊ
5953:Hòu Qín
5863:Hou Yen
5856:Hòu Yān
5708:Xianbei
5692:ㄑㄧㄢˊ ㄧㄢ
5543:Shi Zhi
5492:ㄏㄡˋ ㄓㄠˋ
5397:ㄔㄥˊ ㄏㄢˋ
5347:Liu Yao
5318:Xiongnu
5302:ㄏㄢˋ ㄓㄠˋ
5064:ㄒㄧ ㄐㄧㄣˋ
5014:Sun Hao
4964:Tung Wu
4957:Dōng Wú
4888:ㄕㄨˇ ㄏㄢˋ
4881:Shu Han
4874:Shǔ Hàn
4861:Shu Han
4805:ㄘㄠˊ ㄨㄟˋ
4791:Cáo Wèi
4778:Cao Wei
4733:ㄙㄢ ㄍㄨㄛˊ
4726:San Kuo
4719:Sān Guó
4650:ㄉㄨㄥ ㄏㄢˋ
4572:ㄒㄧㄣ ㄔㄠˊ
4480:Hsi Han
4409:Huaxia
4319:Huaxia
4236:Huaxia
4207:Xī Zhōu
4153:Huaxia
3987:Status
3974:Surname
3949:Rulers
3878:or the
3869:Siberia
3845:Vietnam
3790:Yangtze
3743:Wu Zhou
3696:Yang Wu
3674:Sichuan
3670:Shu Han
3655:Wu Zhou
3471:Vietnam
3359:Toqto'a
3341:by the
3149:Xianbei
3145:Xiongnu
3066:Wu Zhou
3031:Mencius
2933:of the
2482:Shu Han
2369:Beijing
1988:Shu Han
1984:Cao Wei
1851:during
1820:), the
1790:), the
1670:). The
1640:), Wu (
1628:Zhu Can
1564:), Qi (
1465:to the
1459:Cao Wei
1457:to the
1441:by the
1343:pre-Xia
1331:tiānxià
1273:History
1241:cháodài
1150:or the
1104:of the
561:Wu Zhou
151:Ancient
130:Yangtze
22448:Taixue
22347:Titles
22239:
22198:
22171:
22144:
22117:
22090:
22063:
22036:
22009:
21982:
21955:
21928:
21901:
21840:
21810:
21780:
21750:
21707:
21671:
21638:
21611:
21584:
21557:
21530:
21503:
21473:
21446:
21419:
21392:
21365:
21338:
21311:
21284:
21257:
21230:
21203:
21159:
21132:
21105:
21078:
21051:
21024:
20997:
20970:
20943:
20916:
20889:
20853:
20826:
20799:
20772:
20745:
20718:
20691:
20664:
20637:
20610:
20572:
20545:
20518:
20491:
20464:
20437:
20405:
20378:
20371:皇权兴衰通鉴
20351:
20324:
20294:
20267:
20223:
20196:
20169:
20142:
20115:
20088:
20061:
20034:
20007:
19980:
19953:
19919:
19892:
19854:
19827:
19800:
19773:
19722:
19695:
19668:
19644:历代兴衰演义
19624:
19597:
19570:
19543:
19516:
19489:
19457:
19430:
19403:
19373:
19343:
19316:
19289:
19262:
19235:
19208:
19164:
19137:
19110:
19083:
19056:
19029:
19002:
18975:
18948:
18921:
18894:
18867:
18840:
18813:
18786:
18759:
18732:
18690:
18663:
18636:
18604:
18577:
18550:
18523:
18496:
18427:
18400:
18393:憲法何以中國
18373:
18337:
18310:
18283:
18218:
18161:
18131:
18101:
18071:
18041:
18011:
17979:
17941:
17909:
17879:
17849:
17819:
17789:
17762:
17714:
17666:
17618:
17591:
17564:
17537:
17510:
17483:
17456:
17391:
17364:
17337:
17310:
17283:
17256:
17179:
17126:
16970:
16934:
16907:
16875:
16825:
16753:
16709:
16682:
16655:
16580:
16550:
16520:
16488:
16458:
16428:
16398:
16371:
16341:
16314:
16287:
16260:
16233:
16146:
16098:
16036:
16009:
15977:
15939:
15912:
15885:
15858:
15831:
15771:
15718:
15691:
15664:
15634:
15607:
15580:
15553:
15526:
15496:
15469:
15442:
15415:
15388:
15361:
15334:
15307:
15280:
15253:
15226:
15199:
15169:
15121:
15094:
15067:
15037:
15012:
14987:
14959:
14934:
14909:
14882:
14821:
14794:
14767:
14737:
14681:
14654:
14624:
14597:
14570:
14543:
14511:
14461:
14431:
14401:
14369:
14340:
14313:
14283:
14203:
14176:
14149:
14124:
14040:Taiwan
13935:Manchu
13833:Choros
13797:) and
13704:) and
13637:) and
13500:Naiman
12838:, the
12810:Murong
12774:Helian
12749:Luandi
12744:Hu Xia
12565:, the
12541:Murong
12505:Murong
12335:Luandi
12285:Wanyan
12007:ㄓㄡ ㄔㄠˊ
11896:, the
11876:Dongyi
11847:Dongyi
11812:Xiahou
11649:guóhào
11611:, the
11607:, the
11603:, the
11596:中華第三帝國
11585:, the
11581:, the
11577:, the
11573:, the
11569:, the
11565:, the
11561:, the
11557:, the
11553:, the
11549:, the
11542:中華第二帝國
11531:, the
11527:, the
11523:, the
11519:, the
11515:, the
11511:, the
11507:, the
11503:, the
11496:中華第一帝國
11358:titles
10919:
10913:
10907:
10901:Legend
10601:Nanyue
10492:
10482:
10476:
10466:
10460:
10454:
10448:
10442:
10436:Legend
10394:Manchu
10297:Royal
10221:Yongli
10131:Hongwu
9943:Mongol
9828:Wanyan
9752:Tangut
9718:Xī Xià
9391:Khitan
8891:Tiande
8755:ㄨˊ ㄩㄝˋ
8648:Mǎ Chǔ
8635:Ma Chu
8563:ㄧㄤˊ ㄨˊ
8325:ㄏㄡˋ ㄓㄡ
8090:Shatuo
7919:ㄨˇ ㄉㄞˋ
7912:Wu Tai
7905:Wǔ Dài
7403:Nán Qí
7179:ㄅㄟˇ ㄓㄡ
7082:Běi Qí
7013:ㄒㄧ ㄨㄟˋ
6999:Xī Wèi
6681:ㄅㄟˇ ㄧㄢ
6604:Helian
6584:Hú Xià
6571:Hu Xia
6548:Li Xun
6533:Ducal
6426:Murong
6420:ㄋㄢˊ ㄧㄢ
6048:Xī Qín
5876:Murong
5870:ㄏㄡˋ ㄧㄢ
5698:Murong
5442:Li Shi
5050:Xī Jìn
4971:ㄉㄨㄥ ㄨˊ
4487:ㄒㄧ ㄏㄢˋ
4473:Xī Hàn
4322:Royal
4304:ㄉㄨㄥ ㄓㄡ
4239:Royal
4156:Royal
4138:ㄕㄤ ㄔㄠˊ
4066:Royal
4062:Huaxia
3900:Irtysh
3888:Arctic
3867:, and
3859:, the
3835:(both
3819:(both
3813:Taiwan
3807:, and
3801:Hainan
3729:, the
3678:Hu Xia
3668:e.g.,
3659:Ma Chu
3653:e.g.,
3476:guóhào
3462:guóhào
3434:Manchu
3394:Dai Tō
3215:guóhào
3201:guóhào
3180:Mongol
3176:Khitan
3076:, the
3072:, the
3068:, the
3064:, the
3060:, the
3056:, the
3052:, the
3048:, the
3044:, the
3040:, the
2931:height
2681:, the
2656:, and
2617:, and
2572:Hu Xia
2484:, and
2373:Taipei
2224:, and
2186:, the
2049:, the
2029:Zhu Xi
1986:, the
1907:, the
1903:, the
1884:大清帝國之璽
1875:with "
1780:Manchu
1748:Taiwan
1562:Xue Ju
1296:Ma Lin
1118:Huaxia
1057:Manchu
991:Tangut
759:Modern
415:, and
133:, and
124:Yellow
36:on the
22735:Ranks
22488:Yamen
22386:Harem
22340:Cycle
22110:第三中国论
21862:(PDF)
19130:闲读中国史
17249:金宋史論叢
16873:S2CID
16168:(PDF)
13844:Oirat
13769:Kiyad
13676:Kiyad
13611:Tuoba
13093:Zhuye
12965:Tuoba
12936:Tuoba
12897:Tuoba
12858:Tuoba
12661:Tuoba
12306:五胡十六國
11226:Notes
10645:Bohai
10389:ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ
10387:ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ
10290:ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ
10288:ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ
9487:Royal
9233:Li Yu
9214:Royal
8773:Royal
8741:Wúyuè
8728:Wuyue
8680:Royal
8587:Royal
7841:ㄨˇ ㄓㄡ
7185:Yuwen
6847:Tuoba
6345:Ducal
6163:Ducal
5987:Royal
5983:Qiang
5623:Ducal
5599:Zhang
5512:Royal
5322:Royal
4989:Royal
4418:Royal
4221:ㄒㄧ ㄓㄡ
3993:Term
3990:Year
3849:Tibet
3805:Macau
3444:ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ
3098:Hetao
2983:大一統王朝
2088:suǒlǔ
2072:dǎoyí
1897:court
1808:Hebei
1804:Anhui
1666:; by
1656:; by
1646:; by
1636:; by
1626:; by
1616:; by
1606:; by
1596:; by
1586:; by
1576:; by
1560:; by
1552:Li Mi
1550:; by
1080:China
1059:text.
993:text.
184:Shang
22820:Qing
22815:Yuan
22810:Liao
22805:Tang
22708:Qing
22511:King
22493:Tusi
22357:List
22237:ISBN
22196:ISBN
22169:ISBN
22142:ISBN
22115:ISBN
22088:ISBN
22061:ISBN
22034:ISBN
22007:ISBN
21980:ISBN
21953:ISBN
21926:ISBN
21899:ISBN
21878:2019
21838:ISBN
21808:ISBN
21778:ISBN
21748:ISBN
21705:ISBN
21700:元明清史
21669:ISBN
21636:ISBN
21609:ISBN
21582:ISBN
21555:ISBN
21528:ISBN
21501:ISBN
21471:ISBN
21444:ISBN
21417:ISBN
21390:ISBN
21363:ISBN
21336:ISBN
21309:ISBN
21282:ISBN
21255:ISBN
21228:ISBN
21201:ISBN
21157:ISBN
21130:ISBN
21103:ISBN
21076:ISBN
21049:ISBN
21022:ISBN
20995:ISBN
20968:ISBN
20941:ISBN
20914:ISBN
20887:ISBN
20851:ISBN
20824:ISBN
20797:ISBN
20770:ISBN
20743:ISBN
20716:ISBN
20689:ISBN
20662:ISBN
20657:高姓简史
20635:ISBN
20608:ISBN
20570:ISBN
20543:ISBN
20516:ISBN
20489:ISBN
20462:ISBN
20435:ISBN
20403:ISBN
20376:ISBN
20349:ISBN
20322:ISBN
20292:ISBN
20265:ISBN
20221:ISBN
20194:ISBN
20167:ISBN
20140:ISBN
20113:ISBN
20086:ISBN
20059:ISBN
20032:ISBN
20005:ISBN
19978:ISBN
19951:ISBN
19917:ISBN
19890:ISBN
19852:ISBN
19825:ISBN
19798:ISBN
19771:ISBN
19747:2020
19720:ISBN
19693:ISBN
19666:ISBN
19622:ISBN
19595:ISBN
19568:ISBN
19541:ISBN
19514:ISBN
19487:ISBN
19455:ISBN
19428:ISBN
19401:ISBN
19371:ISBN
19341:ISBN
19314:ISBN
19287:ISBN
19260:ISBN
19233:ISBN
19206:ISBN
19184:贵姓何来
19162:ISBN
19157:汉赵国史
19135:ISBN
19108:ISBN
19081:ISBN
19054:ISBN
19027:ISBN
19000:ISBN
18973:ISBN
18946:ISBN
18919:ISBN
18892:ISBN
18865:ISBN
18838:ISBN
18811:ISBN
18784:ISBN
18757:ISBN
18730:ISBN
18688:ISBN
18661:ISBN
18634:ISBN
18602:ISBN
18575:ISBN
18548:ISBN
18521:ISBN
18494:ISBN
18473:2020
18452:2019
18425:ISBN
18398:ISBN
18371:ISBN
18335:ISBN
18308:ISBN
18281:ISBN
18216:ISBN
18159:ISBN
18129:ISBN
18099:ISBN
18069:ISBN
18039:ISBN
18009:ISBN
17977:ISBN
17939:ISBN
17907:ISBN
17877:ISBN
17847:ISBN
17817:ISBN
17787:ISBN
17760:ISBN
17739:2020
17712:ISBN
17691:2020
17664:ISBN
17643:2020
17616:ISBN
17589:ISBN
17562:ISBN
17535:ISBN
17508:ISBN
17481:ISBN
17454:ISBN
17416:2019
17389:ISBN
17362:ISBN
17335:ISBN
17308:ISBN
17281:ISBN
17254:ISBN
17233:2020
17207:2020
17177:ISBN
17156:2019
17124:ISBN
17103:2019
17082:2019
17053:2019
17032:2019
17002:2019
16968:ISBN
16932:ISBN
16905:ISBN
16884:2021
16823:ISBN
16802:2020
16781:2019
16751:ISBN
16707:ISBN
16680:ISBN
16653:ISBN
16632:2020
16608:2020
16578:ISBN
16548:ISBN
16518:ISBN
16486:ISBN
16456:ISBN
16426:ISBN
16396:ISBN
16369:ISBN
16339:ISBN
16312:ISBN
16285:ISBN
16258:ISBN
16231:ISBN
16184:2022
16178:: 53
16144:ISBN
16123:2019
16096:ISBN
16066:2019
16034:ISBN
16007:ISBN
15975:ISBN
15937:ISBN
15910:ISBN
15883:ISBN
15856:ISBN
15829:ISBN
15769:ISBN
15748:2019
15716:ISBN
15689:ISBN
15662:ISBN
15632:ISBN
15605:ISBN
15578:ISBN
15551:ISBN
15524:ISBN
15494:ISBN
15467:ISBN
15440:ISBN
15413:ISBN
15386:ISBN
15359:ISBN
15332:ISBN
15305:ISBN
15278:ISBN
15251:ISBN
15224:ISBN
15197:ISBN
15167:ISBN
15162:国史精讲
15146:2019
15119:ISBN
15092:ISBN
15065:ISBN
15035:ISBN
15010:ISBN
14985:ISBN
14957:ISBN
14932:ISBN
14907:ISBN
14880:ISBN
14819:ISBN
14792:ISBN
14765:ISBN
14735:ISBN
14714:2020
14679:ISBN
14652:ISBN
14622:ISBN
14595:ISBN
14568:ISBN
14541:ISBN
14509:ISBN
14459:ISBN
14429:ISBN
14399:ISBN
14367:ISBN
14338:ISBN
14311:ISBN
14281:ISBN
14260:2022
14238:2020
14201:ISBN
14174:ISBN
14147:ISBN
14122:ISSN
13987:The
13950:The
13929:The
13855:孛兒只斤
13794:孛兒只斤
13781:and
13701:孛兒只斤
13688:and
13639:Zhao
13550:The
13505:Yelü
13431:The
13293:Wang
13228:Chai
13222:The
13159:Wang
13124:The
13062:The
13041:Daye
13010:Yang
12982:Yang
12951:Yuan
12912:Yuan
12873:Yuan
12794:The
12717:Duan
12688:The
12671:Tufa
12602:The
12581:The
12525:The
12299:The
12203:The
12089:The
12069:Zhao
12055:Ying
11964:The
11784:孝安皇帝
11489:and
11467:wáng
11353:wáng
11314:Dadu
11199:Tusi
10578:tusi
10568:建州左衛
10537:jimi
10425:tree
10419:list
10382:愛新覺羅
10324:tree
10318:list
10283:愛新覺羅
10233:tree
10227:list
10203:Han
10148:tree
10142:list
10118:Han
10063:tree
10057:list
10024:孛兒只斤
9974:tree
9968:list
9933:孛兒只斤
9876:tree
9870:list
9783:tree
9777:list
9747:𗼨𗆟
9694:tree
9688:list
9664:Han
9654:Zhao
9609:tree
9603:list
9579:Han
9569:Zhao
9524:tree
9518:list
9467:Yelü
9422:tree
9416:list
9373:Yelü
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9146:list
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9063:list
9039:Han
8986:tree
8980:list
8956:Han
8903:tree
8897:list
8863:Han
8854:Wang
8848:ㄇㄧㄣˇ
8810:tree
8804:list
8770:Han
8761:Qian
8717:tree
8711:list
8677:Han
8624:tree
8618:list
8578:Han
8569:Yang
8525:tree
8519:list
8495:Han
8486:Wang
8442:tree
8436:list
8370:tree
8364:list
8340:Han
8287:tree
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8198:list
8121:tree
8115:list
8036:tree
8030:list
8006:Han
7953:tree
7947:list
7881:tree
7875:list
7856:Han
7803:tree
7797:list
7773:Han
7718:tree
7712:list
7688:Han
7679:Yang
7628:tree
7622:list
7598:Han
7589:Chen
7545:tree
7539:list
7515:Han
7506:Xiao
7462:tree
7456:list
7432:Han
7423:Xiao
7379:tree
7373:list
7349:Han
7296:tree
7290:list
7224:tree
7218:list
7141:tree
7135:list
7111:Han
7058:tree
7052:list
7019:Yuan
6975:tree
6969:list
6941:Yuan
6897:tree
6891:list
6802:tree
6796:list
6730:tree
6724:list
6696:Han
6687:Feng
6643:tree
6637:list
6560:tree
6554:list
6530:Han
6475:tree
6469:list
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6333:Juqu
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6101:list
6068:Qifu
6024:tree
6018:list
5929:tree
5923:list
5832:tree
5826:list
5749:tree
5743:list
5654:tree
5648:list
5608:Han
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5549:list
5454:tree
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5359:tree
5353:list
5264:tree
5258:list
5192:tree
5186:list
5162:Han
5153:Sima
5109:tree
5103:list
5079:Han
5070:Sima
5026:tree
5020:list
4986:Han
4933:tree
4927:list
4903:Han
4850:tree
4844:list
4820:Han
4767:tree
4761:list
4695:tree
4689:list
4665:Han
4612:tree
4606:list
4587:Han
4578:Wang
4534:tree
4528:list
4449:tree
4443:list
4400:Ying
4349:tree
4343:list
4266:tree
4260:list
4183:tree
4177:list
4093:tree
4087:list
4003:List
3954:Name
3839:and
3823:and
3757:cháo
3613:qián
3564:dōng
3391:as "
3363:Liao
3343:Ming
3309:大哉乾元
3178:and
3157:征服王朝
3147:and
3125:滲透王朝
2995:中華帝國
2958:中原王朝
2946:The
2910:The
2898:and
2871:and
2859:The
2847:and
2812:and
2785:and
2761:and
2734:and
2710:and
2595:and
2570:and
2538:and
2517:The
2447:and
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2290:and
2270:The
2259:The
2206:and
2126:The
2119:The
2112:The
2019:The
2012:The
1997:The
1982:The
1951:cháo
1827:The
1806:and
1529:and
1519:Shun
1428:改朝換代
1329:jiā
1229:cháo
1216:cháo
1196:天朝大國
1184:天朝上國
735:Qing
722:Ming
709:Yuan
653:Liao
612:Song
550:Tang
231:Zhou
22800:Han
16865:doi
15802:doi
14114:doi
13839:綽羅斯
13777:).
13684:).
13451:Liu
13437:Han
13411:Liu
13401:Xue
13397:Han
13340:Gao
13330:Zhu
13316:Gao
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13277:As
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13155:Han
13001:普六茹
12800:Gao
12760:Liu
12758:).
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12531:Gao
12495:Lan
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12344:).
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11866:Yun
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10552:燭龍州
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8947:Liu
8841:Min
8834:Mǐn
8821:Min
8331:Guo
8248:Liu
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7102:Gao
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5973:Yao
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5508:Jie
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5308:Liu
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4977:Sun
4894:Liu
4811:Cao
4656:Liu
4503:Han
4493:Liu
3843:),
3827:),
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3635:hòu
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3520:běi
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1746:on
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1114:Han
679:Jin
537:Sui
428:Jin
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13629:Li
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13182:^
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13107:Li
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13051:Li
13046:大野
13027:Li
12942:拓跋
12903:拓跋
12864:拓跋
12827:^
12815:慕容
12787:^
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12755:攣鞮
12705:^
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10080:明朝
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