3531:
3514:
3522:
3546:
20:
129:
The similarity in external appearance of the various alloys, along with the different combinations of elements used when making each alloy, can lead to confusion when categorizing the different compositions. The following table lists the principal alloying element for four of the more common types
102:, and was expensive, sometimes virtually unobtainable. Zinc even commoner at 75 parts per million, but is harder to extract from its ores. Bronze with the ideal percentage of tin was therefore expensive and the proportion of tin was often reduced to save cost. The discovery and exploitation of the
3600:
are alloys of copper and aluminium. The content of aluminium ranges mostly between 5% and 11%. Iron, nickel, manganese and silicon are sometimes added. They have higher strength and corrosion resistance than other bronzes, especially in marine environment, and have low reactivity to sulphur
3560:
A brass is an alloy of copper with zinc. Brasses are usually yellow in colour. The zinc content can vary between few % to about 40%; as long as it is kept under 15%, it does not markedly decrease corrosion resistance of copper.
93:
Copper deposits are abundant in most parts of the world (globally 70 parts per million), and it has therefore always been a relatively cheap metal. By contrast, tin is relatively rare (2 parts per million), and in Europe and the
3549:
Binary Cu Zn phase diagram, the base phase diagram for brasses, generated using NIMS Open database https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/cu-elem/cu_index.htm Cu-Zn - DOI https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.3060 and
Computherm Pandat
3525:
Binary Cu Al phase diagram, the base phase diagram for aluminium bronzes, generated using NIMS Open databases https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/al-elem/alcu/alcu.htm - DOI https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.3060 and
Computherm Pandat
924:
3530:
1383:
4298:
4430:
4408:
4386:
4364:
4342:
4320:
4276:
4254:
4232:
4210:
4086:
113:
There are as many as 400 different copper and copper alloy compositions loosely grouped into the categories: copper, high copper alloy, brasses, bronzes,
1275:
1051:
4063:
99:
4470:
4510:
4183:
4494:
4126:
4141:
130:
used in modern industry, along with the name for each type. Historical types, such as those that characterize the
4561:
4058:
31:, circa 2100 BC, made in the lost-wax cast method, overall: 17.5 x 4.5 x 7.3 cm, probably from modern-day
4452:
600:
3919:
3534:
Binary Cu Sn phase diagram, the base phase diagram for bronzes, generated using NIMS Open databases
107:
4161:
242:
149:
682:
Electrical, valves, pumps, oilfield tools, aerospace landing gears, robotic welding, mold making
3602:
3593:
A bronze is an alloy of copper and other metals, most often tin, but also aluminium and silicon.
36:
4556:
874:
Ounce metal Copper alloy C83600 (also known as "Red brass" or "composition metal") (ASTM B62)
4111:
391:
2296:
The following table outlines the chemical composition of various grades of copper alloys.
8:
86:
is a further term, mostly used for coins with a very high copper content. Today the term
3565:
3535:
1752:
267:
4025:
3809:
4490:
4466:
4053:
3828:
3752:
1757:
103:
3937:
4525:
3613:
3597:
1568:
654:
608:
181:
4130:
3618:
399:
362:
168:
4537:
110:
made tin far cheaper, although forecasts for future supplies are less positive.
4068:
3990:
3734:
3716:
3646:
3629:
1703:
676:
66:. Of the large number of different types, the best known traditional types are
4529:
355:
4550:
4465:
Woldman’s
Engineering Alloys, 9th Edition 1936, American Society for Metals,
4189:
3623:
730:
330:
255:
212:
118:
95:
4541:
4123:
3680:
3576:
3568:
corrosion under certain conditions, when zinc is leached from the alloy (
802:
576:
208:
114:
3900:
3697:
3634:
3608:
1192:
131:
19:
3955:
3545:
3517:
Binary Cu Si phase diagram, the base phase diagram for silicon bronzes
3513:
4520:
3972:
3864:
3521:
970:
63:
40:
4532:
and a commercial software, Computherm Pandat, available for free at
3846:
3805:
3787:
900:
387:
4008:
509:
194:
90:
tends to be substituted for all of these, especially by museums.
62:
as their principal component. They have high resistance against
3882:
3654:
3588:
3538:- DOI https://doi.org/10.48505/nims.3060 and Computherm Pandat
1109:
83:
67:
59:
906:
Varies Cu 80-90%, Zn <5%, Sn ~10%, +other elements@ <1%
4511:
Corrosion tests and standards: application and interpretation
4485:
Oberg, Erik; Jones, Franklin D.; Horton, Holbrook L. (1992).
3770:
3555:
3502:
Chemical composition may vary to yield mechanical properties
75:
55:
28:
24:
4489:(24 ed.). New York: Industrial Press Inc. p. 501.
4099:
Standard
Handbook of Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering
4524:
Copper Binary Phase
Diagrams generation code (batch file -
3650:
79:
44:
32:
4540:. Images of the 34 binary phase diagrams are available at
4533:
3539:
4515:
71:
4528:) using open thermodynamic databases available at NIMS
134:, are vaguer as the mixtures were generally variable.
3536:
https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/cu-elem/cusn/cusn.htm
117:, copper–nickel–zinc (nickel silver),
16:Metal alloy with copper as its principal component
4548:
4526:http://www.gotrawama.eu/copperNIMS/ramefabio.txt
4484:
4163:Industrial Investment Castings - Franklin Bronze
98:region, and even in prehistoric times had to be
4087:British Museum, "Scope Note" for "copper alloy"
227:Mechanical properties of common copper alloys
4538:https://computherm.com/docs/pandat_manual.pdf
4097:Lyons, William C. and Plisga, Gary J. (eds.)
3572:), leaving behind a spongy copper structure.
82:instead. Both of these are imprecise terms.
4453:"Doehler-Jarvis Company Collection, MSS-202"
428:Yellow or High brass (ASTM B36, B134, B135)
4530:https://cpddb.nims.go.jp/cpddb/periodic.htm
423:High fatigue-strength and spring qualities
4156:
4154:
4152:
4064:Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces
491:Cu 58.5, Zn 39.2, Fe 1.0, Sn 1.0, Mn 0.3
23:Example of a copper alloy object: a Neo-
3640:
3544:
3529:
3520:
3512:
163:C1xxxx–C4xxxx,C66400–C69800
138:Classification of copper and its alloys
18:
4542:http://www.gotrawama.eu/copperNIMS/PNG/
4149:
4142:Cast copper alloy C83600 (Ounce Metal)
291:Electrical equipment, roofing, screens
4549:
2300:Chemical composition of copper alloys
797:Easy to machine; ornaments, plumbing
251:Elongation in 2 inches (percent)
1741:Comparison of copper alloy standards
1734:Brinell scale with 3000 kg load
4135:
3626:, e.g. nickel silver and cupronickel
3601:compounds. Aluminium forms a thin
808:Cu 88.35, Ni 10.0, Fe 1.25, Mn 0.4
13:
235:Nominal composition (percentages)
14:
4573:
4504:
779:Cu 76.5, Ni 12.5, Pb 9.0, Sn 2.0
365:(ASTM B14, B19, B36, B134, B135)
877:Cu 85.0, Zn 5.0, Pb 5.0, Sn 5.0
869:Heat-exchange equipment, valves
660:Cu 97.75, Be 2.0, Co or Ni 0.25
611:(ASTM B169 alloy A, B124, B150)
4478:
4459:
4445:
4423:
4401:
4379:
4357:
4335:
4313:
4291:
4269:
4247:
4110:National Bronze & Metals |
74:is a significant addition, and
4516:Copper Development Association
4225:
4203:
4176:
4116:
4104:
4091:
4080:
925:Copper Development Association
270:B1, B2, B3, B152, B124, R133)
124:
1:
4074:
3645:Copper is often alloyed with
903:(known as "red brass" in US)
554:Resistance to salt corrosion
241:Yield strength (0.2% offset,
100:traded considerable distances
4122:Lewis Brass & Company |
4059:Copper alloys in aquaculture
3605:on the surface of the metal.
3564:Brasses can be sensitive to
826:Condensor, salt-water pipes
488:Manganese bronze (ASTM 138)
7:
4047:
663:Annealed, solution-treated
536:Cu 60.0, Zn 39.25, Sn 0.75
10:
4578:
3586:
3582:
3553:
3508:
3501:
1733:
776:Nickel silver (ASTM B149)
736:Cu 65.0, Zn 17.0, Ni 18.0
725:Screws, nuts, gears, keys
449:Good corrosion resistance
405:Cu 89.75, Sn 10.0, P 0.25
146:Principal alloying element
3330:
3089:
2903:
2779:
2686:
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2342:
2178:
2063:
1987:
1928:
1865:
1828:
1772:
1567:
1382:
1274:
1191:
1107:
1050:
969:
950:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
923:Mechanical properties of
825:
807:
801:
753:
735:
729:
707:Cu 62.0, Zn 35.5, Pb 2.5
681:
659:
653:
631:
613:
607:
553:
535:
532:
508:
490:
487:
448:
430:
427:
290:
272:
265:
3920:Rose, red, and pink gold
657:(ASTM B194, B196, B197)
402:(ASTM B103, B139, B159)
390:, hardware, electrical,
4534:https://computherm.com/
4185:Brass and Bronze Alloys
3550:https://computherm.com/
3540:https://computherm.com/
3526:https://computherm.com/
533:Naval brass (ASTM B21)
386:Good for cold-working;
248:Tensile strength (ksi)
37:Cleveland Museum of Art
3551:
3542:
3527:
3518:
2904:High-leaded tin bronze
2064:High-leaded tin bronze
1384:High-leaded tin bronze
121:, and special alloys.
48:
4044:†amount unspecified
3641:Precious metal alloys
3548:
3533:
3524:
3516:
392:drawn cartridge cases
27:"Foundation Nail" of
22:
4487:Machinery's Handbook
3914:Fe†, Sn†, Pb†, Zn†,
927:(CDA) copper alloys
203:C64700–C66100
189:C60600–C64200
157:Copper alloys, brass
4562:Sculpture materials
3800:C (type I diamond)
3711:Fe†, Hg†, Sn†, Znâ€
2301:
1742:
928:
704:Free-cutting brass
238:Form and condition
228:
139:
4129:2021-05-12 at the
3747:17.5 Zn, 11.5 Ni,
3566:selective leaching
3552:
3543:
3528:
3519:
2299:
1740:
944:Elongation (typ.)
922:
805:(ASTM B111, B171)
226:
137:
49:
4471:978-0-87170-691-1
4124:Copper Alloy Data
4054:Copper-clad steel
4042:
4041:
3753:Corinthian bronze
3603:passivation layer
3598:Aluminium bronzes
3506:
3505:
2780:Leaded tin bronze
2294:
2293:
1988:Leaded tin bronze
1738:
1737:
1276:Leaded tin bronze
938:Tensile strength
920:
919:
851:Cu 70.0, Ni 30.0
582:Cu 60.0, Zn 40.0
471:Cold-rolled (HT)
431:Cu 65.0, Zn 35.0
368:Cu 70.0, Zn 30.0
224:
223:
182:Aluminium bronzes
104:Bolivian tin belt
4569:
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4112:Beryllium Copper
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4101:, Elsevier, 2006
4095:
4089:
4084:
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3090:Aluminium bronze
2557:Manganese bronze
2302:
2298:
2179:Aluminium bronze
1866:Manganese bronze
1743:
1739:
1569:Aluminium bronze
929:
921:
831:Cold-drawn tube
655:Beryllium copper
614:Cu 92.0, Al 8.0
609:Aluminium bronze
336:Cu 95.0, Zn 5.0
229:
225:
140:
136:
108:the 19th century
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4131:Wayback Machine
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3570:dezincification
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951:Machinability
948:
941:Yield strength
722:B80 (Rockwell)
699:B81 (Rockwell)
400:Phosphor bronze
363:Cartridge brass
169:Phosphor bronze
127:
17:
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5:
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3991:Tibetan silver
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3587:Main article:
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3331:Silicon bronze
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2565:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:Semi-red brass
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2275:Silicon bronze
2272:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:QQ-C-390 (E10)
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1829:Semi-red brass
1826:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1762:SAE superseded
1760:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1704:Silicon bronze
1700:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1052:Semi-red brass
1048:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
996:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
967:
966:
963:
960:
957:
953:
952:
949:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
918:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
904:
897:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
871:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
845:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
828:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
799:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
773:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
756:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
727:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
701:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
684:
683:
680:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
651:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
634:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
605:
604:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
573:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
556:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
530:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
513:
512:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
485:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
468:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
451:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
425:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
408:Spring temper
406:
403:
396:
395:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
359:
358:
356:bullet jackets
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
327:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
310:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
293:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
263:
262:
259:
252:
249:
246:
239:
236:
233:
222:
221:
218:
215:
213:nickel silvers
205:
204:
201:
198:
191:
190:
187:
186:Aluminium (Al)
184:
178:
177:
174:
171:
165:
164:
161:
158:
154:
153:
147:
144:
126:
123:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4574:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4557:Copper alloys
4555:
4554:
4552:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4498:
4496:0-8311-2492-X
4492:
4488:
4483:
4482:
4472:
4468:
4462:
4454:
4448:
4434:
4433:
4426:
4412:
4411:
4404:
4390:
4389:
4382:
4368:
4367:
4360:
4346:
4345:
4338:
4324:
4323:
4316:
4302:
4301:
4294:
4280:
4279:
4272:
4258:
4257:
4250:
4236:
4235:
4228:
4214:
4213:
4206:
4192:on 2009-08-25
4191:
4187:
4186:
4179:
4165:
4164:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4146:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4100:
4094:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4045:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3895:Pb sulfidesâ€
3894:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3547:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3523:
3515:
3500:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2268:QQ-C-390 (G8)
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2251:QQ-C-390 (G3)
2250:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2235:C-15345 Gr13
2234:
2232:QQ-C-390 (G5)
2231:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2214:QQ-C-390 (G7)
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2194:QQ-C-390 (G6)
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2172:QQ-C-390 (E1)
2171:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2154:QQ-C-390 (E6)
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2116:QQ-C-390 (E9)
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2096:QQ-C-390 (E8)
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:C-15345 Gr12
2081:
2079:QQ-C-390 (E7)
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2026:C-15345 Gr10
2025:
2023:QQ-C-390 (D3)
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2003:QQ-C-390 (D4)
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:QQ-C-390 (D6)
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1944:QQ-C-390 (D5)
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1921:QQ-C-390 (C3)
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1901:QQ-C-390 (C7)
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1881:QQ-C-390 (C4)
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1859:QQ-C-390 (B1)
1858:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1842:QQ-C-390 (B2)
1841:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1822:QQ-C-390 (B4)
1821:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1803:QQ-C-390 (B5)
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
990:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
968:
964:
961:
958:
955:
954:
930:
926:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
905:
902:
899:
898:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
872:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
846:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
829:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
804:
800:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
774:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
757:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
732:
731:Nickel silver
728:
724:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
702:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
685:
678:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
656:
652:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
635:
628:
625:
622:
619:
616:
610:
606:
602:
599:
596:
593:
590:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
574:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
557:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
531:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
514:
511:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
486:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
469:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
452:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
426:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
397:
393:
389:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
360:
357:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
331:Gilding metal
329:
328:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
311:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
294:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
269:
264:
260:
257:
256:Brinell scale
253:
250:
247:
244:
240:
237:
234:
231:
230:
219:
216:
214:
210:
207:
206:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
175:
172:
170:
167:
166:
162:
159:
156:
155:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
135:
133:
122:
120:
119:leaded copper
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
96:Mediterranean
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:Copper alloys
46:
42:
38:
35:, now in the
34:
30:
26:
21:
4486:
4479:Bibliography
4461:
4447:
4436:, retrieved
4431:
4425:
4414:, retrieved
4409:
4403:
4392:, retrieved
4387:
4381:
4370:, retrieved
4365:
4359:
4348:, retrieved
4343:
4337:
4326:, retrieved
4321:
4315:
4304:, retrieved
4299:
4293:
4282:, retrieved
4277:
4271:
4260:, retrieved
4255:
4249:
4238:, retrieved
4233:
4227:
4216:, retrieved
4211:
4205:
4194:, retrieved
4190:the original
4184:
4178:
4167:, retrieved
4162:
4145:substech.com
4144:
4137:
4118:
4106:
4098:
4093:
4082:
4043:
3644:
3592:
3569:
3563:
3559:
2295:
2254:C-22229 Gr8
2197:C-22229 Gr5
2099:C-22229 Gr3
848:Cupronickel
759:Cold-rolled
733:(ASTM B122)
687:Cold-rolled
579:(ASTM B111)
371:Cold-rolled
339:Cold-rolled
313:Cold-rolled
200:Silicon (Si)
128:
112:
92:
88:copper alloy
87:
51:
50:
3681:Auricupride
3577:Nordic Gold
1947:C-2229 Gr1
1924:C-2229 Gr7
1904:C-2229 Gr8
1884:C-2229 Gr9
1806:C-2229 Gr2
803:Cupronickel
710:Cold-drawn
577:Muntz metal
559:Cold-drawn
516:Cold-drawn
454:Cold-drawn
333:(ASTM B36)
296:Cold-drawn
217:Nickel (Ni)
209:Cupronickel
125:Composition
115:cupronickel
4551:Categories
4438:2009-09-08
4432:UNS C87900
4416:2009-09-08
4410:UNS C87800
4394:2009-09-08
4388:UNS C87600
4372:2009-09-08
4366:UNS C87500
4350:2009-09-08
4344:UNS C87400
4328:2009-09-08
4322:UNS C87200
4306:2009-09-08
4300:UNS C95700
4284:2009-09-08
4278:UNS C95600
4262:2009-09-08
4256:UNS C95410
4240:2009-09-08
4234:UNS C86100
4218:2009-09-08
4212:UNS C83400
4196:2009-09-08
4169:2009-09-07
4075:References
4026:White gold
3901:Panchaloha
3810:Green gold
3698:Ashtadhatu
3635:UNS C69100
3609:Bell metal
2687:Tin bronze
1929:Tin bronze
1193:Tin bronze
1108:Manganese
254:Hardness (
132:Bronze Age
58:that have
54:are metal
4038:Ni†, Znâ€
4003:Ni†, Snâ€
3973:Shibuichi
3865:Hepatizon
3829:Grey gold
3653:(Au) and
2343:Red brass
1773:Red brass
1768:Military
971:Red brass
811:Annealed
754:Hardware
739:Annealed
617:Annealed
601:Condensor
585:Annealed
539:Annealed
494:Annealed
434:Annealed
388:radiators
276:Annealed
261:Comments
160:Zinc (Zn)
64:corrosion
41:Cleveland
4127:Archived
4048:See also
3938:Spangold
3806:Electrum
3788:Dymalloy
3048:0.75 max
2682:Mn 0.25
2243:B148-955
2224:B148-954
2205:B148-953
2185:B148-952
2164:B144-943
2145:B144-938
2126:B144-937
2107:B144-935
2070:B144-932
2014:B143-923
2006:B-16541
1994:B143-922
1955:B143-905
1935:B143-903
1912:B147-865
1892:B147-863
1872:B147-862
1852:B145-848
1835:B145-844
1814:B145-838
1794:B145-836
947:Hardness
901:Gunmetal
854:Wrought
677:Rockwell
510:Forgings
273:Cu 99.9
266:Copper (
173:Tin (Sn)
152:numbers
78:, using
70:, where
25:Sumerian
4009:Tumbaga
3956:ShakudĹŤ
3950:5-6 Al
3823:0-4 Cd
3675:Other
3614:Brastil
3583:Bronzes
3509:Brasses
3440:Si 4.5
3079:0.7 max
3018:0.7 max
2987:0.5 max
2954:0.7 max
2891:0.7 max
2767:0.5 max
2764:0.5 max
2734:0.3 max
2338:Other
1765:Federal
1695:150-170
1669:180–200
1643:140–170
1591:110–140
1132:170–195
354:Coins,
220:C7xxxx
197:bronzes
195:Silicon
176:C5xxxx
4493:
4469:
3883:Niello
3847:GuanĂn
3717:Billon
3657:(Ag).
3655:silver
3589:Bronze
3478:C87900
3450:C87800
3421:C87600
3393:C87500
3365:C87400
3338:C87200
3305:C95800
3295:Mn 12
3274:C95700
3246:C95600
3217:C95500
3187:C95410
3159:C95400
3127:C95200
3098:C95200
3065:C94300
3034:C93800
3004:C93700
2972:C93500
2942:C93400
2912:C93200
2879:C92700
2849:C92600
2818:C92300
2788:C92200
2755:C90700
2725:C90500
2695:C90300
2660:C86500
2628:C86300
2596:C86200
2564:C86100
2532:C84800
2502:C84500
2472:C84400
2439:C83800
2409:C83600
2380:C83400
2351:C83300
2305:Family
1746:Family
1110:bronze
932:Family
603:tubes
143:Family
84:Latten
68:bronze
60:copper
56:alloys
47:, USA)
3983:23-60
3977:40-77
3960:90-96
3942:18-19
3927:50-75
3924:20-50
3875:trace
3872:trace
3817:75-80
3771:CuSil
3649:like
3556:Brass
3497:Si 1
3469:Si 4
3412:Si 4
3384:Si 3
3356:Si 4
3326:Mn 1
3265:Si 2
3207:Ni 2
3156:4872B
3154:4870B
3062:4840A
3001:4842A
2846:4846A
2827:1 max
2722:4845D
2657:4860A
2649:Mn 3
2625:4862B
2617:Mn 3
2586:Mn 4
2406:4855B
1560:42–55
1535:50–60
1509:55–70
1483:79-83
1457:55–65
1431:55–65
1406:60–70
1350:65–80
1324:60–75
1298:60–72
1215:60–75
1100:50–60
1074:50–60
1043:50–60
1017:50–65
965:Typ.
880:Cast
782:Cast
675:B60 (
637:Hard
232:Name
76:brass
29:Gudea
4491:ISBN
4467:ISBN
4016:3-97
4013:3-97
3963:4-10
3841:Mnâ€
3820:0-15
3814:6-23
3729:Hgâ€
3663:Name
3651:gold
2671:39.5
1898:430B
1878:430A
1753:ASTM
962:Min.
959:Typ.
956:Min.
771:170
693:110
690:104
649:210
643:105
571:150
528:180
483:180
466:115
420:241
414:122
383:155
351:114
325:100
268:ASTM
80:zinc
45:Ohio
33:Iraq
3980:0-1
3930:0-5
3672:Ag
3669:Au
3666:Cu
3445:878
3431:5.5
3300:958
3212:955
3151:954
3122:953
3093:952
3059:943
3029:938
2998:937
2967:935
2937:934
2907:932
2874:927
2843:926
2813:923
2800:4.5
2797:1.5
2783:922
2750:907
2719:905
2690:903
2666:0.5
2654:865
2622:863
2591:862
2570:0.5
2527:848
2497:845
2467:844
2434:838
2403:836
2360:1.5
2357:1.5
2346:833
2335:Al
2332:Fe
2329:Ni
2326:Zn
2323:Pb
2320:Sn
2317:Cu
2314:UNS
2311:AMS
2308:CDA
2284:878
2281:B30
2278:878
2259:958
2246:955
2240:955
2227:954
2221:954
2211:68B
2208:953
2202:953
2191:68A
2188:952
2182:952
2167:943
2161:943
2148:938
2142:938
2129:937
2123:937
2110:935
2104:935
2087:934
2076:660
2073:932
2067:932
2052:927
2047:927
2036:926
2031:926
2020:621
2017:923
2011:923
2000:622
1997:922
1991:922
1976:907
1971:907
1958:905
1952:905
1941:620
1938:903
1932:903
1915:865
1909:865
1895:863
1889:863
1875:862
1869:862
1849:848
1832:844
1817:838
1811:838
1797:836
1791:836
1776:833
1758:SAE
1749:CDA
1729:40
1726:115
1708:878
1698:50
1677:958
1672:50
1657:100
1651:955
1646:60
1625:954
1620:55
1617:140
1599:953
1594:50
1573:952
1563:80
1543:943
1538:80
1517:938
1512:80
1491:937
1486:80
1465:936
1460:70
1439:935
1434:70
1414:934
1409:70
1388:932
1378:45
1358:927
1353:40
1332:926
1327:42
1306:923
1301:42
1280:922
1270:20
1249:907
1244:30
1223:905
1218:30
1197:903
1187:26
1184:130
1166:865
1158:225
1146:119
1143:110
1140:863
1135:30
1114:862
1103:90
1082:848
1077:90
1056:844
1046:90
1025:838
1020:84
999:836
994:35
975:833
935:CDA
892:60
889:25
886:37
883:17
840:15
837:60
834:57
820:45
817:44
814:22
794:55
791:15
788:35
785:18
765:85
762:70
751:70
748:40
745:58
742:25
719:18
716:70
713:44
672:45
669:70
666:32
640:65
629:80
626:60
623:70
620:25
597:80
594:45
591:54
588:20
568:35
565:65
562:40
551:90
548:40
545:56
542:22
525:20
522:80
519:50
506:95
503:30
500:60
497:30
480:10
477:74
474:60
463:15
460:70
457:55
446:55
443:60
440:48
437:18
377:76
374:63
345:56
342:50
319:46
316:40
308:90
305:15
302:45
299:40
288:42
285:45
282:32
279:10
243:ksi
150:UNS
106:in
72:tin
4553::
4151:^
3945:76
3857:18
3854:56
3851:25
3808:,
3797:80
3792:20
3780:72
3775:28
3739:58
3488:34
3481:65
3460:14
3453:80
3424:90
3403:14
3396:82
3375:14
3368:83
3341:89
3308:81
3277:75
3249:91
3235:11
3220:81
3204:11
3190:85
3176:11
3162:85
3144:10
3130:89
3101:88
3074:25
3068:70
3043:15
3037:78
3013:10
3010:10
3007:80
2975:85
2945:84
2915:83
2885:10
2882:88
2855:10
2852:87
2821:87
2791:88
2761:11
2758:89
2731:10
2728:88
2698:88
2663:58
2638:25
2631:63
2606:26
2599:64
2575:21
2567:67
2544:15
2535:76
2514:12
2505:78
2475:81
2442:83
2412:85
2390:10
2383:90
2354:93
2151:67
2132:64
2113:66
2055:63
1979:65
1961:62
1918:43
1800:40
1723:29
1720:37
1717:30
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