Chilean literature

1413:, culture diminished in Chile. The coup forced many writers to emigrate, and after a while Chilean writers began to create publishing houses and magazines in their new homes in exile. Journals published by Chileans in exile included "Araucaria" in Spain, "Literatura chilena en el exilio" (Chilean literature in exile) in California and "América Joven" (Young America) in the Netherlands. The editorials "Ediciones Cordillera" in Canada, "LAR" and "Ediciones Michay" in Spain. Chilean literature underwent a process of internationalization at this time, despite the fact that Chileans still living in Chile had lost their writers, along with most other forms of art. The mix of 1139:(Fairies in France, 1936), "Leyendas de la selva" (Legends of the Jungle, 1936), "Leyendas moriscas" (Moorish Legends, 1936), "Cuentos mitológicos griegos" (Greek myths and tales, 1937), "Cuentos italianos" (Italian stories, 1938), "Cuentos servios" (Serbian stories, 1939), "Cuentos chinos" (Chinese stories, 1940), "Orejones y viracochas: Diego de Almagro" (Big ears and Viracochas, 1943), "Sangre y ceniza: narración novelesca de la conquista de Chile" (Blood and ashes: fictional narrative of the conquest of Chile, illustrated by Coré, 1946), "Cuentos chilenos", (Chilean stories, with illustrations by 1078:, who was known for including social topic in his works, such as social and economic inequality, exploitation, misery in the suburban life, moral degradation in poverty, and corruption in power. Among his most important works were "Los hombres oscuros" (The dark men), "La sangre y la esperanza" (Blood and hope), "La luz viene del mar" (Light comes from the sea), and "Una moneda al río y otros cuentos" (A coin to the river and other tales), published in 1939, 1943, 1951 and 1954. Other key writers of the generation were: 712:, Criollismo was a literary movement that was active from the end of the 19th century to the first half of the twentieth century. An extension of Realism, it portrayed the scenes, customs and manners of the writer's country, with some hints of patriotism. The first centenary of Chilean independence in 1910 fed the patriotic spirit of the nation and its writers, and saw a renewed emphasis of rural life in contrast to the traditional focus on urban life as the only source and background of stories. In prose literature, 825: 1050: 264: 52: 457:" (The Dawn of Chile), Chile's first newspaper or printing operation of any kind, mostly covering politics and political philosophy. It was in print from February 13, 1812, to April 1, 1813, at which point it became El Monitor Araucano. The paper had four printed pages with two columns each, and was published weekly, every Thursday. Other journalists of the period included 370:, and in one of these letters, of 1554, he admiringly describes the natural beauty and landscape of the country. Along with the conquerors came missionaries to teach and convert the native peoples to Christianity, spreading not only their religion but also their language, writing and other arts and artisan skills. Chilean literature in the time of the 1084:, with works like "Cobre" (Copper), a book of stories about the struggles and hard life of the miners, published in 1941; "Surcos" (Grooves), a collection of stories about peasants published in 1948; and "El Purgatorio" (Purgatory), a novel that describes the author's experiences as a conscript during military service, published in 1951. 1278:

produced a harsh critique of 19th-century social liberalism and the changes that had occurred since the 1920s, viewing these changes as a process of decadence. Conservative historians rejected modernity and proposed a substitution of representative democracy for authoritarian regimes to ensure the maintenance of social order and the

1147: 1551:, Chile, and already recognized as an outstanding poet, a teenage boy came to her with his own poems, asking for her opinion. This teenager was Neftalí Reyes, who would later take the pseudonym of Pablo Neruda and become another great Chilean poet. He would also follow in Mistral's footsteps when he won the 622:, Chile, where he stayed with fellow poets Poirier and Eduardo de la Barra. Together they co-authored a sentimental novel titled "Emelina". Although the novel was not an immediate success, Rubén Darío is credited with the re-emergence of Chilean lyric poetry with "Azul" (Blue) in 1888. This was followed by 1073:

The first half of the 1940s saw the emergence of the "Generación neocriollista de 1940" (Neo Criollista Generation of 1940). The neocriollistas — a name that can be translated as "neo traditionalist" - put a great emphasis on local customs and wanted to portray the life of the common people in a

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One achievement of the Imaginist group, along with some of the most prominent criollista writers, was the creation the magazine "Letras". Although the editorial line of the magazine was imaginist, important criollista writers collaborated and it aimed to create an international dialogue about art and

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used poetry to portray his anarchic, combative and controversial view of the world. Key works include "El folletín del Diablo" and "Los gemidos", published in 1920 and 1922 respectively. In 1938, Pablo de Rokha founded and managed the publishing house "Multitud", which distributed books in the United

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Possibly due to the diaspora of exile, Chilean literature during and after the dictatorship was not uniform in style. Young writers found themselves transplanted in a foreign culture, and it would take time for writers returning from exile to get used to the Chilean intellectual environment and form

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also wrote children's literature inspired by Chilean folklore. Allamand produced works like "Alamito el largo" (The little long poplar, 1950) while Brunet wrote "Cuentos para Marisol" (Tales for Marisol, 1938) and "Por qué el petirrojo tiene el pecho rojo" (Why robins have a red chest, 1938). Around

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and by 1932, Braulio Arenas was exchanging ideas with Teófilo Cid and Enrique Gómez. By 1935, these ideas had become more developed, and in 1938, they held a kind of initiation ceremony reading surrealist poems and texts at the University of Chile. They went on to publish a magazine called, like the

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is considered a pioneer of realist style in Chile, starting with "Martín Rivas" in 1862, a portrait of the Chilean society of the time. Blest Gana describes what he saw as positive changes in Chilean society, which, at the time, was moving towards capitalism. He believed it was inevitable that local

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who compiled stories and myths from Chile and from other countries, including "Cuentos rumanos" (Romanian tales, 1929), "Cuentos maravillosos del Japón" (Marvellous tales from Japan, 1935), "Cuentos de España" (Tales from Spain, 1936), "Cuentos Ingleses" (English Tales,1936), "Las hadas en Francia"

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The other three poets' links with the Communist party was a reflection of the political climate at the time and their desire to fight for the social change in Chile. However, personal disputes played a more important role than politics in their relationship. Pablo de Rokha became one of Neruda's

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of literature, along with Shakespeare, Dante, Chaucer, Cervantes, Michel de Montaigne, Molière, Milton, Samuel Johnson, Goethe, Wordsworth, Jane Austen, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Tolstoy, Ibsen, Freud, Proust, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, Franz Kafka, Borges,

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with "Bosquejo histórico de los partidos políticos chilenos" (Historical sketch of the Chilean political parties, 1903), "La Fronda Aristocrática en Chile" (The Aristocratic Fronde in Chile, 1928) and "La Organización Política de Chile" (The Political Organization of Chile, 1943). These writers

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The first children's literature published in Chile date back to the period when the printing press was introduced in Chile around 1812. These texts were mainly educational and religious books, written mostly by Spanish priests in order to educate children. It was in the early 20th century when

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Made up of writers born between 1815 and 1829, this group was also known as the "Romantic-social" generation. Like their predecessors, they portrayed everyday life but added an extra layer of social critique to their work. The group were influenced by foreign intellectuals in Chile such as

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in 1908, a work that broke with metric restraints and the rules of poetry. Prado also published "El llamado del mundo" (The call of the world) and "Los pájaros errantes" (The wandering birds) in 1913 and 1915, and founded artistic group "Los Diez" with architect Julio Bertrand. in 1916.

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During the 20th century, the study of history and historical literature in Chile saw profound changes, moving away from the tradition of the great 19th century liberal historians. This was due to a combination of factors, including the ideological struggles of the time and the gradual

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who wrote work inspired by rural life. Brunet's play "Montaña adentro" (Into the mountain) is notable for its use of rural language and peasant slang to portray life in the country, while Allamand put special emphasis on children's literature and was one of the pioneers of this genre.

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put an abrupt end to this process and repressed the new social historiography, forcing these historians and researchers to flee the country. Many of them went to European universities to undertake postgraduate studies, which in the long term helped perfect their professional skills.

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observed the transformations with sadness and denounced the moral consequences of this process of change. The opposing views of Blest Gana and Orrego Luco are the most important representation of the realism movement in Chile. Other important writers of the generation were

1324:. This new historiography movement put emphasis on the study of the long-running processes that had shaped the institutions, society and economy of Chile since colonial times. By the late 1960s, historians of this school had created links with the Marxist movement. The 867:, broke with the most prominent literary critics of the time. Luis Enrique Délano said in an article about the origin of the Imagism: "We had not decided to innovate at all, but we had a common sense that Chilean literature was full of "Criollismo", cloying and heavy. 1127:

several magazines for children were founded, including "Revista de los Niños" (The Kids' Magazine) in 1905, "Chicos y Grandes" (Kids and Grownups) in 1908, and "El Penaca" - the only one that lasted into the next decades. Around the same time, two children's books by

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In contrast to this tenuous link, the relationship between Huidobro, De Rokha and Neruda was one of the most persistent rivalries in Chilean cultural history. They were peers, part of the same generation, and were all at some point in their lives members of the

847:, which it accused of being nationalist, narrow and lacking imagination. Imaginist writers moved away from the elements used as inspiration by previous generations (everyday life, rural life and the fight against nature). The Imaginist group, made up of writers 1108:

and the native peoples of that extreme region. Francisco Coloane described man's struggles in the southern seas in his works "Cabo de Hornos" and "El último grumete de La Baquedano" (Cape Hornos and The last boy of the Baquedano), both published in 1941.

1445:. In times of dictatorship and repression, Chilean literature contributed to raising international awareness about the situation in Chile. Virtually every major city in the western world was home to Chilean writers, many of whom denounced the regime of 1074:

social and human way. A key factor that influenced their ideology was the turbulent political times that they lived in, with group members committed to Marxism and left-wing political activism. One of the most important writers of this generation was

378:. Most soldiers with the ability to write had to use the sword more often than the pen, so during the conquest and colonisation, the main role of literature was to keep historical records of the campaign. One exception to this, however, was the poem 646:

writers depicted everyday and banal activities and experiences instead of the more traditional romanticized or stylized representations, distinguishing them from their predecessors. This movement was made up of writers born between 1830 and 1844.

1297:. These authors were criticized for the political-ideological character of their work, though their legacy lived on through the later generation of the 1980s, who developed a new way of describing history focused on Chilean popular movements. 1065:. The group began to separate in 1949. In 1957, Braulio Arenas, Enrique Gómez Correa and Jorge Cáceres published the anthology "El AGC de la Mandrágora", which included a surrealist dictionary and a bibliography of the Chilean surrealism. 4160: 1671:

Neruda could put an end to the conflict once de Rokha and Huidobro were dead, instead in his speech at the Nobel Prize ceremony he says referring to Huidobro: "El poeta no es un pequeño Dios" (The poet, is not a little god).

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In 1964, a subsidiary of IBBY (International Board on Books for Young People) was set up in Chile, bringing together a group of writers to promote literature for children and young people. Among the writers taking part were

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During the colonial period until the 19th century, literary works written by Chilean nuns spotlighted: there were spiritual letters, diaries, autobiographies and epistolaries; several writers stood out, including

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published "Junto al brasero" (Beside the brazier), "La mirada inmóvil" (The motionless gaze), "Lejana" (Far), "La fiesta del corazón" (Party of the heart), and the anthology "Agua de cielo" (Water of heaven).

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bitterest enemies, considering him bourgeois and a hypocritical opportunist in political and social life. De Rokha wrote several essays and pamphlets in which he railed against Neruda, for example the poem "

681:. During this period, narrative literature advanced more than poetry or drama, although the construction of new theatres encouraged some development in the latter. Important theatres include the Victoria in 784:

movement which saw a poem as a truly new thing, created by the author for the sake of itself. Huidrobro published the "manifesto" of the movement in his book "El espejo de agua" (The water mirror) in 1916.

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Crónicas patrias - La Literatura Chilena, bosquejo histórico, desde la colonia hasta nuestros días escrito para "La América Literaria" - Pedro Pablo Figueroa page 12 to 15, retrieved September 01, 2013

1656:"Poem 30" from "The Gardener" and Neruda's very similar "Poem 16" from "20 Poems of Love". Huidobro is also known to have referred to Neruda as a "Romantic Poet" who wrote poems for 15-year-old girls. 4015: 500:: the 1837 generation, the 1842 generation and the 1867 generation, the latter of which had many parallels with realism and is considered by some critics to actually be part of the realist movement. 789:, another poet of this generation, took "love" as his main topic and was known for the sadness of his poems. In 1915, he published "Las manos juntas" (Holding hands), his most characteristic work. 1735:

Castro Buarque, Virginia A. (2007). «Mujeres consagradas y sus prácticas de escritura en Brasil». In Alves Pereira, Ronan. Ciencias Sociales y Religión en América Latina: Perspectivas en Debate

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new groups. In poetry, there was the so-called "Nueva poesia chilena" (New Chilean poetry). This "Nueva poesia chilena" included a great number of poets coming back from exile in Europe, with

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The second trend brought real innovation to the study of history, introducing new techniques and research methodologies borrowed from the new European historiography, particularly the French

1202:. Over the years, this organization became an important meeting place for writers and was a great promoter of children's and youth literature. Other important contributors to IBBY included 1320:

among others. They focused on topics that had been neglected before like economics and demographics. The vast majority of these new researchers studied at the Pedagogical Institute of the

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published the works "Crepusculario" and "Veinte poemas de amor y una canción desesperada" in 1923 and 1924, as a prelude to the great success he would have in the next quarter century.

1481:(2011). This trend modernizes the old school of gothic existential issues, the terrifying, the magical, the oneiric and the diabolical of popular culture, and which has its origin in 3753: 3204:

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and made the first attempts to found a characteristically Chilean national literature movement. The poetry of this generation resembled European Romanticism in style and included

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These four poets were linked to each other or met each other at some point in their lives. For example, while Gabriela Mistral was head teacher at the Girls' High School in

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and his "La Hija del Sur" (The Daughter of the South). Critics have seen the period as one of very active and enthusiastic writers, but with limited artistic technique.

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traditions would disappear and be replaced with European customs, and felt that opposition to these changes was old-fashioned and futile. In contrast, fellow writer

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Its main feature was a special emphasis on observing the picturesque and local, approaching it from a satirical and critical point of view. The group included

1242: 1092:, with their works "Norte Grande" (Big North) and "Hijo del salitre" (Son of saltpeter), both describing the lives of saltpeter miners in the north of Chile. 4155: 1663:

in 1938, where he denounced their animosity and vilification. Despite this criticism, Neruda is recognized as one of the twenty six authors that make up the

1246: 1636:, and was extremely politically active for much of his life. Towards the end of his life, however, he left the political sphere and retired to his house in 1191: 466: 658: 434: 3822:

www.abacq.net, published originally in the newspaper El Mercurio, Revista de Libros August 8, 2003. by María Teresa Cárdenas retrieved September 30, 2013

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A new generation of writers has incorporated the fantastic or imaginative literature to which Omar Pérez Santiago belongs and his book of short stories

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One of the main trends was the influential conservative school that monopolised historic debate until the 1960s. Leading writers in the school included

1235: 1227: 786: 1187: 1466: 1341:, Chilean literature became more universal in its themes, focusing on problems common to the whole humanity and using new modes of expression. In the 1195: 674: 1313: 1239: 1219: 1211: 458: 1097: 589: 1709: 1143:, 1956) "Cuentos bretones" (Breton tales, 1973), "El duende del pantano y otros cuentos de Bretaña" (The Swamp Troll and other tales of Britain). 1567: 1199: 1140: 1081: 4047: 1458: 1131:

were published: "Aventuras de Juan Esparraguito" (The Adventures of Juan Little Asparagus ) and "El niño casi legumbre" (The Almost Bean Boy).

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professionalization of historical studies through the creation of institutes and specialized departments in different universities of Chile.

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group, "La Mandrágora" (seven issues were produced on a small scale, from December 1938 to October 1943), as well as anthology of poetry,

2843: 417:, who wrote the "Ensayo sobre la Historia Natural de Chile" (An Essay on the Natural History of Chile), and the epic historical poem "El 3962: 294: 401:

In the 17th and 18th centuries, historical work prevailed, including "Historia del Reino de Chile" (History of the Realm of Chile) by

3646: 3610: 3538: 3502: 3466: 3430: 3394: 3358: 3322: 3286: 3250: 3166: 3094: 2878: 2279: 2145: 1955: 630:'s "La casa junto al mar" (Seaside house) and others. Carlos Pezoa Véliz only became famous after his early death at the age of 28. 3784: 3718: 3682: 3130: 2986: 2914: 2786: 2714: 2678: 2642: 2606: 2570: 2498: 2462: 2426: 2351: 2315: 2217: 2181: 2097: 2061: 2013: 1919: 1871: 1832: 1793: 3574: 3214: 3058: 3022: 2950: 2750: 2534: 2387: 1757: 1570:, an expert on the work of Mistral, she expressed her Pan-Americanist will in her work "Tala", and expressed solidarity with the 1100:, who wrote about life in the extreme south of Chile. Nicasio Tangol revealed the traditions and myths of the southern island of 1648:

and in November 1934, the second edition of "PRO" magazine published without comment two poems discovered by Huidobro's friend

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trend focused its efforts on the reconstruction and recovery of the history of Chilean working class, with writers including

773: 218: 4203: 3756: 1014:, (The AGC of the Mandrake) which included works by all founders except Teófilo Cid. Politically, the group supported the 3831: 1721: 17: 1030:(national library of Chile) in 1941, and an international surrealist exposition in Galleria Dédalo in Santiago in 1948. 4198: 4040: 2257: 1285:

By the mid-20th century, two new historical trends has emerged that competed with the conservative school. The first,

1525: 1990: 398:, the first poet born in Chile, published an imitation of Ercilla, "El Arauco domado" or The Tamed Arauco in 1596. 3885: 848: 386:, is the most significant epic poem in the modern Spanish language and is one of the most important works of the 338:, considered one of the most important Spanish language literature prizes: the novelist, journalist and diplomat 666: 4020: 1563:. De Rokha would later be expelled from the party for some disagreement with the leaders, as they claim today. 287: 1410: 1325: 402: 4033: 3992: 1996: 686: 604: 367: 422: 3950: 3794: 3728: 3692: 3656: 3620: 3584: 3548: 3512: 3476: 3440: 3404: 3368: 3332: 3296: 3260: 3224: 3176: 3140: 3104: 3068: 3032: 2996: 2960: 2924: 2888: 2796: 2760: 2724: 2688: 2652: 2616: 2580: 2544: 2508: 2472: 2436: 2397: 2361: 2325: 2289: 2227: 2191: 2155: 2107: 2071: 2023: 1965: 1929: 1881: 1842: 1803: 1767: 1294: 1027: 1128: 780:

published "Arte del sugerimiento" (The art of suggestion) and "Non serviam", two works that initiated the

733: 4183: 3768: 382:, published in Spain in 1569, 1578, and 1589 and also known as "The Araucaniad". La Araucana, written by 802:

During the 20th century, neo-modernist and avant-garde Chilean poets found fame beyond Chilean borders.

569: 474: 470: 1560: 1018:. Among the main achievements of this group was the publication of "La Mandrágora", which promoted the 545: 1430: 1362: 4188: 4056: 1552: 761: 358:

As the native cultures of the territories known today as Chile had no written tradition, (please see

335: 323: 280: 3201: 2865:(Entrevista a Braulio Arenas: "La Mandrágora opera con la virtud de una leyenda", por Stefan Baciu) 1659:

Neruda reacted his peers' criticism by writing a text called "Aquí estoy" (Here I am), published in

626:' "Entierro de campo" (Country funeral) and "Tarde en el hospital" (Afternoon in the hospital), and 600: 4064: 3867: 1270: 516: 248: 2821: 2132: 2048: 581: 520: 852: 576:'s "Durante la reconquista" (During the reconquest) and "El loco Estero" (Estero the Mad, 1909); 3938: 3926: 1002: 998: 795: 768:" poetry contest, her first recognition as a great talent. In 1919, Gabriela Mistral published " 430: 1135: 568:'s "Hojas de otoño". Narrative literature had a more original style and included works such as 512:", the 1837 generation developed a literary interpretation of local everyday life and manners. 66: 1566:

Mistral expressed no political affiliation in Chile, although according to the Chilean writer

1357:'s "El obsceno pájaro de la noche" (The obscene bird of the night). Key poetic works included 776:

in 1945. "Desolación", "Tala", "Lagar" were some of her most important poetic works. In 1914,

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movement. The first manifestation of this movement was "Flores de cardo" (Thistle flowers) by

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wrote the poem "Canto fúnebre a la muerte de don Diego Portales" (Dirge for the death of Don

243: 1482: 1350: 623: 4122: 4092: 4082: 4072: 3639: 561: 1290: 362:), Chilean literature was born during the Spanish conquest of the 1500s. The conquistador 8: 4138: 4112: 4102: 4077: 3846: 3660: 3624: 3552: 3516: 3480: 3444: 3408: 3372: 3336: 3300: 3264: 3180: 3108: 2892: 2293: 2159: 1969: 1653: 1645: 1555:

in 1971, 26 years after Mistral herself had won the highest honor in literature in 1945.

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www.elnaveghable.cl José Martínez Fernández November 18, 2008, retrieved October 07,2013

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During the first quarter of twentieth century, a new Chilean literary scene emerged: an

450: 405:, "Histórica relación del Reino de Chile" (Historical Account of the Realm of Chile) by 3757:

http://www.escenachilena.uchile.cl/CDA/dr_estudios_articulo/Maria_Magdalena_Robles.html

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They were known for their critique of modern Chilean poetry and Chilean writers like

1043: 814: 371: 363: 105: 2148:[Chilean Historiography in the Nineteenth Century: Ramón Sotomayor Valdés]. 1179: 1170:

composed poetry dedicated to children, primarily in her works "Tala" and "Ternura".

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also published the magazine "Leit-motiv" from 1942 to 1943, with contributions from

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www.mcnbiografias.com by Andrea VieraRené Salinas Meza retrieved September 12, 2013

1641: 1637: 1629: 1533: 1529: 1446: 1418: 1266: 1167: 1158: 1062: 818: 806:

won the first Latin American Nobel Prize of Literature, followed by fellow Chilean

803: 777: 757: 653: 643: 615: 406: 327: 319: 98: 59: 42: 3459: 1401:' "El cepillo de dientes" (Toothbrush) and "La cantante calva" (The bald singer). 1305: 967: 496:

in Chile can be classified in three literary generations, according to the critic

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Made up of writers born between 1800 and 1814 and also known as the "Generación

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Narrative, autotelic (containing its own meaning or purpose), universal topics

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Donoso, Pilar. " Correr el tupido velo ", Alfaguara, 2010. Premio Altazor 2011

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States, Russia and Latin America. Also in this period, between 1914 and 1925,

441:, whose works became the best known of its kind in the South American region. 4177: 3351: 3169:[Chilean Children's Literature (1821-2002): Blanca Santa Cruz Ossa]. 3087: 1434: 1426: 1414: 1370: 1358: 725: 347: 343: 339: 238: 4025: 3861: 769: 682: 619: 603:'s "Descubrimiento y conquista de Chile" (Discovery and conquest of Chile), 3279: 3243: 2138: 1712:

www.thisischile.cl Thursday, December 01, 2011 retrieved September 17, 2013

1691: 1633: 1541: 1338: 1269:, with his "Fisonomía histórica de Chile" (Historic physiognomy of Chile), 1203: 1162: 1114: 1058: 880: 843:

Chilean Imagism was a literary trend that started in 1925 in opposition to

832: 811: 807: 781: 709: 685:, inaugurated in 1844, the República in Santiago, inaugurated in 1848, and 509: 331: 268: 115: 3505:[Chilean Children's Literature (1821-2002): Ana María Güiraldes]. 3469:[Chilean Children's Literature (1821-2002): Jacqueline Balcells]. 588:'s "Bajo la tienda" (Under canvas). Dramatic works of the period included 1454: 1175: 749: 745: 493: 379: 123: 3397:[Chilean Children's Literature (1821-2002): Manuel Peña Muñoz]. 1146: 716:'s "Sub Terra" and "Sub Sole" were among the most important, as well as 353: 1394: 1019: 986: 844: 703: 375: 311: 3893: 3433:[Chilean Children's Literature (1821-2002): Manuel Gallegos]. 3325:[Chilean Children's Literature (1821-2002): Felipe Alliende]. 2831:© 2011-2012 POESÍA CHILENA DEL SIGLO XX retrieved September 12, 2013 941:

Descriptive, heterotelic (with a purpose) and rooted in the national.

824: 821:, also contributed to the internationalization of Chilean literature. 3361:[Chilean Children's Literature (1821-2002): Saúl Schkolnik]. 1710:

Chile's Nicanor Parra wins prestigious Cervantes Prize for literature

1571: 902: 611:' "Historia de Chile durante 40 años" (40 years of Chilean history). 318:

or by Chilean writers. The literature of Chile is usually written in

2871: 1472: 1178:("Papelucho"), who was also the first director of the Chilean IBBY, 3647:"Precursores de la Historia Social Obrera: Hernán Ramírez Necochea" 3289:[Chilean Children's Literature (1821-2002): Lucía Gevert]. 3253:[Chilean Children's Literature (1821-2002): Alicia Morel]. 2599: 2146:"La Historiografía Chilena en el Siglo XIX: Ramón Sotomayor Valdés" 1279: 1049: 978: 765: 3531: 1993: 418: 3886:"La Escuela de la Soledad: Moderna narrativa fantástica en Chile" 3832:

30 años de literatura chilena (una mirada parcial desde el norte)

3167:"Literatura infantil chilena (1821-2002): Blanca Santa Cruz Ossa" 1286: 2421: 2419: 2054: 1389:'s "Purgatorio" (Purgatory). In drama, important works included 607:'s "El ostracism de O'Higgins" (The ostracism of O'Higgins) and 51: 3771: 1583: 1548: 1101: 721: 322:. Chile has a rich literary tradition and has been home to two 3503:"Literatura infantil chilena (1821-2002): Ana María Güiraldes" 3467:"Literatura infantil chilena (1821-2002): Jacqueline Balcells" 1417:

and "family saga", for example, brought international fame to

3977:

René De Costa Universidad de Chile retrieved October 15, 2013

3777: 3611:"Precursores de la historia social obrera: Julio César Jobet" 2907: 2416: 1866: 1864: 1827: 1825: 1660: 1528:

was the group of most important poets of Chilean literature:

1342: 1006: 983: 729: 315: 3963:

TERCETOS DANTESCOS A CASIANO BASUALTO - Pablo de Rokha poems

3849: 3395:"Literatura infantil chilena (1821-2002): Manuel Peña Muñoz" 3953:

laprensa.com.ni December 3, 2012 retrieved October 02, 2013

3834: 3820:

Literatura chilena del exilio. Rastros de una obra dispersa

3541:[Chilean Historiography in the Twentieth Century]. 906: 599:'s "Historia general de Chile" (General history of Chile), 3993:"La nueva narrativa chilena: otro intento de aproximación" 3711: 3431:"Literatura infantil chilena (1821-2002): Manuel Gallegos" 3323:"Literatura infantil chilena (1821-2002): Felipe Alliende" 2491: 1861: 1822: 3675: 3359:"Literatura infantil chilena (1821-2002): Saúl Schkolnik" 3095:"Literatura infantil chilena (1821-2002): Maité Allamand" 1005:(who was still a teenager at the time). The group met in 2527: 2090: 2006: 1369:'s "Venus en el pudridero" (Venus on the garbage heap), 1134:

Another precursor of children's literature in Chile was

3864: 3287:"Literatura infantil chilena (1821-2002): Lucía Gevert" 3251:"Literatura infantil chilena (1821-2002): Alicia Morel" 2743: 2563: 2272: 1909:

www.patrimoniochileno.net Retrieved September 11, 2013

1046:, linking "La Mandrágora" with the French surrealists. 3941:

April 4, 2011 Nobelprize.org retrieved October 8, 2013

3929:

April 4, 2011 Nobelprize.org retrieved October 8, 2013

3051: 2210: 1948: 3567: 2943: 1273:

with his "Historia de Chile" (History of Chile), and

584:' "Recuerdos del pasado" (Memories of the past); and 449:

The excitement of the independence movement inspired

354:

Chilean literature during conquest and colonial times

3207: 1520: 390:(Siglo de Oro), describing the conquest of Chile in 3787:[Chilean Literature in Exile (1973-1985)]. 3015: 1786: 1507:

he curious case of the shadow that died as a memory

933:Imagination: Observation, fantasy and sensitivity. 2979: 2455: 1750: 903:Comparison chart between Criollismo and Imaginismo 595:From 1850, great historical works emerged such as 580:'s "Artículos de costumbres" (Essays on customs); 4002:. Documentos Lingüísticos y Literarios 22: 61–65. 1912: 1473:Fantasy or imaginative literature, after the 2000 720:'s "Zurzulita" and "Cuna de cóndores" (Cradle of 592:'s "El tribunal del honor" (The court of honor). 4175: 2707: 2635: 2380: 2308: 1397:'s "Álamos en la azotea" (Poplars on the roof), 1377:'s "Muertes y maravillas" (Deaths and wonders), 1361:'s "Poemas y antipoemas" (Poems and antipoems), 952:Cognitive and educational: engaging the reader. 2779: 1385:'s "Fénix de madrugada", (Phoenix at dawn) and 1381:'s "Los signos del cielo" (Signs from heaven), 736:' "Árbol Viejo" (Old Tree), and "Chañarcillo". 413:. This period also saw scientific writers like 3883: 2607:"Manuel Eduardo Hübner Richardson (1905-1988)" 2174: 421:indómito" (The Indomitable Purén), written by 409:; and "Cautiverio feliz" (Happy Captivity) by 4055: 4041: 3785:"Literatura chilena en el exilio (1973-1985)" 2344: 1026:in 1939, a surrealist exhibition held in the 374:consisted mainly of chronicles of the war of 288: 4162:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 3123: 2671: 2064:[Lastarria and Chilean Literature]. 2051:© Escritores.cl retrieved September 11, 2013 1337:As a consequence of the vast changes during 1022:movement in Chile; a conference held at the 955:Hedonist and recreational: free the reader. 3986:Historia de la literatura colonial de Chile 739: 4048: 4034: 3915:"Grandes Poetas chilenos del siglo veinte" 3759:www.uchile.cl retrieved September 16, 2013 3539:"La historiografía chilena en el siglo XX" 2839: 2837: 295: 281: 3769:Arte en Chile después del golpe de Estado 1668:Neruda, Fernando Pessoa, Samuel Beckett. 503: 4016:(in Spanish) Memoriachilena.cl Catalogue 3884:Pérez Santiago, Omar (August 17, 2016). 2427:"Ángel Cruchaga Santa María (1893-1964)" 1632:joined the communist party earlier than 1145: 1121: 1048: 930:Reality: Observation and documentation. 823: 334:. It has also seen three winners of the 2834: 828:Chilean Nobel Prize winner Pablo Neruda 728:'s "Días de campo" (Country days). Key 481:), and glimpses of drama appeared with 14: 4176: 3988:, vol. I. Imprenta El Mercurio (1878). 1833:"Mercedes Marín del Solar (1804-1866)" 1758:"Manuel de Salas Corbalán (1754-1841)" 1501:(1965). In this current are the books 1404: 1373:' "Contra la muerte" (Against death), 1353:'s "La amortajada" (The shrouded) and 560:'s "Poesías líricas" (Lyrical poems), 530: 4029: 1872:"Manuel Magallanes Moure (1878-1924)" 1393:' "El tony chico" (The small clown), 1349:' "Hijo de ladrón" (Son of a thief), 1332: 1304:. Historians of this school included 4194:Latin American literature by country 3719:"Luis Alberto Heiremans (1928-1964)" 1644:also accused Neruda of plagiarising 1589: 572:'s "Peregrinación de una vinchuca"; 411:Francisco Núñez de Pineda y Bascuñán 368:Charles V (Carlos Primero de España) 3837:Jorge Etcheverry September 16, 2013 3683:"Rolando Mellafe Rojas (1929-1995)" 2062:"Lastarria y la Literatura Chilena" 1601:tienes la panza hinchada de dinero. 24: 3939:The Nobel Prize in Literature 1945 3927:The Nobel Prize in Literature 1971 2879:"Vanguardias Chilenas: Mandrágora" 2535:"Juan Guzmán Cruchaga (1895-1979)" 2098:"José Joaquín Vallejo (1811-1858)" 2014:"Guillermo Blest Gana (1829-1905)" 871:literature. Contributors included 25: 4215: 4009: 3862:Bruno Montané Krebs (Chile, 1957) 3774:Sonny Pimentel September 11, 2013 2571:"Luis Enrique Délano (1907-1985)" 1617:your belly is bloated with money. 1526:The four greats of Chilean poetry 1521:The four greats of Chilean poetry 1505:(2011) by Pablo Espinoza Bardi, T 1411:coup d'état of September 11, 1973 989:group founded on 12 July 1938 by 3645: 3609: 3537: 3501: 3465: 3429: 3393: 3357: 3321: 3285: 3249: 3165: 3093: 2877: 2278: 2218:"Daniel Barros Grez (1834-1904)" 2144: 1954: 1598:de una poesía sucia, de macacos, 1578:in two texts published in 1928. 1503:Tales of gore, madness and death 1068: 961: 262: 50: 3968: 3956: 3944: 3932: 3920: 3908: 3877: 3855: 3840: 3825: 3813: 3783: 3762: 3747: 3717: 3681: 3195: 3129: 3059:"Francisco Coloane (1910-2002)" 2985: 2913: 2852: 2815: 2785: 2751:"Rosamel del Valle (1901-1965)" 2713: 2677: 2641: 2605: 2569: 2497: 2461: 2425: 2350: 2314: 2254:"Eduardo De la Barra Lastarria" 2246: 2216: 2180: 2126: 2096: 2060: 2042: 2012: 1994:http://historiapolitica.bcn.cl/ 1984: 1918: 1907:La literatura en la Colonia (I) 1870: 1831: 1792: 692: 444: 3575:"Jaime Eyzaguirre (1908-1968)" 3573: 3215:"María Silva Ossa (1918-2009)" 3213: 3057: 3021: 2951:"Nicomedes Guzmán (1914-1964)" 2949: 2915:"Generación Literaria de 1938" 2749: 2533: 2386: 1900: 1794:"Juan Egaña Risco (1768-1836)" 1756: 1729: 1715: 1703: 1517:(2012) by Aldo Astete Cuadra. 1515:Suicidal mind and other deaths 1497:(1963) and Carlos Droguett 's 764:- won the "Juegos Florales de 564:'s "Armonías" (Harmonies) and 488: 13: 1: 2499:"Pablo de Rokha: Los Gemidos" 2282:[Romantisicm: 1867]. 1958:[Romantisicm: 1837]. 1739:. Editorial Biblos. pp. 223. 1697: 838: 772:", the work that won her the 697: 614:In 1886, the Nicaraguan poet 3874:retrieved September 17, 2013 3852:retrieved September 16, 2013 3795:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3772:http://culturacolectiva.com/ 3729:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3693:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3657:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3621:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3585:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3549:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3513:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3477:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3441:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3405:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3369:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3333:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3297:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3261:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3225:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3177:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3141:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3105:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3069:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3033:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 3023:"Nicasio Tangol (1906-1981)" 2997:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2961:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2925:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2889:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2797:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2761:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2725:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2689:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2653:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2617:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2581:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2545:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2509:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2473:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2463:"Pablo de Rokha (1894-1968)" 2437:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2398:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2362:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2326:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2290:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2228:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2192:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2156:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2108:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2072:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2024:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 2003:retrieved September 11, 2013 1966:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 1930:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 1882:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 1843:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 1804:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 1768:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 1028:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile 687:Teatro Municipal de Santiago 7: 4204:Spanish-language literature 3951:La amiga de Darío y Sandino 2987:"Gonzalo Drago (1906-1994)" 2859:Interview of Braulio Arenas 2133:Caldera, Daniel (1852-1896) 1675: 1611:Senile hypocrite and robber 403:Alonso de Góngora Marmolejo 366:wrote letters to the king, 10: 4220: 3870:February 15, 2012, at the 1991:Guillermo Matta Goyenechea 1595:Gallipavo senil y cogotero 1256: 965: 849:Ángel Cruchaga Santa María 760:- who would later win the 701: 633: 558:Guillermo Matta Goyenechea 546:Domingo Faustino Sarmiento 473:. In the following years, 423:Fernando Álvarez de Toledo 4199:South American literature 4136: 4063: 4057:South American literature 4021:www.patrimoniochileno.net 3850:http://www.escritores.cl/ 3202:Elena Poirier (1921-1998) 2827:December 3, 2013, at the 2715:"Luis Durand (1895-1954)" 2388:"Pedro Prado (1886-1952)" 1553:Nobel Prize in Literature 1345:form, key works included 1129:Agustín Edwards Mac-Clure 774:Nobel Prize in Literature 762:Nobel Prize in Literature 734:Antonio Acevedo Hernández 336:Miguel de Cervantes Prize 310:refers to all written or 3835:http://www.escritores.cl 2787:"Juan Marín (1900-1963)" 1379:Fernando González Urízar 1326:1973 Chilean coup d'état 1271:Francisco Antonio Encina 740:Chilean poetry 1900–1925 605:Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna 570:José Victorino Lastarria 517:Mercedes Marin del Solar 475:Mercedes Marín del Solar 471:Antonio José de Irisarri 3965:www.poemas-del-alma.com 3131:"El Peneca (1908-1960)" 1922:[Romantisicm]. 1640:on the coast of Chile. 1614:of dirty monkey poetry, 1561:Chilean Communist Party 1469:among the most famous. 1431:Humberto Díaz Casanueva 1363:Humberto Díaz Casanueva 1295:Hernán Ramírez Necochea 1012:El AGC de la Mandrágora 689:, inaugurated in 1857. 628:Manuel Magallanes Moure 3984:Medina, José Toribio. 2352:"Los Diez (1916-1917)" 2318:[Criollismo]. 1391:Luis Alberto Heiremans 1216:María Eugenia Coeymans 1151: 1150:Gabriela Mistral, 1945 1136:Blanca Santa Cruz Ossa 1054: 829: 756:On December 22, 1914, 639:The generation of 1867 609:Ramón Sotomayor Valdés 601:Miguel Luis Amunátegui 504:The generation of 1837 342:(1998), and the poets 3998:July 7, 2011, at the 3991:Emerson Tropa. 1999. 3975:El Neruda de Huidobro 1999:July 3, 2017, at the 1495:Juana and cybernetics 1149: 1122:Children's literature 1052: 865:Manuel Eduardo Hübner 827: 582:Vicente Pérez Rosales 521:Vicente Pérez Rosales 439:Josefa de los Dolores 392:hendecasyllable verse 3865:http://www.epdlp.com 3801:on December 10, 2013 3754:Jorge Díaz Gutiérrez 3591:on December 10, 2013 2679:"Letras (1928-1930)" 2280:"Romanticismo: 1867" 2260:on December 17, 2013 1956:"Romanticismo: 1837" 1399:Jorge Díaz Gutiérrez 999:Enrique Gómez Correa 810:. The father of the 796:Juan Guzmán Cruchaga 578:José Joaquín Vallejo 562:Guillermo Blest Gana 538:José Joaquín de Mora 525:José Joaquín Vallejo 431:Tadea de San Joaquín 219:World Heritage Sites 3735:on December 8, 2013 3699:on November 3, 2013 2184:[Realism]. 2049:José Antonio Soffia 1646:Rabindranath Tagore 1405:After the 1973 coup 1322:University of Chile 1251:Ana María Güiraldes 1247:Jacqueline Balcells 1024:University of Chile 861:Luis Enrique Délano 671:José Antonio Soffia 667:Zorobabel Rodríguez 663:Eduardo de la Barra 566:José Antonio Soffia 554:Salvador Sanfuentes 550:Vicente Fidel López 531:The 1842 generation 463:José Miguel Infante 415:Juan Ignacio Molina 360:Mapudungun alphabet 326:winners, the poets 160:and performing arts 18:Literature of Chile 4184:Chilean literature 3896:on August 17, 2016 3663:on August 19, 2014 3627:on October 7, 2014 3555:on October 7, 2014 3483:on October 7, 2014 3447:on October 7, 2014 3411:on October 7, 2014 3375:on October 7, 2014 3339:on October 7, 2014 3303:on October 7, 2014 3267:on October 7, 2014 3231:on October 7, 2014 3183:on October 7, 2014 3147:on October 7, 2014 3111:on October 7, 2014 3075:on October 7, 2014 3039:on October 7, 2014 3003:on October 7, 2014 2967:on October 7, 2014 2931:on October 7, 2014 2895:on October 7, 2014 2803:on October 7, 2014 2767:on October 7, 2014 2731:on October 7, 2014 2695:on October 7, 2014 2659:on October 7, 2014 2623:on October 7, 2014 2587:on October 7, 2014 2551:on October 7, 2014 2515:on October 7, 2014 2479:on October 7, 2014 2443:on October 7, 2014 2404:on October 7, 2014 2368:on October 7, 2014 2332:on October 6, 2014 2296:on October 6, 2014 2234:on October 6, 2014 2198:on October 6, 2014 2162:on October 6, 2014 2114:on October 6, 2014 2078:on October 6, 2014 2030:on October 6, 2014 1972:on October 6, 2014 1936:on October 6, 2014 1888:on October 6, 2014 1849:on October 6, 2014 1810:on October 6, 2014 1774:on October 6, 2014 1650:Volodia Teitelboim 1483:María Luisa Bombal 1351:María Luisa Bombal 1333:After World War II 1152: 1090:Volodia Teitelboim 1055: 830: 659:Daniel Barros Grez 649:Alberto Blest Gana 624:Carlos Pezoa Véliz 597:Diego Barros Arana 574:Alberto Blest Gana 455:La Aurora de Chile 388:Spanish Golden Age 308:Chilean literature 4171: 4170: 4143:other territories 1745:978-95-0786-614-2 1626: 1625: 1318:Sergio Villalobos 1291:Julio César Jobet 1243:María Luisa Silva 1232:Manuel Peña Muñoz 1106:Chilean Patagonia 1094:Francisco Coloane 959: 958: 889:Rosamel del Valle 483:Manuel Magallanes 364:Pedro de Valdivia 305: 304: 16:(Redirected from 4211: 4189:Culture of Chile 4163: 4151:Falkland Islands 4065:Sovereign states 4050: 4043: 4036: 4027: 4026: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3892:. 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Archived from 1754: 1748: 1738: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1590: 1534:Vicente Huidobro 1530:Gabriela Mistral 1479:Nefilim en Alhué 1447:Augusto Pinochet 1423:Fernando Alegría 1419:Antonio Skarmeta 1267:Jaime Eyzaguirre 1192:María Silva Ossa 1188:Gabriela Lezaeta 1168:Gabriela Mistral 1159:Carmen de Alonso 1076:Nicomedes Guzmán 1063:Vicente Huidobro 1053:Vicente huidobro 907: 873:Augusto d'Halmar 857:Hernán del Solar 819:Vicente Huidobro 804:Gabriela Mistral 778:Vicente Huidobro 758:Gabriela Mistral 654:Luis Orrego Luco 467:Juan Egaña Risco 451:Camilo Henríquez 407:Alonso de Ovalle 372:Spanish conquest 328:Gabriela Mistral 297: 290: 283: 269:Chile portal 267: 266: 265: 54: 45: 43:Culture of Chile 29: 28: 21: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4174: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4161: 4144: 4142: 4132: 4059: 4054: 4012: 4000:Wayback Machine 3981: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3882: 3878: 3872:Wayback Machine 3860: 3856: 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