224:
82:
70:
856:
245:
Sąjūdis from the "extremist" label. However, after a violent suppression of the 28 September 1988 rally, both organizations grew closer together. When Sąjūdis opted for open membership, dissidents were free to join its ranks and in fact became its left wing. The League played an important role by marking all more sensitive dates from the
240:
reform movement, which had more moderate agenda and was established with permission from the Soviet authorities. The relationship between the two organizations was complex. While both organizations shared similar goals, LLL was more willing to confront and Sąjūdis preferred to compromise. Lithuanians
280:
In June 1994, Political
Parties' and Political Organisations' Act was passed which allowed only political parties and coalitions to take part in the elections. Public organisations had to become political parties if they wanted to participate in the elections. LLL followed suit and registered as a
163:
armed with batons and bulletproof vests. The peaceful protesters and passersby by were attacked and brutally beaten with batons. Around 25 people were arrested. When the militsiya suddenly left the scene, the peaceful protest continued for another hour and a half. The event got the ironic name as
244:
At first, Sąjūdis distanced itself from the dissident organization hoping not to tarnish its good reputation and respectable image. In the public opinion, dissidents were discredited, brought fear of arrest or other persecution, and were seen as people without a future. The presence of LLL saved
183:. The group, under leadership of Algimantas Andreika, protested the treatment of political prisoners. Outraged by such an unprovoked attack, LLL organized a follow-up rally the same day. Activists of Sąjūdis, including its leader
235:
Due to LLL's uncompromising agenda of full independence, the organization did not enjoy widespread support among the skeptic
Lithuanian society. More prominent scientists, artists, and other activists joined the
199:. It was the first time that Sąjūdis actively supported and advocated on behalf of LLL. The arrested people were released the same day. In the following weeks, the activists called for the resignation of
1407:
127:, the official Soviet news agency, labeled the event as a "hate rally" and participants as "aggressive extremists." Other major rallies took place on 16 February 1988, the anniversary of the
294:
282:
144:
48:. Pro-independence LLL published anti-Soviet literature and organized protest rallies. While it enjoyed limited popularity in 1987–1989, it grew increasingly irrelevant after the
269:. LLL for the first time took part in nationwide election only in 1992, when the movement obtained over 20,000 votes (or 1.19% of all votes). Prior these elections, the
1343:
841:
1427:
1150:
49:
819:
45:
211:
on 19 October 1988. Main organizer and initiator of the forcible dispersion of the peaceful rally, Second
Secretary of the Communist Party of Lithuania
401:
111:
agents took pictures and video of the protesters, the speakers were not interrupted. Demands raised at the event included publication of the Pact,
215:
was removed as well in
October 1988. It was the first time that a Kremlin man was removed by the local votes of the Communist Party of Lithuania.
1412:
1333:
103:
and other liberal Soviet reforms and is often cited as one of the first signs of the
Lithuanian independence movement. The rally took place near
1338:
1308:
187:, not only participated in the rally but also openly questioned the Soviet authorities how such an incident fit into the official program of
1258:
1376:
253:
of the events. It also helped to radicalize the independence movement, hastening political reforms and the declaration of independence.
1417:
1230:
834:
1432:
1402:
886:
691:
1422:
1011:
52:. It registered as a political party in November 1995 and participated in parliamentary elections without gaining any seats in the
266:
1160:
1044:
916:
850:
286:
262:
1303:
1109:
827:
761:
661:
561:
377:
1064:
928:
898:
290:
124:
37:
849:
1220:
1139:
1039:
880:
1253:
1145:
1054:
116:
1155:
892:
810:
787:
1099:
128:
1170:
1129:
753:
719:
1353:
1104:
1074:
705:
281:
political party in
November 1995. Prior this decision, LLL joined various coalitions in 1994 and 1995 for the
1273:
1195:
1094:
971:
104:
74:
1298:
1293:
1210:
1059:
1006:
961:
204:
1397:
1288:
1215:
1175:
1165:
1114:
1079:
1049:
981:
745:
737:
301:
90:
1283:
1190:
1089:
1134:
904:
677:
148:
107:
and attracted some 500 to 1,000 participants. While the militsiya monitored the event and reportedly
155:
clearly distanced themselves from the event. The protesters were met by Soviet militsiya and Soviet
1313:
1124:
1084:
1001:
922:
910:
329:
270:
1323:
1318:
1268:
1263:
1034:
991:
112:
249:
with protest rallies or declarations thus stirring up suppressed collective memory and revising
956:
367:
274:
175:
In the early morning of 29 September, militiamen beat and arrested a group of dissidents on a
1366:
1185:
779:
651:
41:
246:
223:
184:
132:
692:""Jaunosios Lietuvos", naujųjų tautininkų ir politinių kalinių sąjungos kandidatų sąrašas"
93:, LLL organized the first anti-Soviet rally that was not forcibly dispersed by the Soviet
8:
951:
208:
25:
976:
434:
406:
200:
300:
In 2002, LLL merged with the
Independence Party, the Homeland People's Union, and the
1348:
1180:
806:
799:
783:
771:
757:
657:
373:
250:
180:
33:
143:
On 28 September 1988, the League organized an unsanctioned rally to commemorate the
1200:
966:
482:
81:
653:
Taming nationalism?: political community building in the post-Soviet Baltic States
369:
Political parties of
Eastern Europe: a guide to politics in the post-Communist era
1371:
1225:
996:
986:
934:
156:
120:
556:
874:
305:
212:
1391:
1328:
749:
524:
176:
512:
44:. Established as an underground resistance group in 1978, LLL was headed by
1205:
502:
500:
237:
152:
462:
460:
241:
abroad described Sąjūdis as "government approved" and LLL as "patriotic."
1278:
1069:
304:
to form the Right Union of
Lithuania. The Right Union itself merged with
263:
election to the
Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union in 1989
228:
195:
69:
536:
497:
619:
457:
414:
855:
189:
99:
94:
706:"Už Lietuvių tautininkų sąjungos kandidatus paduoti pirmumo balsai"
438:
805:. Westview Series on the Post-Soviet Republics. Westview Press.
597:
595:
582:
580:
289:. The party independently managed to win only four seats in the
285:. No LLL members were elected. Similar tactics were used in the
1248:
866:
349:
347:
145:
German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation
53:
1408:
Political parties in the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
1016:
656:. Post-Soviet politics. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 52.
592:
577:
227:
Terleckas, leader of LLL, with Laima Pangonytė at a rally in
160:
344:
736:
625:
565:(in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras
542:
530:
518:
506:
466:
420:
256:
108:
1344:
Union of Christian Socialist Workers of the Memel Region
678:"I-606 Lietuvos Respublikos politinių partijų įstatymas"
267:
election to the Supreme Soviet of Lithuanian SSR in 1990
742:
Sąjūdis: nuo "persitvarkymo" iki kovo 11-osios. Part I
77:, where the first protest took place on 23 August 1987
797:Vardys, Vytas Stanley; Sedaitis, Judith B. (1997).
85:
Monument dedicated to the protest of 23 August 1987
798:
631:
607:
445:
138:
1389:
1334:Polish Socialist Party of Lithuania and Belarus
89:On 23 August 1987, the 48th anniversary of the
1339:Social Democratic Party of the Memel Territory
796:
601:
586:
353:
1309:Lithuanian Popular Socialist Democratic Party
835:
330:"Lietuvos laisvės lyga: praeitis ir dabartis"
327:
151:. Activists of more moderate reform movement
1428:Pro-independence parties in the Soviet Union
1259:Communist Party of Lithuania and Byelorussia
432:
1151:Union of Political Prisoners and Deportees
842:
828:
64:
218:
555:Tininis, Vytautas (22 September 2021) .
477:
475:
365:
277:, who led LLL Kaunas branch since 1989.
222:
131:, and on other sensitive dates from the
80:
68:
649:
554:
1413:Defunct political parties in Lithuania
1390:
917:Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania
402:"Lithuanians rally for Stalin Victims"
399:
323:
321:
287:2000 Lithuanian parliamentary election
257:Participation in politics of Lithuania
823:
626:Laurinavičius & Sirutavičius 2008
548:
543:Laurinavičius & Sirutavičius 2008
531:Laurinavičius & Sirutavičius 2008
519:Laurinavičius & Sirutavičius 2008
507:Laurinavičius & Sirutavičius 2008
472:
467:Laurinavičius & Sirutavičius 2008
435:"Kaip 1988 m. minėta Vasario 16-oji?"
421:Laurinavičius & Sirutavičius 2008
395:
393:
391:
389:
40:and a political party in independent
1377:List of political parties by country
929:Lithuanian Christian Democracy Party
770:
643:
637:
613:
451:
437:(in Lithuanian). Vilniaus diena and
328:Kačerauskienė, Aldona (2003-10-03).
38:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic
1221:Union of the Fighters for Lithuania
1040:Christian Conservative Social Union
433:Ivaškevičius, Arūnas (2008-02-15).
426:
359:
318:
295:2000 Lithuanian municipal elections
283:elections to the municipal councils
273:(LLS) was formed. Its chairman was
13:
1304:Lithuanian Popular Peasants' Union
1254:Central Polish Electoral Committee
887:Union of Democrats "For Lithuania"
386:
14:
1444:
1418:Organizations established in 1978
1156:Modern Christian-Democratic Union
720:"Balsavimo apygardoje rezultatai"
97:. The event tested the limits of
1433:Nationalist parties in Lithuania
1403:1978 establishments in Lithuania
854:
776:Gorbachev's Failure in Lithuania
748:(in Lithuanian). Vol. XII.
562:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija
129:Act of Independence of Lithuania
50:independence declaration in 1990
1423:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
754:Lithuanian Institute of History
740:; Sirutavičius, Vladas (2008).
730:
712:
698:
684:
670:
291:Panevėžys District Municipality
851:Political parties in Lithuania
139:Removal of Songaila and Mitkin
1:
1100:Lithuanian Citizens' Alliance
311:
203:, the First Secretary of the
1299:Lithuanian Nationalist Union
1294:Lithuanian Labour Federation
372:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 148.
205:Communist Party of Lithuania
119:, and greater rights to the
7:
1354:Workers' Group of Lithuania
1289:Lithuanian German Committee
1176:New Union (Social Liberals)
1166:National Resurrection Party
801:Lithuania: The Rebel Nation
400:Keller, Bill (1987-08-24).
302:Lithuanian Democratic Party
207:. Songaila was replaced by
117:those deported into Siberia
10:
1449:
1284:General Jewish Labour Bund
1191:Party of National Progress
1110:Christian Democratic Party
1045:Christian Democratic Union
602:Vardys & Sedaitis 1997
587:Vardys & Sedaitis 1997
354:Vardys & Sedaitis 1997
261:LLL called to boycott the
105:St. Anne's Church, Vilnius
59:
1362:
1239:
1161:National Democratic Party
1120:Lithuanian Liberty League
1025:
944:
864:
366:Bugajski, Janusz (2002).
149:Cathedral Square, Vilnius
18:Lithuanian Liberty League
1314:Memel Agricultural Party
1216:Socialist People's Front
1125:Lithuanian Liberty Union
1085:Liberal and Centre Union
1007:Lithuania – For Everyone
1002:People and Justice Union
881:Farmers and Greens Union
650:Budryte, Dovile (2005).
271:Lithuanian Liberty Union
251:official Soviet versions
1264:Democratic Jewish Union
1146:Social Democratic Union
1065:Democratic Labour Party
992:Together with the Vytis
899:Social Democratic Party
738:Laurinavičius, Česlovas
91:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
65:First political rallies
1231:Young Communist League
1055:Civic Democratic Party
1012:Centre of Trade Unions
232:
219:Relations with Sąjūdis
86:
78:
34:dissident organization
29:
1367:Politics of Lithuania
1186:Party of Bread Eaters
226:
84:
72:
42:Republic of Lithuania
30:Lietuvos laisvės lyga
1324:Memel Workers' Party
1319:Memel People's Party
1269:Farmers' Association
1130:Party of the Economy
945:Other active parties
533:, pp. 163, 165.
247:history of Lithuania
185:Vytautas Landsbergis
170:The Feast of Bananas
133:history of Lithuania
1171:New Democracy Party
1105:Christian Democrats
952:Freedom and Justice
521:, pp. 157–158.
275:Vytautas Šustauskas
209:Algirdas Brazauskas
73:Square next to the
1398:Singing Revolution
1075:Independence Party
780:St. Martin's Press
772:Senn, Alfred Erich
407:The New York Times
233:
201:Ringaudas Songaila
87:
79:
1385:
1384:
1349:United Minorities
1196:Republican League
1181:Order and Justice
972:National Alliance
893:Liberals Movement
763:978-9955-23-164-6
746:Lietuvos istorija
663:978-0-7546-4281-7
379:978-1-56324-676-0
336:(in Lithuanian).
231:in September 1989
181:Vilnius Cathedral
159:from Vilnius and
75:St. Anne's Church
46:Antanas Terleckas
1440:
1201:Russian Alliance
1115:Democratic Party
1095:Life Logic Party
1026:Defunct parties
967:Samogitian Party
859:
858:
844:
837:
830:
821:
820:
816:
804:
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767:
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723:
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635:
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584:
575:
574:
572:
570:
557:"Nikolaj Mitkin"
552:
546:
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528:
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1439:
1438:
1437:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1372:Portal:Politics
1358:
1241:
1240:Defunct parties
1235:
1211:Socialist Party
1080:Labourist Party
1060:Communist Party
1050:Christian Party
1027:
1021:
997:Lithuanian List
987:Young Lithuania
982:Christian Union
940:
935:Dawn of Nemunas
865:Parties in the
860:
853:
848:
813:
790:
764:
733:
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488:
486:
485:(in Lithuanian)
483:"Bananų balius"
481:
480:
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458:
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446:
431:
427:
419:
415:
398:
387:
380:
364:
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157:Internal Troops
141:
121:Catholic Church
67:
62:
12:
11:
5:
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1420:
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1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1274:Farmers' Party
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1140:People's Party
1137:
1135:Peasants Party
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
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1023:
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1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
977:Way of Courage
974:
969:
964:
962:People's Party
959:
954:
948:
946:
942:
941:
939:
938:
932:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
884:
878:
875:Homeland Union
871:
869:
862:
861:
847:
846:
839:
832:
824:
818:
817:
811:
794:
788:
768:
762:
732:
729:
726:
725:
711:
697:
683:
669:
662:
642:
630:
618:
606:
604:, p. 110.
591:
589:, p. 111.
576:
547:
545:, p. 166.
535:
523:
511:
509:, p. 157.
496:
471:
469:, p. 155.
456:
444:
425:
413:
385:
378:
358:
356:, p. 112.
343:
316:
315:
313:
310:
306:Homeland Union
258:
255:
220:
217:
213:Nikolai Mitkin
140:
137:
113:rehabilitation
66:
63:
61:
58:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1445:
1434:
1431:
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1355:
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1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1329:Peasant Union
1327:
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1093:
1091:
1090:Liberal Union
1088:
1086:
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1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
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960:
958:
955:
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947:
943:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
923:Regions Party
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
905:Freedom Party
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
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870:
868:
863:
857:
852:
845:
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833:
831:
826:
825:
822:
814:
812:0-8133-1839-4
808:
803:
802:
795:
791:
789:0-312-12457-0
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
759:
755:
751:
750:Baltos lankos
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:
721:
715:
707:
701:
693:
687:
679:
673:
665:
659:
655:
654:
646:
640:, p. 43.
639:
634:
628:, p. 92.
627:
622:
616:, p. 20.
615:
610:
603:
598:
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588:
583:
581:
564:
563:
558:
551:
544:
539:
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503:
501:
484:
478:
476:
468:
463:
461:
454:, p. 40.
453:
448:
440:
436:
429:
423:, p. 52.
422:
417:
410:. p. A1.
409:
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334:XXI amžius
312:References
26:Lithuanian
638:Senn 1995
614:Senn 1995
569:21 August
452:Senn 1995
308:in 2003.
190:glastnost
100:glastnost
95:militsiya
774:(1995).
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265:and the
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340:(1180).
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