1087:). It was inadequate for that purpose. In particular, if the price of any of the constituents were to fall to zero, the whole index would fall to zero. That is an extreme case; in general the formula will understate the total cost of a basket of goods (or of any subset of that basket) unless their prices all change at the same rate. Also, as the index is unweighted, large price changes in selected constituents can transmit to the index to an extent not representing their importance in the average portfolio.
1374:(1925), is a weighted relative of current period to base period sets of prices. This index uses the arithmetic average of the current and based period quantities for weighting. It is considered a pseudo-superlative formula and is symmetric. The use of the Marshall-Edgeworth index can be problematic in cases such as a comparison of the price level of a large country to a small one. In such instances, the set of quantities of the large country will overwhelm those of the small one.
701:
In such a case, they are not indices but merely an intermediate stage in the calculation of an index. At these lower levels, it is argued that weighting is not necessary since only one type of good is being aggregated. However this implicitly assumes that only one type of the good is available (e.g. only one brand and one package size of frozen peas) and that it has not changed in quality etc between time periods.
700:
Unweighted, or "elementary", price indices only compare prices of a single type of good between two periods. They do not make any use of quantities or expenditure weights. They are called "elementary" because they are often used at the lower levels of aggregation for more comprehensive price indices.
1693:
and other theoretical indices used to provide guidelines for constructing price indices. All superlative indices produce similar results and are generally the favored formulas for calculating price indices. A superlative index is defined technically as "an index that is exact for a flexible
687:
2225:
963:
467:
309:
2069:
1679:
1178:
1351:
1787:
The Törnqvist or Törnqvist-Theil index is the geometric average of the n price relatives of the current to base period prices (for n goods) weighted by the arithmetic average of the value shares for the two periods.
513:
2086:
2079:
The Walsh price index is the weighted sum of the current period prices divided by the weighted sum of the base period prices with the geometric average of both period quantities serving as the weighting mechanism:
1072:
796:
1188:
Is the geometric mean of the Carli and the harmonic price indexes. In 1922 Fisher wrote that this and the Jevons were the two best unweighted indexes based on Fisher's test approach to index number theory.
841:
1259:
2406:
1768:
989:. When used as an elementary aggregate, the Jevons index is considered a constant elasticity of substitution index since it allows for product substitution between time periods.
362:
204:
176:
1794:
497:
342:
130:
103:
76:
49:
178:). These tell the relative change of the price in question. Two of the most commonly used price index formulae were defined by German economists and statisticians
20:. While price index formulae all use price and possibly quantity data, they aggregate these in different ways. A price index aggregates various combinations of
1380:
1101:
1275:
2403:
132:). Price index numbers are usually defined either in terms of (actual or hypothetical) expenditures (expenditure = price * quantity) or as different
824:
682:{\displaystyle P_{GM}=\prod _{i=1}^{n}\left({\frac {p_{i,t}}{p_{i,0}}}\right)^{\frac {p_{i,0}\cdot q_{i,0}}{\sum \left(p_{0}\cdot q_{0}\right)}}}
2220:{\displaystyle P_{W}={\frac {\sum \left(p_{t}\cdot {\sqrt {q_{0}\cdot q_{t}}}\right)}{\sum \left(p_{0}\cdot {\sqrt {q_{0}\cdot q_{t}}}\right)}}}
1710:
of the changes in
Laspeyres' and Paasche's indices between those periods, and these are chained together to make comparisons over many periods:
995:
731:
1689:
Superlative indices treat prices and quantities equally across periods. They are symmetrical and provide close approximations of
958:{\displaystyle P_{D}={\frac {{\frac {1}{n}}\cdot \sum p_{t}}{{\frac {1}{n}}\cdot \sum p_{0}}}={\frac {\sum p_{t}}{\sum p_{0}}}}
815:, has a built-in bias towards recording inflation even when over successive periods there is no increase in prices overall.
1195:
1095:
The harmonic average counterpart to the Carli index. The index was proposed by Jevons in 1865 and by
Coggeshall in 1887.
2460:
1716:
2279:
1269:
The ratio of harmonic means or "Harmonic means" price index is the harmonic average counterpart to the Dutot index.
806:
462:{\displaystyle P_{P}={\frac {\sum \left(p_{t}\cdot q_{t}\right)}{\sum \left(p_{0}\cdot q_{t}\right)}}}
304:{\displaystyle P_{L}={\frac {\sum \left(p_{t}\cdot q_{0}\right)}{\sum \left(p_{0}\cdot q_{0}\right)}}}
2064:{\displaystyle P_{T}=\prod _{i=1}^{n}\left({\frac {p_{i,t}}{p_{i,0}}}\right)^{{\frac {1}{2}}\left}}
1371:
2455:
139:
16:
A number of different formulae, more than a hundred, have been proposed as means of calculating
2450:
1695:
974:
1690:
475:
320:
108:
81:
54:
27:
2426:
195:
179:
8:
1674:{\displaystyle P_{ME}={\frac {\sum \left}{\sum \left}}={\frac {\sum \left}{\sum \left}}}
812:
710:
692:
incorporates quantity information through the share of expenditure in the base period.
2433:
1782:
978:
21:
1173:{\displaystyle P_{HR}={\frac {1}{{\frac {1}{n}}\cdot \sum {\frac {p_{0}}{p_{t}}}}}}
133:
2244:
2410:
1367:
1346:{\displaystyle P_{RH}={\frac {\sum {\frac {n}{p_{0}}}}{\sum {\frac {n}{p_{t}}}}}}
1079:
714:
353:
183:
1707:
1084:
2444:
2266:
827:
proposed using an index calculated by dividing the average price in period
802:
17:
315:
1067:{\displaystyle P_{J}=\left(\prod {\frac {p_{t}}{p_{0}}}\right)^{1/n}}
791:{\displaystyle P_{C}={\frac {1}{n}}\cdot \sum {\frac {p_{t}}{p_{0}}}}
1706:
The change in a Fisher index from one period to the next is the
1698:
to other twice-differentiable functions around the same point."
186:, both around 1875 when investigating price changes in Germany.
1183:
811:
noted that the Carli index, used in part in the
British
2089:
1797:
1719:
1383:
1278:
1198:
1104:
998:
844:
734:
516:
478:
365:
323:
207:
142:
111:
84:
57:
30:
2404:"Tornqvist Index and other Log-change Index Numbers"
1254:{\displaystyle P_{CSWD}={\sqrt {P_{C}\cdot P_{HR}}}}
1090:
2413:, Statistics New Zealand Glossary of Common Terms.
2219:
2063:
1773:This is also called Fisher's "ideal" price index.
1762:
1673:
1345:
1253:
1172:
1066:
957:
790:
681:
491:
461:
336:
303:
170:
124:
97:
70:
43:
2309:
2307:
472:compares the total cost of a new basket of goods
2442:
1763:{\displaystyle P_{F}={\sqrt {P_{L}\cdot P_{P}}}}
2304:
1077:This is the formula that was used for the old
314:compares the total cost of the same basket of
2385:Export and Import manual, Chapter 18, p. 23.
713:, an Italian economist, this formula is the
1083:stock market index (the predecessor of the
2340:Export and Import manual, Chapter 20, p. 8
1366:The Marshall-Edgeworth index, credited to
1264:
2322:Export and Import manual, Chapter 20 p. 8
2267:https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02rzwrl
2245:"Q&A about the Consumer Price Index"
1184:Carruthers, Sellwood, Ward, Dalén index
717:of the price relative between a period
2443:
1684:
2280:"The Life and Times of Nicolas Dutot"
1361:
1356:
695:
2428:Export and Import Price Index Manual
1694:functional form that can provide a
13:
502:
14:
2472:
2376:ILO CPI manual, Chapter 1, p. 2.
1091:Harmonic mean of price relatives
981:of the price relative of period
105:), and later period quantities (
2397:
2388:
2379:
2370:
2361:
2352:
2349:PPI manual, Chapter 15, p. 378.
2343:
2334:
831:by the average price in period
2367:PPI manual, Chapter 15, p. 378
2325:
2316:
2295:
2286:
2272:
2260:
2251:
2237:
1531:
1505:
1:
2420:
1776:
189:
7:
2269:, starting at 17:58 minutes
973:In 1863, English economist
507:The geometric means index:
499:at the old and new prices.
344:at the old and new prices.
171:{\displaystyle p_{t}/p_{0}}
78:), base period quantities (
10:
2477:
1780:
1696:second-order approximation
347:
2461:Mathematics-related lists
1701:
968:
823:In 1738 French economist
2409:24 December 2013 at the
2230:
2074:
818:
704:
51:), later period prices (
1265:Ratio of harmonic means
2221:
2065:
1831:
1764:
1691:cost of living indices
1675:
1347:
1255:
1174:
1068:
975:William Stanley Jevons
959:
801:On 17 August 2012 the
792:
683:
553:
493:
463:
338:
305:
172:
126:
99:
72:
45:
2222:
2066:
1811:
1781:Further information:
1765:
1676:
1348:
1256:
1175:
1069:
960:
793:
709:Developed in 1764 by
684:
533:
494:
492:{\displaystyle q_{t}}
464:
352:Developed in 1874 by
339:
337:{\displaystyle q_{0}}
306:
194:Developed in 1871 by
173:
127:
125:{\displaystyle q_{t}}
100:
98:{\displaystyle q_{0}}
73:
71:{\displaystyle p_{t}}
46:
44:{\displaystyle p_{0}}
2087:
1795:
1717:
1381:
1276:
1196:
1102:
996:
977:proposed taking the
842:
732:
514:
476:
363:
321:
205:
140:
136:of price relatives (
109:
82:
55:
28:
1685:Superlative indices
2394:PPI manual, p. 610
2217:
2061:
1760:
1671:
1362:Marshall-Edgeworth
1357:Bilateral formulae
1343:
1251:
1170:
1064:
955:
813:retail price index
788:
721:and a base period
711:Gian Rinaldo Carli
696:Unweighted indices
679:
489:
459:
334:
301:
168:
122:
95:
68:
41:
22:base period prices
2215:
2207:
2152:
2052:
1970:
1886:
1871:
1758:
1669:
1540:
1503:
1432:
1341:
1338:
1316:
1249:
1168:
1165:
1135:
1043:
979:geometric average
953:
916:
897:
869:
786:
756:
676:
593:
457:
299:
196:Étienne Laspeyres
180:Étienne Laspeyres
134:weighted averages
2468:
2414:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2359:
2358:PPI manual, 620.
2356:
2350:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2332:
2331:PPI manual, 597.
2329:
2323:
2320:
2314:
2313:PPI manual, 600.
2311:
2302:
2301:PPI manual, 596.
2299:
2293:
2292:PPI manual, 602.
2290:
2284:
2283:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2257:PPI manual, 598.
2255:
2249:
2248:
2241:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2193:
2192:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2138:
2137:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2032:
2031:
2013:
2012:
2011:
1993:
1992:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1950:
1949:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1911:
1910:
1894:
1887:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1854:
1853:
1838:
1830:
1825:
1807:
1806:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1744:
1743:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1644:
1643:
1626:
1625:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1583:
1582:
1565:
1564:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1517:
1516:
1504:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1448:
1447:
1433:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1302:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1232:
1231:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1122:
1117:
1116:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1022:
1008:
1007:
985:and base period
964:
962:
961:
956:
954:
952:
951:
950:
937:
936:
935:
922:
917:
915:
914:
913:
898:
890:
887:
886:
885:
870:
862:
859:
854:
853:
797:
795:
794:
789:
787:
785:
784:
775:
774:
765:
757:
749:
744:
743:
688:
686:
685:
680:
678:
677:
675:
674:
670:
669:
668:
656:
655:
637:
636:
635:
617:
616:
600:
598:
594:
592:
591:
576:
575:
560:
552:
547:
529:
528:
498:
496:
495:
490:
488:
487:
468:
466:
465:
460:
458:
456:
455:
451:
450:
449:
437:
436:
418:
417:
413:
412:
411:
399:
398:
380:
375:
374:
343:
341:
340:
335:
333:
332:
310:
308:
307:
302:
300:
298:
297:
293:
292:
291:
279:
278:
260:
259:
255:
254:
253:
241:
240:
222:
217:
216:
177:
175:
174:
169:
167:
166:
157:
152:
151:
131:
129:
128:
123:
121:
120:
104:
102:
101:
96:
94:
93:
77:
75:
74:
69:
67:
66:
50:
48:
47:
42:
40:
39:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2441:
2440:
2423:
2418:
2417:
2411:Wayback Machine
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2146:
2142:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2040:
2036:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2001:
1997:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1958:
1954:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1919:
1915:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1877:
1859:
1855:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1815:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1783:Törnqvist index
1779:
1752:
1748:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1687:
1652:
1648:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1591:
1587:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1508:
1495:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1388:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1364:
1359:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1240:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1080:Financial Times
1054:
1050:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1003:
999:
997:
994:
993:
971:
946:
942:
938:
931:
927:
923:
921:
909:
905:
889:
888:
881:
877:
861:
860:
858:
849:
845:
843:
840:
839:
821:
780:
776:
770:
766:
764:
748:
739:
735:
733:
730:
729:
715:arithmetic mean
707:
698:
664:
660:
651:
647:
646:
642:
638:
625:
621:
606:
602:
601:
599:
581:
577:
565:
561:
559:
555:
554:
548:
537:
521:
517:
515:
512:
511:
505:
503:Geometric means
483:
479:
477:
474:
473:
445:
441:
432:
428:
427:
423:
419:
407:
403:
394:
390:
389:
385:
381:
379:
370:
366:
364:
361:
360:
356:, the formula:
354:Hermann Paasche
350:
328:
324:
322:
319:
318:
287:
283:
274:
270:
269:
265:
261:
249:
245:
236:
232:
231:
227:
223:
221:
212:
208:
206:
203:
202:
198:, the formula:
192:
184:Hermann Paasche
162:
158:
153:
147:
143:
141:
138:
137:
116:
112:
110:
107:
106:
89:
85:
83:
80:
79:
62:
58:
56:
53:
52:
35:
31:
29:
26:
25:
12:
11:
5:
2474:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2456:Monetary lists
2453:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2396:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2271:
2259:
2250:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2212:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1708:geometric mean
1703:
1700:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1666:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1092:
1089:
1085:FTSE 100 Index
1075:
1074:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1002:
970:
967:
966:
965:
949:
945:
941:
934:
930:
926:
920:
912:
908:
904:
901:
896:
893:
884:
880:
876:
873:
868:
865:
857:
852:
848:
820:
817:
799:
798:
783:
779:
773:
769:
763:
760:
755:
752:
747:
742:
738:
706:
703:
697:
694:
690:
689:
673:
667:
663:
659:
654:
650:
645:
641:
634:
631:
628:
624:
620:
615:
612:
609:
605:
597:
590:
587:
584:
580:
574:
571:
568:
564:
558:
551:
546:
543:
540:
536:
532:
527:
524:
520:
504:
501:
486:
482:
470:
469:
454:
448:
444:
440:
435:
431:
426:
422:
416:
410:
406:
402:
397:
393:
388:
384:
378:
373:
369:
349:
346:
331:
327:
312:
311:
296:
290:
286:
282:
277:
273:
268:
264:
258:
252:
248:
244:
239:
235:
230:
226:
220:
215:
211:
191:
188:
165:
161:
156:
150:
146:
119:
115:
92:
88:
65:
61:
38:
34:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2473:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:Price indices
2449:
2448:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2310:
2308:
2298:
2289:
2281:
2275:
2268:
2263:
2254:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2055:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1774:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1500:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1000:
992:
991:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
947:
943:
939:
932:
928:
924:
918:
910:
906:
902:
899:
894:
891:
882:
878:
874:
871:
866:
863:
855:
850:
846:
838:
837:
836:
834:
830:
826:
825:Nicolas Dutot
816:
814:
810:
809:
804:
781:
777:
771:
767:
761:
758:
753:
750:
745:
740:
736:
728:
727:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
702:
693:
671:
665:
661:
657:
652:
648:
643:
639:
632:
629:
626:
622:
618:
613:
610:
607:
603:
595:
588:
585:
582:
578:
572:
569:
566:
562:
556:
549:
544:
541:
538:
534:
530:
525:
522:
518:
510:
509:
508:
500:
484:
480:
452:
446:
442:
438:
433:
429:
424:
420:
414:
408:
404:
400:
395:
391:
386:
382:
376:
371:
367:
359:
358:
357:
355:
345:
329:
325:
317:
294:
288:
284:
280:
275:
271:
266:
262:
256:
250:
246:
242:
237:
233:
228:
224:
218:
213:
209:
201:
200:
199:
197:
187:
185:
181:
163:
159:
154:
148:
144:
135:
117:
113:
90:
86:
63:
59:
36:
32:
23:
19:
18:price indexes
2434:
2427:
2399:
2390:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2318:
2297:
2288:
2274:
2262:
2253:
2239:
2078:
1786:
1772:
1705:
1688:
1365:
1268:
1187:
1094:
1078:
1076:
986:
982:
972:
832:
828:
822:
808:More or Less
807:
800:
722:
718:
708:
699:
691:
506:
471:
351:
313:
193:
15:
1370:(1887) and
803:BBC Radio 4
316:final goods
2445:Categories
2435:PPI Manual
2421:References
2195:⋅
2180:⋅
2162:∑
2140:⋅
2125:⋅
2107:∑
2034:⋅
2016:∑
1995:⋅
1952:⋅
1934:∑
1913:⋅
1813:∏
1777:Törnqvist
1746:⋅
1628:⋅
1610:∑
1567:⋅
1549:∑
1493:⋅
1475:∑
1422:⋅
1404:∑
1372:Edgeworth
1321:∑
1299:∑
1234:⋅
1141:∑
1138:⋅
1019:∏
940:∑
925:∑
903:∑
900:⋅
875:∑
872:⋅
762:∑
759:⋅
658:⋅
640:∑
619:⋅
535:∏
439:⋅
421:∑
401:⋅
383:∑
281:⋅
263:∑
243:⋅
225:∑
190:Laspeyres
2407:Archived
1368:Marshall
805:program
348:Paasche
1702:Fisher
969:Jevons
2231:Notes
2075:Walsh
819:Dutot
705:Carli
182:and
2447::
2306:^
835:.
725:.
2282:.
2247:.
2211:)
2203:t
2199:q
2190:0
2186:q
2175:0
2171:p
2166:(
2156:)
2148:t
2144:q
2135:0
2131:q
2120:t
2116:p
2111:(
2101:=
2096:W
2092:P
2056:]
2048:)
2042:t
2038:q
2029:t
2025:p
2020:(
2009:t
2006:,
2003:i
1999:q
1990:t
1987:,
1984:i
1980:p
1973:+
1966:)
1960:0
1956:q
1947:0
1943:p
1938:(
1927:0
1924:,
1921:i
1917:q
1908:0
1905:,
1902:i
1898:p
1890:[
1884:2
1881:1
1874:)
1867:0
1864:,
1861:i
1857:p
1851:t
1848:,
1845:i
1841:p
1835:(
1828:n
1823:1
1820:=
1817:i
1809:=
1804:T
1800:P
1754:P
1750:P
1741:L
1737:P
1731:=
1726:F
1722:P
1665:]
1660:)
1654:t
1650:q
1646:+
1641:0
1637:q
1632:(
1623:0
1619:p
1614:[
1604:]
1599:)
1593:t
1589:q
1585:+
1580:0
1576:q
1571:(
1562:t
1558:p
1553:[
1543:=
1536:]
1532:)
1527:t
1523:q
1519:+
1514:0
1510:q
1506:(
1501:2
1498:1
1488:0
1484:p
1479:[
1469:]
1464:)
1458:t
1454:q
1450:+
1445:0
1441:q
1436:(
1430:2
1427:1
1417:t
1413:p
1408:[
1398:=
1393:E
1390:M
1386:P
1334:t
1330:p
1326:n
1312:0
1308:p
1304:n
1293:=
1288:H
1285:R
1281:P
1245:R
1242:H
1238:P
1229:C
1225:P
1219:=
1214:D
1211:W
1208:S
1205:C
1201:P
1161:t
1157:p
1151:0
1147:p
1133:n
1130:1
1124:1
1119:=
1114:R
1111:H
1107:P
1060:n
1056:/
1052:1
1047:)
1039:0
1035:p
1029:t
1025:p
1015:(
1010:=
1005:J
1001:P
987:0
983:t
948:0
944:p
933:t
929:p
919:=
911:0
907:p
895:n
892:1
883:t
879:p
867:n
864:1
856:=
851:D
847:P
833:0
829:t
782:0
778:p
772:t
768:p
754:n
751:1
746:=
741:C
737:P
723:0
719:t
672:)
666:0
662:q
653:0
649:p
644:(
633:0
630:,
627:i
623:q
614:0
611:,
608:i
604:p
596:)
589:0
586:,
583:i
579:p
573:t
570:,
567:i
563:p
557:(
550:n
545:1
542:=
539:i
531:=
526:M
523:G
519:P
485:t
481:q
453:)
447:t
443:q
434:0
430:p
425:(
415:)
409:t
405:q
396:t
392:p
387:(
377:=
372:P
368:P
330:0
326:q
295:)
289:0
285:q
276:0
272:p
267:(
257:)
251:0
247:q
238:t
234:p
229:(
219:=
214:L
210:P
164:0
160:p
155:/
149:t
145:p
118:t
114:q
91:0
87:q
64:t
60:p
37:0
33:p
24:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.