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rhinoceroses, elasmotheres were herbivorous. Unlike any others, its high-crowned molars were ever-growing. Its legs were longer than those of other rhinos and were adapted for galloping, giving it a horse-like gait. 3 species of currently extant rhinoceros have been attested to have historically existed in China:
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gland. To obtain their musk, the deer is killed and its musk gland removed and dried. The reddish-brown paste turns into a black granular material, which is used in alcohol solution. One kilogram (2.2 lb) of musk grains requires 30 - 50 deer, which together with their high demand for perfumes
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was the size of a woolly mammoth and is thought to have had a large, thick horn on its forehead; which was used for defense, attracting mates, driving away competitors, sweeping snow from the grass in winter, and digging for water, and for extracting plant roots from their growth medium. Like all
1421:
Horses have long been a part of
Chinese culture. In ancient times, there is evidence that they were uses as a food source. As domestication lead to breeding larger specimens, horses were used for drawing chariots, wagons, and later as mounts. Equids were used for both war and peace. Horses were a
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According to the science of biological taxonomy, ungulates divide into different taxonomic or cladistic sub-categories. The 2 relevant to this list article are odd- and even-toed ungulates. Non-terrestrial species may be considered elsewhere. This list includes both domesticated species and the
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Human uses in China for the terrestrial ungulates include food from flesh or milk, fuel from dung, cloth and leather from hair (or, wool) and hide, religious expression, draft animals for carriage, battle technology, subjects of plastic, graphic, written, and spoken art.
22:
China hardiness map, giving some indication of the ecological zone diversity of modern China. Over the past, global climatic change has wrought many changes over the centuries and millennia.
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for the purposes of this list article refers to a collection of geographic and ecological areas, now primarily politically identified with a modern nation state. Written records of the
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Rhinoceroses are large, and have horns located in the center front of their heads. Rhinoceros horns are ground and used medicinally and in
Chinese history the
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is said to be the cradle of
Chinese civilization, although cultures originated at various regional centers along both the Yellow River and the
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is an extinct species, although overlapping populations with humans, in prehistory. Three species are recognised. The best known,
1352:, "finger/toe"). The middle toe on each hind hoof is usually larger than its neighbours. Odd-toed ungulates are relatively large
1618:
1391:. Both horses and other equids and also rhinoceroses are well known as having a major presence in China. Although there is a
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Camel and rider, Tang dynasty. Historically camels were often associated with bringing exotic persons and goods into China.
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711:, bearing distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on their back. The two surviving species of camel are the
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Includes antelopes, gazelles, and other species which are difficult to classify under the other subfamilies:
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Pigs (Suidae) have been long domesticated in China, and form an important cultural role. This includes:
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and medicines makes musk tinctures highly expensive. Notable species of musk deer, in modern China are:
1270:, not to China. However, they were notably brought as exhibits to the royal court, many centuries ago.
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prestige species, and acquiring choice varieties was a major preoccupation of many
Chinese dynasties.
1554:), also known as Vietnamese Sunda rhinoceros, lesser one-horned rhinoceros, and Vietnamese rhinoceros
1577:
211:), "finger/toe"), so the name "even-toed" is a translation of the description. This group includes
1403:
1223:
416:
1564:), also known as Chittagong rhinoceros, and hairy-eared Sumatran rhinoceros, the largest of the
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95:. The basic body type is a four-legged land-borne animal, but some mammals are adapted for
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for textiles, and have served as riding mounts and carriage animals, in war and in peace.
8:
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Ungulates of the World
Ungulate Taxonomy: A new perspective from Groves and Grubb (2011)
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1395:(Tapirus indicus), also called the Asian tapir, its present range is far south of China.
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746:, 2-humped camel native to Central Asia, historically an exotic species for most of China
315:. In China, this has included antelopes, gazelles, and other; cattle; goats; and, sheep:
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rather than in one or more stomach chambers. Odd-toed ungulates include the
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warriors were known for using rhinoceros hide armor. The horns are made of
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121:(c. 1700–1046 BC). Ancient historical texts such as the
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271:(Cetacea). Of the roughly 220 artiodactyl
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199:. The name Artiodactyla comes from (
1596:With a few exceptions, all of them
1226:also known as Himalayan musk deer (
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886:(also known as Mandarin sika deer (
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193:odd-toed ungulates (perissodactyls)
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1361:even-toed ungulates (artiodactyls)
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1562:Dicerorhinus sumatrensis lasiotis
1552:Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus
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912:), large deer found in the south
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175:The even-toed ungulates (order
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124:Records of the Grand Historian
1:
1510:Rhinoceroses in ancient China
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1206:or Chinese forest musk deer (
1145:the only extant genus of the
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750:
145:valleys millennia ago in the
28:Chinese terrestrial ungulates
1558:Northern Sumatran rhinoceros
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826:(Cervus elaphus yarkandenis)
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291:Bovidae in Chinese mythology
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1548:Vietnamese Javan rhinoceros
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1139:Musk deer are in the genus
47:animals distinguished from
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1348:, "uneven", and δάκτυλος,
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1578:List of mammals of China
888:Cervus nippon mandarinus
880:), includes subspecies:
834:(also known as wapiti) (
588:Nemorhaedus sumatraensis
1634:Lists of biota of China
1465:Equus hemionus hemionus
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1224:White-bellied musk deer
1056:Muntiacus gongshanensis
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137:(c. 2100–1700 BC). The
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1498:Artistic depiction of
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1279:Giraffa camelopardalis
790:Central Asian red deer
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1415:Further information:
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1032:Hairy-fronted muntjac
1014:Elaphodus cephalophus
884:North China sika deer
701:Camels are a type of
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566:Hemitragus jemlahicus
457:Further information:
411:Procapra picticaudata
345:Further information:
326:Further information:
289:Further information:
55:by the possession of
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1542:Rhinoceros unicornis
1475:Equus hemionus kulan
1432:Equus ferus caballus
1196:or dusky musk deer (
1178:Moschus chrysogaster
1036:Muntiacus crinifrons
932:Elaphurus davidianus
608:Nemorhaedus caudatus
421:Procapra przewalskii
417:Przewalski's gazelle
379:Pantholops hodgsonii
357:Gazella subgutturosa
127:(c. 100 BC) and the
1228:Moschus leucogaster
1218:Moschus moschiferus
1208:Moschus berezovskii
628:Naemorhedus griseus
598:Nemorhaedus baileyi
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1483:Przewalski's horse
1461:Mongolian wild ass
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1371:, digesting plant
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1309:Odd-toed ungulates
1214:Siberian musk deer
1188:Moschus anhuiensis
1128:Capreolus pygargus
984:Hydropotes inermis
868:Cervus albirostris
703:even-toed ungulate
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682:Pseudois schaeferi
522:Budorcas taxicolor
401:Procapra gutturosa
171:Even-toed ungulate
73:circulatory system
26:This is a list of
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1538:Indian rhinoceros
1407:Image of donkey,
1367:because they are
1315:odd-toed ungulate
1244:Lesser mouse-deer
1124:Siberian roe deer
1076:Muntiacus reevesi
1066:Muntiacus muntjak
928:Père David's deer
857:Manchurian wapiti
836:Cervus canadensis
618:Naemorhedus goral
604:Long-tailed goral
311:and others), and
263:and others), and
155:wildlife of China
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1471:Turkmenian kulan
1356:and, unlike the
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1174:Alpine musk deer
1072:Reeves's muntjac
1052:Gongshan muntjac
852:Tian Shan wapiti
808:important in art
678:Dwarf blue sheep
375:Tibetan antelope
353:Goitered gazelle
115:history of China
61:middle ear bones
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1344:: περισσός,
1337:
1333:compose the
1314:
1312:
1296:domestic pig
1289:
1278:
1262:
1250:), found in
1247:
1238:
1227:
1217:
1207:
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1187:
1177:
1162:caudal gland
1158:gall bladder
1140:
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1092:
1075:
1065:
1055:
1045:
1035:
1022:
1013:
1000:
983:
970:
963:Hydropotinae
953:
940:
931:
918:
909:
900:Cervus eldii
899:
887:
877:
867:
847:Altai wapiti
835:
824:Yarkand deer
817:
803:
793:
780:
754:
729:Central Asia
706:
700:
681:
671:
658:
649:
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627:
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442:
429:
420:
410:
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387:
378:
365:
356:
337:
331:
294:
208:
204:
177:Artiodactyla
174:
159:
151:
139:Yellow River
128:
122:
109:
32:
27:
25:
15:
1442:Equus kiang
1106:Alces alces
1085:Capreolinae
1010:Tufted deer
993:Muntiacinae
906:Sambar deer
717:Middle East
576:Nemorhaedus
328:Antilopinae
321:Antilopinae
233:chevrotains
135:Xia dynasty
133:describe a
97:life at sea
42:endothermic
1377:intestines
1235:Tragulidae
1083:Subfamily
991:Subfamily
980:Water deer
972:Hydropotes
961:Subfamily
896:Eld's deer
771:Subfamily
751:Deer types
737:camel hair
733:camel milk
723:; and the
650:Ovis ammon
554:Hemitragus
496:Subfamily
450:Subfamily
367:Pantholops
319:Subfamily
203:: ἄρτιος (
195:, such as
101:placentals
40:which are
1598:cetaceans
1426:Domestic
1375:in their
1373:cellulose
1331:ungulates
1150:Moschidae
1135:Musk deer
1116:Capreolus
1024:Muntiacus
1002:Elaphodus
920:Elaphurus
874:Sika deer
765:musk deer
761:true deer
713:dromedary
594:Red goral
297:antelopes
249:antelopes
245:pronghorn
217:peccaries
181:ungulates
165:Even-toed
147:Neolithic
103:, have a
93:cetaceans
91:and some
85:elephants
69:neocortex
34:Ungulates
1628:Category
1572:See also
1365:stomachs
1358:ruminant
1350:dáktylos
1346:perissós
1303:Odd-toed
1264:Giraffes
1259:Giraffes
950:Hog deer
800:Red deer
773:Cervinae
757:Cervidae
735:, meat,
725:bactrian
660:Pseudois
510:Budorcas
498:Caprinae
389:Procapra
241:giraffes
209:dáktylos
105:placenta
89:primates
81:rorquals
67:, and a
59:, three
49:reptiles
1520:keratin
1409:Qingdao
1354:grazers
1275:Giraffe
1154:antlers
1142:Moschus
708:Camelus
657:Genus:
635:Genus:
573:Genus:
551:Genus:
529:Genus:
459:Bovinae
452:Bovinae
347:Gazella
339:Gazella
285:Bovidae
279:Bovidae
273:species
87:, some
45:amniote
38:mammals
1451:Onager
1387:, and
1385:tapirs
1323:hooves
1319:mammal
1268:Africa
1252:Yunnan
1147:family
1113:Genus
1091:Genus
1021:Genus
999:Genus
969:Genus
939:Genus
917:Genus
782:Cervus
779:Genus
755:Deer (
689:Camels
668:Bharal
646:Argali
507:Genus
464:Genus
428:Genus
386:Genus
364:Genus
336:Genus
313:cattle
269:whales
265:cattle
229:llamas
225:camels
205:ártios
197:horses
185:hoofed
179:) are
1584:Notes
1438:Kiang
1428:horse
1381:horse
1342:Greek
1335:order
1321:with
1317:is a
1102:Moose
1094:Alces
532:Capra
518:Takin
431:Saiga
397:Zeren
309:goats
305:sheep
261:goats
257:sheep
201:Greek
149:era.
111:China
77:heart
53:birds
1327:toes
1294:The
1286:Pigs
1166:musk
1160:, a
942:Axis
763:and
719:and
638:Ovis
475:Gaur
237:deer
213:pigs
189:toes
57:hair
51:and
36:are
1516:Chu
1313:An
1246:, (
832:Elk
485:Yak
467:Bos
407:Goa
1630::
1383:,
307:,
299:,
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251:,
247:,
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157:.
63:,
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